Tawk Hprut Dawdan Let Shadik Shatup Sa Ga" Matut Hte Bawng Jahkrup Myit Hkrum La Lu Masai Lam Na Chye Lu Ai Hpe Nachying Shakawn Madi Shadaw Dat Nngai Law

Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I

Gen. Aung San a asak hpe dawm kau TAWK HPRUT ai shaloi, Panglung myit hkrum lam hpe mung kalangta dawm kau na matu, manu ai lam n nga ai majaw atsang DAWDAN LET langai a hpang langai n dum shami jahten shamyit kau lu na matu, kade SHADIK SHATUP shakut wa masai hpe myitsu salang ni yawng jawm chye nga shajang sai re. Ndai lang na tsaban 21st Panglung SA GA zuphpawng gaw, 1947 ning na Gen. JJ Lum Dau Aung San woi myit hkrum tawn 26 February, 2017 ai hpe shamyit kau nna myusha ni yawng hpe shabyawng kau lu na matu, Hkungga Kamhpa ai, mahkrun lajang tawn magang sai hpe Nu Wa Hpu Nau Ji Nban ni yawng mung jawm mu chye shajang sai. Dai hpang de tang lajin dat nngai. Panglung majaw, myutsaw mungtsaw rawtmalan myit hkrum lam gaw bumnga masha hpung ningbaw ningla ni gaw, du na ni yawng a shawnglam matu, nachying ra ai tai wa woi awn na zuphpawng ahkyak ai hpe tai wa atsawm chye kaw n sa shanglawm na matu, Pang tawn nga ai. 1947 ning hta Panglung Sang zuphpawng kaw awngdang ai myit hkrum lam zuphpawng ngut ai hte Laikaman (15) de  Kachin Basic Education Curriculum Hparat Panglai Research Center (ucsiftajccHynmoif&kd;nGef;wrf;) Laika Hti Hpawng Galaw Bawngban Hpawng Galaw (pmwrf;zwfyJG) Hparat Panglai Reporter Manmaw Hkawn achin mungdan, KKachin Shanglawt Shadip Magam - Hpaji Magam Dap kawq nna numdawq 3rd lang nah “Kachin Ningpawt Ninghpang Hpaji Sharin Matsun” (Kachin Basic Education Curriculum) bawngban hpawng hpe 2017, February 9,10,11 14-15/12/2016 ya laman hta “Kachin Shata Hti Laika yaq ni htaq, Amyusha Sumtang Hti Hpawng hpe Kachin Madun Htingnu, Hparat Hpaji Dakkasu Panglai Research Center hta galaw la lu sai. Ndai laika hti gawknu (Maija Yang) hpawng lamang hpe Du Kaba Sumlut Gun Maw woiawn e galaw lah lu masai. nna, Sr. Kaba Maran Brang Di, Sr. Kareng Tu Ja, Sr. Dumsa Hpaji machyoi ni Lawt Awng, Srn. Hkangda Hkam Nyoi, Sumlut Roi Seng, marai 40 shanglawm, Srn. Sumlut Bawk Hkawn ni tatut hkrang shapraw galaw la bawngban nna ra ang ai sawk dinglik (research) bungli lu sai. 14.12.2016 ya jahpawt hkying 9:00 Am kaw nna Rev. yiqngam ni hpe mung, chyawm garan gunhpai lah lu manuq David Karai Kasang kaw kyuhpyi apnawng ai hte hpawng ai. Shanglawm ai malawng magah ni gaw, educational hpaji hpang wa sai. Hpawng hpaawn rai nga ai Sr. Kaba Maran bungli kungkyang ai machyoi ni hkrai, rai nga maq ai. Brang Di kaw nna, “ndai hpawng gaw Kachin shingwang kata hta grai tawq ai hte shawng ningnan galaw hpang ai Kachin amyusha wuhpawng labau e mi-moi galoi mung, lamang langai mung rai nga ai” nga nna tsun sanglang n nga yu ai snr n galaw yu shi ai bungli bungsi kaba hpe ai. Mungdan, buga, magam dap, makan dap n bung ai Hpaji Magam Dap ni gaw ningshawng shawq galaw shakut shara shagu na myit-su salang ni jahpan lu la ai marai 63 hpang wa ai, rai nga sai. Majan kaba langai hpe htim kasat hte jahpan n lu la ai ni hte yawng 70+ shang lawm ai hte na matu, hpyen jaubu kaba ni gaw “majan ladat masing” zuphpawng hpe galaw la lu sai. Hpawng hpaw mungga hpe (operation planning) hpe shawng sawn buklik shaprawq ka Dkb. Sumlut Gun Maw kaw nna tsun shaga la ai. tawn nhtawm, dai hkrang masa hku nshut nshai htim kasat nut Laikaman (3) de  Laikaman (10) de  1 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017

Kachin amyusha htaq, galaw nga ai amyusha makar kumlar langai gaw Editorial Nsen “Manau Htunghking” rai nga ai. Ndai gaw, shadip magam ni snr wuhpung Ndai lang nah Hparat Panglai Sawk dinglik (research) galaw langai ngai jagumhpraw alawq alam Journal Vol.III, No.I gaw 2017 ning aq ai gaw, rawt galu kaba ai snr bungli shawq nna shara mi e, nkau achyen ningshawng lang pruwa ai, rai sai. HPJ galaw shakut nga ai amyu ni aq makar majawq chyawm galaw ai bawq hpe lah htih nga ai Kachin shawa masha kumlar rai nga ai. Laika htih hpawng hkrang satlawat, rai nga ai. Amyusha yawng hpe chyeju dum let, shaning (pmwrf;zwfyJG) galaw ai, debate galaw masa makar lawm sai raitim, Kachin ningnan wunlih wun-gau hteq rau, ai ni gaw research bungli bungsi aq amyu masha hkumdek shagu (kaji shakram salaam dat gaq ai. adaw achyen yiqngam ni, rai nga ai. kaba yawng), dai aten ni e shanglawm Kachin amyusha ni, ndai bungli bungsi ka-manawt galaw na, n loi nga ai. N Yaq, 21st century Panglong hkrang hpe lawq lawq galaw ra nga mai nga ai. Masha amyu ni hkan e, zuphpawng numdawq lahkawng lang sai. Hparat Panglai Research Centre “Amyusha Ninghtoi” (National Day) bai du nga sai. 1947 ning, February e galaw matwa ai “Kachin shata htih ngu ai nga tim, Kachin amyu ni htaq e shata (12) yaq nah Panglong myit laika sumtang htih hpawng” hteq dainih du hkra, n nga shi nga ai. Mungh hkrum mungga makyit gaw, 1958 ning “debate” ni mung, Kachin amyusha masa hpanghkrat ai kumlar ngu tim, e, dawqhten agrawp mat sai. Asak n ni htaq, ra rawng ai (galaw ra ai) hpe n shut nga ai. Galaw lah, masat lah, rawng mat sai. Si mat sai. N grin mat galaw ai amyusha bungli bungsi ni rai shagrin lah ra nga gaq ai. Ndai gaw sai, rai nga ai. Ndai 21st tsaban Panglong nga ai. Kadeq ndeq hpaji machyoi ni myit hkrum kahkin gumdin ai satlawat zuphpawng ginjang aten hpatwat e, aq ningmu ni hpe sawk dinglik kahkyin mung, rai nga sai. Bai laga magah mi dawqhten agrawp nna asak n rawng, si mahtai shaprawq ai mung, rai nga ai. hku tsun yang, amyusha gawgap bungli mat sai Panglong mungga makyit hpe bungsi langai mi mung, rai nga ai. asak bai chyawm jahkrung sharawt Amyusha gawgap bungli galaw lah ra nga sai. Panglong myit hkrum ngut mat sai Miwa hpe bai asoi yu gaq. gawngshingyan hkrang yawshada lam Shanhte galaw ai “Shan-ing Ningnan” hpe lachyum garawt shawq ra sai. (Gaw-nyen) hteq “Muk Shah Poi” Bumnga masha (highlander) laknak (Baq Yeq Shi Wu) ni gaw, amyusha Adviser hpai amyu ni 21st tsaban Panglong masa ni lawm ai amyusha htunghking JJ Lum Dau (Bangkok) zuphpawng pinra e, galaw ging, galaw lamang hpawng ni, rai nga ai. Grai Wang Hkang Awng lah ra ai, bawngban gamung dup ging shatang dudu rai nga manuq ai. Tinang ai lit kaba gaw, “dai nan” rai sai. Leq tinggyeng gumhpraw hteq, mungh Editor-in-Chief naq, grau naq shin-gran katsi maumwi shawa masha hkumdek shagu (langai B.D. Maran tai, kawp matwa wa na gaw jasawnsha, mi mung, n ngam hkra) shanglawm Managing Editor rai nga sai. Myen mung, shiq amyusha galaw jahproi lah lu ai hkrang satlawat Kareng Tu Ja gawgap (national building) bungli mung, rai nga ai. Miwa shadip magam Deputy Editor bungsi hpe shakut galaw kri nga ai gaw, dai hpe wuwu didi byin wa na Dumsa Lawt Awng ahkying aten ni mung, nawq rai nga ai. matu, manu shadan ya ai; dawqdan shagrin masat ya ai; makawp maga ya Contributing Editor Rawt galu kaba mat sai amyu ni, ai; akyu hkamsha sha-ngun ya ai; ... ni, Pungga Ja Li mungdan ni gaw, shanhte aq amyusha rai nga maq ai. hpji hparat hpe galaishai wa ai Foreign Correspondence mungkan masa hteq shingdaw nna Stella @ A Naw (Chiangmai) byenggram galai galaw lang matwa Computer Section ai ni hkrai, rai nga ai. “I.T” gaw Sumlut Roi Seng lawan ladan rawt tsaw lung matwa, Cartoon Sumlut Bawk Hkawn “Globalization” gaw shinggrup Layout hte Design hkrawnshang hkriqdun shachyup Gumring Zau Mai (Hkaq Shang) gyit matwa, amyusha hpaji mung dai htaq hkan nna shachyut kagat Website Master gumpyeq jahtuk lawmnang ra nga Hkangda Brang San Awng (California) sai. Dai n rai yang, amyusha ting Manager for (generation ting) hpanghkrat ai prat, Finance and Distribution htingnut mat ai mungh, matsan Hkangda Hkam Nyoi jamjau ai satlawat hkaqleng e lup Columnists dat, waw dat, ka-nawng dat, yawng All staff members of HPLN dat, chyai dat, maraq dat, galup dat, dagup dat, rai hkaqyawng yawng Contact Information mat maq ai ni mung, byin nga ai. Hparat Panglai Laika Naura Miwa mungh pyi gaw, amyusha Lawk - V, Munglai Mazup, hpaji hteq seng nna shanhte amyusha Laiza Mare, Kachinland rapdawq e hpaji lawnglam 200 jan Email : [email protected] hpe tarah upadi hku nna shagrin Website : www.h-panglai.com dawqdan tawn nhtawm, hkrang Hparat Panglai Journal hpe laning mi shawq galaw hkawm nga maq ai, re. htaq, kruq lang shaprawq ai. (1 Vol., 6 Issues) 2 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I wa sai. Anhte hpe Wa Karai Kasang YEHOWA KAW, SHANING NINGNAN (1.1.2017) lam madun la ai marang e, daini na ten WUNLI KYU HPYI DINGYAWM AI hta dumhprang shajang wa sai rai nna, MARAWN JAHTAU NSEN tinang a mungdan hpe manu shadan JJ Lum Dau chye ai ni rai wa saga ai. Shing-re ai shing-ran hpe Satan wa mu chye ai Yehowa gaw mungkan hpe kade majaw aten dep anhte a mungdan hpe tsawra ai lam, shi a kasha shingtai hpe zing madu la lu na matu, atsam htum jaw kau ai kaw du hkra, sakse madun hte shakut sa ai hta anhte shada dumbru wa sai. Raitimung, Satan wa gaw dumbra ninghkap hkat shangun ai ladat dumhprang ai shing-ran n nga ai rai hte yawng hpe zing la lu na matu shakut nna, gat hkai ai hte maren shu la lu na nga sai. Shing re ai ten hta anhte hpe marin dai, nga nna hkang da ai hta hkan woiawn ningbaw ai ni hpe lam woi nna, mara n rawng ai ma kaji mahkawn shaman chyeju jaw ai hte Mawshe gaw shabrang gumgai dingla ni hpe rim la Israela amyu masha ni hpe Hkanan nhtawm, wanmang kaw kabai bang mung du hkra, woiawn shalawt la ai hkrum ai ni kade hkam sharang yak zawn, anhte a ningbaw ningla ni hpe ai hte nkri nni si htan wa masai zawn, mung lam woi madun la rit law. satan wa hpe mung hkamsha shangun ai marang e, shi gaw myit tau chye ai Wa Karai Kasang e, ndai shaning Hpan wa madu Karai Kasang a tsawra atsam rawng wa nna, shi hta mai kaja ningnan nhtoi hta, ning ngu hpyi matsan dum ai shawang myit hte laiwa ai tsawra shawang myit rawng wa let, marawn dat ai nsen hpe na ya nna, sai ten ni hta anhte myusha ni hpe htingbu hpu-nau ni a ntsa myit tau chye Wa Karai Kasang ra sharawng awng jahten shamyit kau lu hkra shakut nga wa na matu kyu hpyi ga ai law. ai mungdan maden zinghka wa hkra ai Satan wa a myit hta shada tsawra shadik shatup lu ai kashu kasha ni ai myit bang ya nna yawng a matu Yehowa Karai Kasang gaw anhte byin tai shangun ya rit. Hpang jahtum ngwipyaw simsa ai mungdan jawm bumnga masha ni hpe htaphtuk ai shani, Madu Yesu mungkan ga de yu sa gaw-gap sa wa lu na matu aten galu hta madang hku nna tinang a mungdan hpe ai shaloi, Wa a kashu kasha ni yawng kyu jawm hpyi wa saga ai. Raitimung, tinang nan uphkang sa wa lu na matu ahkum ara sumsing lamu mungdan de Satan a myit hta galaishai ai hkamla lam lamuga masat ya sai. Raitimung, anhte woila hkrum ai shaman chyeju hkamla n nga wa ai re majaw, daini na ten hta bumnga masha ni gaw, kahkyin gumdin lu ai ni rai u ga matu, aja awa marawn dai zawn re ai mara ni kahtap tawtlai ai n-gun hpe rai n chye lang ai ni rai kyu hpyi dat ai nsen hpe na ya rit law. lu na atsam yawng hte hpe tsepkawp nna, tinang a mungdan hpe makawp AMEN. shamyit kau ya na matu akroi anoi maga tawn lu ai atsam rai n rawng ga matut hpyi mayu ga ai law. ai majaw, Satan wa e, kashun madu la

