CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BANANA WEEVIL BORER, Cosmopolites sordidus (COLEOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE WITH NATURAL ENEMIES FROM INDONESIA WITH EMPHASIS ON WEST SUMATERA)

AHSOL HASYIM, YUSDAR HILMAN AND ERI SOFIARI

) PRESENTATION OUTLINE

1.POTENTIAL OF CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 2.BANANA WEEVIL BORER 3. PEST STATUS OF BANANA WEEVIL IN ASIA 4. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 5. CONCLUSION Potential of biological control for banana weevil borer

A large number of beneficial organisms (parasite, predators and pathogens) occur naturally in banana plantations The spiders, coccinellids , lacewings, reduviids, ants and parasitic flies and wasps are the most important beneficial insect groups active in banana plantations. • Explorations for specialized natural enemies in area of origin & introduction into new areas. • Establishment & high impact expected • In some cases approach has been phenomenally • successful, e.g. cassava mealybug, water hyacinths, cottony cushion scale etc. • HOWEVER, concealed pests and beetles have in general comparatively lower success rates in classical biological control At present, no single management strategy appears likely to provide complete control of banana weevil. Therefore, a broad integrated pest management strategy might provide the best chance for success in controlling this pest. Banana weevil is an exotic pest in Africa and Latin America Classical biological control my be possible . Early searches for natural enemies in the insect's area of origin in southeast Asia uncovered several opportunistic predators. Biological control for banana weevil borer

Parasitoid Predator Pathogen

? • Plaesius javanus • Beauveria • Odontomachus sp. • Metarrhizium BANANA WEEVIL BORER

1. Weevil attack can prevent crop establishment cause significant yield reductions in ratoon crops. 2. Contribute to shortened pl antati on lif e 3. Adult banana weevils are free livingg( (not confined to the banana plant), but most often found at the base of banana mats or associated with crop residues 4. Adults generally have one-year life span but may live up to four years TYPICAL SYMPTOM OF BANANA WEEVIL BORER

-reduced plant growth, -Chocking of the bunch in the pseudostem -Yellow leaf -Weak or dying sucker -Yield loss increase from 5 % (Fisrst Cycle) up to 44fourth % (Fourth cycle cycle) ------Losess Data on yield ------Present. +

/

incidence d Iles (1991), Waterhouse (1993); Waterhouse d Iles (1991), important

? ? + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ Moderately important / ++

/

Pest importance (*) Data on Important / a k

TABLE 1. BANANA WEEVIL STATUS IN ASIA an +++ L

i ) r * Country Burma Thailand Laos Cambodia Malaysia Vietnam Brunei Indonesia Philippines India SiLS k ( () Geddes an (1977), Viswanath Sources: adapted from Gold adapted from (1998). The objectives of this study were

(1) to evaluate banana weevil pest status at selected sites in West Sumatera through onfarm estimates of damage, (2) to survey parasitoids and predators through on-farm observation and laboratory rearing studies, (3) to determine the control potential of the most important natural enemies through laboratory studies.

RESULTS

borer

weevil

banana

on

, Indonesia

activities

Research activities on banana weevilWest sumatera, Indonesia in West sumatera borer Table 2. Fates of field collected and trap host banana weevil eggs from different sites in West Sumatera (2002-2003)

Location Dead* Hatched Signs of Total parasitism Bukit Tinggi 1360 (15) 7773 (85) 0 (0) 9133 Sitiung 745 (14) 4699 (86) 0(0)0 (0) 5444 Pariaman 545 (18) 2507 (82) 0 (0) 3052 Bt. Sangkar 1212 (18) 5519 (82) 0 (0) 6731 Average 3862 (16) 20,468 (84) 0 (0) 24,360

*Egg that died either due to fungal attack, mechanical injury or failed to hatch during 2-3 weeks of rearing Table 3. Fates banana weevil larvae collected from farmers fields in West Sumatera (2002(2002--2003)2003) Location Deada Hatched Signs of Total parasitismb

Bukit Tinggi 162 (19) 691 (81) 3 (0.6) 475 Sitiung 155 (24) 492 (76) 7(10)7 (1.0) 647 Pariaman 120 (25) 355 (75) 2 (0.2) 1143 Bt. Sangkar 217 (()19) 926 (()81) 5(()0.5) 853 Average 654 (21) 2464 (79) 17(0.5) 3118 a Number of larvae that died or had not pupated within 2 weeks of collection. b Number of dishes with Phorids Table 4. Abundance of Coleopteran and Dermapteran predators of banana weevil found in crop residues in farmer´s fields in survey of five locations in west Sumatera (mean number/residu ± SE n = 30 per farm) Sites No. Hesteridae/residue Staphylinida No. Dermaptera/ Total e/Residue Residue cheliso- predator/ (three chidae Othersa residue species) (nine species) PjP.javanus Oth er (One (two species species) species

