Figurative Language in Football Chants Created by Chelsea and Manchester United Fans

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN FOOTBALL CHANTS CREATED BY CHELSEA AND MANCHESTER UNITED FANS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By ENGGARTIASTO SATRIA JATI NUGROHO Student Number: 154214103

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN FOOTBALL CHANTS CREATED BY CHELSEA AND MANCHESTER UNITED FANS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By ENGGARTIASTO SATRIA JATI NUGROHO Student Number: 154214103

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN FOOTBALL CHANTS CREATED BY CHELSEA AND MANCHESTER UNITED FANS

By ENGGARTIASTO SATRIA JATI NUGROHO Student Number: 154214103

Approved by

Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum April 29, 2019 Advisor

Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum. April 29, 2019 Co-Advisor

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN FOOTBALL CHANTS CREATED BY CHELSEA AND MANCHESTER UNITED FANS

By ENGGARTIASTO SATRIA JATI NUGROHO Student Number: 154214103

Defended before the Board of Examiners on June 12, 2019 and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

NAME SIGNATURE

Chairperson : Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Secretary : Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Member 1 : Main Examiner ______

Member 2 : Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Member 3 : Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______

Yogyakarta, June 28, 2019 Faculty of Letters Universitas Sanata Dharma Dean

Dr. Tatang Iskarna

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due deference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, April 28, 2019

Enggartiasto Satria Jati Nugroho

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Enggartiasto Satria Jati Nugroho Nomor Mahasiswa : 154214103

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN FOOTBALL CHANTS CREATED BY CHELSEA AND MANCHESTER UNITED FANS beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikanna di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 28 April 2019

Yang menyatakan,

Enggartiasto Satria Jati Nugroho

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FOR MY THREE BELOVED FLOWERS: MY ORCHID MY JASMINE AND MY ROSE - - -

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to express my gratitude to my saviour, Jesus

Christ. I’m so grateful that He always gives His blessings upon me. He never stops guiding me to the right path every time I write my undergraduate thesis.

Secondly, I would like to convey a bunch of thanks to my advisor, Arina

Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her patience in guiding and supporting me to finish my undergraduate thesis. I would also like to convey my gratitude to my co- advisor, Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the detail correction, so I could learn many things during the process of finishing my thesis.

Thirdly, I would like to convey my gratitude to my family. I would like to thank my father, mother, and sister for their infinite motivation and pray for me. I would like to convey my gratitude to my lover, Yustina Rosa, for her brilliant instructions. I’m also grateful to have my lovely cat, Kiko, who always sits under my chair whenever I write my undergraduate thesis.

Fourthly, I am also very thankful to my PES mates: Matheus, Tayo, and

Aldo. Your laughter has always been my consolation during my time writing this thesis. I cannot wait to play again with you, using random-underrated teams.

And lastly, I would also convey my gratitude to my grandparents, Y.B.

Djumrat and Christina Ngatinem in heaven, all my office mates in Lembaga

Bahasa Sanata Dharma, and all wonderful students I have ever met there.

Enggartiasto Satria Jati Nugroho

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii ABSTRACT ...... xiv ABSTRAK ...... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 6 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 6 D. Definition of Terms ...... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 8 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 11 1. Semantics ...... 11 2. Meaning...... 13 a. Conceptual or Denotative Meaning ...... 14 b. Connotative Meaning ...... 15 3. Figurative Language...... 15 a. Antithesis ...... 16 b. Euphemism ...... 17 c. Hyperbole ...... 17 d. Idioms ...... 17 e. Irony ...... 18 f. Metaphor ...... 18 g. Metonymy ...... 18 h. Paradox ...... 19 i. Personification...... 19 j. Racism ...... 20

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k. Sarcasm ...... 20 l. Simile ...... 20 m. Synedoche ...... 21 C. Review of Related Backgrounds ...... 21 D. Theoretical Framework...... 24

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 26 A. Object of the Study...... 26 B. Approach of the Study ...... 28 C. Method of the Study ...... 29 1. Data Collection...... 29 2. Data Analysis ...... 30

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 33 A. Figurative Language in Chelsea and Manchester United Chants ...... 33 1. Chelsea Chants ...... 34 a. Fabregas Chant ...... 35 b. Willian Chant ...... 38 c. David Luiz Chant ...... 40 d. Kante Chant ...... 44 2. Manchester United Chants ...... 47 a. Lukaku Chant ...... 48 b. Martial Chant ...... 50 c. Gerrard Chant ...... 53 d. Park Ji-Sung Chant ...... 56 B. Meaning of Figurative Language in Chelsea & United Chants ...... 60 1. Meanings of Figurative Language in Chelsea Chants...... 62 a. Meaning of Figurative Language in Fabregas Chant ...... 62 b. Meaning of Figurative Language in Willian Chant ...... 63 c. Meaning of Figurative Language in David Luiz Chant ...... 64 d. Meaning of Figurative Language in Kante Chant ...... 66 2. Meanings of Figurative Language in United Chants ...... 67 a. Meaning of Figurative Language in Lukaku Chant ...... 68 b. Meaning of Figurative Language in Martial Chant ...... 69 c. Meaning of Figurative Language in Gerrard Chant ...... 70 d. Meaning of Figurative Language in Park Ji-Sung Chant ...... 71

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 73

REFERENCES ...... 76 APPENDICES ...... 78

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Appendix 1 ...... 78 Appendix 2 ...... 79 Appendix 3 ...... 80 Appendix 4 ...... 81 Appendix 5 ...... 82 Appendix 6 ...... 83 Appendix 7 ...... 84 Appendix 8 ...... 85 Appendix 9 ...... 86 Appendix 10 ...... 87 Appendix 11 ...... 88 Appendix 12 ...... 89 Appendix 13 ...... 90 Appendix 14 ...... 91 Appendix 15 ...... 92 Appendix 16 ...... 93 Appendix 17 ...... 94 Appendix 18 ...... 95 Appendix 19 ...... 96 Appendix 20 ...... 97 Appendix 21 ...... 98 Appendix 22 ...... 99 Appendix 23 ...... 100 Appendix 24 ...... 101 Appendix 25 ...... 102 Appendix 26 ...... 103 Appendix 27 ...... 104

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LIST OF TABLES

No Table Page 1. Table 1. Meaning in Figurative Language 27 2. Table 2. Forms of Figurative Language in Selected Chelsea & 30 Manchester United Chants 3. Table 3. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Fabregas Chant 32 4. Table 4. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Willian Chant 35 5. Table 5. Literal and Figurative Meaning of David Luiz Chant 38 6. Table 6. Literal and Figurative Meaning of David Luiz Chant 39 7. Table 7. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Kante Chant 41 8. Table 8. Types of Figrative Language in Chelsea Chant 42 9. Table 9. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Lukaku Chant 45 10. Table 10. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Martial Chant 48 11. Table 11. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Gerrard Chant 51 12. Table 12. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Park Ji-Sung Chant 53 13. Table 13. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Park Ji-Sung Chant 54 14 Table 14. Types of Figurative Language in Manchester United 55 Chants 15 Table 15. Summary of Semantic Feature of Chelsea & Manchester 57 United Chants 16. Table 16. Summery of Frequency of Semantic Feature of Chelsea 58 Chants 17. Table 17. Semantic Feature in Fabregas Chant 58 18. Table 18. Semantic Feature in Willian Chant 60 19. Table 19. Semantic Feature in David Luiz Chant 61 20. Table 20. Semantic Feature in David Luiz Chant 61 21. Table 21. Semantic Feature in Kante Chant 62 22. Table 22. Summery of Frequency of Semantic Feature of 63 Manchester United Chants 23. Table 23. Semantic Feature in Lukaku Chant 64 24. Table 24. Semantic Feature in Martial Chant 65 25. Table 25. Semantic Feature in Gerrard Chant 66 26. Table 26. Semantic Feature in Park Ji-Sung Chant 67 27 Table 27. Semantic Feature in Park Ji-Sung Chant 68

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ABSTRACT

NUGROHO, ENGGARTIASTO SATRIA JATI. (2019). Figurative Language in Football Chants Created by Chelsea and Manchester United Fans. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Football chants are the songs created by the fans during the match in the stadium. Football chants are made spontaneously. English football chants have their own characteristics. One aspect that makes English football chants special is that it contains figurative language. They use figurative language in order to achieve certain meanings and effects. It is interesting to find out that the fans can have different way to describe the players. Chelsea and Manchester United fans use different types of figurative expression when they sing the chants in the stadium. There are two objectives to be achieved in this research. The first one is to find out the form(s) of the figurative language used in the chants by Chelsea and Manchseter United fans. The second one is to find out the meaning(s) implied from the use of figurative language in the chants by both fans. This research intends to reveal that there is a distinction between two supporters in using the language in the stadium. It aims to compare the verbal behaviour of the two supporters. The football chants analyzed in this research were created by Chelsea and Manchester United fans from 2012-2018. There are eight chants discussed. Four of them are from Chelsea fans. The other four come from Manchester United fans.This research used purposive sampling in selecting the chants. In analyzing the data, this research used semantics as the main approach supported with theory of semantics, theory of semantic feature, and theory of figurative language. This research finds that both fans use different forms of figurative language. Chelsea fans like to use hyperbole and metaphor in their chants. On the other hand, Manchester United fans like to use sarcasm and racism. The semantic features implied from the meaning of figurative language are also different. Chelsea fans use figurative languages that produces semantic feature of [+special], [+hint], [+affection], [+commission], and [+strong]. Manchester United fans use figurative languages that contain semantic feature of [+physical], [+disparage], [+insult], and [+offensive]. In the end of this research, it can be concluded that Chelsea and Manchester United fans have different types in using the figurative language in their chants. Chelsea fans tend to be hyperbolic. In addition, they like to associate something from the figurative language. In contrast, Manchester United fans like to use rude and harsh expression.

Keywords: figurative language, chant, meaning

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ABSTRAK

NUGROHO, ENGGARTIASTO SATRIA JATI. (2019). Figurative Language in Football Chants Created by Chelsea and Manchester United Fans. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Nyanyian sepakbola adalah lagu yang dibuat oleh para penggemar selama pertandingan di stadion. Nyanyian sepakbola dibuat secara spontan. Nyanyian sepakbola Inggris memiliki karakteristiknya sendiri. Salah satu aspek yang membuat nyanyian sepakbola Inggris istimewa adalah adanya bahasa kiasan. Penggemar menggunakan bahasa kiasan untuk mendapatkan makna dan efek tertentu. Sangat menarik untuk diketahui bahwa setiap penggemar memiliki cara yang berbeda untuk menggambarkan para pemain. Penggemar Chelsea dan Manchester United menggunakan berbagai jenis ekspresi figuratif ketika mereka menyanyikan nyanyian di stadion. Ada dua tujuan yang akan dicapai dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah untuk mengetahui bentuk bahasa kiasan yang digunakan dalam nyanyian penggemar Chelsea dan Manchseter United. Yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui makna yang tersirat dari penggunaan bahasa kiasan dalam nyanyian. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengungkap bahwa ada perbedaan antara pendukung dalam menggunakan bahasa di stadion, yang juga bertujuan untuk membandingkan perilaku kebahasaan kedua pendukung. Nyanyian sepakbola yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini dibuat oleh penggemar Chelsea dan Manchester United pada 2012-2018. Ada delapan nyanyian yang dibahas. Empat di antaranya dari penggemar Chelsea. Empat lainnya berasal dari penggemar Manchester United. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampling bertujuan. Dalam menganalisis data, penelitian ini menggunakan semantik sebagai pendekatan utama yang didukung oleh teori semantik, teori arti, dan teori bahasa kiasan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kedua penggemar menggunakan berbagai bentuk bahasa kiasan. Penggemar Chelsea suka menggunakan hiperbola dan metafora dalam nyanyian mereka. Di sisi lain, penggemar Manchester United cenderung menggunakan sarkasme dan rasisme. Fitur semantik yang tersirat dari bahasa kiasan juga berbeda satu sama lain. Penggemar Chelsea menggunakan bahasa kiasan yang menghasilkan fitur semantik [+istimewa], [+petunjuk], [+cinta], [+imbalan], dan [+kuat]. Penggemar Manchester United menggunakan bahasa kiasan yang berisi fitur semantik [+fisik], [+remeh], [+penghinaan], and [+kasar]. Pada akhir penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggemar Chelsea dan Manchester United memiliki tipe yang berbeda dalam menggunakan bahasa kiasan di nyanyian mereka. Penggemar Chelsea cenderung hiperbolik. Selain itu, mereka suka mengaitkan sesuatu dari bahasa kiasan. Sebaliknya, penggemar Manchester United suka menggunakan ekspresi kasar dan kejam.

