Political Culture in the Latin West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, C.700–C.1500

Cambridgec.700–c.1500 University Press 978-1-316-51976-9Edited by Catherine — Holmes Political , Jonathan Culture in Shepard the Latin , Jo West, van ByzantiumSteenbergen and , Björn the Islamic Weiler World, Frontmatter More Information

Political Culture in the Latin West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, c.700–c.1500

This comparative study explores three key cultural and political spheres – the Latin west, Byzantium and the Islamic world from Central Asia to the Atlantic – roughly from the emergence of Islam to the fall of Constantinople. These spheres drew on a shared pool of late antique Mediterranean culture, philosophy and science, and they had monothe- ism and historical antecedents in common. Yet where exactly political and spiritual power lay, and how it was exercised, differed. This book focuses on power dynamics and resource-allocation among ruling elites; the legitimisation of power and property with the aid of religion; and on rulers’ interactions with local elites and societies. Offering the reader route-maps towards navigating each sphere and grasping the fundamen- tals of its political culture, this set of parallel studies offers a timely and much-needed framework for comparing the societies surrounding the medieval Mediterranean.

Catherine Holmes is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Oxford. Her books include Basil II and the Governance of Empire 976–1025 (2005) and she co-edited Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond (2002) with Judith Waring, Between Byzantines and Turks (2012) with Jonathan Harris and Eugenia Russell, and The Global Middle Ages (2018) with Naomi Standen. Jonathan Shepard was Lecturer in History at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of The Emergence of Rus (1996) with Simon Franklin, with whom he co-edited Byzantine Diplomacy (1992). His edited volumes include The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire (2008; 2019), Byzantium and the Viking World (2016) with Fedir Androshchuk and Monica White, Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic (2018) with Mladen Ancˇić and Trpimir Vedriš,andViking-Age Trade (2020) with Jacek Gruszczyński and Marek Jankowiak. Jo Van Steenbergen is Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Ghent University. He is the author of Order out of Chaos (2006), Caliphate and Kingship in a Fifteenth-Century Literary History of Muslim Leadership and Pilgrimage (2017), A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empires, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in Islamic West-Asia (2020), and

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridgec.700–c.1500 University Press 978-1-316-51976-9Edited by Catherine — Holmes Political , Jonathan Culture in Shepard the Latin , Jo West, van ByzantiumSteenbergen and , Björn the Islamic Weiler World, Frontmatter More Information

editor of Trajectories of State Formation across Fifteenth-Century Islamic West- Asia: Eurasian Parallels, Connections and Divergences (2020). Björn Weiler is Professor of Medieval History at Aberystwyth University. He is the author of Paths to Kingship in Medieval Latin Europe, 950–1200 (2021) and Kingship, Rebellion and Political Culture: England and Germany, c.1215–c.1250 (2007; 2011), and co-editor of How the Past was Used: Historical Cultures, c.750–2000 (2017) with Peter Lambert, Authority and Resistance in the Age of Magna Carta (Thirteenth Century England XV) (2015) with Janet Burton and Phillipp Schoﬁeld, and Representations of Power in Medieval Germany (2006) with Simon MacLean.

Political Culture in the Latin West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, c.700–c.1500 A Framework for Comparing Three Spheres

Edited by Catherine Holmes University of Oxford Jonathan Shepard University of Oxford Jo Van Steenbergen Ghent University Björn Weiler Aberystwyth University

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 103 Penang Road, #05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316519769 DOI: 10.1017/9781009022231 © Cambridge University Press 2021 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2021 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Holmes, Catherine, 1968– editor. | Shepard, Jonathan, editor. | Steenbergen, J. van, editor. | Weiler, Björn K. U., editor. Title: Political culture in the Latin west, Byzantium and the Islamic world, c.700- c.1500 : a framework for comparing three spheres / edited by Catherine Holmes, Jonathan Shepard, Jo Van Steenbergen, Björn Weiler. Description: Cambridge ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiﬁers: LCCN 2021008453 (print) | LCCN 2021008454 (ebook) | ISBN 9781316519769 (hardback) | ISBN 9781009022231 (ebook) SSubjects: LCSH: Political culture. | Comparative government. | Civilization, Medieval. | Europe – Politics and government – 476–1492. | Byzantine Empire – Politics and government. | Islamic countries – Politics and government. Classiﬁcation: LCC JA75.7 .P657 2021 (print) | LCC JA75.7 (ebook) | DDC 306.2094/0902–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008453 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008454 ISBN 978-1-316-51976-9 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

List of Figures and Maps page viii List of Contributors ix Preface and Acknowledgements xi List of Abbreviations xiii General Maps xvii

1 Political Culture in Three Spheres 1 Introduction catherine holmes, jonathan shepard, jo van steenbergen and bjo¨ rn weiler 2Reﬂections on Political Culture in Three Spheres 17 r. stephen humphreys

PART I Sources 29 3 Comparing the Three Spheres through the Prism of the 31 Sources jonathan shepard 4 The Latin West 38 Sources bjo¨ rn weiler and jonathan shepard 5 Byzantium 77 Sources jonathan shepard 6 The Islamic World 101 Sources jo van steenbergen and jonathan shepard

vi Contents

PART II Historical Contexts 131 7 The Latin West 133 Pluralism in the Shadow of the Past len scales 8 Byzantium 178 One or Many? catherine holmes 9 The Islamic World 212 Conquest, Migration and Accommodating Diversity andrew marsham, eric hanne and jo van steenbergen

