NNNAAATTTUUURRRAAALLL RRREEESSSOOOUUURRRCCCEEE IIINNNVVVEEENNNTTTOOORRRYYY PPPHHHAAASSSEEE IIIII

for the Town of Enfield, NH

Report Prepared for: The Enfield Conservation Commission

July, 2005

Report Prepared by: Watershed to Wildlife, Inc. Elise J. Lawson and John C. Severance 107 Glessner Road Bethlehem, NH 03574 www.watershedtowildlife.com

Natural Resource Inventory – Phase II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES……………………………………………...... 3

METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………….. 3

Field Work………………………………………………………………………... 3

Refine and Improve Existing Digital Data………...……………………………… 4

Project Training Workshop and Public Meeting………………………………….. 4

Discussion of Future Applications and Benefits………………………………….. 4

RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………... 5

Area 1: Mascoma River and Adjacent Wetland Complex…...…………………... 5

Area 2: Mud Pond and Adjacent Wetland Complex……………………………... 8

Area 3: Wetland Complex North of Spectacle Pond……………...……………... 9

Area 4: Drainage Patterns and Connectivity into Crystal Lake..………………… 11

Area 5: Methodist Hill Wildlife Habitat…………………………………………. 13

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS…………………………………..…………….. 16

Overall Land Conservation Possibilities for the Identified Areas………………... 16

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

The Town of Enfield, is in Sullivan County and is just over 43 square miles in area. Lebanon (also located in Sullivan County), a regional commercial and population center, borders Enfield to the west, the Sullivan County towns of Plainfield, Grantham and Springfield border Enfield to the south, the Grafton County towns of Canaan and Hanover are to the north, and Grafton is to the east. There are several large lakes and ponds found throughout the town, some which extent into neighboring towns. Interstate 89 travels through the relatively undeveloped southwestern portion of town. US Route 4 and NH Route 4A form the major roads through Enfield. is Enfield’s lowest elevation at 751 feet above sea level. The highest elevation in Enfield is over 2,000 feet in a small area near Halfmile Pond in the south-central portion of Town. In 2002 to 2003 The Mascoma Watershed Conservation Council conducted a watershed-wide Natural Resource Inventory (NRI) for the Mascoma River Watershed. That project provided towns within the watershed with coarse digital data GIS format. In 2003 and 2004, building upon information gathered from the initial watershed project, another, more detailed NRI study (called NRI Phase I) was conducted by the Enfield Conservation Commission (ECC) to verify and refine the initial watershed study. Data from that project was compatible with existing GIS GRANIT data being continually developed by UNH Complex Systems. At the completion of the Phase I study, this third study began in 2004 to further refine data at five selected locations throughout the Town. The major goal of this project is to provide more detailed inventories of the five selected areas highlighted from the 2003/2004 NRI. Additional goals of this project are to identify areas in need of protection conservation in to preserve the small-town atmosphere.

Measurable objectives of this project include the following: 1. Provide the ECC with the ability to integrate existing GIS coverages with those developed in previous studies, in a compatible format stored and retrievable as one comprehensive database. 2. Verification through field work of selected sites for better understanding of their value and connectivity to the region 3. Increase an understanding of how overall aquatic connectivity is maintained in Enfield 4. Provide a method for the ECC to continue to build upon, refine, and update the digital database and NRI 5. Incorporate additional attribute databases of the natural resources, so information, when queried will be more useful for Enfield 6. Enable the ECC to provide hardcopy printouts of spatial data, on standard 8½” x 11” paper, as requested or needed, and display MS-Word/PDF documents on the Town web site.

This written report has built upon the NRI done in 2003 and 2004 by the ECC, partnering with Watershed To Wildlife, Inc. Therefore it will be helpful to refer to the previous report for details and additional background from the base NRI information.