Kata kunci: bahasa kiasan, nyanyian, makna

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is a discourse which is very essential in human’s life. People always need language in every circumstances. We need it as a mean of communication. Todd (1987) defines language as “a set of signals by which we communicate” (p. 6). Eble (1996) defines language as the process in which form and meaning exist or come together (p. 25). Without language, we can neither express our thoughts nor understand one another speech. Such as what is stated by

Fromkin et al (2014), language will be incomprehensible if someone does not know the the words and sentences (p. 3). Therefore, the importance of the mastery of a language always becomes one vital aspect in human’s life.

There are many ways to get connected with people. One of them is using language as the tool to communicate. Mainly, people communicate to each other by written and spoken language. Newspapers and letters are some examples on how people use written form of language to interact to others. Speech and song are some examples on how people use spoken form of language to talk to others.

Songs, however, are one of the most unique ways to convey a message to other people. Instead of saying something directly, songs are delivered with rythmic phrases. Songs can be the way someone expresses his or her thoughts, ideas, or beliefs.

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When we listen to a song, we are usually charmed by the music and the lyrics. Sometimes, some people are curious why a singer uses particular metaphor in his or her song. We normally listen to a song from the radio or television.

Those are the two sources which are the most common for people. However, the uniqueness of a song, from a language perspective, can also be found in football.

Football is the most popular sport throughout the world. Football has succeeded to become a great entertainment to people of the world. Everything that happens in football is always interesting to follow. This sport is interesting both from the game and from the people involved in it. Football fans are usually familiar to listen to songs when they watch football match in a stadium or television. The fans love to make songs, and the football fans recognize this as chants.

The fans enjoy football not only by watching the players passing the ball but also by making chants to boost the players’ spirit. We are entertained by the creativity of supporters in supporting their favorite team. We often notice chants made by the supporters from the stadium stands. Tajfel (1981) defines football chant as a song sung by the supporters in stadium stand (p. 216). Football chants are not just pop songs that are sung by football fans. They are made creatively and spontaneously as the expression of a join group identity. Chants are made at certain time. It can be before the kick-off, during the game, or after the match ended. It can be directed at various addressees such as the fans’ own team, individual players, or even the opponents’ player.

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However, this research will outline a closer look at how the word choice in football chants can tell us about human language faculty in general. Football chants have important implication for our understanding of our linguistic creativity as well as the socially binding force of a joint dialect (Hoffmann, 2015, p. 115). In the end of this research, we can conclude that football chants can be said as linguistic phenomenon that helps us understand the language use of a person, in this case, the football fans.

Generally, football fans make chants to boost the players’ spirit. Sometimes, they make chants to mock the opposition’s players. They also make chants to show their devotion to the star player of the club. The songs produced always sound interesting. For some people, football chants are unique and funny. The researcher aims to identify why football fans are able to make the chants spontaneously. How they form a chant consisting of particular phrase is interesting to follow.

Football fans, in some circumstances, create the chants with non-literal language or which is often called figurative language. Perrine (1988) states that figurative language is a language that cannot be taken literally. It says something other than the ordinary ways or says one thing and means another (p. 565). The football fans in England often use figurative language as the medium to convey message whenever they sing the chants in the stadium stand.

British football chants have certain components that distinguish them with football chants from other countries. According to Lamont, Englsih football chants are special and different from other football chants in Europe since they

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can be clever, funny, hateful and offensive (Lamont, 2009, para. 23). Another special thing about British football chants is that they can be bracingly vulgar, but they can often be very funny, and sometimes quite ingenious. He also argues that

British football chants have one key ingredient over the other chants in Europe: humour (Lamont, 2009, para. 24).

We can see some examples on how football fans use their sense of humour to show their devotion to their star player. We can see how Manchester United fans make a chant to their superstar, Romelu Lukaku:

Romelu Lukaku... He’s our Belgian scoring genius With a 24 inch penis Scoring all our goals Bellend by his toes

If we notice the chant above, United fans use figurative language in the chants. When we take a closer look to the phrase “with a 24 inch penis”, we notice that United fans use racist expression in their chants. Racism is the belief which asserts that distinctive human characteristics are determined by race (McArthur,

1996, p. 843). It is interesting to notice that United fans like to have racism in their chants even to their own player, something that normal fans would not do to their own player.

However if we compare to Chelsea fans, they also have their own way to devote their playmaker, Cesc Fabregas. They sing this chant whenever he creates an assist or scores a goal:

Ooohhh... Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic hat He could have signed for Arsenal, but he said no fuck that

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He passes with his left foot He passes with his right And when we win the league We’ll sing this song all night

When we pay attention to Chelsea fans’ chant to Fabregas, we could highlight this phrase “Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic” as a figurative expression as well. However Chelsea fans tend to use metaphoric or associative expression to describe their player. They see Fabregas as if he is a magician, someone who can do tricks amazingly. They liken Fabregas’ skills as a magician.

Chelsea fans like to use metaphor in their chant. Metaphor is all figure of speech that achieve their effect through association, comparison, and resemblance

(McArthur, 1996, p.653).

From the examples, we spot some differences in the expression of the chants. One thing that can be seen very clearly is that both United and Chelsea fans use figurative expression in their chants. However, they are different from one another. Based on the example, Chelsea fans use metaphor expression, while on the other hand United choose racism.

Figurative languages are always succeeded to provide a more effective means of saying what people mean than direct statements. Sometimes, we find it funny on how figurative language can shape our mind through its vatiation. In specific sense, figurative languages may take the form of figures of speech.

Similar to figurative language, figure of speech means a rhetorical device that achieves special effect by using words in distinctive way (McArthur, 1996, p.

404).

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Figurative language can be the medium of how the non literal meaning is delivered and this, sometimes, can be tricky if we do not have a comprehension of what is being said. It means that we really need to understand the meaning of the figurative expression. Therefore, a branch of linguistic namely semantics is needed to make a better understanding in defining meaning (Löbner, 2013, p. 1).

This is the main purpose of this research. It intends to identify the meaning resulted from the use of figurative language in the chants. By understanding the meaning of the figurative language used in the chants, it can tell us about human language in general.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to make the research more organized, there will be two problems formulated.

1. How do Chelsea and Manchester United fans use figurative language in their

chants?

2. What meanings are implied from the figurative language used in Chelsea and

Manchester United chants?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulated above, there are two objectives that are going to be achieved in this research. The first is to identify how Chelsea and

Manchester United fans use figurative language in their chants. It discusses the use of figurative expression found in both supporters’ chants. It is important to identify the figurative language because later they will relate to the second

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objective, which is to reveal the meaning of the figurative language that Chelsea and Manchester United fans use in their chants.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to add more information to this research, the researcher supplies the definition of the terms used in this research. There are three terms that will appear frequently in this research. The three terms are figurative language, chants, and meaning.

Rozakis (1999) defines figurative language as “saying one thing in terms of another”. By using figurative language, a concept of an actual object is represented indirectly. Figurative language refers to telling something to convey an implied meaning (Rozakis, 1999, p. 28). Moreover, using figurative language can cause “special meanings and effects” (Abrams, 1999, p. 96).

The next term is chant. Tajfel (1981) defines chant as the song sung by the supporters in the stadium stand (p. 216). Kytö (2011) chant can be said as the way to express football fans’ identity and manifest collective presence (p. 143).

The last term is meaning. Meaning analyzed by the researcher in this paper is related to linguistic context. As stated in Langacker (1987), meaning is what language is about, concentrating solely on matters of form (p. 12). Wilensky

(1991) stated that the notion of meaning is central to the theories of language since how it pertains to the other linguistic issues (p. 27).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter consists of four parts, which are review of related studies, review of related theories, review of related backgrounds and theoretical framework. These parts mostly contain studies and theories. They are relevant since the studies explain the use of figurative language in football chants. Other theories supply explanations that can help the researcher find the answer to the problem of the study, which is to imply the meaning of the figurative language in the chants.

A. Review of Related Studies

The first study done previously is conducted by Hayuwardhani (2018). This study analyzes figurative language in song lyrics. The writer specifically observes song lyrics in John Mayer’s The Search for Everything album. The researcher explains the types of figurative language and reveals the the interpretation of figurative expression through linguistic point of view. Semantic approach is used to solve the problems. She argues that semantic approach is beneficial to take account into the figurative meanings of the song lyrics. Semantic feature is employed in order to strengthen the analysis. The conclusion shows that there are six types of figurative language found in the lyrics, which are hyperbole, paradox, personification, simile, metaphor, and idiom. dddddddddddddddddddddddddd

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The second study is conducted by Lonada & Martin (2015). Similar to the previous study, this research discusses the importance of figurative language. The writers observe the use of figurative language in the characterization of Wilde’s

The Nightingle and The Red Rose. The research explains that there is connection between figurative language and characterization in literature. In other words, the writer argue that the indirectness of figurative language can help the readers to describe the characterizations. It is revealed that figurative language describes characterization related to the information on the character’s mental and physical attributes. Each of the figurative language describes the characterization in a certain way in order to make the particular abstract concepts for characterization.

The third study, which is about football chants, is conducted by Hoffmann

(2015). Hoffmann intends to identify how social and physical context influence the grammar construction of the football fans. He illustrates how football chants can be analyzed as a linguistic construction that is constrained by complex social and physical context factors. Later, he argues that the complex social and physical context constraints as well as the potential to function as linguistic acts of identity are not only relevant for these types of constructions, but also need to be taken into account in usage-based construction grammar analysis in general. His research intends to find out how the grammar construction of the chants is influenced by cognitive sociolinguistics factors such as social and physical context.

The fourth study is conducted by Collinson (2009). This study also talks about the importance of football songs to the fans’ identity in Australian Soccer

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League. This study discussed the Australian A-League soccer competition that was established in 2004. The creation of a new national soccer league had triggered many changes in Australia’s football culture. These changes were particularly difficult for the supporters because, with a single exception, all the A-

League teams were completely new groups of footballer. Football song plays a key role in the creation of fan identity. Moreover, these songs may even be a step to introduce a local and a global fan identity simultaneously, as fans try to connect local culture and inflict as the ingredients of their chants.

This undergraduate thesis has some similarities to the related studies. This undergraduate thesis shares a similarity with the first and the second study, which discusses about the importance of figurative language as a linguistic phenomenon.

Figurative language can be a medium to reveal the language style of the people. It can be one thing that helps us understand that there are some distinctions on how people use language. Figurative language can help us find the hidden meaning of a text or speech.

Compared to the third and fourth studies, this undergraduate thesis also shares a similarity, which discusses football chants. Football chant is one of the way to observe the language behaviour of some societies. Football chant is important because it can reveal the use of the language in a particular community.

Football chant is one of the linguistic phenomena that can help us understand why such variations of language are used more often than the others.

However, this undergraduate thesis is different from those studies. The researcher analyzes the figurative language found in the chants and categorizes

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them into some classification. The researcher tries to compare the verbal behavior of two societies, which are London and Manchester. Besides, this undergraduate thesis intends to reveal the language used and the meaning implied by both sides.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the researcher explains the theories used in order to answer the problem. There are several theories that are used to answer the problem, namely theory of semantics and theory of figurative language.

1. Semantics

Palmer (1997) defines semantics as “the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, snd, since meaning is a part of language, semantics is apart of linguistics” (p. 5). Other defines semantics as the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences (Fromkin et al, 2014, p. 140).

Semantics does not only analyze the meaning of one single morphemes or words or phrases or sentences, but also the relationships of meaning which are constructed among them. Crystal (1994) also states that a useful idea in investigating lexical structure is called semantic or lexical field which can also be defined as a named area of meaning in which lexemes interrelate and define each other in specific ways (p. 157).

Semantics deals with meaning. There are two types of meaning mostly discussed in this scope are literal and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning emphasizes on the word which do not diverge from the exact meaning stated in dictionary. In contrast, non-literal meaning, or usually recognized as figurative language, emphasizes words which meanings are exaggerated or deviated (Heller,

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2011, p. 62). The level or the scope of semantics is not always stuck with words, but it can cover larger items such as phrases, sentences, and even paragraphs. This research mainly discusses about the figurative language found in the football chants. It can be concluded that this research mostly talks about the phrasal and sentential meaning of an expression.

Those two types of meaning have different treatment in the making of analysis (Börjesson, 2011, p.11). Literal words do not rely on context. It can be said that literal words are “context-independent”. The comprehension stops only on word-by-word meaning. On the other hand, non-literal words are “context- dependent”, meaning that readers need to link the words to the context of the text, in this case, the speech. Heller (2011) also states that non literal-meaning, reflected in figurative language, may involve analogy to similar concepts or other contexts and may involve exaggerations (p. 63). The analysis of a figurative language can begin from the dictionary. The speaker needs to find out the literal meaning first in the dictionary, before he or she goes further with additional knowledge outside the dictionary to find out the right ideas.