PART III Norms, Values and Their Propagation 249 10 The Latin West 251 Expectations and Legitimisation bjo¨ rn weiler 11 Byzantium 290 Imperial Order, Constantinopolitan Ceremonial and Pyramids of Power judith herrin 12 The Islamic World 330 Community, Leadership and Contested Patterns of Continuity andrew marsham, eric hanne and jo van steenbergen

PART IV Practice and Organisation 365 13 The Latin West 367 Multiple Elites and Overlapping Jurisdictions daniel power 14 Byzantium 410 ‘To Have and To Hold’–The Acquisition and Maintenance of Elite Power rosemary morris

Contents vii

15 The Islamic World 456 Nomads, Urban Elites and Courts in Competition andrew marsham, eric hanne and jo van steenbergen

PART V Conclusions 487 16 Comparisons, Connections and Conclusions 489 jonathan shepard

Appendix 506 Glossary 510 Index 517

Figures and Maps

Figures 4.1 Gold noble of Edward III of England page 38 5.1 Gold solidus of Empress Eirene 77 6.1 ‘Standing Caliph’ gold dinar of the Umayyad caliph, Abd al- Malik 101 7.1 The cathedral at Mainz 133 8.1 St Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul) 178 9.1 The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 212 10.1 Earl Harold Godwinson in hunting mode (Bayeux Tapestry) 251 11.1 Imperial lion hunt (Troyes Casket) 290 12.1 Huntsman (detail from the ‘Baptistère de Saint Louis’) 330 13.1 Wenceslas II in his court (Codex Manesse) 368 14.1 Nikephoros III Botaneiates ﬂanked by courtiers (MS Coislin 79) 411 15.1 A Mamluk prince on his throne (Maqamat al-Hariri) 457

Maps 1 Physical geography of western Eurasia xviii 2 Main geographical terminology used in this volume xx 3 Empires before and after xxi 4 The Latin west (regions) xxii 5 The Latin west (key places) xxiv 6 Byzantium (regions and key places) xxvi 7 The Islamic world (regions and key places) xxviii 8a–d The Latin west ebbs and ﬂows xxx 9a–f Byzantium’s variable geometry xxxiv 10a–e The advance of the Islamic world xxxvi 11 Constantinople and Cairo xli

viii

Contributors

eric hanne is Associate Professor at Florida Atlantic University, spe- cialising in medieval Islamic history. He is the author of Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority and the Late Abbasid Caliphate (Madison, NJ, 2007). judith herrin is Emeritus Professor of Byzantine History at King’s College London. Her books include The Formation of Christendom (London, 1987); Women in Purple (London, 2000); Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (London, 2007); Margins and Metropolis (Princeton, 2013); Unrivalled Inﬂuence (Princeton, 2013) and Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe (London, 2020). catherine holmes is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Oxford. Her books include Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025) (Oxford, 2005); (co-ed. J. Waring) Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond (Leiden, 2002); (co-ed. J. Harris and E. Russell) Between Byzantines and Turks (Oxford, 2012); and (co-ed. N. Standen) The Global Middle Ages (Oxford, 2018). r. stephen humphreys is Professor Emeritus at the University of California Santa Barbara. His books include From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 (Albany, NY, 1977); The History of al-Tabari, XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate (Albany, NY, 1990); Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry (Princeton, 1991); and Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age (Berkeley, 1999; 2005). andrew marsham is Reader in Classical Arabic Studies at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire (Edinburgh, 2009) and (co-ed. A. George) Power, Patronage, and Memory in Early Islam: Perspectives on Umayyad Elites (Oxford, 2018).

x List of Contributors

rosemary morris was Reader in History at the University of Manchester. Her books include Monks and Laymen in Byzantium, 843–1118 (Cambridge,1995);(ed.)Church and People in Byzantium (Birmingham, 1995); and (with R. Jordan), The Hypotyposis of the Monastery of the Theotokos Evergetis, Constantinople (Farnham, 2012); The Life and Death of Theodore of Stoudios (Cambridge, MA, 2021). daniel power is Professor of Medieval History at Swansea University. He is the author of The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries (Cambridge, 2004); (ed.) The Central Middle Ages 900–1250 (Oxford, 2006); and (co-ed. N. Standen) Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700 (Basingstoke, 1999). len scales is Professor of Late Medieval History at Durham University. His publications include The Shaping of German Identity, c.1250–c.1380 (Cambridge, 2012); (co-ed. O. Zimmer) Power and the Nation in European History (Cambridge, 2005); and (co-ed. C. Given-Wilson and A. Kettle) War, Government and Aristocracy in the British Isles, c.1150–1500 (Woodbridge, 2008). jonathan shepard was Lecturer in History at the University of Cambridge. His books include (with S. Franklin) The Emergence of Rus (London, 1996) and (co-ed.) Byzantine Diplomacy (Aldershot, 1992); (ed.) The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, 2008; 2019); (co-ed. F. Androshchuk and M. White) Byzantium and the Viking World (Uppsala, 2016); (co-ed. M. Ancˇić and T. Vedriš) Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic (Abingdon, 2018); and (co-ed. J. Gruszczyński and M. Jankowiak) Viking-Age Trade (Abingdon, 2020). jo van steenbergen is Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Ghent University. He is the author of Order out of Chaos (Leiden, 2006); Caliphate and Kingship in a Fifteenth-Century Literary History of Muslim Leadership and Pilgrimage (Leiden, 2017); A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empires, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in Pre- Modern Islamic West-Asia (London, 2020); and editor of Trajectories of State Formation across Fifteenth-Century Islamic West-Asia: Eurasian Parallels, Connections and Divergences (Leiden, 2020). bjo¨ rn weiler is Professor of Medieval History at Aberystwyth University. His books include Paths to Kingship in Medieval Latin Europe, 950–1200 (Cambridge, 2021); Kingship, Rebellion and Political Culture: England and Germany, c.1215–c.1250 (Basingstoke, 2007; 2011); (co-ed. P. Lambert) How the Past was Used: Historical Cultures, c.750–2000 (Oxford, 2017); and (co-ed. J. Burton and P. Schoﬁeld) Authority and Resistance in the Age of Magna Carta (Thirteenth Century England XV) (Woodbridge, 2015).