Laikaman (1) “Hparat Panglang Research Center Laika Hti Hpawng Galaw" matut ngu ai hku nna tsap mayu ai ni rai nga ai shaga lu hkra galaw la na ngu myit Dkb. Sumlut Gun Maw aq majaw ndai ni jahkum shatsup ra ai hku ai. Hpa majaw ndai galaw ra ai i? ngu hpawng hpawq mungga re. Galoi kaw nna hpang ai ngu ai hpe yang, anhte Wunpawng sha ni mungdan myitmang jahkrum la nna masat kau ra lu ra ai ngu na tsun ai, raitim anhte Daw I. ai ngu ai hpe myit ai re. bungli hta lakung lakap rai n hkum nga 1. Ngwipyaw ai manap hta sa du ai. Rawtmalan magam bungli hpe gaw Dai majaw anhte Hparat Panglai ai kahpu kanau kanu kana ni yawng KIO/KIA woi galaw nga ai. Raitim kaga kaw nna gaw lahkawng ning hta hpe hkaptau la ai. Ndai zawn re ai ra ai magam bungli ni hpe anhte masha shawng de tsawmra sit lu hkra galaw aten ahkying hpe lu la ai majaw Karai shagu gaw tinang chye ai machyoi hpaji ngut jang gaw seng ang ai Mungdan Kasang a chyeju hpe shakawn ai. hpe arang tawn nna jahkum shatsup la Shadip Magam hte Wunpawng Rapdaw ra ai lam ni law law nga ai hku re. zawn re ni, Pan-Kachin zawn re ni, 2. Ndai zawn re bungli galaw ra ai mungshawa hte bawngban la nna 2019 ngu nna anhte hpe machye machyang Ndai shata hti laika hpe wa yu ai ning ram hta gaw masat masa lu galaw jaw woi jasu ai hpushawng hpuba ni, shaloi n bung ai hku nna tsun shaga jai kau lu hkra ngu yawshada ai lam re. htunghking salang ni, n nga mat ai lang taw ai hpe wa mu ai. N bung ai ngu Sumtang htih na machyoi ninghkring kahpu kawa ni, anhte hpe lam tam da ai gaw mying kaw na pyi n bung ai hpe ni mung hpang na lang gaw ndai hta ya ai kahpu kawa ni hpe mung chyeju mu ai shata htih laika, ladawq shanan, grau jahkum shatsup nna, shanglawm dum ai hku re. Daini anhte ndai kaw nhtoi laika ngu nna tsun lang nga ai. Bai ga. Seng ang ai Htunghking Ginjaw de yawshada lam gaw Kachin shata hti nna galoi kaw nna hpang ai ngu ai Maji mung, Wunpawng Mungdan Shanglawt laika hte seng ai lam rai nga ai. Ndai ta, Maga ta i? Hkru ta, Ra ta i? ngu ai Hpung de mung, Wunpawng Rapdaw hpe galaw ga ngu na jawm dawdan nna n bung ai. Dusat du-myeng shamying hte Pan-Kachin zawn re wuhpung galaw wa ai gabaw rai sai. Galaw ai ai n bung ai. Ndai ni hpe shabung la wuhpawng ni hpe mung tang madun shaloi Hparat Panglai Research Center lu ai hpang pyi naw galoi kaw nna hti lam tam la rai, 2019 ning hkan nna kaw nna galaw la wa na re. Ndai lang hpang na, Chyanun Woishun kaw nna hkrak rai anhte na shata hti laika ndai gaw ten ni tin shapun rai mat ai majaw, kun? Ninggawn wa Magam kaw nna pru wa lu hkra ngu yawshada ai lam re. saw shaga ai lam hta yawng hpe n lu kun? Gara majoi kaw nna la na ngu ai hkyawm mat ai. Hpang e shata 6 daram rai n nga ai hku re. Anhte amyusha ni Anhte ndai kaw mying jaw ai hta kalang bai galaw na ngu myit ai, dai galoi kaw na hpang ai ngu ai rai n nga shaloi Kachin Shata Hti Laika ngu na shaloi gaw Arunacha ga de na hpunau shi ai hku re. Rai yang daini anhte gaw tsun ai gaw English ni Kachin ngu nna Singhpo ni hte Pan-Kachin ni hpe mung mungkan a man hta amyu langai mi re