Semantics has some branches, and one of them is semantic features

(Fromkin et al, 2014), which is also discussed in Leech (1981) as semantic oppositions. In this research, the writer will use the term semantic features instead of semantic oppositions.

Semantic features, which are also known as semantic properties, mean parts of word meanings which reflect our knowledge (Fromkin et al, 2014, p. 158). In semantic features, the meanings of the words are taken from the researchers’ basic

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knowledge. In other words, in semantic features every possibility of meaning can be taken or chosen as long as it is appropriate and makes sense to the words. In semantic features, the meaning of content words, which consist of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, and also some of the function words, such as with and over, can also be specified by using the features (Fromkin et al, 2014, pp. 158-

159).

The way of determining the meaning in semantic features is strengthen by

Leech (1981) in semantic oppositions. Semantic oppositions mean the dimensions of meaning as the result of the use of formulae in determining the meaning(s)

(Leech, 1981, p. 90). In semantic oppositions, the meaning is analyzed by using a formula, which is called componential definitions, in which in the formula, the feature(s) is described by adding labels of + (positive) or – (negative) to the feature(s) itself (Leech, 1981, p. 90). However, in elaborating the method of showing the meaning(s), Leech (1981) uses the term “semantic components or features” (p. 91).

2. Meaning

The term theory of meaning has been obligatory when discussing about semantics. As we understand, semantics is the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences (Fromkin et al, 2014, p. 140). When we talk about meaning, it has been sued to mean a great number of different things. When we understand a word or phrase, we do not only interpret the lexical meaning, but also the entire meaning in one construction.

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Meanings are what others percieve. It can be said as the interpretation of any lexical items. Leech (1981) divides meaning into several types. Those seven types of meaning namely conceptual or denotative meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning (p.

9). In this research, the discussion is dominated by the denotative and connotative meaning. Therefore, this part only explains about the idea of denotative and connotative meaning. a. Conceptual or Denotative Meaning

Conceptual or denotative meaning is defined as the literal meaning of the words (Leech, 1981, p. 11). The meaning of the words are similar to the meaning found in the library. In addition, connotative or denotative meaning is the representation of the real world object. Denotative meaning mostly deals with the core meaning. Conceptual or denotative meaning primarily serves as the core of meaning, while the other six completing it. Leech gives primacy to the denotative meaning since it has hierarchical structure and sophisticate organization from the principle of contrastiveness. We can take a look at the example:

Boy : [+Human], [+Male], [-Adult]

Here, the feature of the word boy is [+Human], [+Male], and [-Adult]. The word boy is the representation of non-adult male human being. The use of the word boy can be used to refer to someone who is not an adult human since it has been a common use in a society. The feature [+Human] confirms that boy is one of human being. [+Male] indicates that a boy belongs to the sex. [-Adult] is the

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proper feature to refer to the word boy since our brain is able to understand that boy is not an adult. b. Connotative Meaning

Connotative meaning is the meaning which has communicative value of an expression over and above its conceptual meaning (Leech, 1981, p. 12).

Connotative meaning mostly deals with non-literal meaning. It talks about the meaning beyond and expresses meaning more than what the dictionary tells us.

For example the word boy can be explained as [+Human], [+Male], and [-

Adult]. In its connotative meaning, boy can be explained as [+Teenager],

[+Puberty], and [+Energetic]. Other attributes can also explain the word boy as long as the interpretation is still acceptable by our mind. Therefore, connotative meaning can reflect our knowledge in defining thing in other way. Connotative meaning intends to show the features that a word can carry. [+Teenager] is acceptable since we can also say a boy as someone who is in teen age. [+Puberty] is also possible since all teenager experiences puberty stage. [+Energetic] carries the feature of a boy, who is described as a teenager, and teenager is usually associated with more energy.

3. Figurative Language

As mentioned before, figurative language deals with non-literal meaning.

According to Abrams (1999) figurative language is a noticable deviation of everyday meaning to special or unusual meaning done in order to create special meaning or effect (p. 96). Figurative language refers to telling something to convey an implied meaning (Rozakis, 1999, p. 28). Figurative language enables

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us to express our thought in different way. It also allows us to describe things contradictory with what other people might think. In linguistics point of view, figurative language can be the uncommon way to convey the message as it gives new effects and meanings.

Figurative language can enhance our way to speak. Figurative language allows us to vary our everyday language. We often employ figurative language to make unfamiliar objects, settings, and situations to become more relatable.

Figurative language enhances common language. The use of metaphors, similes, and imagery adds our linguistic knowledge. By using figurative language, the speaker shows other types of interpretation offered by figurative language.

Figurative language can be divided into some types. Although there is no fixed classification, the writer uses McArthur’s classification of figurative language. According to McArthur (1996), there are thirteen forms of figurative language, namely antithesis, euphemism, hyperbole, idioms, irony, metaphor, metonymy, paradox, personification, racism, sarcasm, simile and synecdoche (p.

72). The researcher chose McArthur’s definition since it has broad classification which can match with the data analyzed. In this part, the researcher explains the definition of each type of figurative language. a. Antithesis

Antithesis is derived from Greek word antithesis which means “setting against” or “opposing” (McArthur, 1996, p. 72). In rhetoric speech, the construction of the words are contradictory but balanced. For example: “For many are called, but few are chosen. The first part of the construction (for many are

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called) is the thesis. The second part of the construction (but few are chosen) is the antithesis. Other antithesis examples are: man proposes, God disposes; speech is silver, but silence is gold; you are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart. b. Euphemism

The word euphemism is derived from Greek euphemisms, meaning speaking well of something or someone (McArthur, 1996, p. 387). The idea of euphemism is a polite expression used to replace words or phrases that might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear. There are some examples that McArthur provides in his definition such as Gosh for God, terminate for kill, pass away for die, sleep with for have sex with, and pass water for urinate. c. Hyperbole

The word hyperbole is derived through Latin from Greek, meaning a rhetorical term for exaggeration or overstatement, usually deliberate and not meant to be taken literally (McArthur, 1996, p. 491). Some examples found in this definition are: a flood of tears, loads of room, tons of money, and waiting for ages. d. Idioms

It is derived from Latin idioma, Greek idiôma. It means specific property, special phrasing, from one's own idea (McArthur, 1996, p. 497). It can also mean an expression to a language, especially the sense that is not predictable from the meaning such as stated in the definition as in kick the bucket which means 'to die'.

It has nothing to do with the kicking or the buckets.

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e. Irony

It is derived from Latin ironia. In rhetoric speech, irony is used when words with an implication are opposite to their usual meaning (McArthur, 1996, p. 532).

Irony is the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. One example of irony is

A Pilot has a fear of heights. This situation is ironic because airplane pilots spend most of their time at work high in the air. f. Metaphor

The word metaphor is derived from Old French métaphore, Latin metaphora, and Greek metaphorâ. According to McArthur (1996), metaphor is all figures of speech that achieve their effects through association, comparison, and resemblance. Figures like antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy, simile are all kinds of metaphor. Although this sense is not current, it lies behind the use of metaphorical and figurative as antonyms of literal (p. 653). Another definition of metaphor according to McArthur is all figures of speech which concisely compares two things by saying that one is the other. Example of metaphor is She is the apple of my eye. This sentence does not mean that “she” is an apple which comes from the eye. However, this metaphor intends to associate “she” with

“apple”. If we fully comprehend the meaning of this metaphor, we understand that

“she” is a favourite person. g. Metonymy

Metonymy came from Latin metonymia, and Greek metônumia. It is a figure of speech which designates something by the name of something associated with

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it (McArthur, 1996, p. 656). For example: the Crown substituting for monarchy, the stage for the theatre, the bottle for alcoholic drink, and the White House for the US President. Metonymy is closely related to and sometimes hard to distinguish from metaphor. Both metaphor and metonymy express association, metaphor through comparison, metonymy through contiguity and possession. h. Paradox

It is derived from Latin paradoxon and from Greek parâdoxos. Paradox is a term in rhetoric for a situation or statement that is or seems self-contradictory and even absurd, but may contain an insight into life (McArthur, 1996, p. 748). The example is: Save money by spending it. At first glance, this sentence may lead to confusion. How can we save money if we spend it? However, after we look the deeper meaning of this sentence, it intends to say that if we spend money, we can learn how to save it. We can say that a paradox appears to be true, though it looks absurd when we first see it. i. Personification

The definition of personification is that in rhetoric speech, discourse in which animals, plants, elements of nature, and abstract ideas are given human attributes (McArthur, 1996, p. 764). It has been regarded as both a figure in its own right and as an aspect of metaphor in which non-human is identified with human. The examples are: lightning danced across the sky, the wind howled the night, my house is a friend who protects me.

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j. Racism

The word racism was first originated from French racisme. Racism is the theory, belief, doctrine, or prejudice which asserts that distinctive human characteristics and abilities, including language, are determined by race

(especially as established through such broad physiological category (McArthur,

1996, p. 843). The examples are: Asians are poor, Chinese always look for profit,

Negroid are stupid. k. Sarcasm

Sarcasm derived from Latin sarcasmus and Greek sarkasmôs. It is a term in rhetoric and general use for sneeringly ironical remarks (McArthur, 1996, p. 887).

For example I work 40 hours a week to be this poor. Another example is nice perfume, must you marinate in it? Sarcasm often functions as an insult and taunting. l. Simile

Simile is a figure of speech, in which a more or less fanciful or unrealistic comparison is made (McArthur, 1996, p. 936). Simile is marked with the use of the word like or as. Simile is similar with metaphor. In simile, we find the word like or as. Both are used as the comparison marker. However in metaphor, we do not find the use of the word like or as. Metaphor seems to be the direct version of comparison and association, while simile is the full version of comparison or association. Examples of simile are: she is as innocent as an angel, he is as busy as a bee, the couple fought like cats and dogs.

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m. Synedoche

It is derived from Greek sunekdokhe. In rhetoric, synecdoche is a figure of speech concerned with parts and wholes (McArthur, 1996, p. 1014). Example where the part represents the whole is: a hundred head of cattle (each animal identified by head alone); All hands on deck (the members of a ship's crew represented by their hands alone). Example where the whole represents the part is:

England lost to Australia in the last Match (the countries standing for the teams representing them).

C. Review of Related Backgrounds

As stated in Tajfel (1981), football chant is the song sung by the supporters in the stadium stand (p. 216). Football chants are not just pop songs that are sung by football fans. They are made creatively and spontaneously as the expression of a join group identity. Chants are made at certain time. It can be before the kick- off, during the game, or after the match ended. It can be directed at various addressees such as the fans’ own team, individual players, or even the opponents’ player.

Generally, football fans make chants to boost the players’ spirit. Sometimes, they make chants to mock the opposition’s players. They also make chants to show their devotion to the star player of the club. The songs produced always sound interesting. For some people, football chants are unique and funny. The researcher aims to identify why football fans are able to make the chants spontaneously. How they create a chant consisting of particular phrase is interesting to follow.

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Football chants have a long history. They are one of the last remaining sources of an oral folk song tradition in the United Kingdom (Armstrong &

Young, 1999, p. 7). Traditions may vary from region to region and team to team.

However, They are generally used to encourage the home team and to ridicule oppositions. The fans do not only address the oppositions they are playing that day, but also address their rivals even when they are not playing.

British football chants are great examples on how people use repeated rythmic song as one of the cultural richness among the world. British football is not only interesting by the game itself, but also by how people unite and show their identity toward the world by the chants they made. British football chants are special since the fans use this as a way to communicate to each other. They have one aspect that makes them special: humour (Lamont, 2009). In the UK, the mocking of rivals plays a key role in the social construction of an “us vs them” atmosphere (Armstrong & Young, 1999, p. 10).

The distinction of stylee in football chants can be seen very clearly when two teams from different background are playing. One of the factors that lead to this distnction in the word choice in the chants. The verbal behaviour of the societies is important in determining the style implied from the chants. One aspect that supports the distinction in verbal behaviour is the social class. This research intends to compare the verbal behaviour of two teams, who are Chelsea and

Manchester United.

Chelsea fans are the representation of London, while United fans are the representation of Manchester. Social class in Manchester and London is

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respectively different one to another. It can affect the language usage of United and Chelsea fans, which later can be seen from the way they choose particular figurative expression. Although such division are very broad, the fact that the same patterns of behaviour have been found across a wide range of studies involving many different varieties and languages increases the confidence that there is a casual link between social class and the use of a give linguistic variable

(Tagliamonte, 2012, p.26).