Preface and Acknowledgements

We have thought long and hard about how to present political culture across the Latin west, Byzantium and the Islamic world during a period of many centuries to as wide an audience as possible. For that reason, we have tried to make proper names and technical terms accessible wherever practicable. Greek has been transliterated without diacritics. Greek forms of proper names have generally been adopted, but not where the names of people and places are very well known in their Latinised form (Nicaea instead of Nikaia, for example); familiar English forms have been preferred out of the same consideration – Athens not Athenai. Arabic diacritics have been discarded in proper names, including the opening ayn (ʿ), and only the ayn and hamza (ʾ) retained for technical terms. To help orientate the reader, reign-dates have been given after the names of key individuals. There is a brief Glossary at the end of the book: this offers a selection of technical terms and other unfamiliar words, although in general we have tried to explain these in the chapter(s) in which they are introduced. To facilitate comparisons within and between the spheres, there are extensive cross-references throughout the book. These internal references are distinguished by the use of p./pp. and occasionally n. for a footnote within the same chapter. We have tried to limit the use of quotation marks to signal words or phrases of particular significance – or which are particularly problematic – to specialists. These range from the archaic to those which are, for scholarly or political reasons, contentious or open to misunderstanding. Thus inverted commas are generally used only on the first mention in a chapter, alerting the reader that there is uncertainty around, or dispute about the legitimacy of, such terms as barbarian/barbarous/pagan, Berber, church/ state, civilising, classical/medieval Islam, the dark ages, empire/imperial, the establishment, family confederations, feudal, gunpowder empires, law/ justice, Orientalism, outsider/foreign, peace/violence, the poor/the power- ful and successor states. Although it may be argued that each of these terms requires exegesis or justification, if it is not to be avoided altogether, repeated disclaimers in the form of quotation marks tend to distract or unnecessarily confuse the newcomer, even if placating the expert eye.

xii Preface and Acknowledgements

The running order across sections is one which is shaped by our anticipated readership. The Latin west comes first in each section, not because we deem it more important than the Islamic world or Byzantium but simply because we choose to start with the sphere which we think will be most familiar to most readers. We do not regard that sphere as the benchmark against which the other two spheres should be compared. The chapters are all self-contained, stand-alone items and can be read in any order. Many thanks are due to Liz Friend-Smith of Cambridge University Press, for her unfailing patience and support; to Ruth Boyes at the Press and Gayathri Tamilselvan at Integra for their help in seeing this volume through to print; to Barbara Hird, our indefatigable and eagle-eyed indexer; to Wade Guyitt and Beth Hamer for their copy-editing and proofreading skills; to David Cox for his superlative maps; to Ryan Kemp for his editorial assistance; and, above all, to Nicola Sigsworth for all her help with organisation and copy-editing. For help in obtaining images, thanks go to Florian Kugler of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna; to Jonathan Shea and Lucy Ruowan at Dumbarton Oaks Research Center, Washington, DC; to Adele West at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; to Muge Kuleli and Barlas Özden Çağ layan in Oxford and Istanbul; to Anne-Catherine Biedermann and Barbara Van Kets of the Réunion des Musées Nationaux Grand Palais Agence Photo; to Ulrike Polnitzky of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek; to Vera Schulz of the Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg; and to the Département Images at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. We thank the three anonymous readers for their responses to our initial publishing proposal: their suggestions impelled us to focus and refine our ideas. Immense thanks are also due to our extremely long-suffering authors, both for their fine contributions to this volume and for their infinite patience.

Abbreviations

BBOL N. Necipoğlu, Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire (Cambridge, 2009) BCC H. Maguire (ed.), Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204 (Washington, DC, 1997) BDI J. Donohue, The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 h./ 945 to 403 h./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future (Leiden, 2003) BMFD J. Thomas and A. C. Hero (eds), Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents: A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founders’ Typika and Testaments, 5 vols (Washington, DC, 2000) BMGS Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies BSOAS The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift Cal H. Kennedy, The Caliphate (London, 2016) CCCM Corpus christianorum, continuatio mediaevalis CCSL Corpus christianorum, series latina CFHB Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae CHBE The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, c.500– 1492, ed. J. Shepard (Cambridge, 2008; 2019) CHC 5 The Cambridge History of Christianity, V: Eastern Christianity, ed. M. Angold (Cambridge, 2006) CHI 5 The Cambridge History of Iran, V: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, ed. J. A. Boyle (Cambridge, 1968) CHMPT The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c.350–c.1450, ed. J. H. Burns (Cambridge, 1988) CHS 1 The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, I: Prehistory to 1520, ed. K. Helle (Cambridge, 2003) CSHB Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae

xiii

xiv List of Abbreviations

DAI Constantine VII, De administrando imperio,ed.andtr. G. Moravcsik and R. J. H. Jenkins (Washington, DC, 1967) DC Constantine VII, De cerimoniis aulae byzantinae, ed. J. J. Reiske, 2 vols (Bonn, 1829); repr. in and tr. A. Moffatt and M. Tall, The Book of Ceremonies, 2 vols (Canberra, 2012) DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers EHB The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, ed. A. E. Laiou et al., 3 vols (Washington, DC, 2002) EHR The English Historical Review EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. P. Bearman et al., 2nd edn, 12 vols (Leiden, 1960–2004) (available online https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/ency clopaedia-of-islam-2) EI3 Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. K. Fleet et al., 3rd edn (Leiden, 2007–) (available online https://reference works.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-isla m-3) EME Early Medieval Europe EMK P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 (Cambridge, 1993) GC1 Wipo, Gesta Chuonradis II. imperatoris, ed. and tr. W. Trillmich, Quellen des 9. und 11. Jahrhunderts zur Geschichte der hamburgischen Kirche und des Reiches (Darmstadt, 1961), 505–613 GC2 Wipo, ‘The Deeds of Conrad II’, tr. T. E. Mommsen and K. F. Morrison, in Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century (New York, 1962), 52–100 GOB H. C. Evans and W. D. Wixom (eds), The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, AD 843–1261 (New York, 1997) GSE A. C. S. Peacock, The Great Seljuk Empire (Edinburgh, 2015) IHFI R. S. Humphreys, Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry, rev. edn (Princeton, 1991) IIPTB D. G. Angelov, Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium, 1204–1330 (Cambridge, 2007) IJMES International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies INTI I. E. Binbas¸, Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Din ‘Ali Yazdi and the Islamicate Republic of Letters (Cambridge, 2016) JAL Journal of Arabic Literature

List of Abbreviations xv JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JÖB Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society JSAI Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam KI A. F. Broadbridge, Kingship and Ideology in the Islamic and Mongol Worlds (Cambridge, 2008) LPIB M. C. Bartusis, Land and Privilege in Byzantium: The Institution of Pronoia (Cambridge, 2012) MGH Monumenta Germaniae historica MGH SRG MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scho- larum, 78 vols to date (Hanover, 1871–) MGH SRG n.s. MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum n.s., 24 vols to date (Berlin, Weimar and Hanover, 1922–) MGH SS MGH Scriptores, 39 vols to date (Hanover, 1826–) MLIB R. Morris, Monks and Laymen in Byzantium (Cambridge, 1995) MOB M. Whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025 (London, 1996) MPMM T. Reuter, Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities, ed. J. L. Nelson (Cambridge, 2006) MSR Mamluk Studies Review MW The Muslim World NCHI 1 The New Cambridge History of Islam, I: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, ed. C. F. Robinson (Cambridge, 2010) NCHI 2 The New Cambridge History of Islam, II: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries, ed. M. Fierro (Cambridge, 2010) NCMH 4 The New Cambridge Medieval History, IV: c.1024– c.1198, ed. D. Luscombe and J. Riley-Smith, 2 vols (Cambridge, 2004) NCMH 5 The New Cambridge Medieval History, V: c.1198– c.1300, ed. D. Abulaﬁa (Cambridge, 1999) NCMH 6 The New Cambridge Medieval History, VI: c.1300– c.1415, ed. M. Jones (Cambridge, 2000) NCMH 7 The New Cambridge Medieval History, VII: c.1415– c.1500, ed. C. Allmand (Cambridge, 1998) ODB The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. A. P. Kazhdan et al., 3 vols (Oxford and New York, 1991) ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. D. Cannadine et al., 60 vols to date (Oxford, 2004–) (available online www.oxforddnb.com/)

xvi List of Abbreviations

OHBS The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, ed. E. Jeffreys et al. (Oxford, 2008) P&P Past & Present PG Patrologia cursus completus: series graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne, 161 vols (Paris, 1857–66) PL Patrologia cursus completus: series latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, 221 vols (Paris, 1841–64) PmbZ1 Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, ed. R.-J. Lilie et al., I: (641–867), Prolegomena, 5 vols and list of abbreviations (Berlin and New York, 1998–2002) (available online www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz) PmbZ2 Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, ed. R.-J. Lilie et al., II: (867–1025), Prolegomena, 7 vols and indices (Berlin and New York, 2009–11) (available online www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz) REB Revue des études byzantines REMMM Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée RIM A. Marsham, Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire (Edinburgh, 2009) RPCMC J. Van Steenbergen, ‘Ritual, politics, and the city in Mamluk Cairo: the Bayna l-Qasrayn as a Mamluk “lieu de mémoire”, 1250–1382’, in A. Beihammer et al. (eds), Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean (Leiden, 2013), 227–76 SGMI A. K. S. Lambton, State and Government in Medieval Islam: An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory: The Jurists (Oxford, 1981) SOE M.-F. Auzépy, ‘State of emergency (700–850)’,in CHBE, 251–91 SOH P. Crone, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, 1980) TBA M. Angold (ed.), The Byzantine Aristocracy, IX to XII Centuries (Oxford, 1984) TBAMF J.-C. Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and its Military Function (Aldershot, 2006) TIT M. E. Subtelny, Timurids in Transition: Turko- Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran (Leiden, 2007) TM Travaux et mémoires TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

General Maps

These maps are intended to help orient readers and to locate some of the key places and areas mentioned by our authors. Absolute consistency is difﬁcult to achieve, and readers may ﬁnd modern place-names alongside ancient ones. It goes without saying that the historical boundaries depicted are approximate and, in some cases, highly speculative or controversial.