3 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 tsun ai hpe la ai lam re. Hpang de gara ni gaw di dun ai, yawng hte jawm Raitim n mai shamat kau ai lailen ni nga hku ngu shamying na gaw anhte yawng galaw na, n-gun kaba ai hte ndai hpe ai. Dai zawn re ni hpe anhte htunghking a myit hkrum ai lam she rai na re. Amyu awngdang hkra galaw na, lahkawng a masat masa ninghtoi ni galaw ra ai, lakung ni yawng lawm ai English hku ning hta gade ram lahkam lu na ngu ai jawng pat ninghtoi ni amyusha ni a Kachin ngu tsun ai hpe madung tawn ai re. Sawk sagawn da ai laika ni grai nga matu nga wa ra ai. Gsd. Miwa mung lam re. ai re majaw grai wa n yak na re. Anhte kaw muk sha ai lamang jawng kaw myit ra ai gaw gara myit jahkrum la na, sharin ai n sharin kun n chye ai. Raitim Ya ndai kaw shata hti laika nkau mi masat la na, hte shawa hte shagrin la na shanhte yawng galaw nga ai lam nga ai. hpe anhte tawn da ai, Gsd. Laban bat daw hpe n-gun kaba hte jawm shakut Myen mung kaw anhte yawng chye ai langai ya lahkawng ya ngu nna masat yang gaw n yak na re ngu nna myit lu galaw nga ai. Jinghpaw ma tawn da ai lam ni nga ai. Lai wa sai ten တေဆာင္တုိင ္ ai. ni gaw U lagu sha ai ngu chye ai re. Dai anhte sharin ai lam ni nga ai. Sr. kb. zawn re ai bungli ni hpe gaw jawng de Gumse, Sr. Hprup La San ni lawm ai. Daw II. n mai sharin nga ai zawn n mai shamat Raitim damlada ai hku nna n lu lang ai Anhte Hparat Panglai a yawshada kau ai mung rai nga ai. Dai majaw anhte hku re. Ndai zawn re ni hpe ganing di ai lam ni gaw Htunghking ningli hpe mung ndai gaw jawng de sharin ga ndai na ngu ai ni hpe anhte myit yu na re. sawk sagawn nna Hparat Panglai gaw htunghking poi galaw ga ngu ai Shaloi anhte kaw gasan langai mi gaw Sawkgyin Gindai kaw e tawn da na, hku na nga ra ai. Gsd. Shat nnan sha poi shata hti laika ndai hpa baw galaw na? akyu jashawn na ni hpe jaw lu na, hpe daini na makam masham hta chyeju ngu ai gasan kaba rai na re. Shawa nkau sawkgyin mayu ai ni mung maibyin dum poi ngu na galaw ai gara shata, mi gaw ndai hpe n chyena na re. Shata ai daram ta gindun nna sawk gyin na gara shani galaw na i? ganing di galaw hti laika ngu ai gaw anhte a htunghking ngu ai re. Anhte a Htunghking lailen na ngu ai shabung ra ai hku re. Ndai lailen, anhte a sari sadang, anhte a hpe anhte a jawng kaw sharin na kaw zawn re lam ni hpe shata hti laika kaw makam masham lailen ndai kaw rawng madung garum lu hkra ngu na myit Rung pat ninghtoi ni nga wa na, KIO ai ngu ai hpe shawa hpe tsun dan ra ai yawshada ai lam re ngu na tsun mayu masat nhtoi, Amyu shayi masat nhtoi, hku rai nga ai. ai. Ya ten hta Jinghpaw laika hku na ka nanghpam masat nhtoi, Mungdaw nhtoi Gsd. Dusat dumyeng hpe la na tawn da ai sharin laika ni nga chyalu zawn re ni amyu myu nga wa na. Hpang shamying ai shaloi hpa baw hpe la nna re hpe bai jahkum shatsup na, anhte a de anhte ndai zawn re law law yu ra ai shamying na? Aten hpe shamying ai lam, anhte a mabyin ni hpe dai kaw ka hku re ai. shaloi hpa baw hte shamying na, tinang bang lu na matu re. Gsd. Hpun kawa Ndai zawn rai tsang hte tsang a shata hti laika kaw tinang a amyu a mying ni mahkawng na, dusat dumyeng galaw wa na htunghking lailen ningli makam lawm ai, amyu a lailen lawm ai. mying ni mahkawng na, anhte amyu ni ni hpe anhte galaw wa lu na matu Ahkying hpe tsun ai shaloi lailen lawm a htinggaw mying ni hpe mahkawng yawshada da ai ngu nna Hparat Panglai ai, kaga amyu ni shana hkying 6:00 kaw na. Laiwa sai lahkawng ning ram kaw a lam ni hpe mung ntsa lam shachyen ya nna hpang shana 6:00 kaw hkyinghkum e ndai kaw sharin hpawng langai galaw mayu ai. Dai majaw anhte ni daini hte 24 ngu na masat ai. Nkau mi jahpawt nna npawt hpang wa ai re. Raitim grai hpawtni lahkawng ya galaw na rai nga hkying 6:00 kaw na la ai. Anhte amyu wa n-gun n lu ai, ya Research Center ai lamang hpe gaw Kachin Shata Hti ni galoi kaw nna la na? Ndai zawn re hku na matut galaw na re. laika hpe kaning di na, gara hku jawm ni nga ra ai hku rai nga ai. Rai yang chyena na ngu ai hpe madung tawn nna gaw ndai makam, lailen ndai hpe la nna Daw III. galaw la wa na re. Shata kru ram kaw anhte chye jang she tinang amyu a matu Anhte ndai zawn rai galaw la wa kalang bai Gala mung de na Singhpo nganggrin ai lam hpe ndai masa gyin ai hta hpang daw de kaga htunghking ni hte buga ginra shara shagu de na shalat ai ni gaw gyin shalat lu ai lam re lailen ni hpe sawk sagawn la rai nna, n lawm n mai re ai kanu kawa ni hpe ngu shawa hpe anhte htawng madun lu shamat kau n mai ai anhte lailen ni hpe wuhpung wuhpawng ni hpe jinghkum ra ai lam rai nga ai. gara hku kyem da nna, kaji ai anhte a galaw la na. Ya du nga ai sumtang hti na ma ni hpe gara hku sharin na ngu ai Gsd. Miwa mung gawnyen zawn rai nga ai kanu kawa ni kaw nna mung daw hpe myit ai lam re. Jawng kaw, re ni, muk sha ai lamang zawn re ni hpang na lang gaw grau hkumtsup ai Jawng kaji kaw nna tsang 10 du hkra hpe tinang amyusha ni gara kaw du tim hku jahkum shatsup nna jawm galaw tsang hte tsang sharin matwa na ngu ai galaw nga ma ai. Myen ni mung hka sa wa na matu lajin ai. Anhte a Kachin re. Manau shadung ngu ai hpabaw re, jaw poi ndai hpe galaw nga ma ai. Lang shata hti laika n nga n mai, n galaw n htawngka ngu ai hpabaw re ngu ai ni ai gaw mungkan a calendar lang na ma mai ai lam nga ai. sharin na. Lapran tsang madang kaw ai. Daini anhte mung tinang a masat gaw myit sawn sumru ai zawn re ni, Wunpawng mungdan Shanglawt masa galaw ra ai masat ninghtoi ni hpe tsang 10 du hkra sharin ngut jang gaw hpung kaw nna ndai hpe bungli madung anhte a shata hti laika kaw ka shakap da anhte ni Jawng kaba langai ngai kaw hku nna woi-awn galaw na matu gaw masat da nna, yawng myithkrum manu hkyinghkum masum mali tsa sharin la ahkying aten jaw na lam, machyoi hpaji shadan hkungga rai jang she masha ngut nna Diploma jaw lu ai madang de hta hkan nna galaw ra ai ngu tim nau wa ni mung anhte hpe manu shadan na, myit ai re. n lu galaw ai hku re. Dai majaw yawng hkungga na ngu ai lam rai nga ai. a n-gun kaba hte jawm galaw sa wa ga Dai majaw anhte ndai zawn re Daw IV. ngu ga saw ai lam re nga nna hpawng ai Kachin shata hti laika law law hpe Htunghking hte seng ai bungli nkau hpaw mungga tsun ai. yawshada ai lam re. Daini ndai kaw du mi lamang nkau mi hpe Jawng kaw sa ai Shata hti laika hte seng nna sawk (snr) wuhpung wuhpawng kaw sharin n sagawn da ai kahpu kawa ni kanu kana manu ai lam ni nga ai. Makam masham ni hpe anhte grai kam ai hte hpang hku nna, ya prat na lailen hku nna mung ai lam rai sai. Anhte Hparat Panglai sharin n manu mat ai lam ni nga ai.

4 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I Kachin Shata Hti Laika Hte Seng Nna Ka Tang La Ai Machyoi Ninghkring Ni

Laksan shaw shaga ai machyoi ninghkring ni 1. Du kb Manam Tawng (Miwa mung, ginru ginsa hpaji machyoi ninghkring) 2. Srn. Maji Bawk (Miwa mung, laili laika machyoi ninghkring) 3. Srn. Nding Taw Ra (Laiza Sr. Kb. Ja Li a malai hti ai) 4. Sr. kb. Wawn Awng (Myitkyina, laili laika machyoi ninghkring) 5. Sr. kb. Maju Tu Ja (Myitkyina, laili laika machyoi ninghkring) 6. Sr. Maran Brang Awng (Putao, Sr. Kb Htingse Htingbe a malai hti ai) 7. Sr. Hprup La San (Myitkyina) ni rai ma ai. Ndau laika shiga na lu ai majaw laika ngau shagun jaw ai hte shanglawm ai ni 1. Rev. Ndau Tang Gun (Mali Nmai) 2. Zai Balen 3. Slg. Petru Lawng Gam (SS.37) 4. Tsa Magawng. (Myitkyina) (Ndai lahtaq nah sumtang laika “pmwrf;zwfyJG” ni hpe htaphtuk ai aten e, Hparat Panglai Journal hku nna bai bang shalawm matwa na ga ai  Laikaman (24) matut came out of such unparalleled political will last); instead their goal is the short- of order, collective violence also violence. Second, if duration is the term considerations (i.e. to get rich in a indicates movement towards political case, then why some states, such as hurry). order on a new scale.” Widespread South Korea and Taiwan, can manage Centano (2002: 269), on the other political violence was not an indicator to build strong states within a short hand, having studied the interrelation of ‘political decay’ but a movement period of time. (Sorensen 2001:344) between war and state-formation towards ‘political order.’ They Thus, the inadequacy in the logic of the in Latin America, pointed out that considered the movement as ‘the first position begot the emergence of the civil war did not generate state. If process of primitive accumulation of second position. power.’ international war had any role in creating states, it would be limited in Second Position Following the same logic, the most nature, thus it only generated ‘limited vocal one among them was Mohammed Supporters of the second position states.’ Rosemary O Kane (2000) on Ayoob. Ayoob (1997: 121-127) posit that war is not a must in state- the other hand, contended instead of contended that unlike the developed formation. The type of war these war it was revolution which played an countries the third world countries countries are fighting against and important role in building state in Iran, cannot take State as granted. They the nature of capital accumulation Ethiopia and Nicaragua. are yet to build credible states of their matter. Their focus is not on the state’s Doubting the very causal own. For that they need ‘lots of time capability of generating coercion mechanism of Tilly’s model, James D. and a relatively freehand to persuade rather on the capability of generating Fearon and David D. Laitin (2003) and coerce.’ But these two conditions consensus or legitimacy. The war is no questioned whether civil war per se are not met in the third world context. longer relevant due to internationally (in the form of ethnic insurgency) is First, they have to complete the state- recognized sovereignty (Jackson the cause of state-formation. They building process within ‘a ridiculously 1990), fixed border (Atzili 2006), and argued that it is rather the conditions short duration.’ Second, they have to conquest and occupation no longer exist (poverty, political instability etc.) do it in a ‘humane manner,’ as expected after 1945 (Fazal 2004). by the international system. Along the prevalent in a weak-state cause civil line of this argument, recently Emizet Sorensen (2001) emphasised on war. In the same vein, Anna Leander F. Kisangani and Jefferey Rickering the nature of war these developing (2004) questioned the role of capital (2014) have overstretched the countries are fighting against. The war accumulation in state- formation by argument by saying that ‘interstate in the developing world is internal arguing that now capital is raised not rivalry,’ instead of war, drives state- in nature; they do not seriously face domestically but internationally. external threat as the European states building. In short, supporters of this position faced. “Domestic conflict,” wrote problematise the role of war in state- In a nutshell, the crux of this Sorensen, “in post-colonial states takes formation. If war makes state then position can be summed up as a place in a context of having a certified what kind of war is likely to create violence/time nexus: a relatively free life insurance, deposited with the favourable conditions for state- condition for coercion is a must in United Nations, which guarantees the formation? War per se is not the golden state-making process, and duration absence of external mortal danger, no route to state-formation. They point out matters in state-formation. The Problem matter how bad things may look in the that the very conditions and context with this line of thought is twofold: domestic realm.” (Sorensen 2001: 347) in which European state evolved are first, there is no evidence that third In the absence of ‘life or death threat’ necessarily different from that of the world state builders are less coercive emanated from outside, the rulers of post-colonial countries. than the European state-builders; in post-colonial states do not need to Africa alone four millions people had tie themselves organically with the perished in domestic political violence population. Hence, they lack long-term from 1960 to 1987. But no viable state considerations (i.e. to build a state that