According to a study from The BBC Lab UK in 2013, there are seven social classes in United Kingdom:

. Elite - the most privileged group in the UK, distinct from the other six classes through its wealth. This group has the highest levels of all three capitals . Established middle class - the second wealthiest, scoring highly on all three capitals. The largest and most gregarious group, scoring second highest for cultural capital . Technical middle class - a small, distinctive new class group which is prosperous but scores low for social and cultural capital. Distinguished by its social isolation and cultural apathy . New affluent workers - a young class group which is socially and culturally active, with middling levels of economic capital . Traditional working class - scores low on all forms of capital, but is not completely deprived. Its members have reasonably high house values, explained by this group having the oldest average age at 66 . Emergent service workers - a new, young, urban group which is relatively poor but has high social and cultural capital . Precariat, or precarious proletariat - the poorest, most deprived class, scoring low for social and cultural capital

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It is revealed that the Elite and the Established Middle Class are spread in

Greater London, meaning that the Elite and the Established Middle Class are the most common social class found in London. On the other hand, social class in

Manchester is dominated by the working class. The most common society in

Manchester are the New Affluent Workers and the Traditional Working Class. We can conclude that most Londoners are from elite class, whereas Manchunians are from working class. The social boundary of the two societies, after all, can influence the use of the language, which is reflected in the use of figurative expression in the chants.

D. Theoretical Framework

In doing the analysis, the writer uses two theories, which are theory of figurative language and theory of semantics, with one main approach, which is semantics. Theory of figurative language helps the researcher to categorize the form of figurative expression found in the football chants. Forms of figurative language can be determined based on the forms mentioned in the theories. In determining the form of each figurative language, the writer uses a theory written by McArthur (1996). The researcher uses this theory because this theory has broad classification about figurative expression.

The next theory is theory of semantics. Theory of semantics helps the writer find out the meaning of the figurative language. The researcher describes the meaning by using semantic feature. Semantic feature is important because it can help the researcher determining whether the figurative expression has (+) positive feature or (-) negative feature. Semantic feature is needed in order to shift

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the meaning of a word or phrase. It can determine the perspective towards a word or phrase. The semantic property is specified in square brackets and a plus or minus sign indicating the existence or non-existence of the property.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts which are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. In the first part, object of the study, the researcher supplies the chants which were analyzed and describes the characteristics of the selected chants. In the second part, approach of the study, the researcher elaborates the use of approach used in analyzing the data. The last part, method of the study, is divided into two sections. The first one is data collection and the second one is data analysis. In data collection, the researcher explains the type of method which was used in selecting the data. The researcher explains the steps of analyzing the data in data analysis.

A. Object of the Study

The objects of this research were football chants taken from 2 different

English football clubs: Chelsea Football Club and Manchester United Football

Club. The chants analyzed in this research were created by both supporters around the late 6 seasons of English Premier League, or in other words around 2012-

2018. The researcher took four chants from each team. It means that the numbers of the football chants from the two clubs are 8 chants.

From Chelsea side, the first chant was “Fabregas Chant”. This chant was created by Chelsea fans in 2014, the first season Fabregas played for Chelsea. The second chant was “Willian Chant”. This chant was first sung during 2013-2014

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season when Willian joined Chelsea. The third chant was “David Luiz Chant”.

This chant was popular among Chelsea fans since the beginning of 2016. The fourth chant was “Kante Chant”. This chant was made to praise Kante’s ability in his at Chelsea in 2018.

From Manchester United side, the first chant was “Lukaku Chant”. This chant was created by United fans in the beginning of 2016 season when Lukaku first joined Manchester United. The second chant was “Martial Chant”. This chant was first heard in the stadium stand during the 2015-2016 season. The third chant was “Gerrard Chant”. Gerrard was Liverpool captain. He is not United player.

However, United fans made this song as a reminder of Gerrard’s slip in 2013-

2014 season which cost Liverpool the title. They made fun of Gerrard in this chant since Liverpool was also the title contender along with United back in 2013-

2014 season. The fourth chant was “Park Ji-sung Chant”. This chant was created by United fans back in 2012 season.

All the chants selected contain at least one figurative expression. Perrine

(1988) states that figurative language is a language that cannot be taken literally

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(p. 565). Figurative language can be seen as linguistic phenomenon where the users of the language represent something indirectly. Figurative language can be a great example on how people combine language and style, though in this case the object observed is spoken language. These examples can be observed through the way both fans creating the chants using the combination of language and style, more specifically figurative language.

The researcher chose the chants that contain figurative language because figurative language can help us understand about human language faculty in general. The researcher argues that figurative language is one component that can distinguish the use of the language of the people. Instead of saying something directly, it would be more interesting if something is said indirectly. As stated by

Rozakis (1999) figurative language refers to telling something to convey an impied meaning (p. 28). Other than to tell something indirectly, figurative language also functions to make language more interesting and aesthetic. It enhances the artistic value because the language style makes the language more poetic, colorful, and different from daily language.

B. Approach of the Study

In order to answer the main problems, the researcher uses semantics as the main approach. Semantics is defined as the study of meaning in language

(Hurford & Heasley, 1983, p. 1). What is meant by meaning is the set of associations that a word evokes. Meaning in semantics refers to the thing in the world that the word or phrase refers to. It also refers to the concepts or mental imange that the word or phrase refers to. Semantics concerns on how meaning

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works in language. Therefore, it often uses the speaker’s intuitions about the meaning of the words or phrases. Semantics also concerns on how words are put together to create meaning. It looks deeper to the meaning of the speech derived from the meaning of the individual words. The definition of semantics is strengthen by Kreidler. Kreidler (1998) defines semantics as the study of how language organizes and expresses meaning (p. 3).

The researcher uses semantic approach in order to identify the meaning resulted from the use of figurative language in football chants. The use of figurative expression by both fans is the main focus of this study. The researcher intends to show how figurative language is used by both supporters. It also aims to analyze the meaning implied from the use of figurative language. The researcher can see what the fans try to convey through the figurative language they use.

C. Method of the Study

This part consists of two sub-parts, namely data collection and data analysis.

How the data are collected is discussed in this part. The researcher also explains how the data are analyzed in order to answer the problem formulation of the study.

1. Data Collection

As mentioned before, the objects of this research were 8 football chants created in 2012-2018, which came from 2 different clubs with 4 chants from each club. The researcher used purposive sampling in choosing the chants since the researcher needed the chants containing figurative expressions. With various

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figurative expressions, the writer could find many forms and meanings of figurative language. The idea of choosing the objects based on purposive sampling is supported by Creswell (2014) who mentions that the idea of purposefully select the data which aimed to help the researchers select the data that would best help the researchers in understanding the research problem and research question (Creswell, 2014, p. 239). In collecting the data, the researcher searched for recent chants of each football club, which are Chelsea and

Manchester United from YouTube, a video-sharing website. The chants were selected from both fans’ official channel.

2. Data Analysis

There were some steps in the data analysis in order to answer the problems.

The first step was collecting the figurative expression found in each chant. The use of theory of figurative language helped the researcher in the analysis part. It also assisted the researcher to determine the figurative language as well. The theory of figurative language were taken from McArthur. In the theory defined by

McArthur (1996), it is mentioned that figurative expressions are divided into thirteen forms which are antithesis, euphemism, hyperbole, idioms, irony, metaphor, metonymy, paradox, personification, racism, sarcasm, simile and synecdoche (p. 72).

The second one was searching the meaning of the figurative expression. The researcher, first, define the literal meaning of the figurative expression. Then, the researcher interpreted the figurative meaning. In the next part, the researcher applied shared semantic properties on the expression. Both literal meaning and

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figurative were compared to each other. The researcher inserted them into a table.

The aim of providing the table with the category of figurative expression and the explanation was to make the researcher easier in analyzing the meaning of each figurative language. Below is the example:

Table 1. Meaning in Figurative Expression

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Fabregas The fans compare “Fabregas is is someone Fabregas with a magic, he who can magician because Metaphor wears a magic perform of his amazing hat” magic skills which tricks. amuses the fans.

The example above was taken from Chelsea chant entitled “Fabregas

Chant”. The example of figurative language is the phrase “Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic hat”. This expression, in linguistics perspective, contains certain meaning. This expression can be understood as sentential semantics. The literal meaning helped the researcher to understand the basic meaning of the phrase

“Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic hat”. In its literal meaning, it means that

Fabregas is someone who can perform magic tricks. It is not true since he is a football player, not a magician. However, the figurative meaning intends to say that Fabregas can amuse the fans like a magician by his amazing skills. The literal meaning helps the researcher to understand the basic meaning of the phrase, while the figurative meaning supported the researcher to understand the context- meaning of figurative expression found in each chant. It also helps the researcher to categorize the type of the figurative expression.

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Next, the researcher would see the entire meaning of each chant. The researcher achieved the answer by looking back the previous analysis and adding semantic feature as the tool to imply the meaning resulted from the figurative expression. Then, all chants from each team were compared to each other. In the end of the analysis, the researcher could reveal the exact meaning of each figurative language implied from the chant.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the discussion of how

Chelsea and manchester United fans use figurative language in their chants. In the first part of this chapter, the researcher explains the variations of figurative language of both sides. In the second part of this chapter, the researcher focuses on the meaning that is implied from the use of figurative language by both fans.

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa A. Figurative Language in Chelsea and Manchester United Chants

In this part, the researcher analyzes the use of figurative language used by

Chelsea and manchester United fans. The reseacher intends to find its literal meaning by using dictionary, and its figurative meaning by interpreting the context-meaning of the chants. Afterwards, the figurative language found in each chant is classified into certain forms. As mentioned before, the researcher analyzes the selected chants created by Chelsea and Manchester United fans.

There are 8 chants that are discussed in this part. However, not all chants analyzed in this part contain all forms of figurative language based on the theory. The table below displays the form of figurative language in Chelsea and Manchester United chants.

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Table 2. Forms of Figurative Language in Selected Chelsea and Manchester United Chants

Chelsea Manchester United No Types Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage 1 Hyperbole 2 40 - - 2 Irony - - - - 3 Metaphor 3 60 - - 4 Racism - - 2 40 5 Sarcasm - - 3 60 Total 5 100 5 100

In this part, the researcher takes 8 football chants as the data. Four of them are Chelsea chants. Those chants are created by Chelsea fans between 2012-2018 season. The other four chants are Manchester United chants. Those chants are created by the Manchunians between 2012-2018 season. In total, there are 10 figurative languages. From Chelsea side, there are only two forms of figurative language that appear in their chant. Those are hyperbole and metaphor. On the other hand, there are four forms of figurative language that appear in Manchester

United chant. Those are racism, metaphor, sarcasm, and irony. Eight chants which discussed further in the next discussion are according to the theories in the previous chapter.

1. Chelsea Chants

The first of this subchapter discusses only the chants created by Chelsea fans. The Londoners have a lot of chants to show their devotion to Chelsea players. Four chants are discussed in this part. Those four chants are “Fabregas

Chant”, “Willian Chant”, David Luiz Chant”, and “Kante Chant”. Each chant has its own characteristic. It all has at least one figurative language in it.

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a. Fabregas Chant

Fabregas is a Spanish professional footballer who played for Chelsea from summer 2014 until winter 2019. He is known for his passing ability. Every

Chelsea fans knows that he is one of the best playmaker that ever joined Chelsea.

He managed to provide the most assists back in 2014-2015 season. During his time at Chelsea, he won the Premier League, League Cup, and FA Cup.

Chelsea fans describe Fabregas as the master of pass, due to his great passing ability. He is quick to recognize the run of the other Chelsea players. This makes him called as the “orchestrator” in Chelsea midfield. He is the one that supplies the ball to the strikers. He always finds a way to make the space and to pick his pass in the final third of the field. He is always succeded to impress

Chelsea fans by his amazing pass.

Chelsea fans have a unique way to praise Fabregas. They look at him as he is a “magician”. It is not exaggerating since his assists always lead to a goal for

Chelsea. It is something that makes Fabregas special to Chelsea fans. With his brilliant touch, every ball that he kicks leads to a goal. We can see how Chelsea fans show their devotion to him:

Ooohhh... Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic hat He could have signed for Arsenal, but he said no fuck that He passes with his left foot He passes with his right And when we win the league We’ll sing this song all night

When we see the chants above, we notice that there is something unusual from the lyrics. Chelsea fans insert this phrase: “Fabregas is magic, he wears a

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magic hat”. This is how Chelsea fans describe his skills on the pitch. He is as amazing as magician. That is how the fans see Fabregas. We also notice that the phrase “Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic hat” contains figurative language.