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METHODOLOGY

Enfield Conservation Commission Chair, Leigh Davis and former Chair, Celie Aufiero, were the project officers. The ECC partnered with Watershed to Wildlife, Inc. (WTW) in a contractual arrangement for technical assistance, and integration of existing data with new field assessment and inventory data throughout the Town, in GIS format. Members of the Commission volunteered time to work with WTW. Throughout the project WTW gave regular updates as the work progressed.

Field Work Based on the NRI done in 2003/2004, specific areas were highlighted by ECC members and WTW for more intensive field work, and are illustrated in the map below.

Descriptions of each of the five areas highlighted for more intensive inventory are described below. The numbers correspond to those numbers shown on the map. 1. Mascoma River and adjacent wetlands, floodplains, and riparian habitat 2. Mud Pond and adjacent wetland complex 3. Wetland complex north of Spectacle Pond 4. Drainage patterns and wetlands draining into and east of Crystal Lake 5. Class VI road on Methodist Hill and adjacent to the former Whaleback Ski Area

The fieldwork was also used to refine data available digitally from the previous NRI work. This work included identification of unique places reviewed digitally, focusing on numerous areas of special interest to the ECC. Global Positioning System (GPS) locations were collected at points of interest including wetlands, view-sheds, and diverse wildlife habitat.

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In addition, photographs were taken along points of interest at the five sites. During fieldwork sessions, hydrology, vegetative species, invasive species, observed wildlife signs, and wildlife habitat were noted and located on a map.

Refine and Improve Existing Digital Data New or updated themes which have become available through GRANIT, NRCS, or other sources were retrieved and incorporated into the existing GIS database. One example of changed data is the stratified drift aquifers in Enfield. Many of the aquifers in the previous NRI studies were missing from the database. The updated data was incorporated into this phase of the NRI. In addition, the statewide bedrock geology map was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey and incorporated into the digital database as another data layer. Throughout mapping analysis, work from the Mascoma Watershed Study and Phase I NRI were checked for quality control and improved where necessary. For example, the National Wetland Inventory (NWI) used in the previous NRI analysis did not have a database associated with it. Although the display on the maps looked fine, when queried, the databases were incorrect or lacking. Therefore NWI was re-entered into Enfield’s GIS with the corrected database for future queries. For each of the NRI data layers in ArcView, total areas were calculated, so when queried total areas for each of the polygons will be given in square feet and acres. Any additional wetlands, primarily forested wetlands identified during field work, were GPS located and incorporated into ArcView.

Project Training Workshop and Public Meeting At the completion of the fieldwork, GIS integration, and the written report, an onsite training session in use of the GIS data was held in April, 2005 to review project results to Enfield Conservation Commission and Planning Board members. The goal of this training was to ensure that the Town continues to use the project data in accessing information pertaining to riparian habitat buffers, wetlands, dense softwood stands, and associated wildlife habitat. Applications of the data and future projects were also discussed with workshop participants. In addition, work done from this project will be available for public viewing, including 8½ X 11 paper handouts, as requested through proper venues. At the completion of the Phase II NRI, ECC and WTW held a public meeting to show results from the project as educational outreach to Town Officials and Enfield residents.

Discussion of Future Applications and Benefits Based on results from integration of existing data, NRI phase I data, and discussions with members of the Enfield Conservation Commission, Watershed to Wildlife, Inc. made recommendations for continued inventory work. In addition, WTW addressed future applications for the data that had been collected.

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RESULTS

Area 1: Mascoma River and Adjacent Wetland Complex

The Mascoma River from the Canaan town to Westcott Road Bridge in Enfield was inventoried and assessed for productivity, diversity and functionality. In 1992 this portion of the Mascoma River and adjacent wetland complex to its south was designated as a prime wetland. A prime wetland under RSA 482-A:15 is defined as any wetland that “…because of its size, unspoiled character, fragile condition or other relevant factors, make them of substantial significance.” Prime wetland designation protects wetlands from “despoliation and unregulated alteration”, by being given special consideration by the Wetlands Bureau in permit application reviews. Area 1 has many different attributes which make it very productive, diverse, and a critical habitat for many wildlife species. Area 1 is also known as the Mascoma River Oxbow because of the large pond and former oxbow. The topography is nearly level, and therefore, this stretch of the river has slower moving water, mucky substrate and a large wetland/floodplain habitat surrounding it. The NRCS soil mapping unit is classified as Greenwood Muck Peat, which is a very poorly drained soil (formerly called Hydric A). Greenwood Muck has a very rich, thick organic layer from a lack of oxygen in the soil due to saturation, ideal for wetland plant growth, richness and diversity.