5 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 Third Position social cohesion due to ethnic diversity, Apart from eight major ethnic type of regime which predetermines races, the government recognizes 135 Out of the debate between the whether or not the particular type of distinct national races. (Steinberg 2010: first and the second, the third position government will enjoy widespread Xxiii). Against this heterogeneous is taken up by some scholars. They legitimacy, and the proximity of great background, there sprung out safely took up the middle ground. power viz. China. more than 20 active armed ethnic Michael Barnett (1992) in his study organizations operating in their own on Arab regional cooperation War Does Not Create State in Burma administered territories. (Burma acknowledged the role of external News International 2013) Despite threat in the formation of Arab-states. Since 1948 successive governments recent cease-fire overtures reached At the same time he emphasized Arab have been actively engaging in a civil between Tein Sein government leaders’ policy of dovetailing the war. There was no absence of the State’s and ethnic nationalities, the final independence of state with the substantial undertakings of extraction, settlement is still a distant dream interests of elites, and skilful repression and of building the army in the absence of political solution. manipulation of symbols viz. history, or Tatmadaw. Since 1962 when the (Aung Zaw 2015) Mainly the tension religion etc. Recently Brian D. Taylor Military took over the state power, most between demographically dominant and Roxana Botea (2008) argued that, of the country’s budget has been being Bamar majority and geographically having done comparative case study of allotted to armed forces.5All the natural dominant ethnic nationalities defines Vietnam and Afghanistan, Tilly model resources at least in legal sense belong the politics of Burma. Majority Bamar would work in some case and not in to the state. 6 The past repressive or Burmans, constituting more than others depending upon the conditions records show us that there can be no 60 % of the population, monopolise in which a particular state is in. Such doubt that the Burmese government had the state power and attempt to bring conditions are mainly two: first, the been one of the most repressive ones in different ethnic nationalities under their existence of a core ethnic group, and the World. (Wilson 2012?) control, resulting in outright ethnic two, the combination of war and Despite all these preconditions for rebellions across the country since revolution, which inspired state officials state-formation, the outcome shows 1960s, some since 1949. The very and facilitated the promulgation of a us the reverse result. If we define state reason, of launching coup de’tat, given unifying national ideology. in Weberian term as a political entity by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar military) in Fundamentally advocates of this which enjoys ‘monopoly over the 1962 was to prevent disintegration position are non-committal. They adopt legitimate use of force,’ (Weber 1946) of the Union. (Silvertein 1977) reconciliatory posture with regard to the the Burmese State, since Independence, Since then we continuously are on-going debate in the literature. There never has been fully able to exert its witnessing a persistent and systematic are two inherent pitfalls associated state power across the country. policy of Burmanisation of state with this position. First, this position power, and excluding or perhaps, There are many autonomous is not free from ‘selection bias.’ Just even marginalizing the other ethnic political enclaves on which the by picking up one or two cases which nationalities. (ibid) government have no control definitely support one’s claim will not whatsoever, let alone exercising the Consequently, State in Burma bring justice to the whole enterprise legitimate use of force. After all these is practically weak, being unable to of explaining the causal relationship years, therefore, what Burma got is a control and command the state power between war and state-formation weak state being unable to response to within the territory. In sum, the state in different contexts. Second, by the needs of society.7 has failed to reflect the social reality, taking the conciliatory posture, it did resulted in prolonged on-going conflict not add more knowledge to the body of The question thus remains: why a in the country, which has further literature. Rather it ended up making strong state did not emerge in Burma weakened the state. the whole statement un-falsifiable. The despite having preconditions for state- statement: ‘war will create state in some formation? Let’s look at the main causes Garrison State case and not in other’ cannot be refuted. for the state- failure. In poperian sense it is not empirical. Prophetically Harold D. Lasswell ‘It will rain or not rain here tomorrow’ Plural Society in his 1941 article entitled The Garrison will not be regarded as empirical simply State wrote that the world ahead In 1939 J.S. Furnivall coined the because it cannot be refuted. (Popper would be marked by the emergence of word plural society in his masterful 2005: 19) ‘garrison states.’ It indeed happened study of Netherlands India. He defined with the emergence of many military plural society as ‘a society, that is, The Case of Burma dominated states in 50s and 60s in post- comprising two or more elements or colonial states. (Huntington 1968) What Which theoretical argument best social orders which live side by side, did Lasswell mean by ‘garrison state’? explains the case of Burma? At the yet without mingling, in one political According to him, garrison state means outset this paper would argue that the unit.’ (Furnivall 2010: 446) Frunivall’s a state in which ‘specialists on violence argument, refuting the replicability of concept is still relevant, perhaps, are the most powerful group in society.’ European state- formation process in especially in the case of Burma. In fact, Not just in military affairs they would developing world, best explains the the greatest failure of post-colonial include ‘large degree of expertness case of Burma. If so, then what are the Burma’s political history is Burma’s in many of the skills that we have reasons for the failure? The reasons are inability to bring out different social traditionally accepted as part of modern manifold and multi-faceted; however and political entities within a single civilian management.’ (Lasswell 1941: this paper will focus mainly on three ‘political unit.’ 456,458) causal variables namely the absence of

6 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I Having stated the concept of regard, historian Martin Stuart Fox unanimous decision has been reached ‘garrison state,’ we can but awfully penned, “The conquest of Yunnan yet with regard to what kind of federal agree with Lasswell that State in Burma altered forever the relationship between union will Burma be? is fundamentally a garrison state, in China and Southeast Asia. Strategically The minimum agreement they which military men or military men it projected Chinese power to the have reached among themselves is all in civilian clothes dominate every South and West in direct contact with constituent units of the proposed Union, possible aspects of politics in Burma. Kingdoms and peoples with whom they including the majority Bamar, must be The current constitution contains previously had little or no intercourse at equal in spite of size, population etc. It a provision reserving 25% of the all.” (Fox 2003) is easier said than done. As the matter parliamentary seats for the military of fact, it is definitely a bitter pill for men. (Constitution of Myanmar 2008) This historical trend indeed the Burmese military government, Today important political offices continued in modern time as well. In after more than sixty years in power, to ranging from Parliamentary speaker to the cold war years Communist Party swallow. President, all are filled up by military of Burma was equipped, trained and men in civilian clothes. This trend has supported by China. (Litner 1990) On the other hand, the Burmese not fundamentally changed since 1962 The initial plan as suggested by Liu government envisions a unitary when the Military took over the state Shao Chi to CPB (Communist Party state in which the state power is in power. It is not likely to change any of Burma) was to establish base areas the hand of the military or at least time soon. in Northern Burma and liberate first military dominated party. The current the upper Burma, and then the whole objective of the government is to Problem of Generating Legitimacy country. (Myo 2009) Though this plan bring all opposition groups under the was jettisoned in the 80s, China still military drafted 2008 constitution— The natural corollary to the maintains its influence over the remnant some by force, others through reward establishment of military regime armed organizations of Communist or persuasion. Decentralisation of in Burma is absence of widespread Party of Burma, which demised in 1989. state power, as the ethnic nationalities legitimacy even among the majority Practically China still maintains some suggested, is an unthinkable taboo for Bamar, let alone ethnic minorities. degree of influence over ethnic armed them. Sporadically the majority Bamar organizations along the border. China is tends to show their discontent with not likely to give up its influence in any Neither of these two extreme the military government or now substantive way. views is likely to prevail in Burma civilianized military government by because both visions leave no room means of popular demonstrations. Under these circumstances for compromise. The solution must be (cf.1988, 2007, and recent student war cannot in any meaningful way somewhere between the two reflecting protests) The response on the side of contribute for state-formation in the social reality, accommodating each ethnic nationalities is fundamentally Burma. Rather it has weakened the other’s vital interests; it should be different from that of majority Bamar. state financially,8 politically9 and somewhere between pure federation and Armed resistance is the predominant socially.10 Realistically, Burma rigid unitary state. mean used among ethnic nationalities. does not have war as an option for state-formation. If so Burma could Democracy The outbreak of civil war in have emerged as the strongest state Kachin state in 2011, and subsequent in Southeast Asia for it hardly ceased Carl Gershman, president of (still continuing in Kokang area) to engage in a civil war since National Endowment for democracy, armed conflicts along the Sino- independence. The past experience in his October visit (2013) replied to Burmese borders only remind us the should by now convince the muddle the interview conducted by Irrawaddy absence of actual sovereignty. It makes headed leaders that war is no longer an magazine, said: ‘the genie is out of the us clear that juridical sovereignty option. bottle’ in Burma. (Aung Zaw 2013) guaranteed by the international system Here he meant to say the process fails to mirror social realities in Burma. Then, is there any other way of democratization in Burma. Can As long as the military is still in charge, out? If so, one obvious thing is that democracy be panacea for perennial the problem of legitimacy is likely to any future implication for state- political, economic and social problems be still the central contentious issue of formation in Burma must reflect the of Burma as Gershman suggested? A Burmese politics. So far as the military above mentioned realities namely the prudent answer might be, perhaps, both regime lacks widespread legitimacy, presence of plural society, the need yes and no. coercion is the only means it feels safe for generating widespread legitimacy Yes, because under, at least to apply. But the result definitely will be reflecting the plural society, and the a quasi-democratic government the prolonged violent conflict. shadow of China. Any policy failed to reflect these realities is bound to fail as like current President Tein Sein government, negotiations with Neighbour Is Given, Not a Choice past experiences have shown to us. opposition forces, (UPWC and Burma from its known historical Federal Solution UNFC) though the result will not be time could never totally shake itself necessarily positive, are possible. By off from the shadow of China, though Essentially federal solution is conducting elections, though not free it tried so from time to time. Yuan advocated by the ethnic nationalities. and fair, at least the general public China’s conquest of Yunnan in 1253 They consider that it is the only could cast their votes, and participate in AD changed the whole contour of political environment under which politics. not only Burmese politics, the politics they can peacefully coexist with No, because it is not certain that of Southeast Asia as a whole. In this the majority Bamar. However no 7 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 what kind of democracy Burma will usually as a later or last resort, seeking of these obstacles can be removed pursue. Will it be ‘winner takes all’ protection from some other power or overnight. Well calibrated, inclusive type of democracy,11 in which state powers in exchange for diplomatic national policy reflecting political, power is monopolized by the majority services, friendship, or non-military social and economic realities has to with little regard for the minorities? If support, without joining that power or be formulated and pursued efficiently. so then ethnic minorities are likely to powers as an ally or committing itself Government’s popular national policy— continue to resort to armed resistance to any use of force on its part. (Shroeder non-disintegration of the Union, non- as a means for demanding their dues. 1994: 117) disintegration of national unity, and Then will it be ‘discipline flourishing non- perpetuation of sovereignty—does Mainly type 1, 2 and 4 are eminent democracy,’ as the current government not necessarily reflect the political in Burma’s policy towards China; from espouses to promote? Ostentatiously in imaginations of imagined communities 1948 to 1962 Burma’s proclaimed such democracy, the role of military is within the plural society of Burma. foreign policy was neutrality; the period inevitably predominant in the Country’s From a more marginalized community, between 1962 to 1988 saw isolationist politics. In fact, the military is the which is systematically deprived of policy as a dominant one; and, from pilot directing the path to democracy. political power, would argue that there 1988 to 2010, type 4 policy gained In such democracy, again ethnic is no union, in the first place, to be currency. (U Nu 1975; Myo 2009; nationalities will see no difference disintegrated; there is no national Steinberg 2012) However, from 2010 between military government and unity to be dissolved; and above all, onwards Burma’s policy orientation is civilianized military government. The there is only juridical sovereignty to be heading towards a policy of regional only difference they could perceive will perpetuated, not de facto sovereignty balancing against China by tilting closer be change of clothes. The same means whatsoever. Hence, in sum, the future to US, India and Vietnam. of armed resistance they are likely to of Burmese state will inevitably lie not resort to. Strategically Burma is posturing on the State’s ability to wage a hundred itself against China, on the one internal wars with the hope that it will What kind of democratic hand by launching offensive war come out stronger each time, but on its government may possibly enjoy against ethnic armed groups since acumen to instil in each citizen a sense widespread legitimacy in Burma? It 2011 along the Chinese border, creating of belongingness to the country, or in is extremely difficult to fathom. But an instability along the Yunnan frontier, other words social cohesion. if such government ever emerge in and on the other, it tries to strike a the future, it will emerge out of three closer tie with the United States by End notes crucial conditions: (1) the supremacy seemingly transforming itself into a of civilians over the military; (2) 1Burma is a more inclusive term democratic state. How will it pay off? equitable distribution of power embracing all ethnic nationalities Current political development shows between majority and minority residing in the country. Therefore no happy sign. The outbreak of the according to their proportions; and, (3) the name is more political in nature. Tatmadaw’s (Army) armed conflict successful establishment of multi-ethnic The new connotation Myanmar on the with ethnic Han Chinese Kokang, army under the civilian control. other hand is racial in nature. The use on 9 February 2015 (still on-going), of the term is still controversial, and jeopardized, if not eliminated, Burma’s Managing the Great Power not accepted by all. Therefore, here in option for regional balancing. Any this paper I prefer to use Burma for it is strategy pursuing in the absence of What palpable strategic options more embracive and neutral. social-cohesion is bound to fail. In do a smaller state has when facing this asymmetric calculus, it has to be 2Though government official a great power? (1) A small state can noted that China has more cards to accounts tend to portray it as “internal balance (internal, external and regional) play against Burma than Burma against armed conflict” or “armed conflict” and against the great power; (2) hide China. never admit that it is a civil war, if we (buck-passing) from it; (3) transcend define civil war according to Singer and (Shroeder 1994) the prevailing Thus, before pursuing any possible Small’s criteria, it is indeed a civil war international anarchy by creating norms, strategy with regard to China in order to of type 5. War is defined as ‘sustained institutions etc.; (4) it can bandwagon maintain its own strategic autonomy combat, involving organized armed the great power; and, (5) it can use as the Burmese leaders so aspire to, forces, resulting in a minimum of 1000 the policy of hedging or leash- Burma, willingly or unwillingly, has to battle-related fatalities within a 12 slipping. (Walt 2009; Christensen and pursue the policy of ‘seek ye thy social- month period.’ (Singer and Small 1972) Snyder 1990) cohesion first.’ In the absence of it, even Let’s just take the example of a recent the most prudent strategy will end up civil war broke out in Kachin states. It So far Burma adopted the policy of becoming an abortive one. was indeed a sustained combat between hiding in dealing with China. According organized armed forces, fighting more to Paul Shroeder hiding can take four Conclusion than 1450 battles from June 2011 to different forms: (1) simply ignoring We have so far discussed the December 2013. (Lt-Gen Myint Soe, the threat or declaring neutrality in a reasons—lack of social cohesion, RFA 17/3/2015). On the other hand, the general crisis, possibly approaching government’s lack of widespread battle-related fatalities well crossed the other states on one or both sides of legitimacy, and neighbouring with threshold of 1000 casualties: Kachin a quarrel to get them to guarantee a rising great power—why Tilly’s Independence Organisation (KIO) one’s safety; (2) trying to withdraw thesis will not work in Burma. And we reported 6000 government troops into isolation; (3) assuming a purely have also observed some possibilities killed, wounded and captured (KIA defensive position in the hope that to overcome these obstacles. None Headquarter Officers interviewed by the storm would blow over; (4) or,