As mentioned before, figurative language is a noticable deviation of everyday meaning to special or unusual meaning done in order to create special meaning or effect (Abrams, 1999, p. 96). Here, Chelsea fans also put phrases that can create special meaning towards the hearer of the chants. They use figurative language in order to amuse the crowd that comes to the stadium stands. They want to show that Fabregas is a great player, as if he is the magician of football. They convey this through the figurative language they use in Fabregas chant.

Table 3. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Fabregas Chant

When we pay attention to Chelsea fans’ chant to Fabregas, we could highlight this phrase “Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic hat” as a figurative expression. From the analysis, we can observe both literal and figurative meaning resulted in this chant. The expression, from linguistics point of view, is an example of sentential semantics. The researcher needs to know the whole sentential meaning of the expression. According to the table, this expression can be understood from its literal and figurative meaning. In its literal meaning, this

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expression says that Fabregas is someone who can perform magic tricks. In reality, Fabregas is not a magician, someone who can perform magic tricks. He is a football player. However, Chelsea fans wanted to draw something in this expression. In its figurative meaning, it says that the fans compare Fabregas with a magician because of his amazing skills which amuses the fans. From these explanation, we notice that the fans associate or compare Fabregas with a magician. Therefore, we can conclude that this expression is categorized as metaphor.

Chelsea fans use metaphor expression to describe him. They see Fabregas as if he is a magician, someone who can do tricks amazingly. They liken Fabregas’ skills such as a magician or a wizard. Chelsea fans like to use hyperbole in their chant. According to Mc Arthur (1996) A metaphor is metaphor is all figure of speech that achieve their effect through association, comparison, and resemblance

(p. 653). The figurative expression found in the chant is an example of metaphor.

A metaphoric expression usually intends to compare something with something.

In this phrase, the fans wanted to compare Fabregas and magician. They see him like he can do anything like a magician. They think that Fabregas is the player that can perform magic on the field. Chelsea fans intended to create special effect to their chant, and they chose magic as one word that can truly describe Fabregas’ superb performance. From what we discuss here, we conclude that the fans use metaphor in Fabregas chant.

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b. Willian Chant

Willian is a Brazilian professional footbal player. He plays for Chelsea and

Brazilian National Team. He usually plays as an attacking midfielder or winger.

Willian is known for his pace, vision, and accuracy. In Chelsea he normally plays as a winger on the right flank. He has great speed and one versus one ability. He is known not only for his speed, but also for his advanced technique when taking the free kick and corner kick. In Brazilian National Team, he usually takes the second striker role.

Willian joined Chelsea in the summer transfer window of 2013. He was bought by Chelsea from a Russian football club, Anzhi Makhachkala. Chelsea agreed a deal to sign Willian for a fee of 30 million poundsterling. He was detected by Chelsea since he wore Shakhtar Donetsk’s shirt. His style of play made Chelsea decided to hunt for the winger since their encounter in Champions

League in a 3-2 victory against the Ukranian side.

There was a twist behind Willian’s signing at Chelsea. Since Willian was one of the most promising wingers that plays in Europe, many clubs had interest in him. Chelsea was not the only team that wanted his signature, but also their another London rival, Tottenham Hotspurs. Spurs was actually the club which was succeeded to secure Willian’s signature. However, there was a big surprise.

On the day Willian supposed to be introduced to Spurs fans, he was not able to come to their homebase. Instead, Willian decided to join Chelsea on the last seconds.

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It was surprising for the Spurs fans to know that the did not see the Brazilian on the first day he arrived in England. He suddenly changed his mind and joined

Chelsea. Many people would presume that Roman Abramovic was the man that made him joined Chelsea. Roman Abramovic is the owner of Chelsea. The

Russian had a strong bond with his Russian mate, Suleyman Kerimov, the owner of Anzhi Makhachkala. Abramovic was claimed by the media as the man who called Kerimov to send Willian to Chelsea. It was not very clear when he made the call and made Willian changed his mind.

This case was of course became a ridicule for Chelsea fans towards Spurs fans. Chelsea fans made fun of Spurs’ failure to sign Willian. They eventually made a chant that ridicule Tottenham. We can see how the chant represents their feeling towards the North London club:

The shit from Spurs paid for his flight But Willian, he saw the light He got the call from Abramovic And off he went to Stamford Bridge He hates Tottenham He hates Tottenham He hates Tottenham And he hates Tottenham

Table 4. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Willian Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Willian’s future will “But Willian, Willian be bright Metaphor he saw the has seen like a light light” the light after joining Chelsea

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When we see the chant, we also notice that there is a figurative language in it. We take a closer look to this phrase: “But Willian, he saw the light”. This phrase, from liguistics perspective, contains certain meaning. It is another example of sentential semantics, which has to be understood from its whole sentence. The expression found in Willian chant is classified as metaphor. A metaphor is metaphor is all figure of speech that achieve their effect through association, comparison, and resemblance (McArthur, 1996, p. 653).

The phrase “he saw the light” intends to associate something. In its literal meaning, it says that Willian has seen the light. However, the figurative meaning contains more specific meaning. It conveys that Willian made a correct decision when he joined Chelsea. His correct decision is seen as “the light”. When he decided to join Chelsea, it means that Willian saw the light. The fans want to say that joining Chelsea will bring him a bright future, just like a bright light. Here, we can conclude that Chelsea fans use metaphor in their chant. They also use metaphor to get special effect and meaning. In this chant, the fans do not directly compare Willian and the light. It is revealed that the fans wanted to compare the situation that Willian had and the light. From what we discuss here, we can conclude that Chelsea fans, again, use metaphor in their chant as they compare

Willian and the decision he made. c. David Luiz Chant

David Luiz is Willian’s teammate in Chelsea and the national team. The

Brazilian joined Chelsea in 2011-2012 season on a deal from Portuguese club,

Benfica. He usually plays as centre back. In some occassion, he can be deployed

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as defensive midfielder. He played for Chelsea until 2013-2014 season. Then, he left London and joined French football giant, Paris Saint Germain. He broke the record as the most expensive centre back on a fee of 50 million poundsterling.

The centre back rejoined Chelsea in 2016-2017 season under the reign of the new manager, Antonio Conte. On his second spell at Chelsea, the Brazilian won the Premier League and FA Cup. On his first spell at Chelsea, he helped the team to win Champions League trophy back in 2012. He also helped Chelsea to win Europa League trophy in 2013. The centre back had a lot of wonderful seasons at Chelsea that he won prestigious title like Champions League, Europa

League, and Premier League.

Luiz is known as the “giant wall”. It is not too exaggerating since he is a tough defender. He is strong in the air. He does not give any chance for the opponent to pass over him. He is physically strong and having a good defending skills. Those make him popular among Chelsea fans. He is a perfect defender for the Blues. He has another speciality, and that is his free kick technique. He often scores from free kick. Whenever Chelsea win a short-range free kick, Luiz always steps up and scores gloriously. That makes him loved by Chelsea fans.

Chelsea fans have a certain way to show their love to David Luiz. They made a special chant. This chant is always sung whenever he plays in Stamford

Bridge. The chant is is unique and different from other Chelsea chants:

Oh David Luiz You are the love of my life Oh David Luiz I’ll let you shag my wife Oh David Luiz I want curly hair too

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The song is unique. We can spot that in this song, Chelsea fans also use figurative language. There are two figurative languages that we can see from this chant. The first is: “You are the love of my life” and the second is: “I’ll let you shag my wife”. We notice that Chelsea fans use these phrases to emphasize the meaning of the language. Again, in those expressions, there are certain meanings that needs to be explained. The expressions are other forms of sentential semantics. They want to show their love to Luiz in a special way. They use these figurative languages to achieve special meaning and effect.

Table 5. Literal and Figurative Meaning of David Luiz Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression “Oh David Chelsea Luiz is an Luiz, you are fans fall in idol for Metaphor the love of my love with Chelsea life” Luiz fans

The first figurative language in David Luiz chant can be categorized as metaphor. As explained before, a metaphor is all figure of speech that achieve their effect through association, comparison, and resemblance (McArthur, 1996, p. 653). In its literal meaning, it says that the fans fall in love with him. However from its figurative meaning, it says that Luiz is an idol for the fans. From this phrase, we can reflect how big their love for Luiz. Chelsea fans wanted to associate something from this metaphor. Chelsea fans love David Luiz as if he is the love of their life. What we can infer here is that Luiz is a true idol for Chelsea fans. They associate Luiz as a person they look up to. Luiz is the association of a

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true idol for them. Here, we can conclude that this expression is classified as metaphor as they associate Luiz as an idol.

Table 6. Literal and Figurative Meaning of David Luiz Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Luiz can A payment “I’ll let you have sex Hyperbole for being shag my wife” with the an idol fans’ wife

From the first time we see this phrase, we can say that it is an example of exaggeration. The second figurative language in David Luiz chant can be classified as hyperbole. According to Mc Arthur (1996) hyperbole is a rhetorical term for exaggeration or overstatement, usually deliberate and not meant to be taken literally (p. 491). We see hyperbolic nuance in David Luiz chant. We can conclude this from seeing the literal and figurative meaning of this expression. In its literal meaning, the fans would allow Luiz to have sex with their wife.

However, it is impossible. What the fans intend to say can be seen from the figurative meaning. Since David Luiz is a true idol for Chelsea fans, they even

“allow” him to have sex with their wife. It means that Chelsea fans see him as an entertainer, so that both Luiz and the fans can have the same pleasure. It is something exaggerating since it is not possible for Luiz to do it. This phrase is a symbol how big their love to Luiz. They wanted to say that they are willing to give their wife to David Luiz. From what we see here, Chelsea fans also add humorous effect in this phrase, though this can not stop them to say hyperbolic language towards David Luiz. In this chant, we understand that Chelsea fans try to

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combine two figurative expressions. Those are metaphor and hyperbole, as seen in

Luiz’s chant. d. Kante Chant

N’Golo Kante is a French professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Chelsea and the France national team. He made his senior debut at Boulogne and then spent two seasons at Caen, a club in French top flight league. In 2015, he joined Leicester City for a fee of £5.6 million and became an integral member of the club's first ever Premier League title in his only season at the club. The following year, he joined Chelsea, winning the league again in his first season.

On July 2016, Kanté signed for Chelsea for a reported fee of £32 million.

After signing a five-year contract with the club, Kanté was given number 7 shirt.

He made his competitive debut in their season opener against West Ham United.

Despite picking up a yellow card in the first three minutes of the game, he shone as the game went on, to help Chelsea to a 2–1 victory. Three months after his move to London, he faced his former side, Leicester City for the first time, and was Man of the Match in a 3–0 victory. On 23 October, he scored his first goal for

Chelsea in a 4–0 home win against Manchester United.

Kante normally plays as defensive midfielder or central midfielder. He is known for his ball-winning ability. When the team lose possession, Kante is the first man to win the ball back. This helps the team to avoid counter-attacking chance. His ability is supported by his strength. He has good stamina. It helps him covering all area of the pitch, making it difficukt for the opponent to find a space.

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He runs endlessly during 90 minutes. He is both a destroyer and a ball winner in the middle of the pitch. Kante is dominant on the pitch. It is very hard to pass over him. His ex-manager at Leicester City, Claudio Ranieri stated that Kante is like having a battery under his pants. It is not surprising since his stamina is endless. It makes him a special player.

Kante is popular among Chelsea fans. He is loved by the fans for his strong character on the pitch and for his humble character off the field. Chelsea fans also made a chant for him. It did not take long for Kante to get his name sung by the fans. We can see how the fans made the chant for Kante on his first season at

Stamford Bridge:

N’Golo... Oh! Kante will win you the ball You’ve got the power to know You’re indestructible Always believe in N’Golo... Oh!

From the chant, we can see how strong Kante is. When we notice this phrase: “you’re indestructible”, it reveals something unique about Kante. It contains special meaning. It is another form of sentential semantics in this research.

Table 7. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Kante Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Kante A restless “You’re Hyperbole cannot be human indestructible” broken machine

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We also notice that there is a figurative langauge used in this chant. The figurative language that is used to describe Kante is classified as hyperbole. Once again, we see hyperbolic nuance in Chelsea chant. Hyperbole is a rhetorical term for exaggeration or overstatement, usually deliberate and not meant to be taken literally (McArthur, 1996, p. 491). Again, Chelsea fans tend to use hyperbolic expression to express something about their player. We can see this from the literal and figurative meaning. In its literal meaning, it says that he is unbreakable.