Mascoma River facing downstream (west) at a transition from slower moving water with a wide channel and mucky substrate, to a faster and more narrow channelization with rocky/cobble bottomed river. The old bridge abutments show where Westcott Road used to cross the river.

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Existing riparian buffer along the river is excellent. Buffer widths are a minimum of approximately 300 feet and as much as nearly 5,000 feet. There were no erosion problems noted due to the extensive riparian buffer, the nearly level topography, and slower river velocity. The diversity for wildlife habitat was also excellent. During inventory there were abundant signs of beaver and muskrat, , black , ducks, great blue heron, raptors, and many song birds. The picture below is of a “bear nest” along the Mascoma River. Bear nests are found in mast producing trees such as oak and beech. The pull in branches with the nuts or fruits towards the spot in the tree where they are sitting so they can reach the food. The branches break and get tangled into what looks like a large rough nest.

Bear “nest” found in a cherry tree along the Mascoma River.

Both beaver and muskrat were found throughout the area with active lodges, food caches, and trails. The combination of abundant food, cover, and water will keep both species in the Mascoma Oxbow indefinitely. In the ArcView data analysis, a number of natural resource features overlap or co-occur. These include; undisturbed riparian habitat, wetlands, stratified drift aquifers, and dense softwood stands. A summary with acreages for natural resource features found along the Mascoma River Oxbow are listed below.

Natural Resource Feature Number of Acres Stratified Drift Aquifers 1,855* Wetlands - from 2003/2004 NRI 231 NRCS Hydric Soil Units 348 Dense Softwood 89 NRCS Prime Farmland Units 6 Unfragmented/Roadless Area 845 *This value represents the area of the entire aquifer which goes north into Canaan and then back into Enfield at the Mud Pond Wetland Complex. Approximately 350 acres of the aquifer is in Area 1.

The combination of these natural resources gives this area very diverse and unique habitat that stand out for developing conservation strategies beyond its designation as a Prime Wetland. The importance of maintaining the unfragmented riparian and shoreline habitat areas cannot be overstated. Buffers such as the ones in Area I are critical to maintaining water quality, erosion prevention, fisheries habitat, wildlife travel corridors, and flood minimization.

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As development pressures and natural resource management increase, the effect on these areas needs to be carefully weighted with a balance found to prevent loss of the functionality of this habitat. It is intended that digital tools such as those produced from the project will assist Enfield in assessing proposed future impacts before they occur.

Area 2: Mud Pond and Adjacent Wetland Complex

Area 2 - the wetland complex adjacent to and north of Mud Pond - is also designated as a prime wetland. The shape of the prime wetland follows the boundaries of the NRCS hydric soil in that region. Based on the amount of aquatic vegetation throughout the open water portion of the pond, it is clearly a shallow pond. The diversity and productivity of this pond and wetland complex is very high. Transitions from open water, to emergent wetlands, to scrub shrub wetlands, to forested wetlands, and finally upland buffers around Area 2, make it especially attractive for wildlife and people.

Mud Pond facing its associated wetland complex in Enfield.

Wildlife species and sign noted during field work include ducks, beaver, muskrat, moose, deer, mink, song birds, and many amphibians. Along the edges of the pond, were floating vegetation mats with plants including, pitcher plants, sheep laurel, Labrador tea, cranberries, grasses and sedges, blue flag, and many other plant species. Similar to Area 1, the primary soil type in Area 2 is Greenwood Mucky Peat; a deep, nearly level, and very poorly drained organic soil. Wildlife habitat diversity combined with development limitations due to wetness, make this area an ideal candidate for conserving.