xvii

xviii General Maps

0 500 1000 1500 2000 km

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 miles

s n i a t n u o M

n a i v a n i d n a c S

a e S n c i North Sea i a t l l W. PD a v B i n n a a n e o Elbe p n r o n u a h E Sh Tha o r t Vist m R N u es O la h de in r e V l t

v Se Paris a Car ine Black path Basin Da ian ATLANTIC re s Forest nube M Loi e e t g Great Hungarian s n s s Drava ô o p Plain a V S l D Sa n OCEAN G Massif e Po i va Balka s n n ar A a on Central ô A r D h i a n p c nube e R e Al n ps R Pyr n h Cantabria enee i o n M Eb s n d ro t r P op ou s o e i e D s n d o u s Tag s Sardinia M t s Balearic M Islands e d i Sicily t e r Crete r ins a n nta e a n ou s M la At

Sahara Desert

Land over 1000 metres

Map 1 The physical geography of western Eurasia, with inset extending to the Paciﬁc

General Maps xix

Siberian Plateau

A S I A R N S U T E E P P E S Go Taklamatan bi Desert Anatolian Desert Ob Plateau Pamirs Tibetan Iranian H im Plateau Plateau al aya G Mts a n ges Deccan PACIFIC Plateau Volga OCEAN

Nem an

Ir ty sh

Ural D o n a g D l n o iep V er

Sea of Jaxa Azov rte s ( Aral Sy r D C Sea a a ry C a Black Sea au s ) c asu p s M i t a O s n x u an l p s Karakum s Sh c A n n t i ( ia o S A T P Desert m Anatolian e u Anti- D a a Plateau Taurus E ry Pamirs lb a) rus F u au e r Z rz T t i T a M s i g ountain l e g r Rhodes r o C i r s s H e Great Kavir M im Cyprus Syrian s M o E c u al Desert up e o Salt Desert n a h n y S e a r u ta a a t i t n n e t Iranian s s a i n Plateau s

us P nd e I N rs il i Thar e an G Desert ulf R

e Arabian Desert

d Deccan Plateau S Arabian Sea e

Map 1 (cont.)

0 1000 2000 3000 km

0 500 1000 1500 2000 miles

VOLGA S RUS E BULGARIA P P E T LATIN CHRISTENDOM/ S

LATIN WEST CENTRAL ASIA

C Aral a Sea s Black Sea p BALKANS i a

IBERIAN S O e xu ASIA MINOR a PENINSULA M e d s i t e r r a IR n A e a SYRIA Q n S e a IRAN

NORTH AFRICA EGYPT

ARABIA e il

N IO EG SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -R US OX O- E-T Foundation lands of the Byzantine empire NIL Middle East

Map 2 A guide to some of the main geographical terminology used in this volume

General Maps xxi

SASANIAN EMPIRE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Extent of Roman empire c. AD117 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 km

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 miles

OTTOMAN VASSALS

UZBEK EMPIRE

OTTOMAN EMPIRE SAFAVID EMPIRE

MUGHAL EMPIRE

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 km

0 500 1000 1500 miles

Map 3 Empires before and after: a sketch of the pre-eminent polities preceding and following this book’s timespan: (top) Rome in its heyday, also showing Byzantium and the Sasanian empire in the sixth century; (bottom) the ‘gunpowder empires’ in the sixteenth century

xxii General Maps

0 100 200 300 400 km

0 50 100 150 200 250 miles

a i Land over 1000 metres r Ulster Cumber- b land m u Connacht h n Meath t r o n o n N a h S Leinster d d e s

n y

Munster y

d w n o

o G W D e s m P e l s East h

M Anglia

Deheubarth r c

h Suffolk

Gower Tha mes Wessex

ATLANTIC wall orn A C r t o i OCEAN Ponthieu s

y n d The growth of Valois Burgundy N o r m a Up to 1384 Île-de- 1384–1443 B r i t M France 1465–76 t a a B North Sea n in y e Approximate l border of the u o Empire j o re n Loi i A s

A P oi q tou u i WESTERN t a i n e EMPIRE G u y FRANCE G e a n ro nn y e d n n u e g Duchy of r u Burgundy B Armagnac

f o

y t n u

o C R 0 50 100 150 200 km o ussillon 0 25 50 75 100 miles

Map 4 Regions of the Latin west mentioned in this volume, with inset showing the growth of Valois Burgundy in the fourteenth and ﬁfteenth centuries

General Maps xxiii

a e S i c North Sea l t B a

e Elb d e O i a r i s F Brandenburg Saxony d n a ll o t S H n i l e a s i rs b a de a an r Fl H B a i Lower n Lorraine a a Lu i u x m l e t m e b a o h i u B o v rg a or e M ine n Se i C h ha Upper R D m rg an p u h a e be g Lorraine b n c e m e t Swabia r r Bavaria u a W Duchy of M Burgundy s County of Lichtenstein n Burgundy p

e a

n l Tirol i ô r a t S s A A u

a i r D Savoy t a s I u Po p h e i n n ô é A

h R d r doc Provence i ue a ng La t i c Tuscany S e a Mediterranean Sea

Map 4 (cont.)

xxiv General Maps

0 100 200 300 km

0 50 100 150 miles

Abbey Battle Durham

Isle of Newburgh Priory n Man o n Lancaster n a Anglesey York Kingston-upon- h S Hull

Uí Stoke Field Lincoln Chennselaig Derby Newark

Leicester ne ly Ely C . Huntingdon R Swansea h T am e Penarth s London Westminster Salisbury Canterbury Calais Saint Omer Crécy

Saint Wandrille ATLANTIC Rouen Vincennes Montfort- l’Amaury Paris OCEAN Orléans

Lo i re Marmoutier

Poitiers Lusignan

a e G S a n r a on e ne a n r r i t e Atlantic M e d Toulouse Béziers Ocean Territories recovered by the Christians Carcassonne 0 100 200 km By 980 By 1250 1080–1130 Muslim dominion 050 100 miles By 1210 until 1492