8 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I Southern Weekly, Jan.17, out of the bottle,” The Irrawaddy, • Jackson, Robert H. (1990), Quasi- Yangon, 27 December 2013. States: Sovereignty, International 2013, also see (Anthony • Aung Zaw (2015), “Signing the Relations, and the Third World, Davis, Asia Time, Jan 31 2013 ); Ceasefire Does Not Mean Achieving Cambridge: Cambridge University Tatmadaw acknowledged more than Peace,” The Irrawaddy, Yangon, 27 Press. 1000 casualties on its side between March 2015 • Kisangani, Emizet F. & Jeffrey September and December of 2012 • Ayoob, Mohammed (1997), Pickering (2014), “Rebels, Rivals, alone. (Shan Herald Agency for News, “Defining Security: A Subaltern and Post- Colonial State-Building: Aug. 28, 2013) Realist Perspective” in Keith Identifying Bellicist Influences 3These concepts are adopted Krause & Michael C. William on State Extractive Capability,” from (Daron Acemonglu and James A (eds.) Critical Security Studies: International Study Quarterly, 58: Rohinson 2012); they define extractive Concepts and Cases, London: UCL 187- 198. political institutions or government Press, reprinted 2002. • Lasswell, Harold D. (1941), “The are those institutions in which power • Barnett, Michael N. (1995), Garrison State,” The American concentrates in the hands of a few, who “Sovereignty, Nationalism, and Journal of Sociology, 46 (4): 455- will then have incentives to maintain Regional Order in the Arab States 468. and develop extractive economic System,” International Organisation, • Leander, Anna (2004), “Wars institutions for their benefit and use the 49: 479-510. and the Un-Making of States: resources they obtain to cement their • Burma News International (2013), Taking Tilly Seriously in the hold on political power. Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Contemporary World” in Stefano Process: A Reference Guide, Chiang Guzzini & Dietrich Jung (eds.) 4I am using the word ‘third world’ Mai: Burma News International. Contemporary Security Analysis as it appears in the literature written in • Centeno, Miguel Angel (2002), and Copenhagen Peace Research, 80s and 90s Blood and Debt: War and the Nation- London: Routledge. 5For instance, in 2014 alone State in Latin America, University • Migdal, Joel. (1988), Strong Myanmar Army enjoys $ 2.39 Billion Park: Pennsylvania State University Societies and Weak States: State- accounting for 12% of the National Press Society Relations in the Third World, Budget for the year 2014, ( What has • Christensen, Thomas J. & Jack Princeton: Princeton University changed within the Myanmar Army?), Snyder (1990), “Chain Gangs Press. The Irrawaddy, Yangon, 26 March and Passed Bucks: Predicting • O’Kane, Rosemary H.T (2000), 2014. Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity,” “Post-Revolutionary State Building International Organisation, 44 (2): in Ethiopia, Iran, and Nicaragua: 6For example, see Burma’s 2008 137-168. Lessons from Terror,” Political constitution. • Cohen, Youssef, Brian R. Brwon Studies, 48: 970-988. 7Burma still ranked 24 jointly with & A.F.K Organski (1981), “The • Popper, Karl (2005), The Logic Liberia in Failed State Index for 2014, Paradoxical Nature of State Making: of Scientific Discovery, London: (FSI 2014) The Violent Creation of Order, Routledge. “American Political Science • Silverstein, Josef (1977), 8It is alleged that 105 MM motor Review, 75: 901-910. Burma:Military Rule and the Politics shell, used by Tatmadaw in 2011 civil • Desch, Michael C. (1996), “War of Stagnation, Ithaca: Cornell against the Kachin, costs approximately and Strong States, Peace and Weak University Press. $2000 to $2500 per motor. States?,” International Organisation, • Steinberg, David I. (2010), Burma/ 50: 237-268 Myanmar: What Everyone Needs To 9Use of coercion more hardened • Fazal, Tanisha M. (2004), Know, Oxford: Oxford University the rebels to fight back, because the day “State Death in the International Press. they loss to the Burmese military, they System,” • Steinberg, David I. (2012), considered it is the end of their rights to International Organisation, 58: 311- Modern China-Myanmar Relations: live. 344. Dilemmas of Mutual Dependence, 10Needless to say, war polarizes the • Fearson, James & David Laitin Copenhagen: NIAS Press. two warring societies, hampering social (2003), “Ethnicity, Insurgency, • Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003), A Short cohesion. and Civil War,” American Political History of China and Southeast Science Review, 97: 75-90. Asia, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 11C.f. parliamentary democracy • FFP (2014), Fragile States Index: • Sorensen, Georg (2001), “War and period of Burma from 1949 till 1962. 2014, Washington D.C: FFP. State-Making: Why Doesn’t It • Furnivall, J.S. (2010), Work in the Third World?,” Security References Netherlands India: A Study Dialogue, 32 (3): 341-354. • Acemoglu, Daron & James A. of Plural Economy, Cambridge: • Taylor, Brian D. & Roxana Botea Robinson (2012), Why Nations Fail, Cambridge University Press. (2008), “Tily Tally: War-Making and New York: Crown Publishing Group. • Government of Myanmar (2008), State- Making in the Contemporary • Atzili, Boaz (2006), “When Good Constitution of the Republic of the Third World,” International Studies Fences Make Bad Neighbours: Union of Myanmar (2008), Ministry Review, 10 (1): 27-56. Fixed Borders, State Weakness, and of Information: Yangon. • Tilly, Charles (1985), “War Making International Conflict,” International • Huntington, Samuel P. (1968), and State Making as Organised Security, 31 (3): 139-173. Political Order in Changing Society, Crime” in Peter Evans, Dietrich • Aung Zaw (2013), “The genie is New Haven: Yale University Press. Rueschemeyer & Theda Skopol