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A large dense softwood stand – nearly 225 acres - as well as a historical deer yard of 97 acres is located between the Mud Pond wetland complex and Crystal Lake. In addition to softwood and wetland habitat, Area 2 contains a large unfragmented block, making it an excellent wildlife travel corridor between the Mud Pond Wetland and Crystal Lake.

Cranberries (left) and pitcher plants (right) were found throughout along the shores of Mud Pond in an Emergent Wetland.

The co-occurrence of wetlands and a stratified drift aquifer underlying the area, make it additionally important to conserve as a future drinking water source.

Natural Resource Feature Number of Acres Stratified Drift Aquifers 1,065* Wetlands - from 2003/2004 NRI 342* NRCS Hydric Soil Units 189* Dense Softwood 224 Historical Deer Yard 97 NRCS Soils of Statewide Importance 3 Unfragmented/Roadless Area 1,453*

Because Mud Pond and its associated natural resource features go into the Town of Canaan, the areas with a “*” beside them show those which cross town boundaries, illustrating the importance of regional conservation efforts as illustrated in the Mascoma Watershed Study.

Area 3: Wetland Complex North of Spectacle Pond Area 3 - located north of Spectacle Pond - was also inventoried. Water flows north, draining out of the pond. Although smaller than the previous two areas (approximately 20 acres), it is an equally diverse and productive wetland. Wildlife signs observed during field work include moose, mink, belted kingfisher, great blue heron, red spotted newt, and beaver. Fresh beaver sign was found throughout the wetland area, with a large, active beaver dam towards the north end of the wetland. Two lodges were found near the dam, indicating that this area has been heavily used by beaver for a number of years.

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Wetland north of Spectacle Pond, facing south towards the pond. Photo was taken from an active beaver dam.

View of active beaver pond from the east shore facing west. The beaver dam is on the right.

As with Areas 1 and 2, Area 3 also contains the hydric soil, Greenwood Mucky Peat (nearly 19.7 acres). This very poorly drained, organic soil is productive and explains the richness and diversity of vegetation adapted to wet conditions (hydrophytic vegetation). The soils immediately surrounding it are well drained soils (Skerry and Monadnock soil units), indicating an abrupt transition from wetland to upland conditions. Field work around this wetland complex supports the soil units described. Over 400 acres in the area contains a contiguous dense softwood stand. It runs to the west and all along the wetland complex of Area 3. Its proximity to the wetland makes it preferred habitat for many wildlife species including deer, moose, black bear, fisher, coyote, fox, porcupine, and numerous avian species.

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A small (25.7 acres) stratified drift aquifer is located along the northeast shore of Spectacle Pond and should be conserved as a future source of drinking water. Fortunately, approximately 500 acres has been placed in conservation easement along the western portion of Spectacle Pond. Although this will conserve Spectacle Pond itself, it does not address development pressures north of the pond in the Area 3 wetland complex.

Area 3: Adjacent wetlands north of Spectacle Pond with associated natural resource features. This figure illustrates the connectivity of wetlands, hydric soils, and dense softwood stands; as well as their relationship to the conservation land to the west of Spectacle Pond.

The co-occurring natural resource features found in this wetland complex are summarized in the table below. The wetland complex in Enfield is approximately 20 acres. However, the associated region surrounding the wetland - to the west and south - is noteworthy because of unfragmented regions, dense softwood stands, interconnected drainages and wetlands, and hydric soils.

Natural Resource Feature Number of Acres Stratified Drift Aquifers 25.7 (east of Spectacle Pond) Wetlands - from 2003/2004 NRI 39 NRCS Hydric Soil Units 232 Dense Softwood 406 NRCS Soils of Statewide Importance 20 Unfragmented/Roadless Areas 1,245* 4,888* Land in Conservation Easement approx. 500 west of Spectacle Pond

Area 3 wetland has not been designated as a Prime Wetland by Enfield, but should be evaluated in the future for designation as a Prime Wetland based on the diversity, functionality, and productivity.