Map 5 Places in the Latin west mentioned in this volume, with inset showing the progress of the Spanish Reconquista

General Maps xxv

a e S i c North l t B a Sea

Hamburg r e Elb d e O

Gniezno

Brunswick Magdeburg Utrecht Gandersheim Wolfenbüttel

Merseburg Anhalt Antwerp Bruges Cologne Courtrai Aachen

Schweinfurt Prague Mainz Trier Worms Nuremberg Rheims Repgow Se in e e Fleury n i Da h nub R Freising e Strasbourg Vienna Sens Clairvaux

Constance Hapsburg Innsbruck Besançon e s n p ô

L S l o i r e Cluny A

Aosta Milan Padua Venice Pavia Po Cremona e Ferrara n ô Genoa h Canossa A R d Avignon r Pisa i Florence a t i c Siena S e a Mediterranean Sea Viterbo

Map 5 (cont.)

xxvi General Maps

Kilia

D A L anube M D A Gradac T I A A d r S THRACE Agathopolis t i r a y t m i o Adrianople c n Bachkovo (Edirne) Bizye S Bulgarophygon Tadrinou e MACEDONIA a Ohrid SEE INSET Epibatai Rhaidestos Constantinople Sea of Avlona Ainos Marmara Kanina LI PO H LI T L I E A Pegai Kyzikos B P Imbros G I Meteora R Butrint O Ioannina A Lemnos Larissa e S Trikkala THESSALY g Arta e a n Virgin Lembiotissa Sardis Thebes Chalkis S Euboia e Chios Smyrna Philadelphia Patras Athens a Mt Galesion P r E Corinth Kaisariane Ephesos nde L ATTICA aea O Nauplia M PO Mt N N Latros E Patmos Mistra S E Monemvasia

Mediterranean Sea

0 100 200 300 400 km Crete

0 50 100 150 200 250 miles

Map 6 Byzantine places and regions mentioned in this volume, with inset showing the Chalcidike peninsula

General Maps xxvii

Mt Menoikeion St John Prodromos Serres Str MACEDONIA ymon Achinos Radolibos

Thessaloniki Thasos Akapniou Berroia

CHALCIDIKE Hierissos Esphigmenou Chilandar Koutloumousiou Iviron Great Lavra Mt Athos K A S SA N Black D RA Sea I A G O N L A Trebizond P H P A A C H A L D I

A I Manzikert Y N Nicaea Ankyra (Ankara) I A T A C I A L D O A A G P Melitene Amorion P Caesarea A C

Konya Germanikeia A I CTarsus I I L Attaleia Side C ISAURIA

Monastery Cyprus Alopekai Enkleistra Land over 1000 metres

Map 6 (cont.)

xxviii General Maps

AL-ANDALUS Madinat al-Zahra Cordoba Granada M e

Fez d Dardanelles Tlemcen i t

I e Sijilmasa Tunis QayrawanF r Sicily al-Mahdiyya r MAGHREB R a n I e Q Tripoli a n Black Sea I S e a Y Black Sea A IA R Alexandria E IB Cairo I A Constantinople N M E A R Bursa Ankara ANATOLIA ) EGYPT m a Chaldiran Tabriz h N -S A s l IJ le Konya t BA i a Diyarbakr ZER N Mardin A . M d R a l M Mosul Sultaniyya s i r u E u B S JAZIRA Ta ( O Aleppo PO Hamadhan T R A A . I M T i al Raqqa R g R . IA Qirmisin Burujird E r SYRIA i Y u p s S Hama h JIBAL Cyprus r ates Samarra

R Baghdad

E Ctesiphon T al-Hashimiyya Safed A Damascus E SAWAD Kufa PALESTINE R (Lower Iraq) Jerusalem G Gaza Basra

Map 7 Regions and places of the Islamic world mentioned in this volume, with inset showing the Fertile Crescent in more detail

General Maps xxix

R. V o Khotan lg Aral a Sea A AN C K Samarqand I H OX a WARAZM NS CIRCASSIA s RA p Bukhara R. O T C a i xus T u a Black Sea RA c a s N u n SC s Dandanqan AU N C S Merv A A N T e A S N S S A I A U a R A U N S T H Delhi IS K A R Herat H I BA G TA F D Rayy A A D YLA s M u d In SISTAN . R N Isfahan Yazd

SIND I

see inset F P K e A I R r R S M A N s i a n Monastery of G u St Catherine, A l f Sinai H R Arabian

R I A Sea Medina e J B N d A I Mecca U Z A

S B e ) I EN a M A E (Y INDIAN OCEAN AR A MY K S U HI M Land over 1000 metres

0250 500 750 1000 km ETHIOPIA 0 250 500 miles

Map 7 (cont.)

xxx General Maps

0 200 400 600 800 km S N IA G 0 100 200 300 400 500 miles E W Approximate extent of the R Carolingian empire c.812 O SVEAR N

S GÖTAR PICTS c i North t DANES l a Sea B S

IRISH O

I ANGLO-

R SAXON

B KINGDOMS SLAVS

N Aachen

A AUSTRASIA

C EAST O FRANCIA NEUSTRIA C AVARS I T WEST N FRANCIA A L T S T A LOMBARD D O A A R KINGDOM L C M A OF ITALY T P I A A SERBS T R I M T U O S N