Bukit Tinggi 1,6 ± 0.1 b 0.9 ± 0.03 a 0,8 ± 0.1 b 7.8 ± 0.3 a 0,4 ± 0.1 a 10.7 ± 0.4 a Sitiung 1.3 ± 0.1 b 0.1 ± 0.03 b 0.5 ± 0.1 bc 3.1 ± 0.3 b 0,0 ± 0.0 b 4.9 ± 0.4 b Pariaman 1,1 ± 0.1 b 0.0 ± 0.03 b 1,3 ± 0.1 a 3,4 ± 0.3 b 0,0 ± 0.0 b 5,9 ± 0.4 b Bt. Sangkar 2.0 ± 0.1 a 0.1 ± 0.03 b 0.9 ± 0.1 b 8.2 ± 0.3 a 0,0 ± 0.0 b 11.1 ± 0.4 a Pasaman 2,1 ± 0.1 a 0.1 ± 0.03 b 0,3 ± 0.1 c 2,6 ± 0.3 c 0,4 ± 0.1 a 5,5 ± 0.4 b

Mean in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P<0.005% level according to least significant different test. a One species each from Forficulidae and Labiidae. Table 5. Ants associated with bananas farmer´s fields in five locations in West Sumatera. Subfamily Species Sitea Abundance Weevil (average # stage colonies per attacked 40 transect)

Amblyoponinae Myopopone castanea 1,2,4 < 5 L Dolichodeninae Technoremex sp. 2 < 5 -

Formicidae Anoplolepis gracilipes Smith all sites >15 - Camponotus (Tanaemymex) sp. 2,3, 5 5-15 - Polyrhachis dives Smith 2 5-15 ELE, L Polyrhachis proxima Roger 2,3 < 5 -

Ponerinae Diacamma rugosum Le Guillou 2 5-15 E, L Leptogenys peuqueti Andre 3 5-15 - Odontomachus rixosus Smith 3, 5 5-15 - Odontomachus similiamus Smith 3,1 5-15 E,L Pseudolsius sp. 123451,2,3,4,5 >15 -

Myrmicinae Monomorium sp 1 5-15 - Pheidole plagarua Smith all site >15 E,L aSite(1) Pariaman, (2) Pasaman, (3) Sitiung, (4) Bukit Tinggi (5) Batu Sangkar E= banana weevil eggs, L= banana weevil larvae (_) stage was not established; attack by combining ants and banana weevil stages in petridish and noting dissappearence of prey after an interval of time. Table 6. Consumption rates of life stages of the banana weevil byyp three predators in laboratoryyp experiment over 48-h period at TFRI, Solok West Sumatera. Predator ggproup %±SE of banana weevil stage eaten in 48 h (n=15) Egg Larvae Pupae Teneral adult Chelisochidae 42.0 ± 3.5 a 25.0 ± 3.4 d 2.7 ± 3.4 d 0.0 ± 0.0 c Staphylinidae 21. 3 ± 31b3.1 b 50. 4 ± 31c3.1 c 10. 7 ± 33c3.3 c 000.0 ± 00c0.0 c P. javanus larvae 0.0 ± 0.0 c 87.6 ± 2.9 a 53.5 ± 3.5 a 0.0 ± 0.0 c P. javanus adult 0.0 ± 0.0 c 74.7 ± 3.2 b 37.6 ± 2.9 b 0.0 ± 0.0 c

Means in a column followed by the same letter are not siggynificantly different at P<0.005 according to least significant differences test. Figure 1. Correlation of banana weevil damage and predator-prey ratio on plant at survey location in West Sumatera. bassiana

Table 6. The effect of the three concentration of each B. isolatea against the mortality of banana weevil ad u l CdidC. sordidus . Treatment Day after inoculated by B. bassiana 7 14212835 BS1 3,2 x 104 6.67 de 56.67 d 80.00 c 86.67 b 6.67 b BS2 3, 2 x 106 36. 67 b 86. 67 b 100. 00 a 100. 00 a 46. 67 a BS3 3,2 x 108 46.67 a 96.67 a 100.00 a 100.00 a 46.67 a

ST1 3,2 x 104 6.67 de 46.67 ef 60.00 d 76.67 c 6.67 b ST2 3,2 x 106 16.67 c 76.67 e 93.33 b 96.67 ab 46.67 a ST3 3,2 x 108 13.33 cd 90.00 ab 100.00 a 100.00 a 46.67 a

SS1 3,2 x 104 0.00 e 30.00 g 43.33 e 56.67 d 6.67 b SS2 3,2 x 1 06 0.00 e 53.33 de 66.67 d 96.67 ab 46.67 a SS3 3,2 x 108 3.33 e 60.00 d 80.00 e 100.00 a 46.67 a

SK1 3 , 2 x 104 000e0.00 e 23. 33 g 43. 33 e 63. 33 c 667b6.67 b SK2 3,2 x 106 3.33 e 40.00 f 46.67 e 86.67 b 46.67 a SK3 3,2 x 108 3.33 e 83.33 bc 96.67 ab 100.00 a 46.67 a CONCLUSION

• 84% of eggs were hatched; fungi killed 16% of the eggs. • No conclusive evidence of parasitism of banana weevil larvae atot our st ud y site s. • The mean number of predators per residue was range 4.9– 11.1. • Chelisochids, staphylinids and P. javanus accounted for >90%. • At least 13 species of ants were found on banana mats. • P. javanus larvae and adults consumed high number of larvae and pupae, • Staphylinid B. ferrugatus consumed intermediate number of banana weevil eggs, larvae and pupae. • The adult banana weevil mortalities caused by entomopa- thogen fungi of B. bassiana from Baso was 96,67%