9 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 (eds.) Bringing the State Back In, in a Unipolar World,” World Politics, Is there a Role for a Cambridge: Cambridge University 61 (1): 86-120. Commission of Inquiry?” Available Press. • Weber, Max (1946), “Politics as at http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/blogs/ • U Nu (1975), Saturday’s Son: a Vocation” in Gerth, H.H. & C. asiarights/files/2011/12/Burma- Memoirs of the Former Prime Wright Mills (eds.) From Max Human- Rights.pdf  Minister of Burma, Translated by Weber: Essays in Sociology, New U Law Yone, New Haven: Yale York: Oxford University Press. University Press. • Wilson, Trevor (2012?), “Judging • Walt, Stephen M. (2009), “Alliances Burma’s Human Rights Abuses:

Laikaman (1) "Kachin Basic Education Curriculum" mautut ai, rai nga ai. Majan awngdang na snr priorities in researches for the school Miwa, US, Singapore, ... ni gaw n awngdang na mung, dai majan ladat curriculum in Kachin context, ... ni hpe shanhte amyusha gawgap ai amyusha masing hkrang ntsa e, grai hkriqdun bawngban jahkrup nna matut galaw bungli ni hpe galaw awngdang ngut ahkyak lawm nga ai. Magah mi hku bai ra ai bungli ni hpe lit jawq shatsam masai. Myen gaw amyusha gawgap tsun gaq ngu yang, mungh hpe uphkang hkat maq ai. Matut nna mung, Kachin bungli hpe req n ngut shi nga ai. gawsharawt na matu, “constitution” national curriculum framework process Galaw nga dingyang nawq kri nga ai. ra ahkyak nga ai zawn, amyusha hpaji bungli ni hpe shangut shakreq lah Denghkan, manghkang nawq byin pru hparat hpe majen je na matu mung, matwa lu na matu mung, bungli bungsi nga ai re. Dai Myen amyusha ni pyi “hpaji sharin matsun” (education al ni hpe aten hteq aten, ladawq hteq gaw, Kachin amyusha ni htaq, shaning curriculum) gaw, nnga nmai ra ahkyak ladawq masing jahkrat tawn ngut chyalu 100 ning ram, ningshawng kagat tsap dik nga sai. Ndai gaw, sharin sara/num rai nga maq ai. Amyusha hpaji madang nga manuq ai. “Galaw let hkajah, sharin lang hteq jawngma lang textbook ni hpe gawsharawt galaw ai, rai sai. lah” ngu ai ladat hteq, bungli byin byin pruwa na matu, ningshawng galaw Ndai Kachin Basic Education tim la-nyan htingnai laq nga mat sai. wa ra ai bungli bungsi kaba ningpawt Curriculum Framework bungli gaw, Chye ai ni nan, buklik ra sai. Lawan ni rai nga maluq ai. “Amyusha Sutgan” Kachin amyusha gawgap ai bungli ra sai. Kagat shaten shachyut pyen ra (national property) nan, rai nga ai. nan, rai nga ai. Amyusha gawgap sai. Yangon University pyi gaw AD Galaw lah ra nga sagaq ai. bungli gaw bugah gawsharawt bungli 2020 ning e, asak 100 ning hpring sai. hteq hkrang satlawat n bung nga ai. Masum yaq tup e, galaw lah lu Kachin htinggaw gaw yaq sheq, na-um Shai hkat nga maq ai. Lachyum gaw, ai yiqngam ni htaq, Kachin national nasin, ningpawt ninghpang htoichyiq “movable national property” (mindset context, vision, principles, goals ni hpe htoimaq satlawat hteq, gangdun gangjen centred) hteq “unmovable material nhprang draft hku ka shawq lah lu tawn arit taw nga ai, re. Tsun gaq nga yang, infrastructure” (physical centred) nhtawm, learners’ key competencies, laiwa sai sha-ning 100 ning hkan e, hkrang masa ni, rai nga ai. Ngangkang desirable characteristics, learning Myen amyusha ni galaw matwa ai ai amyusha hpe gawgap gawsharawt standards and indicators, comparative Myen mungh masa “Bama tsa di thuq tawn ngut mat yang meq gaw, ka- study on key learning areas of 7 tsa, Bama sagah di thuq sagah” (Myen ning re kasat galar hpyen wa mi dudu, countries (Australia, India, Thailand, laika gaw anhte laika, Myen ga gaw htenrun na snr jahten sharun kau ya na Englang, Singapore, Mon, Myanmar), anhte aq ga) ngu ai madang rawtmalan n loi nga ai. Hprawng kau, tawn kau, 21st century skills, mother tongue based satlawat gaw, yaq sheq Kachin ni galaw yen kau dah mung, n ra nga ai. Kachin Malti-lingual education, curriculum : shakut wa ai, rai nga ai. Ndai pyi gaw ni, dainih Kachin Amyusha Gawgap strands and learning standards, teaching ayak ahkak bailiq bailaq. Amyusha yiqngam bungli e, ninggun kaba dat ra methodology, aims and objectives of shamu shamawt mung, Kachin amyusha mat sai. Ahkying aten hpanghkrat laq education research : need assessment, gawgap gawsharawt e hkriqdun nna nga sagaq ai. research topics in Kachin curriculum : yiqngam sharawt ra mat sai.  MALAP N LU AI HTINGNAI GA Bum Shanghkawng oi chyaloi ninghkoi kaw nna, Miwa hkawhkam, Myen hkawhkam ni hte sha n ga, grup-yin kadai gara wa a dip ka-up ai lam Mn nga ai sha Jinghpaw Du Magam (Mungdu hte Munghdu) ni prat madu lamuga hpe madu ra ai hku nkau mi, mungshawa a ra sharawng ai hku nkau mi rai nna, uphkang wa ai hpe labau gaw sakse tai ya nga ai hpe labau chye ai ni yawng chye nga ma ai. Mungkan ningtsa jan n shang ai mungdan hpe uphkang sha nga ai Britisha Englik mungmaden ni Myen mung de du shang wa ai shaloi; 1885 ning hta Myen hkawhkam ni asum jaw kau sai. Dai hpang Jinghpaw mung de bai mungmaden lung wa ma ai. Shanhte gaw, Myen hkawhkam ni pyi asum jaw kau sai re majaw apyaw sha wa ka-up sha na sawn ma ai. Raitim, Jiwa ni gaw, tinang a buga de tawtlai shang bang wa ai Englik ni hpe laknak n bung raitim, agying agang hkap nut jaw dat ma ai. Dai majaw, Englik ni gaw, Jinghpaw mung hpe shanhte upsha lu ai raitim, shanhte nan n upsha ai sha, mi na du magam, Agyi salang ni hpe Bumdu, Mungdu, Munghdu, ngu masat ai hkamdahka Laika Jaw Shagrau nna i moi Jinghpaw Du Magam ni upsha ai ten na zawn, tinang a lamuga ginra, buga kahtawng ni hpe bai upsha shangun ma ai. Myen mungdan shanglawt lu ai hpang mung, mi moi na Buga ginra, mare kahtawng ni hpe mi moi na Jinghpaw du magam ni hpe sha masat shagrin masat laika (cefUpm) jaw nna wanglu wanglang upsha lai wa sai rai nga ai. Raitim, 1962 ning, Mat shata praw (2) ya shani kaw nna gaw, Jaubu Ne Win wa e amyusha ni a Jadip Jahpang Ahkaw Ahkang yawng zingla kau ya ai sha n ga, Gumchying Gumsa dawm kau hkrum nna, mungmaden Myen Hpyen Asuya MSL e roi-nra di, dip up gamyet, zing-ri zing-rat myiprwi hkrat let, tinang a mare kahtawng buga ni hte sutgan Nga, Dumsu ni yawng hpe gabai kau da mat wa ra saga ai re. Kaning re ai shara hta mi du hkawm raitim, Jiwa ni a dai lup buga hpe gaw, malap kau n mai nga ga ai. 10 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I Dai majaw, daini na ramma nkau mi tinang a kanu kawa buga ginra mare kahtawng ni hpe n chye mat wa ai grai law mat wa sai hpe chye lu ai. Dai rai nna, lawu de ka madun da ai chyarang gaw, Mali hkanu a sinna hkran rai nga ai, nye a myit hta malap n lu ai htingnai buga nkau mi hta nga lai wa sai Mungdu hte Munghdu ni a (Mungdu Rapdaw) Mungdung Htingnu mare mying, dai Duwa hte seng ai buga kahtawng ningchyawng nkau ni hpe Duwa Shanghkawng Zau Ra ka mahkawng da ai kaw na dang lu ai dairam sawk ka da ai rai nga ai. Hkrak dik, Jaw dik, Hkumtsup dik ai tinang a buga labau ni ka shapraw, kabang wa na hpe myit mada kam dat ai rai.

HTINGNAI BUGA HTA 1962 NING, Mat shata duhkra wanglu wanglang madu uphkang nga sha wa sai lamuga ginra hte lamuga madu hte munghdu ni a mying, amyu ru sai, du dung htingnu mare, kahtawng nkau mi a mying ni:-