C I KINGDOM OF A A

N S DUCHY ASTURIAS Y A OF N C SPOLETO T I P ET RI

UMAYYAD EMIRATE

Map 8a The Carolingian empire

General Maps xxxi

0 200 400 600 800 km

Y N

0 100 200 300 400 500 miles A E

W The western empire D R Ests Under imperial rule E

O R

D ARAGON Kingdom N W R a

e C S I

S N O T U D c E Lithuanians N T i A North E L t H T DENMARK T l s O F n C a O a Sea i S E s B T s A u T r Rus S P h s i r I h s l e ENGLAND POLAND W

BOHEMIA WESTERN

HUNGARY ATLANTIC FRANCE EMPIRE OCEAN

Venice R E P U B L IC Genoa O F V EN Pisa ICE LEÓN Rome Bari L ARAGON A NAPLES G CASTILE U A T I

R C N Sardinia O E P L Balearic A

V Islands

e d i t e SICILY M r r a GRANADA n e a n S e a

Map 8b The Latin west c.1250

Black Sea

POLAND E R I SULTANATE OF RUM WESTERN P M

N EMPIRE I FRANCE T COUNTY OF N EDESSA A NIA Z E HUNGARY ARM Y IAN B IC Trieste CIL PRINCIPALITY OF Black Sea ANTIOCH COUNTY ZENGIDS Constantinople OF Dyrrachium TRIPOLI Bari Mediterranean Sea M e d Konya i t Antioch KINGDOM OF e r JERUSALEM r a AYYUBIDS n a e a n S e a 1st Crusade Jerusalem FATIMID Crusader states at 4th Crusade their largest 0 250 500 750 1000 km CALIPHATE 0 100 200 300 km

0 200 400 600 miles 0 50 100 150 200 miles

Map 8c Latins in the Levant (thirteenth century): the routes of the First and Fourth Crusades and the Crusader states

Bergen Oslo Stockholm Novgorod

Visby a e North S Riga ic Sea lt York Ba Kingston- upon-Hull Hamburg Lübeck GRAND DUCHY London Utrecht D Bruges OF o ATLANTIC Antwerp Brunswick n Cologne LITHUANIA Kiev OCEAN Cracow Dn ieper

C SWISS a s CONFEDERATION p i a Venice n Crimea

Genoa Cherson S e

a Black Sea Corsica

Sardinia Corfu

Negroponte

Major Genoese trading routes Cyprus Major Hanseatic trading routes Crete Major Venetian trading routes Mediterranean Sea Hanseatic trading ports Venetian possessions 0 250 500 750 1000 km

Genoan possessions 0 200 400 600 miles

Map 8d Commercial ties (fourteenth and ﬁfteenth centuries): major trading routes of the Genoese, Venetians and the Hanseatic League

C Atlantic Ocean a s p i a n

S e Black Sea a

Constantinople

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Extent at Justinian’s accession R Justinian’s reconquests e d

S 0 250 500 750 1000 km e a 0 250 500 miles

A d r i a Black Sea t i c

S e a

Constantinople Adriatic Sea A Ionian e

Sea e

a n

S e a M e d i t e r r a n e 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 km a n

0 100 200 300 400 miles S e a

Despotate of Epiros Empire of Nicaea

A Empire of Trebizond d r i a t Black Sea i c

S e a

Trebizond Constantinople Nicaea A Ionian e

Sea e a n

S e M a e d i t e r r a n e a n 0 100 200 300 400 500 km

0 100 200 300 miles S e a

Maps 9a, 9b and 9c Byzantium’s variable geometry: (a, top) The empire at the accession of Justinian, and his reconquests; (b, centre) Middle Byzantium; (c, bottom) the Greek-speaking polities after the Fourth Crusade

BULGARIA Black Sea SERBIA

D E S Trebizond D P N O Thessaloniki Constantinople ZO T E I A MP EB T IRE TR E OF

O Nicaea F

Ioannina E P I SULTANATE R

O S DUCHY OF OF ATHENS Philadelphia PRINCIPALITY RUM ILKHANATE OF ACHAIA Mistra Monemvasia Byzantine possessions

Venetian possessions CRETE 0 100 200 300 400 km

Mediterranean Sea 015000150 200 250 km

BULGARIA Black Sea SERBIA

Trebizond D N Constantinople O E IZ S MPIR REB Thessaloniki N E OF T A O M O T T

V M ARI OU Philadelphia S A LA T N Mistra IN P I O D S S Monemvasia E S S S I O N S Byzantine possessions

0 100 200 300 400 km

Mediterranean Sea 015000150 200 250 km

BULGARIA Black Sea S O E T R T Trebizond D N O O B M E IZ MPIR REB I A E OF T A N BLACK SHEEP E TURKMEN M P WHITE SHEEP I TURKMEN R E VARIOUS LATIN Byzantine possessions POSSESSIONS c. 1402 Byzantine possessions c. 1403 0 100 200 300 400 km

Mediterranean Sea 015000150 200 250 km

Maps 9d, 9e and 9f Byzantium’s variable geometry: (d, top) in the late thirteenth century; (e, centre) in the mid-fourteenth century; (f, bottom) c.1402/3

Sy r D Aral ar C Sea ya a Black Sea s p Talas Constantinople i (751) CORSICA (besieged 674–8,717–18) a n

Bukhara S A (710) m Samarqand SARDINIA e u (710) a D SICILY a Carthage (903) Phoenix rya (698) Taormina (654/655) Syracuse Mosul Balkh Kairouan M (879) (641) Nishapur (664) e (651) d i CRETE Rhodes Kabul t e (654) CYPRUS Damascus (664) r r a n e (649) (635) Nahavand a n S e a Yarmuk Karbala (642) Tripoli Alexandria (636) (680) (647) (642) Jerusalem Basra (638) (656) al-Qadisiya Fustat (636) P e Nile r si an SIND G ulf Medina Muhammad R (625) e Badr Abu Bakr (632–4) (624) d Mecca Umar I (634–44) S