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Area 4: Drainage Patterns and Connectivity into Crystal Lake From phase I of the NRI, ECC members questioned the drainage patterns entering Crystal Lake from the East. Many of the drainages data generated from GRANIT seemed to end abruptly, and the ECC wanted to investigate where they originated, type of stream, and the prevalence of wetlands between the roads. WTW drove along Hawley, Boys Town Camp, and Oak Hill Roads, using the GPS to note Perennial and Intermittent Streams, as well as Forested Wetlands.

GPS points taken upslope and to the East of Crystal Lake at all perennial or intermittent streams, and at forested wetlands. At each location, consultants made notations on the type of wetland and drainage pattern, which was then incorporated into the GIS database.

Based on field work, some of the drainages extended upslope crossing Boys Camp road, and a few originated on the east side of Oak Hill Road. In addition, many forested wetlands in this area were documented and incorporated into the GIS database of Enfield. Most of the forested wetlands were associated with a perennial or intermittent stream. In addition, many were along roadside ditches. Water ponding along the side of the road is caused when ditching is sloped improperly or culverts are blocked. If left long enough to grow wetland plants and develop hydric soils, the pooled water will become wetland.

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Newly incorporated wetlands and drainage patterns based on Phase II field work. All data is displayed over 1998 DOQ (aerial photograph) Area 5: Methodist Hill and Wildlife Habitat Area 5 was the Methodist Hill area following a Class VI Road above Rice Road in Enfield. The Class VI road heads up Methodist Hill to the south and east of the former Whaleback Ski area. Whaleback has been inactive for a few years. The Class VI road heading up Methodist Hill has been overgrown from lack of use. This portion of Methodist Hill is former farmland based on the abundance of stone walls. The association of beech hardwood stands, dense softwood, and grassland habitat makes the area very diverse and attractive for many wildlife species.

Class VI Road off of Rice Road, heading up Methodist Hill

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In Area 5 there are nearly 72 acres total of dense softwood stands, ranging from 1.9 to 31.7 acres, most less than 8 acres. Just over 40 acres in Area 5 are permanent opens. Because they were made up of the former ski slopes, they are narrow, but connected openings. During field work, signs of deer, bear, coyote, fox, and ruffed grouse were noted throughout the Area. Tree species found in Area 5 included red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Quercus alba), white pine (Pinus strobus), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), balsam fir (Abies balsamea, yellow birch (Betula lutea), white birch (Betula papyrifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and poplar (Populus spp.).

Beech trees in a hardwood stand on Methodist Hill. These trees are mature enough to produce nuts for many wildlife species including bears, deer, and ruffed grouse.

At the top of the former Whaleback Mountain. The combination of grasses and bramble openings associated with dense softwood stands is excellent wildlife habitat in the north slopes of Methodist Hill.

In addition to softwood, open habitat, and mast-producing trees, there are many steep slopes with associated rock outcrops in the area. Although, excellent habitat for many wildlife

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species, steep slopes, frequent rock outcrops, and shallow bedrock are severe limitations for building development. Erosion potential is very high in this area. Erosion hazards along roads or skid trails can be reduced by building roads and trails across slopes with frequent waterbars and culverts. A summary of natural resource features in this area are listed in the table below:

Natural Resource Feature Number of Acres Steep slopes • 15% and above 144.5 • 25% and above 199.7 NRCS Hydric Soil Units 12.7 Dense Softwood 71.8 Permanent Openings 40.6 Unfragmented/Roadless Areas 1,245

Former Whaleback Ski Area. The combination of steep slopes, permanent openings and dense softwood cover provide excellent wildlife habitat.