Mungdu Mying Amyu Rusai Mungdu Dung Ru yan Buga/Kahtawng/Ningchyawng (Du Magam Hpan) (Myu Hpan) Htingnu Mare 1. Lachyung Du ni Lahtaw Ndup Kaplang, Mayan Mayan, Lachyung Kahtawng, Salawng Yang, Gumchying Gumsa (Ndup Lachyung) Mahtang Kawng 2 Ding-rin Du ni Marip Ding-rin Namhkam Namti, Kyundaw, Pang Sau Yang, Hpauwu Gumchying Gumsa Kahtawng, Pauhkawng, Sabaw Kahtawng, Panghka Kawng, Dimlang, Pauhkoi 3 La-kum Du ni Lahtaw Dashi La Kum Mare Woi Yang, Nawng Zup, Panghka, Seng Da, Gumchying Gumsa Larang, Uyin, Kya In, Ya Zai, Lai Lau 4 Nga Du ni Gumchying Ninghkum/Share Nga Kahtawng Na Yang, Wa Gyit Yang, Ru Kahtawng, Gumsa Hkum Pungling, Sumpra Yang 5 Latau Du ni Gumchying Hka Shu Hka Sha Latau Lamai, Bangdawng Yang, Nambum Pa, Ding Gumsa Zai, Laja Gyawk 6 Daulung Du ni Maran/ Lana Ran Dungmawn Yang Woi Shagum, Janghtung Yang, Shingbwi Gumchying Gumsa Yang, Gaw Nan 7 Mansen Du ni Zi Lahpai 1: Mansen Bum Ninghkrut Yang, Banseng Yang, Laja Yang, Gumchying Gumsa Chyanghkang Kaji Gyawk 8 Sumhpu Du Ni Zi Lahpai 2: Mahprim mare Sun Neng, Loi Puk, Anh Maw Gumchying Gumsa 9 Zi Lahpai Du ni Zi Lahpai Sumhpu mare, Loi Tawn Ni, Nammana, Min-gone, Pungga, Wai Gumchying Gumsa Tawm mare Lung, Hka Hpraw Yang 10 Hkawan Du ni Zi Lahpai Zi Htingnu mare Pinbaw (Pin Bo), Bamawk Gone, Lai Lau Gumchying Gumsa Yang, Hpaga Yang Shadau Kahtawng, Tai Wah 11 Galang Lai Du ni Ninghkum Hka Wan mare Numlau, Pagum Yang, Ninghkum Dung, Gumchying Gumsa Ningtsing Kahtawng, Marau Kawng, Min- gone 12 Woisau Du ni Hpunggan Lahpai Galang Lai Laidang Hku, Bagang Kahtawng Gumchying Gumsa 13 Dinggram Du ni Maran/Lana Pungga Woisau Bum mare Padang Kawng, Hku Sai, Htai Ra Yang, Hka Gumchying Gumsa Tsi Yang, Pahkaw Kahtawng, Ningdawng Kahtawng, Kawa Kawng, Gwi Htu Yang 14 Lunghkat Du ni Maran Laika (Laika Makyeng Htingnu Lamai, Yihku Kahtawng, Palata Bum, Gumchying Gumsa ran) Nam Jun Htingnu Mawbang, Na Bang, Sha-u Hkyet, Nam uk, Maru Kahtawng Bang San, Loi Chyu, Nam Htan 15 Hpungkraw Du ni Zi Lahpai Hpungkraw Mare Namhkang Salwi Yang, Hpau roi kahtawng Gumchying Gumsa (Krawn Lahpai) 16 Wa Baw Du ni Hpunggan Lahpai Wa Baw Malizup, Warabum, Lwin Oo, Zawdi Kong, Gumchying Gumsa Ywathit Gyi, Na Mawn 17 Lawhkum Du ni Lahtaw Lawhkum Bum Lagawng Gyawk, Balu myu, In Jin Gone, Gumchying Gumsa Namhkam, Loi Hpawng, Nhkut, Lahtaw Sailing, Lashi, Naungwan, Sansop, Hpunggaw, Magwi Baw Bum 18 Lagyeng Bum Du ni Hpunggan Lahpai Lagyeng Bum Loiseng, Hkashang Kong, Wabaw Hkyet, Gumchying Gumsa Badangdip Yang, Dinglung, Kumba yang, Sha-u hkyet

11 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 19 Mara Du Ni Gumchying Zi Lahpai Mara Kong Mara, Ban, Zing, Punglum, Panghkaw, Gumsa Namma, Ning rawng, Nloi Zup, Sumpra Yang, Magying, Maitawng 20 Ningsan/ In San Hpunggan Lahpai Dawnggan Nkoi Kahtawng, Nyawnggone, Lagat Yang, Gumchying Gumsa Yit Pup 21 La-tawt Du ni Lahtaw La-tawt Na Ju, Yawnawn, Shwedawng Gumchying Gumsa Naw-gu 22 Hkashang Du ni Hpunggan Lahpai Hkashang Hpaulu, La Sha, Hkanawng Gumchying Gumsa 23 Hka Pra Du ni Lahtaw Hka Pra Shwi Mong, Hpung Gaw, Hka Wan Gumchying Gumsa 24 Sailing Du ni Hpunggan Lahpai Sailing Moh Nyein (Mung Nyang), Min-gone, Gumchying Gumsa Namjang, Lung Ja Kong 25 N shu Du ni Gumchying Lahtaw N shu Bau Kahtong, Nahpok, Nyawng Pinta, Nai Gumsa Htu 26 Hpungaw Du ni Lahtaw Sailing Nawngwan, Nawng Pung, Loi Hpawng, Gumchying Gumsa Hpunggaw 27 Ka Du Du ni Lahtaw (Wa La) Ka-du Myo Ka-du mare, Padang Kong, Ok Kyin, Bum Gumchying Gumsa Sha-u Yang Chyangbum, Yihku, Natmaw, Makawk Lai, Nat Gawk, Hkin Rum Ru 28 Marim Du ni Marip Rim Nlung Wang, Na Man, Wu Sang Bum, Saga, Gumchying Gumsa Mawa Tawk, salwi Yang, Nammut, Rit Kong, Hpat Wat 29 La-mai Du ni Tsit Hkum/ Nhkum La-mai Kawng Ra, Pa Gaw Yang, La Tawt Dingsa, Gumchying Gumsa Shoi Mawng, 30 Ga Hkyeng Du ni Udi/ Ulam/ Uga Ga Hkyeng Ga Hkyeng, Hpawgoi Hkyet Gumrawng 31 Ba Lai Du ni Gumrawng Udi/ Ulam/ Uga Ba Lai Tinggaw Yang, Hpawbawn Hkyet, Uratu 32 Hta Man Du ni Lahtaw Hta Man Pauji, Lung Wap, Ninglaw, Hkaungtung Bum Gumchying Gumsa 33 Hpadip Gumrawng Lat Kareng Hpadip, Nansi Namna, Magwi Chyai, Namkye Hka, Ritbun, Gumsa Awng Indawlay 34 Udi Uga Du ni Udi Udi Bum U-ga Bum, Wa Ma, Lagat Kong Gumrawng Gumsa 35 Shawngba Du ni Udi Shawngba Pankaing Kong, Pankaing Yang, Moda Gumchying Gumsa 36 Shanghkong Du ni Ningmwi Maran Shanghkawng Bumtsit, Uban Yang, Ugangbum, Dauhkyet, Gumchying Gumsa Maran Ningmwi Bumlung Kong-ra Bum, Ninggan Yang, Hka Hkyeng Shanghkawng Bum Yang, Jawng Kong, Hkaika Yang, Sinpraw Kahtawng, Kawji Hku, Namsu Yang, Maikung, Hpaga Yang, Hkachyang Yang 378 Bandu Du ni Maran Lawzang Bandu Bum Nong- Kareng Kahtong, Lauban Kahtawng, Hkalam Gumchying Gumsa (Ningshang Ran) pung Yang Yang, Pa-lau Yang, Padip Yang, Ginrai Kaht- awng, Gandak Yang, Manhpa, Kadaw Kawng 38 Wa Du Du ni Udi Chyangmaja Wa Du Lahkra Kong, Htau Lai Yang, Sitin Yang, Gumrawng Gumsa Ningwa Kong 39 Num-ya Du ni Zi Lahpai Num-ya Bum Nau- Da Bang Kong, Maisak Kong, Janggap Gumchying Gumsa (Lahpai Jingma)a ra Kong Yang,Nawngboi 40 Magong Magan Du ni Zi Lahpai Magan Bandang, Hkrai Htang, Mandau, Mankin, Gumchying Gumsa (Lahpai Jingma)a Na Lung Pangung, Sinbo, Myat Awng 41 Ga Hkyeng Du ni Udi Chyangmaja Lagyeng Kong Yenbung Yang, Maihka Yang, Yihku, Bum Gumrawng Gumsa Rawng, Maihting Kong, Htawang Yang, 42 Bum Sen Du ni Lahpai Sumhka Bum Sen Bankawk Yang, Shaya Kahtawng, Sutlen Yang Gumchying Gumsa (Sumhka Lahpai)

Matsing: Lahta de na chyarang hta, gali galai n hkum n tsup re ai lam ni nga na re, hkum tsup hkra ka jahkum la lu na matu, garum la na hpe kam dat ai.

12 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I mungdan kata kaw mung, maigan dum dat yang, masha ngu ai gaw hkan e mung, ninghkap dan wa aten lai jang she, myit malai lu ai masai. Min Aung Hlaing gaw baw re hka, nga ai. Mon masha Miwa hpe masawp, Suu Kyi gaw kaba langai tsun ai hta, “Mon gaw American hpe shanyam, maga mi hkawhkam hkawseng amyu rai nna de Japan, Russia zawn re ai ni hpe magrau grang ai amyu mung rai ga lapran kaw tsatbang ai ladat hte, ai. Mon amyu gaw, kade magrau mungkan hpe ka manawt dan nga grang nna n-gun ja timung, myit ma ai. hpaji shingjawng ai kaw Myen 2. Madung gaw rawtmalan hpung hpe sum wa saga ai. Dai majaw ya ni yawng hpe NCA kaw ahkum gaw, Mon 90% gaw Myen maga ara shanglawm shangun mayu de byawng shang mat saga ai. Dai timung, byin mai na masa n nga Mon ni gaw Mon sai rawng timung, ai majaw hpangjahtum tsaban 21 Myen she rai ga ai nga nna hkamla Panglung zuphpawng kaw ahkum wa masai. Naw ngam nga ai Mon ara shanglawm wa na matu, Min amyu 10% hpe Myen de matut Aung Hlaing myit n hkrum timung, byawng shang na matu shakut nga Suu Kyi akroi anoi lajin ai hpe ai ni gaw Mon sai rawng ai ni re, Min Aung Hlaing myit hkrum ya nga ai. ai hkrang shapraw ai hte grup-yin 4. Gashadawn tsun ga nga yang, na ni Suu Kyi hpe jawm kamhpa President Htin Kyaw, Aung San wa na rai nna, hpangjahtum Suu Kyi, Min Aung Hlaing, Shwe tsaban 21 Panglung zuphpawng Mann, Myint Swe, Thein Sein, kaw rawtmalan hpung ni yawng Khin Nyunt, Ohn Myint, zawn re shanglawm wa ai hte laknak ni ai ni gaw Mon sai rawng ai ni hkrai yawng dawm la kau lu ai ten du rai sai. Myen masha kaba ni kaw hkra, lahkam langai a hpang langai na Mon sai n rawng ai gaw, Than n shayawm ya n mai, maigan Shwe hte Maung Aye yan sha re. mungdan ni kaw nna mung hpaji Mon amyu rai nna Myen maga de jawm jaw ai ladat lang byawng shang mat ai ni mahtang JAWM MYIT, wa na ma ai ngu naw ngam nga ai Mon amyu 10% maram mai nga ai. hpe Myen maga de byawng shang AHKYAK JAWM LA 3. Rawtmalan hpung mat na matu gara hku shakut nga JJ Lum Dau (18 February 2017) ma ai lam Mon masha kaba langai tsun wa yu sai. 5. Ningbaw Kaba Maran Brang Seng, NMSP ningbaw Naing Shwe Kyin yan gaw, mungmasa hte seng nna, shan lahkawng hkrai sha, grai simsa ai Thai panglai kaw na Mai Thonn ngu ai zunlawng kaji kaw, 3 ya tup jahkrup hkat ma yang, lu wa ai mahtai gaw, Myenmung hpe n-goi zawn, maga mi hpe dingdung (Kachin) kaw gyit, maga mi de Ndai ten hta, KIO Ginjaw hte ni kaw na laknak yawng masawm dingda (Mon) kaw gyit shajup Myitkyina Manau wang kaw mungdan la kau lu ai hpang, matut byin wa tawn nhtawm, Myenmung hpe simsa lam hte seng nna bawngban nga na masing gaw:- 1958 ning kaw gara hku goiwat kau na lam bawng ai lam na chye lu ai majaw, tinang Mon rawtmalan hpung ni tai wa jahkrup wa masai. Raitimung kade mung, dai bawngban ai masing kaw hkalem ai hpe tsepkawp kam ya n na yang, shan lahkawng yan nsa ndai laika ngau hku shanglawm nga nna shanhte a laknak kaji kaba lau hti mat nna shan jahkrup tawn ai nngai. Ne Win a prat kaw nna daini du (1,111) hpe simsa lam hte galai masing mung yupmang sha tai mat hkra, tai ni lang wa ai ladat a ntsa lakap nhtawm, tai wa hpe ap ya let shang sai. Kajasha nga yang, dai masing nna lawu na ningmu kaw shang maram wa masai. Dai hpang ningbaw hpe shalat ai ladat hte daini na ten ai lam rai li ai. ningla ni yawng hte ahkyak ai hta asak naw jahkrung la mai na re. 1. Rawtmalan hpung ni hte maigan hpyendu hpyenla ni hpe htawng 6. Than Shwe gaw mungkan kaw masha ni hpe n lu hkalem jang, kaw rimbang kau masai. Asak kung n-gun ja dik htum ai Tami Tiger shanhte shada a lapran kaw n htuk sai nkau gaw htawng kaw nsa hti rawtmalan hpung hpe Sri-Lanka hkat, shatan hkat ai ladat lang nna mat nna, nkau gaw htawng kaw Shadip Magam kaw nna tsepkawp myit shangsha shangun mayu ai aten galu rawng kau da ai hpang, dang kau ai kasi hpe shi nan Sri- de gang la ai ladat lang nna shalau ntai nmai mat ai shaloi shapraw dat Landa de sa nna, hkraksha hkaja sha wa ai zawn, daini na ten hta ai rai yang, kade myit n dik timung, la nhtawm, anhte a ginra kaw shi shanhte shada sat hkat, nat hkat, kaning gaw n di, masin gaw n si, hkaja la ai ladat wa lang ai hte, shi Suu Kyi yan Min Aung Hlaing naw ngam nga ai shanhte a prat hpe a hpyenhpung ni zing la ai ginra gaw kaja nan n ju hkat ai zawn, nji nmu hkamsha ai prat hpe myit ni kaw lawu ga na Myen ni hpe