Uthman (644–56) and Ali (656–61) e Umayyads (661–750) a 750–850 HIMYAR Key battles AKSUM (654) Dates when cities fell

0 500 1000 1500 2000 km INDIAN OCEAN 0 500 1000 1500 km

Map 10a The expansion of Islam (seventh to ninth centuries)

ATLANTIC RUS Aral OCEAN KHAZARS Sea

S C I D a s N p ALANS i A a M E B n A T Y S A Z Black Sea S H A N e S IP T a D L I N Lake I A E Van V C E 3 2 A M M N D e P I Z d R E B A S A i 1 H ID Y t 4 G R Y e A A r F AF M r U S a U F n A e T a n P I S er M e a Y si Arabian a n G I D ulf

C I Sea A D S L I P H A T E 1 Uqaylids R 2 Ziyarids e 3 Sallarids d 4 Hamdanids

S Abbasid caliphate at its fullest extent e a Abbasid caliphate c. 900

0 500 1000 1500 2000 km

0 250 500750 1000 1250 miles

Map 10b Islamic successor polities around the year 1000

B Aral l a c k C Sea S Constantinople e a a QARAKHANIDS s (c. 840–1211) p Tashkent D A C i Kashgar a D M n SELJUKS Manzikert Bukhara Samarqand e C (1071) of RUM S D d (1077–1307) ELDIGUZIDS Dandanqan i (late C12/early C13) e (1040)

t a e B D r r Aleppo ZENGIDS a (1127–1250) Nishapur n e Mosul B a n SELJUKS S of SYRIA SELJUKS e a (1078–1117) of IRAQ B B (1118–94) Hamadhan Baghdad B

SELJUKS P e of KIRMAN r (1041–1187) GHAZNAVIDS s (975–1187) i a n

R Major Seljuk campaigns G u l f e A 1027–1038

d B 1042–c.1070 Great Seljuk empire at the death of Malikshah c.1090 C 1080–1095 S Lost to the Byzantines and the D 1089–1090 e Crusader states (1097–9) 0 250 500 750 1000 km Arabian Sea Khwarazmshahs’ lands c.1220 a 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 miles

Map 10c Seljuk expansion and fragmentation

0 5001000 1500 km Legnica (1241) 0 250 500 750 miles

Vladimir (1238) Kiev (1240) Bulgar (1237) G O L D E N H (1223–1502 O R ) D E V Karakorum o B New Sarai l l a g c a k

S e a

e Aral

S KHANS of Sea M

n CHAGHADAI e

d a (1227–1363)

it i e r p Sea r Aleppo a s n (1260) Tabriz e a an C Samarqand Damascus Bukhara (1220) (1260) I (1220) Baghdad L AYYUBIDS (1258) K H ( Red 12 A 56 Sea –1 N 33 P 5) A e T r E s Sacked cities i a Core tribal area n G Mongol campaigns into Transoxiana and u Mongol tribes unified (1206) l f Khurasan 1206–27 (under Gengis Khan, his sons and generals) 1236 Mongol campaigns into eastern Europe 1259 1237–41 (under his son Ögedei, grandson Batu and general Sübodai, among others) Tribute/under loose control Arabian Sea

Map 10d The Mongols’ campaigns in the west (1206–59) and subsequent polities

G O L S WALLACHIA KHANATE D E N E New Sarai H O R D E R OF THE (1395)

A BULGARIA CRIMEA B l a c k (1453) S Constantinople e a C Aral T a M R Sea Smyrna EB s e Ankara IZO p (1402) ND d (1402) (1461) i Urgench i a t (1379) e n

r S a n e Samarqand

e a a Aleppo n (1400) S e A a I R Damascus Y (1400) S ) K D U N Baghdad TIMURIDS L A (1401) Cairo A M T ‘TU ISH’ (M YP RK EG Isfahan SULTANATE OF (1387) Sacked cities Timur’s western campaigns (1379–1402) P R e Core Ottoman territories e r s d i Ottoman empire c. 1480 a n

Date fallen to the Ottomans S G e u l f 0 250 500750 1000 km a

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 miles Arabian Sea

Map 10e The rise of the Ottomans, the ‘Turkish’ (Mamluk) sultanate of Egypt and Cairo, and Timur’s campaigns

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 km N Bulaq 0 0.5 1 mile Monastery/Nunnery Mother of God,

Blachernai Church Azbakiyya

Blachernai 2

Palace 1 .

c Mansuriyya

Complex e

G g

d Bayn al- FATIMID o s

e Qasrayn l s d ’ CITY Theotokos r o e e Kecharitomene v 0 i n 0 r R 2 1 . H c

PERA e o o (Galata) g r E d e n ll h L ’s a r I e v W i n p N R ia s o s d o Holy Apostles E e

F o h O H T R E T

B N T S R R e A E DE RT n RS’ QUA Mangana Maydan Citadel of the Mountain Topkapı Palace CONSTANTINOPLE Palace Complex (post-1453) (including MUQATTAM the Church Constanti St Sophia Rawda HILLS

of of St George)

l l Forum of Island

a Christ of the Chalke W Constantine GREAT Nea Ekklesia Hippodrome PALACE

BUILDINGS 0 N 0 .8 c e l l g

a d e

W s ’

r n

a i v

i s

o Geniza

d o

e St John Stoudios Sea of Marmara h

T FUSTAT

Golden Gate

01 km 3 km Theotokos Evergetis 0 1 mile

Map 11 Constantinople and Cairo