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

This project, funded by the Town of Enfield, has integrated and updated natural resource data into the existing Phase I digital database and GIS format. It is a tool to assist the Town of Enfield and others as they attempt to provide wise use of their natural resources while growing the town in a sustainable way. It is also anticipated that efforts from this project will aid in future work and inventories, as well as provide data for future development in the Town of Enfield. A second training session was held in April, 2005 to assist the Enfield Conservation Commission and Planning Board in use of the project data. The intent of this training was to continue to assist the ECC in using their data for future planning purposes as well as increasing public education of the importance of protecting natural resources, in the Town of Enfield. The ECC anticipates that this training and the project’s end products will generate interest and future involvement in the protection of natural resources. In addition to the training session, a public meeting was held in April, 2005 to present work from Phase I and Phase II to Town officials and residents. Perhaps the most powerful advantage of this project is that future studies and events can be integrated to build upon this database as they occur. This dynamic database can be updated and build upon forever.

Land Conservation Possibilities for Phase II Identified Areas Based on the results of this study, the following recommendations and options are available to the Town of Enfield.

1. Educate landowners about the values of natural resources, the importance of conservation, and the impacts of development. a. Some landowners may be more receptive to conserving their land through an outreach program focused on the value of these areas in Enfield b. In some cases, ecological value may outweigh monetary gains c. Project outcomes may benefit entire regional database in documentation of land areas into proper classifications possibly benefiting some landowners with resultant tax savings of unproductive land

The following factors could encourage landowners: a. Protection of water quality and water resources, particularly in areas where there are aquifers b. Wetlands are an important part of the mosaic of areas constituting wildlife habitat c. Wildlife and recreational values increase as wildlife travel corridors with wetlands and upland habitat are kept intact d. Tax incentives are available for conservation

2. Identify and work with willing landowners to place relevant parts of their property into permanent conservation easements restricting development. Work with local, regional

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and statewide land conservation trusts such as New England Forestry Foundation, the Upper Valley Land Trust, or the Nature Conservancy. • Landowners may not be willing to incur the costs to put their land into a conservation easement. Land conservation trusts and towns could assist by providing funding to entirely or partially defray landowner costs. There may also be grant opportunities for this purpose.

3. Purchase of areas by local, regional or state land conservation organizations, or towns within this region to be maintained for conservation and working forests. This option requires the following: a. Public support if it is purchased by municipalities b. Landowners willing to sell their property (or portions) to conservation organizations or towns c. Possible Federal, State, or Foundation funding d. Large scale fund raising as an additional source of funding

Although an outright purchase of most of the land identified in Areas 1 through 5 could be expensive and difficult, it can be accomplished. It will give towns control over entire areas into the future, ensuring its sustainability for future generations. Because of their size and the number of forested areas, conservation organizations and towns could generate future revenue from timber harvesting or agriculture. The benefits also include future fishing and hunting, recreational activities, research studies, and educational opportunities.

4. Develop and Enforce Town and Watershed-Wide Ordinances a. Regulations based on the Comprehensive Shoreland Protection Act b. Regulations based on floodplains to prevent building in these areas c. Regulations based on ecological areas to maintain ecosystems and connectivity

It is hoped that Enfield will continue to work with other organizations and agencies throughout the area to share future data as it becomes available. This will avoid an all-to- common problem of separate entities replicating work. Below are a couple of examples: a. By collaborating and sharing data with local elementary and high schools, and community colleges, Enfield can continue to update its natural resource inventory. The NRCS soils office, NH Fish and Game Department, and UNH Cooperative Extension are entities that support NRI efforts. These agencies are prospects for future assistance and collaboration. b. Examples of future work include habitat transects, vernal pool identification and analyses, additional wetland identification/delineation/classification, water quality testing, monitor well sampling, and species counts.

Lastly, Enfield has the opportunity to collaborate with adjacent towns throughout the watershed to work towards protection of natural resources on a watershed wide scale. It is hoped that the results and recommendations from this study will be continually updated and refined over time. As development pressures continue to increase, this Natural Resource Inventory and future updates will help to preserve the integrity of the natural resources and the rural character valued in the Town of Enfield.

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