Kante is only a human being, and of course destructible. However, since the fans are impressed by Kante’s performance on the field, they call him someone who is undestructible, as seen in its literal meaning. In its figurative meaning, it says that he is described as a restless human machine. From what we can conclude here,

Chelsea fans use hyperbole as the “ingredients” in their chant. They wanted to achieve special meaning and effect by using this type of figurative language.

In short, there are not too many variation of figurative language that we can find in Chelsea chant. However, we find a consistent pattern of figurative language used by Chelsea fans. So far, there are only two types of figurative language used by Chelsea fans, those are hyperbole and metaphor.

Table 8. Types of Figurative Language in Chelsea Chant

Category Figurative of No. Chant expression Figurative expression Ooohhh... Fabregas is Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic, he magic hat 1. Metaphor wears a magic He could have signed for Arsenal, hat but he said no fuck that He passes with his left foot

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He passes with his right And when we win the league We’ll sing this song all night

The shit from Spurs paid for his flight But Willian, he saw the light He got the call from Abramovic But Willan, he 2. Metaphor And off he went to Stamford Bridge saw the light He hates Tottenham He hates Tottenham He hates Tottenham And he hates Tottenham Oh David Luiz You are the You are the love of my life love of my life Metaphor & Oh David Luiz 3. Hyperbole I’ll let you shag my wife I’ll let you Oh David Luiz shag my wife I want curly hair too N’Golo... Oh! Kante will win you the ball You’re You’ve got the power to know 4. Hyperbole indestructible You’re indestructible Always believe in N’Golo... Oh!

2. Manchester United Chants

The second part of this subchapter discusses the chants created by

Manchester United fans. Manchunians have a lot of chants to show their devotion to their players. This part only discusses four chants. It is equal with the chants created by Chelsea fans. Those four chants are “Lukaku chant”, “Martial chant”,

“Gerrard chant”, and “Park Ji-Sung chant”. Like other chants discussed in this thesis, each chant has its own style. It all has at least one figurative language in it.

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a. Lukaku Chant

Romelu Lukaku is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for English club Manchester United and the Belgium national team. Born in Antwerp, Lukaku began his professional career at Belgian Pro

League club Anderlecht in 2009. The striker’s career improved after his first debut in the top flight of Belgian League. In 2011, he made Chelsea interested to sign him. He moved to England to join Chelsea for a fee of 10 million poundsterling.

However, his career at Chelsea was not as he expected. He spent most of his time loaned by Chelsea, though he made 10 appearences for the Blues in his first campaign.

The next seasoon, he joined West Bromwich Albion on a loan. He managed to score 17 league goals and help Albion to avoid relegation. In 2013, he was loaned again. This time, Everton became his next stop. He bagged 15 league goals with the Merseyside club and helped Everton reaching a club-record points tally.

He joined Everton in permanent deal worth 28 million poundsterling in 2014. He continued his fine performance as a goal-getter with Everton. In the beginning of

2016-2017 season, Manchester United agreed to sign him on a long-period contract. The Red Devil gave him number 9 shirt and guaranteed him as regular striker.

He began his first season at Manchester United superbly. He scored 27 goals for the Red Devil in all competition. Due to his fine performance in his first season, Lukaku was popular among the fans. The Belgian is a special player for the fans since his goal often led Man United to victory. Manchunians, then, made

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a special chant to remember Lukaku. However, not like the other chants, United fans have a certain way to describe Lukaku:

Romelu Lukaku He’s our Belgian scoring genius With a 24 inch penis Scoring all our goals Bellend by his toes

When we see the chants above, we notice that there is something unusual from the lyrics. United fans insert this phrase : “With a 24 inch penis”. When we first see it, the first thing that comes up to mind is: Why do the fans use this phrase to describe their player? It is strange to know that United fans use this unusual phrase. United fans have a very different way to describe their player.

They do not praise Lukaku’s performance but they use physical matter as the ingredients of the chants. However, we can still understand the phrase “With a 24 inch penis” as a figurative language.

Table 9. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Lukaku Chant

Figurative Lexical Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Lukaku’s A part of penis is “With a 24 the body to Racism big since inch penis” score he is goals. black.

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The expression in this chant contains certain meaning. It can be categorized as phrasal semantics since the phrase contains special meaning. In its lexical meaning, it says that Lukaku has a big penis. However, its figurative meaning refers that the penis is the body part that can help him score a goal. This expression can be classified as racism. Racism is the theory, belief, doctrine, or prejudice which asserts that distinctive human characteristics and abilities, including language, race, and physiological catagory. (McArthur, 1996, p. 843).

From what we notice from Lukaku chant, United fans speak their racism through physiological catagory. They exposed Lukaku’s body part. Manchester United fans also know that Black people are usually the one who get mocked physically.

The fans also know that Black people have a bigger penis size. However, United fans also put this knowledge to their chant, which is actually surprising they really would call their own player with racial statement. Here, we can draw a conclusion that the fans use the word “penis” to refer the physical attribute of Lukaku. It comcludes that the fans wanted to make fun of Lukaku’s racial issue. They wanted to say that Lukaku scores many goals through his penis as well. It is because United fans understand that Black people’s penis are big. b. Martial Chant

Anthony Martial is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Premier League club Manchester United and the France national team. He was the winner of the 2015 Golden Boy Award for the best under-21 player in Europe. He got this award due to his fine performance at AS Monaco.

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Martial usually operates as a centre forward. He can also operate in the flank, due to his great pace and one-on-one ability.

He began his professional career at Lyon, then transferred to AS Monaco in

2013 for a fee of 6 million euro. He was a member of Monaco's squad for two seasons, and signed for Manchester United in 2015 for an initial fee of 50 million poundsterling. He scored in his first match for United, and was named the Premier

League Player of the Month in his first month in English football. Many people paid attention on the pricetag that Martial had. 50 million poundsterling was a lot of money for most people. However, United’s move to sign the Frenchman was quite shocking. A four-year contract that cost 50 million poundsterling is something peculiar that ever happened in football. In addition, Martial is not yet a superstar. He is only a youngster. The English media even doubted Martial. The press said that he was not worth 50 million pound. It was not the right price for the youngster. The press thought that Martial would only be one season wonder.

The critics delivered from the media, then, made United fans to counter their argument. They disagreed with the media. United fans were sure that Martial was worth 50 million pounds. They believed that Martial can develop his career at

United. They believe he can be superstar at Manchester United. They made this chant whenever Martial plays or scores.

Tony Martial came from France English press said he had no chance 50 million down the drain As Tony Martial scores again! Na, Na, Na...

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When we see the chant, we also notice that there is a figurative language in it. We take a closer look to this phrase: “50 million down the drain”. United fans wanted to say that Martial’s pricetag is equal with his quality. They might say that his signing at Manchester United is a brilliant decision. United fans wanted to say that their club was correct to sped a lot of money for the Frenchman. For a big club like United, 50 million pound is not a huge amount of money. United can sign anyone they want since the club has great financial power.

Table 10. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Martial Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression The money “50 million can be It does not Sarcasm down the thrown worth the drain” away to the cost. drain.

The phrase 50 million down the drain” contains certain meaning. It is another example of phrasal semantics in this research. This expression contains literal and figurative meaning. In its literal meaning, it says that the 50 million money is something that can be thrown away to the drain. However, the figurative meaning tells differently. In its figurative meaning, the expresson says that the money is something unworthy so it can be thrown away to the drain. What we can infer here is that the fans wanted to taunt the English press with this saying.

The phrase “50 million down the drain” intends to reveal something. It conveys that United fans believe that the amount of money will be equal with

Martial’s service at the club. The fans wanted to answer the press’ doubt towards

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the Frenchman. They wanted to say that 50 million pounds is not a huge amount of money, so that it will not affect anything to a big club like United. The club will not get affected financially from his signing. That is why, United fans said that 50 million is no big deal, like it can be thrown away to the drain. Here, the researcher concludes that this expression contains sarcasm. Sarcasm is a term in rhetoric and general use for sneeringly ironical remarks (McArthur, 1996, p. 887).

Sarcasm expression is often used as a taunting an insult, like what United fans do to the English press. c. Gerrard Chant

It is not a chant that is dedicated to Manchester United player. However, this is a chant to ridicule Liverpool’s skipper, Steven Gerrard. The chant was created in the late 2013-2014 season. At that time, the race for the title was tight. Two teams who had the biggest opportunity to win the title were Manchester City and

Liverpool. The two clubs are United’s rivals. There was a twist in the ending phase of 2013-2014 season.

The league reached matchday 35, where Liverpool hosted Chelsea at

Anfield. Liverpool needed to win this game to clinch the title away from

Manchester City. However, there was something unexpected during the match, involving Liverpool’s captain, Steven Gerrard. This was something special for

Manchester United fans, as they saw their biggest rival failed to win the league title. In contrast, this twist was an agony for Liverpool fans, as they saw the chance to win the league vansihed. However, after this match, United fans made fun of Gerrard. They created a chant to mock the skipper and Liverpool.

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Liverpool versus Chelsea at the Anfield was the match that everyone cannot forget. Steven Gerrard made a fatal mistake and gave the goal away to Chelsea.

Liverpool was struggling to score a goal against Chelsea. Chelsea, on the other hand, applied defensive strategy. They crowded their own half and the penalty box. This made Liverpool difficult to create chance to score a goal. The scoreline was 0-0 until the last quarter of the first half. Liverpool tried to bulid up the attack from the back. Gerrard, as the playmaker, was responsible to pass the ball away.

When he recieved the pass from Sakho, he slipped. It was an unfortunate slip as

Chelsea striker, Demba Ba, stole the ball and scored from Gerrard’s mistake. 1-0 for Chelsea and the mistake was fatal. Liverpool was in a harder situation after being one goal behind. At the end of the match, Liverpool lost 2-0. The chance to win the title suddenly went away.

In the end of the Premier League, Manchester City managed to win the title.

It is because Liverpool’s defeat to Chelsea that affected their perofrmance in the last three games. The Citizens took the opportunity and won every games left.

United fans, of course, were very happy to know this. Liverpool is their biggest rival. Seeing the biggest rival failed to win the league was something special.

Then, United fans created the chant to ridicule Steven Gerrard. It is to remember how sweet it was to see Gerrard’s slip, which cost Liverpool the league title.

Steve Gerrard... Gerrard He slipped on his fucking arse He gave it to Demba Ba Steve Gerrard... Gerrard

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When we see the chant, we can direcly pay attention to this phrase: “He slipped on his fucking arse”. We notice that there is also a figurative language in

Manchester United chant, even it is directed to rival. We know that Gerrard’s slip was something miraculous for them. That is why they put the phrase “He slipped on his fucking arse” in their chant to emphasize the meaning of the slip for the

Manchunians.

Table 11. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Gerrard Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression His team failed “He slipped His arse to win the title Sarcasm on his made because he made fucking arse” him slip. fatal mistake by getting slipped.

The phrase “He slipped on his fucking arse” contains deeper meaning. In its literal meaning, it says that Gerrard’s arse made him slip. However, this is not the actual meaning United fans wanted to convey. In its figurative meaning, the actual meaning is conveyed. It intends to convey that Gerrard’s team failed to win the title because he made fatal mistake by getting slipped. We can truly understand the actual meaning of this expression by looking to its figurative meaning.

The expression is another example of sarcasm. It is a term in rhetoric and general use for sneeringly ironical remarks (McArthur, 1996, p. 887). Sarcasm often functions as an insult and taunting. It is ironic when we see Gerrard’s mistake cost Liverpool the title. This is what United fans wanted to say about it.

The fans intend to remember Liverpool’s failure to win the league by saying this

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expression. It contains ironical remark since Gerrard’s mistake was a fatal one. It cost Liverpool the title. This is seen as humorous effect for United fans for seeing their biggest rival failed to lift the trophy. d. Park Ji-Sung Chant

Park Ji-Sung is a former South Korean professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and who currently serves as a club ambassador for Manchester

United. Park is the most successful Asian player in history, having won 19 trophies in his career. He is the first Asian footballer to have won the UEFA

Champions League, to play in a UEFA Champions League final, as well as the first Asian to have won the FIFA Club World Cup. Park was able to play anywhere across the midfield and was noted for his exceptional fitness level, discipline, work ethic and off-the-ball movement. His remarkable endurance levels and pace earned him the nickname "Three-Lungs".

Park began his football career in South Korea. After Park's national team manager Guus Hiddink moved back to the Netherlands to manage PSV

Eindhoven, Park followed him to the Dutch side. After PSV reached the semi- finals of the 2004–2005 UEFA Champions League, Park's talents were recognized by Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson and he signed Park in July

2005. In his time at United, Park won the Premier League four times and also won the 2007–2008 UEFA Champions League and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup.

Park is the most remembered Asian player among United fans. It is because he helped United to win many competitions. His style of play is well remembered by the fans. His strength and stamina are the two best quality that he has. Though

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he usually plays as winger at his time in United, he can play in all area in the midfield. His performance was dominant. He could cover all area of the pitch. He ran endlessly to help the team build up the attack. He was also capable to make assists or score goals. His complete ability made him popular among the fans. He was also a regular player under Sir Alex Ferguson. The fans, then, made a chant about him. However, it is not his style of play that they discuss in the chant.

United fans talk about his background or where he came from in the chant.

Park.. Park Wherever you may be You eat dogs in your own country Could be worse Could be scouse Eating rats in the council house

The song is unique. We can spot that in this song, United fans also use figurative language. There are two figurative languages that we can see from this chant. The first is: “You eat dogs in your own country” and the second is: “Eating rats in the council house”. We notice that United fans use these phrases to emphasize the meaning of the language. They want to talk about Park’s nation,

South Korea. They wanted to say that there are odd things in Asia, including

South Korea. It is like a stereotyping about Asian nations, who are seen as the countries which development is behind Europe.

Table 12. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Park Ji-Sung Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression “You eat dogs South Something Sarcasm in your own Korean unusual to country” like to eat consume and

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dogs representation of poverty

This phrase contains certain meaning. It is a sentential semantics. From its literal meaning, South Korean like to eat dogs. However, if we observe the figurative meaning of the expression, it reveals something further. In its figurative meaning, it says that dogs sare something unusual to consume and the representation of poverty. Asian countries are often associated with poverty, including South Korea. After we understand the figurative meaning of the expression, the researcher can sat that it is be categorized as sarcasm. It is a term in rhetoric and general use for sneeringly ironical remarks (McArthur, 1996, p.

887). Sarcasm often functions as an insult and taunting. United fans also use this expression to insult Asians, who like to eat dogs. Though Park is a good player, this does not make him safe from the insult of United fans. They insulted Park from the fact that he came from South Korea, which is the part of Asia. Let’s see the other figurative language found in the chant:

Table 13. Literal and Figurative Meaning of Park Ji-Sung Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Something “Eating rats in South unusual to Sarcasm a council Korean consume and house” eat rats representation of poverty

This is another form of sarcasm. United fans, again, use this word to insult

Asians. They know that Asians, do not only eat dogs but also rats. United fans use this word as another type of insulting. In its literal meaning, it says that South

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Korean like to eat rats. It has the same idea with the previous figurative expression. The figurative meaning of this expression is somewhat similar with the previous one. It shows that rats are something unusual to consume and representation of poverty.

In short, there are many variations of figurative language that we can find in

Manchester United chant. From what we discuss, we understand that United fans tend to be insulting and rude. So far, we notice that United fans, racism, irony, and sarcasm as the figurative language they use in their chant. What we can conclude from the types of figurative languages that appear in Manchester United chants is that the fans use rude expression as seen in racism and sarcasm. The fans use these expression, even to their own player. Most of the expressions contains offensive and abusive nuance when we review back the actual meaning reflected from the description of figurative meaning. This is something opposite from what we observe from the types of figurative language used by Chelsea fans.

Table 14. Types of Figurative Language in Manchester United Chant

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fucking He gave it to Demba Ba arse Steve Gerrard... Gerrard You eat dogs in Park.. Park your own Wherever you may be country You eat dogs in your own country 4. Sarcasm Could be worse Eating rats Could be scouse in the Eating rats in the council house council house

B. Meaning of the Figurative Language in Chelsea and Manchester United Chants

After discussing the use of figurative language in four chants of Chelsea and four chants of Manchester United, this part discusses thoroughly the meaning that is implied from the expression. The meaning of each figurative expression is analyzed by using semantic features. As mentioned in Fromkin et al (2014), semantic features, also known as semantic properties, are part of word meanings which reflect our knowledge about the meaning of the word (p. 158). Leech

(1981) also mentions that semantic components or semantic features is the term which is used in determining the dimensions of meaning as the result of the use of formulae consisting of label + and – (pp. 90-91). Semantic features can be used to reveal the meaning of a word or sentence. In this part, the researcher compares the literal and figurative meaning of a figurative expression found in the chants. The researcher draws the shared semantic features by comparing the meaning resulted from both literal and figurative meaning. In this case, the researcher focuses more on phrases or sentences containing figurative language. Such is what stated in

Fromkin et al (2014), semantic features ca be used to interpret the context

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meaning since they are among the conceptual elements which are the part of the meaning of words and sentences (p. 158).

Table 15. Summary of Semantic Features of Chelsea and Manchester United Chants

Frequency of Semantic Meanings of Frequency of features by No. Figurative Semantic features by Manchester United Language Chelsea Fans Fans 1 [+special] 1 - 2 [+hint] 1 - 3 [+affection] 1 - 4 [+commission] 1 - 5 [+strong] 1 - 6 [+physical] - 1 7 [+disparage] - 1 8 [+insult] - 1 9 [+offensive] - 2 Total 5 5

Based on Table 15, it can be seen that the figurative language used by both

Chelsea and Manchester United fans contain various semantic features. Chelsea and United fans have their own semantic feature. The semantic feature found in

Chelsea fans only appear in their own chants. Similar, the semantic features found in United fans only appear in their own chants. In short, they do not share any similarity to each other. Semantic features which are found in both Chelsea and

United fans are [+special], [+hint], [+affection], [+commission], [+strong],

[+physical], [+disparage], [+insult], and [+offensive]. Semantic features which are only found in chelsea chants are [+special], [+hint], [+affection], [+commission] and [+strong]. On the other hand, semantic features which are only found in united chants are [+physical, [+disparage], [+insult], and [+offensive].

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1. Meanings of Figurative Language in Chelsea Chants

There are five different semantic features as the result of the use of figurative language by Chelsea fans. These five semantic features are spread in all four chants. Table 16 shows the frequency of the semantic features used by

Chelsea fans:

Table 16. Summary of Frequency of Semantic Features of Chelsea Chants

Semantic Features of Figurative No. Frequency Language 1 [+special] 1 2 [+hint] 1 3 [+affection] 1 4 [+comission] 1 5 [+strong] 1 Total 5

Based on table, it can be seen that there are five semantic features in

Chelsea chants. They all spread in four selected Chelsea chants. All of the figurative language used in Chelsea chants are represented in all these five semantic features. a. Meaning of Figurative Expression in Fabregas Chant

The example of the first semantic feature, [+special], is found in “Fabregas

Chant”:

Table 17. Semantic Feature in Fabregas Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Semantic Feature “Fabregas is Fabregas The fans magic, he is someone compare [+special] wears a magic who can Fabregas hat” perform with a

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magic magician tricks. because of his skills which amuses the fans.

The researcher concludes the semantic feature from seeing the literal and figurative meaning based on the chant. In its literal meaning, it says that Fabregas is someone who can perform magic tricks. However, the actual meaning of this expression can be understood by seeing its figurative meaning. In its figurative meaning, it says that the fans compare Fabregas with a magician because of his skills which amuses the fans. When we see the figurative meaning of the chant, it itends to say that Fabregas is a magician who can entertain people with his skills.

If we see the entire chant, Chelsea fans wanted to say that Fabregas is a “special” player. Not everybody can amaze others like Fabregas. Therefore, it does make sense that Fabregas is someone special for Chelsea fans. Here, due to the similarity of shared concept in both lexical and figurative meaning, the researcher can conclude that the figurative expression found in Fabregas chant contain semantic feature [+special]. b. Meaning of Figurative Expression in Willian Chant

The next semantic feature found in Chelsea chant is reflected in “Willian

Chant”. There is a different semantic feature in this chant. It contains semantic feature [+hint]. We can see the explanation shown by the table:

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Table 18. Semantic Feature in Willian Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Willian’s future will “But Willian, Willian be bright [+hint] he saw the has seen like a light light” the light after joining Chelsea

The researcher concludes the semantic feature from seeing the literal and figurative meaning based on the chant. In its literal meaning, it says that Willian has seen the light. The actual meaning of this expression can be observed in the figurative meaning. In its figurative meaning, it says that Willian’s future will be bright like a light after joining Chelsea. What we can reflect here is that the fans wanted to say that they use the word light as an association of bright future. From the entire chant, it intends to say that joining Chelsea over Tottenham is a much better decision for Willian. Therefore, we can understand that the fans use the expression as a resemblance of “a better choice” or “bright future. We can understand that the light is seen as a hint for Willian. Here, due to the similarity of shared concept in both lexical and figurative meaning, the researcher can conclude that the figurative expression found in Fabregas chant contain semantic feature

[+hint]. c. Meaning of Figurative Expression in David Luiz Chant

The next semantic feature found in Chelsea chant is found in “David Luiz

Chant”. There are two kinds of semantic meaning implied form this chant. The

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first one is [+affection] and the second one is [+pleasure]. We will take a closer look to the first semantic feature, [+affection]:

Table 19. Semantic Feature in David Luiz Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature “Oh David Chelsea Luiz is an Luiz, you are fans fall in idol for [+affection] the love of my love with Chelsea life” Luiz fans

The researcher concludes the semantic feature from seeing the literal and the figurative meaning based on the chant. In its literal meaning, it says that the fans fall in love with him. However from its figurative meaning, it says that Luiz is an idol for the fans. From this phrase, Chelsea fans wanted to associate something from this expression. Chelsea fans love David Luiz as if he is the love of their life.

What we can infer here is that Luiz is a true idol for Chelsea fans. They associate

Luiz as a person they look up to. Luiz is the association of a true idol for them.

They wanted to say that they are in affection of David Luiz. Here, due to the similarity of shared concept in literal and figurative meaning, the researcher can conclude that the figurative expression found in this chant contain semantic feature [+affection]. Another type of semantic feature found in David Luiz chant is [+commision]. We can see the explanation from the table below:

Table 20. Semantic Feature in David Luiz Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Luiz can A payment “I’ll let you have sex [+commission] for being shag my wife” with the an idol fans’ wife

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The researcher concludes the semantic feature from seeing the literal and figurative meaning based on the chant. In its literal meaning, Luiz can have sex with the fans’ wife. We cannot literally understand that Chelsea fans would give their wife to get shagged by David Luiz. We have to understand that this phrase cannot be taken literally. The figurative meaning helps us to understand the actual meaning of this expression. In its figurative expresson, it says that it is a payment for being an idol. What the fans wanted to say is that they would give their wife as a payment for being an idol. They wanted to say that this is the way Chelsea fans can give something in return for David Luiz for being their idol. The expression says that the fans is entertained by Luiz. That is why they are willing to “give” their wife to him as a compensation or comission for being an idol. Therefore, after analyzing the similarity of literal and figurative meaning, the researcher concludes that this expression has shared semantic feature of [+comission]. d. Meaning of Figurative Expression in Kante Chant

Another new semantic feature can be found in “Kante Chant”. In this chant, we find semantic feature of [+strong]:

Table 21. Semantic Feature in Kante Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Kante A restless “You’re [+strong] cannot be human indestructible” broken machine

The researcher concludes the semantic feature from seeing the literal and the figurative meaning based on the chant. We can see this from the literal and figurative meaning. In its literal meaning, it says that he cannot be broken.

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However, since the fans are impressed by Kante’s performance on the field, they call him someone who is undestructible, as seen in its literal meaning. In its figurative meaning, it says that he is described as a restless human machine. We understand that something indestructible is not easy to be broken. This is also what Chelsea fans wanted to say. Chelsea fans think that Kante is a very strong player due to his amazing stamina and his ability to cover all area of the pitch.

The researcher, then, conclude the figurative meaning as a restless human machine. Since the literal and figurative meaning have the same shared concept, we can conclude that semantic feature [+strong] is proper if we relate to the figurative language in Kante chant.

2. Meanings of Figurative Language in Manchester United Chants

There are four different semantic features as the result of the use of figurative language by Manchester United fans. These four semantic features spread in all four chants. Table 22 shows the frequency of the semantic features used by United fans:

Table 22. Summary of Frequency of Semantic Features of Manchester United Chants

Semantic Features of Figurative No. Frequency Language 1 [+physical] 1 2 [+disparage] 1 3 [+insult] 1 4 [+offensive] 2 Total 5

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Based on table, it can be seen that there are four semantic features in United chants. They all spread in four selected United chants. All of the figurative language used in the chants are represented in all these semantic features. a. Meaning of Figurative Expression in Lukaku Chant

The examples of the first semantic feature from United side, [+physical], is found in “Lukaku Chant”:

Table 23. Semantic Feature in Lukaku Chant

Figurative Lexical Figurative Shared Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Lukaku’s A part of penis is “With a 24 the body to [+physical] big since inch penis” score he is goals. black.

The researcher concludes this from seeing the literal and figurative meaning based on the chant. In its literal meaning, it says that Lukaku’s penis is big since he is black. However, the figurative meaning is different from the literal meaning.

In its figurative meaning, it says that it is a part of the body to score goals. What is inferred here is that United fans refer to a body part, which is penis.

According to the dictionary, “penis” is the organ on the body of a man used for urinating or sex. What they wanted to express with the word “penis” is that

Lukaku can score goals, even using his penis. Manchester United fans would like to say that Lukaku is a brilliant goal-scorer. He can score not only with his head and foot, but also his penis. That is what Manchunians wanted to say in this chant.

The figurative language, however, contains racialist expression, as explained in the previous section. The fans refer to the body part that can be used to score a

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goal for Lukaku. They used the expression “with a 24 inch penis” as a part of racialist abuse toward Lukaku. Here, we can conclude that the figurative language used in Lukaku chant contains semantic feature of [+physical], after seeing both literal and figurative meaning. b. Meaning of Figurative Expression in Martial Chant

The next semantic feature found in Manchester United chant is reflected in

“Martial Chant”. We can see the explanation shown by the table:

Table 24. Semantic Feature in Martial Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Semantic Feature The money “50 million can be It does not [+disparage] down the thrown worth the drain” away to the cost. drain.

The researcher concludes the semantic feature from seeing the literal and figurative meaning based on the chant. In its literal meaning, it says that the 50 million money is something that can be thrown away to the drain. However, the figurative meaning tells differently. In its figurative meaning, the expresson says that the money is something unworthy so it can be thrown away to the drain. What we can infer here is that the fans wanted to taunt the English press with this saying.

If we connect this with the figurative meaning, United fans associate the drain with a place to throw away worthless thing. In this case, United fans refer to

Martial’s pricetag. From the entire chant, United fans wanted to say that 50

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million pounds is a small amount of money. They think the amount of money is insignificant to them, as if it can be easily thrown away to the drain. Here, United fans wanted to react that Martial’s signing is something usual for a big club like

Manchester United. They use this expression as a counter argument toward the

English press. They do not believe what the press said about Martial. They seem to underestimate the label by the English press toward their player. Here, due to the similarity of shared concept in both literal and figurative meaning, the researcher can conclude that the figurative expression found in Martial chant contain semantic feature [+disparage]. c. Meaning of Figurative Expression in Gerrard Chant

The next semantic feature found in Manchester United chant is found in

“Gerrard Chant”. We take a closer look to its semantic feature:

Table 25. Semantic Feature in Gerrard Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Semantic Feature His team failed “He slipped His arse to win the title [+insult] on his made because he made fucking arse” him slip. fatal mistake by getting slipped.

The researcher concludes the semantic feature from seeing the literal and figurative meaning based on the chant. The phrase “He slipped on his fucking arse” contains certain meaning. In its literal meaning, it says that Gerrard’s arse made him slip. However, this is not the actual meaning United fans wanted to convey. In its figurative meaning, the actual meaning is conveyed. It intends to

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convey that Gerrard’s team failed to win the title because he made fatal mistake by getting slipped. We can truly understand the actual meaning of this expression by looking to its figurative meaning. From its figurative meaning, seen by the context in the chant, arse is the symbol of disrespecting. United fans disrespect

Gerrard in this chant. This is related to Gerrard’s fatal mistake back in 2013-2014 season. He slipped and gave the goal away, which in the end cost Liverpool the title. However, this phrase is an example of how clever United fans ridiculing someone. Since the shared concept of meaning of both literal and figurative meaning is similar, the researcher concludes that figurative language Gerrard chant contains semantic feature [+insult]. d. Meaning of Figurative Expression in Park Ji-Sung Chant

Another rude type of semantic feature is found in the last chant, “Park Ji-

Sung Chant”. In this chant, there are two figurative language found. However, both of them share the same semantic feature, which is [+offensive]. We can see this from the explanation below:

Table 26. Semantic Feature in Park Ji-Sung Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Something South “You eat dogs unusual to Korean [+offensive] in your own consume and like to eat country” representation dogs of poverty

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Table 27. Semantic Feature in Park Ji-Sung Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Something “Eating rats in South unusual to [+offensive] a council Korean consume and house” eat rats representation of poverty

“Dogs”, according to the dictionary means an animal with four legs and a tail, often kept as a pet or trained for work. “Rats” in the dictionary means a small animal with a long tail that looks like a large mouse, usually considered as pest.

From these two figurative language here, Manchester United fans refers to animals. When we see the whole context of the chant, United fans try to say that dogs and rats are familiar food for Asians. They intend to say that dogs and rats are something unusual to consume. The European never consider these animals as a food. However, United fans know that these animals are food for Asian. They understand that Asian countries, like South Korea, is behind Europe in case of development. They do understand that there are poor people living in Asia. As the result, they often eat dogs and rats. This is what United fans try to convey, that some Asians are poor. Even they have to eat dogs and rats. Though United fans do not offense Park personally, they seem to be ridiculing Park Ji-Sung’s nation.

Therefore, we can conclude that this expression has semantic feature of

[+offensive].

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Figurative language, as explained before, is an expression which is not meant to be taken literally. This kind of language enables people to express and communicate in various ways. Figurative language also enhances the beauty of language. Besides, using figurative language can help people achieve the hidden meaning of a word or phrase. It makes sense since using figurative language can cause special meaning and effect. One of the medium to observe the use of figurative expression can be found in the way football fans singing the song in the stadium. Football chants are great examples of how people use other forms of language to communicate. Figurative language can also reveal the verbal behaviour of people. As explained in the analysis, Chelsea and Manchester United fans have their own characteristics using this kind of language. They have their own style when using figurative language as the ingredients of their chants.

Chelsea and Manchester United fans use various forms of figurative language in creating their chants. The forms of figurative language that appear in

Chelsea chants are hyperbole and metaphor. There are consistent patterns found in the use of figurative language by Chelsea fans. Chelsea fans like to use association in their chants as seen in Willian and Fabregas chant. In addition,

Chelsea fans also seem to exaggerate their own player. They often use hyperbolic expression to describe their beloved players. These type of expressions can be found in David Luiz and Kante chant.

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On the other hand, Manchester United fans have their own style in using figurative language as the ingredient of their chants. The forms of figurative language used by United fans are racism, irony, and sarcasm. There is a distinction of the characteristic of the expression used by United fans. From what we have discussed, United fans like to use rude expression, as seen in Lukaku chant. They use harsh expression, even to their own player. Racism is the first form appearing in Manchester United chant. Besides, they also use sarcasm to riducule others. We can see this example in Gerrard chant, where Manchunians make fun of his slip. We also notice sarcasm expression in Martial chant as a counter argument toward the English Press. In Park Ji-Sung chant, they insult

Park’s nation with sarcastic expression.

The use of figurative language by both sides produces in different forms.

However, it also produces different meanings. The meanings of the figurative expressions are obtained by using semantic features. Semantic features of figurative expressions by Chelsea fans are [+special], [+hint], [+affection],

[+commission], and [+strong]. These semantic features show that Chelsea fans use certain forms of figurative language in order to level its literal meaning. As explained, the meaning resulted is exaggerating, as shown in the semantic feature of [+commission], and [+strong]. They also like to compare or to associate the meaning of something with the use of figurative language, as shown in the semantic feature of [+special], [+hint] and [+affection].

On the other hand, the semantic features of figurative expressions by

Manchester United fans are [+physical], [+disparage], [+insult], and [+offensive].

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Similar with Chelsea fans, the semantic features show that United fans use certain forms of figurative language in order to level its literal meaning. From what we discuss in the analysis, United fans tend to use rude and harsh expressions, even to their own player. This is the representation of semantic feature of [+physical] and

[+offensive] where they make fun of their own player. Opposition player like

Gerrard is also described in a harsh way where they use sarcasm expression to obtain the semantic feature of [+insult]. Another semantic feature in United chant is found in Martial chant where they use semantic feature of [+disparage] as the way to taunt the English press.

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REFERENCES

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Meaning in Figurative Expression

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Appendix 2: Forms of Figurative Language in Selected Chelsea and Manchester United Chants

Chelsea Manchester United No Types Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage 1 Hyperbole 2 40 - - 2 Irony - - - - 3 Metaphor 3 60 - - 4 Racism - - 2 40 5 Sarcasm - - 3 60 Total 5 100 5 100

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Appendix 3: Literal and Figurative Meaning of Fabregas Chant

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Appendix 4: Literal and Figurative Meaning of Willian Chant

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Appendix 5: Literal and Figurative Meaning of David Luiz Chant

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Appendix 6: Literal and Figurative Meaning of David Luiz Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Luiz can A payment “I’ll let you have sex Hyperbole for being shag my wife” with the an idol fans’ wife

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Appendix 7: Literal and Figurative Meaning of Kante Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Kante A restless “You’re Hyperbole cannot be human indestructible” broken machine

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Appendix 8: Types of Figurative Language in Chelsea Chant

Category Figurative of No. Chant expression Figurative expression Ooohhh... Fabregas is magic, he wears a magic hat Fabregas is He could have signed for Arsenal, magic, he but he said no fuck that 1. Metaphor wears a magic He passes with his left foot hat He passes with his right And when we win the league We’ll sing this song all night

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Appendix 9: Literal and Figurative Meaning of Lukaku Chant

Figurative Lexical Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Lukaku’s A part of penis is “With a 24 the body to Racism big since inch penis” score he is goals. black.

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Appendix 10: Literal and Figurative Meaning of Martial Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression The money “50 million can be It does not Sarcasm down the thrown worth the drain” away to the cost. drain.

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Appendix 11: Literal and Figurative Meaning of Gerrard Chant

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Appendix 12: Literal and Figurative Meaning of Park Ji-Sung Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Types of Expression Meaning Meaning Figurative Expression Something South “You eat dogs unusual to Korean Sarcasm in your own consume and like to eat country” representation dogs of poverty

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Appendix 13: Literal and Figurative Meaning of Park Ji-Sung Chant

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Appendix 14: Types of Figurative Language in Manchester United Chant

Category of Figurative No. Figurative Chant expression expression Romelu Lukaku He’s our Belgian scoring genius With a 24 1. Racism With a 24 inch penis inch penis Scoring all our goals Bellend by his toes Tony Martial came from France 50 million English press said he had no chance 2. down the Sarcasm 50 million down the drain drain As Tony Martial scores again! Na, Na, Na... He slipped Steve Gerrard... Gerrard on his He slipped on his fucking arse 3. Sarcasm fucking He gave it to Demba Ba arse Steve Gerrard... Gerrard You eat dogs in Park.. Park your own Wherever you may be country You eat dogs in your own country 4. Sarcasm Could be worse Eating rats Could be scouse in the Eating rats in the council house council house

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Appendix 15: Summary of Semantic Features of Chelsea and Manchester United Chants

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Appendix 16: Summary of Frequency of Semantic Features of Chelsea

Chants

Semantic Features of Figurative No. Frequency Language 1 [+special] 1 2 [+hint] 1 3 [+affection] 1 4 [+comission] 1 5 [+strong] 1 Total 5

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Appendix 17: Semantic Feature in Fabregas Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Semantic Feature The fans compare Fabregas Fabregas “Fabregas is is someone with a magic, he who can magician [+special] wears a magic perform because of hat” magic his skills tricks. which amuses the fans.

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Appendix 18: Semantic Feature in Willian Chant

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Appendix 19: Table 19. Semantic Feature in David Luiz Chant

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Appendix 20: Semantic Feature in David Luiz Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Luiz can A payment “I’ll let you have sex [+commission] for being shag my wife” with the an idol fans’ wife

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Appendix 21: Semantic Feature in Kante Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Kante A restless “You’re [+strong] cannot be human indestructible” broken machine

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Appendix 22: Summary of Frequency of Semantic Features of Manchester United Chants

Semantic Features of Figurative No. Frequency Language 1 [+physical] 1 2 [+disparage] 1 3 [+insult] 1 4 [+offensive] 2 Total 5

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Appendix 23: Semantic Feature in Lukaku Chant

Figurative Lexical Figurative Shared Semantic Expression Meaning Meaning Feature Lukaku’s A part of penis is “With a 24 the body to [+physical] big since inch penis” score he is goals. black.

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Appendix 24: Semantic Feature in Martial Chant

Figurative Literal Figurative Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Semantic Feature The money “50 million can be It does not [+disparage] down the thrown worth the drain” away to the cost. drain.

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102

Appendix 25: Semantic Feature in Gerrard Chant

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Appendix 26: Semantic Feature in Park Ji-Sung Chant

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Appendix 27:Semantic Feature in Park Ji-Sung Chant