13 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 shalun la nna madu la kau shangun Kayin rawtmalan hpung ni naw anhte a ginra kaw na yen mat ra ai. Zing la hkrum ai ginra madu ni ninghkap gasat nga ninglen, buga na re. Dai shaloi mungdan simsa bai nhtang jaw na matu sun hkauna gawsharawt masing hku jahpai ai ai hpang, mungmasa lam hpe myit madu sa hpyi shabai ai shaloi, anhte ladat lang let, zing la katut nga sai. simsa ai hte bawng jahkrup la mai a hpyenhpung ni asai hte galai tawn Tai wa hpe laknak ap-ya kau ai na re, ngu mu ai hpe jawm myit ai lamuga hpe n jaw lu sai lam hpang gaw kade myit n kut timung, sumru yu nna ahkyak jawm la na tsun wa ma ai. Rawtman hpung masa hta hkan nna rawtmalan bai matu kamhpa ai shawang myit hte ni laknak ap kau ai shani kaw hpang na ngu ai gaw, yupmang pyi tangmadun dat nngai law.  nna gaw, anhte hpe Karai Kasang n mai mu na sai. shaman da ya ai mungdan gaw, tai Tsawra kamhpa ai Nu Wa Hpu wa hpe ap-ya kau ai ten rai wa na Nau ni e, mungmasa bawng na sai. matu, mungdan shawng simsa ra 7. Ndai ten hta tinggyeng lu lawm na re. Myen Shadip Magam hte lam kaw myit marin ai KNU hpyendap gaw myit hprawsan ai ningbaw gaw laknak pyi rai n hte mungdan sima lam bawng ap-ya ai raitimung, Kayin ni a mayu ai rai yang, mungdan simsa mungdan adaw achyen hpe kaga na matu Myen hpyendap ni yawng

PALAUNG (TA-ANG) AMYUSHA NI A RAWTMALAN HKRUNLAM Kudawng Seng I. Palaung (Ta-Ang) Amyusha Ni Nga Pra Hkrat Wa Ai Lam. Dai ten hta Kokang ga Shantung mare hta Miwa damya hpung mi du Palaung (Ta-ang) amyusha pru nna Kokang ga ting hta shalau ni gaw Mun Hkamer amyu ni hta mya sha hkawm nga ai shiga na ai na amyu bawsang langai rai nga ai. hte Kokang Palaung Buhing Htak Miwa Mung ga kaw nna Manmaw Thing gaw shi a hkringmang marai ga hku Mungmyit Sinli ga de lahkawng hpe Banglum bum, Mungji shang wa ai re lam chye lu ai. “La” htingnu de hpyen n-gun garum hpyi amyusha ni nga lai wa ai shara ni hta na matu shangun dat ai. Jawn Gumra Kachin hte Palaung ni bai du shang langai, htaw gumra 10 hte dumsu wa nna lahta Sam mung na bum ni wutang gap 5 hpe matut mahkai ja hta jawm nga pra wa ai ni re. Bum shatai na jaw dat wu ai. Maran Laika langai ngai hta gaw lawu lahta rai Jaulung Duwa gaw lawu lahta kahpu nna rau jawm de ai shara ni mung nga Ruhkaw lakung ni gaw Kyawkme, kanau salang ni hte bawng jahkrum nna ai. Munglung, He Mung, Mungmyit grup- shi shinggyin da ai hpyen hpung hpe yin de nga nna hpalap hkai sha chye ma Kokang ga, Shantung mare de shangun Palaung amyusha ni a lakung ai. lama ni gaw, (1) Rumai (2) Ruhkaw dat wu ai. Dai hpyen hpung ni gaw (3) Rugawng (4) Ruchying (Pale) (5) Ruhkran lakung lama ni gaw lawu Miwa damya hpung ni hpe sa gasat Ruhkram (6) Samlung (7) Htawrai sam Mung Tawnggyi, Laihka ga hkan shapraw kau ya ai hte garum la sai. (8) Kunhe (9) Tawngma (10) Rupo Sam hte Pa-O ni a lapran hkan nga (11) Ruma (12) Rulai (13) Ruhkuk matep nang nga ma ai. II. Palaung (Ta-Ang) Rawtmalan (14) Rushe (15) Runaw (16) Rutra Rumai hte Ruchying (Pale) lakung lama Dap Rai N Pru Yang Na Shingdu (17) Rubrang (18) Rubrawng (19) ni gaw Mungji ga hte Sakhkung hka Labau lapran bum shagawng ni hta shanu nga Ngawnrawt (20) Pangrim ni rai ma ai. 1. Loilung Du ni hte Kachin Du ni a ma ai. Samlung hte Htawrai lakung lama lam ni gaw AD. 1400 ning daram hta Miwa Rumai (Humai) lakung lama nkau Ninglum Husa Kachin ni angwi Mung Yunnan kaw nna Sam Mung mi gaw Kutkai grup-yin hte Mungwi ga, apyaw rai galaw lu, galaw sha nna nga Loilung Namsan bum (Tawng Peng Namhkam bum mayan hku law nga ma nga yang, Loilung Du kasha ni ga-law ga) de kaga Palaung amyusha ni a ai. gasat hkat wa ma ai. Manloi kaw nga shawng kaw nna du bang sai lam chye ai Hkun Sa (or) Seng Yawt Hkam gaw, Bangtawng, Humai lakung lama Loilung Htingnu e nga ai Hkun Seng lu ai. Loilung (or) Tawng Peng ngu ai ni gaw Sam labau laika hta yu ai shaloi gaw Sinli, Sipaw, Mungmyit Ginwang (or) Hkam Gawn gaw, Husa Ninglum Miwa Mung Monghkawn (Mangshi) Du ni hpe garum hpyi ai. “Du Ninglum masum na Palaung Sawbwa Du dung ga kaw nna Bugang Htam Ming woi- ai Ginwang kaji langai rai nga ai. Dai ni e, anhte Sakhkung hka wawra hkran awn ai htinggaw 80 Howa Kawng Wai du hkra naw sa sa dat marit, shing-rai Sawbwa Du hpe Myen Hkawhkam kaw du shang wa masai. Dai kaw nna prat kaw nna masat masa galaw da ai nanhte bai wa nna, Hkun Sa (or) Seng shara gran, htuk manu dam lada ai shara Yawt Hkam hpe wa gasat mu; dang jang re. Myen Hkawhkam ni hpe law law madun la na matu Maran Jaulung Duwa rawtmalan yu sai lam (Kungbawngset nanhte up sha mu” nga ma ai. Kachin kaw sa hpyi lajin ma ai. Dai ten hta Ninglum Duwa gaw, “dai hku n rai laban Vol. 3:pp 298) hta mu lu ai. Maran Jaulung Duwa gaw Howa hte Tawng Peng Sawbwa Hkun Tha gaw law, Dunglung Pa na mam sha n ma Mungji ga lahkawng hpe up nga ai re yang gaw n tsang ra ai, anhte sa gasat AD. 1861 hta Myen Hkawhkam majaw Mungji ga Mungpaw, Hubung, moimang hpe Myen ni n chye hkra dang jang Htingnu de bai wa dung u” Bangsak, Mungdawng shara ni hta nga ngu nna, ya du hkra naw nga ai Laika Kachin ni makoi lup kau ya sai. na ahkang jaw ai. 14 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I Lunghtawn, Maw Raw hka ntsa kaw Hpawng Um hte Num Ningbaw rai nga hka-rap tim arau, lachyen lahka n nga makoi tawn da ma ai. Kachin Du ni ai, Nam Hkyek, Nam Hkawng na Lamai ai sha, hpa baw manghkang mung n shani e mam htu ai, shana e wantsi htu Num gaw, machyu, wantsi, lusha sa shabyin na saga ai, ngu nna gasadi, hkyen lajang nna, Hkun Sa (or) Seng jaw garum ma ai. Dai majan hta Dawng gashaka tawn da ga ai. Galoi, kaning re Yawt Hkam, Manloi kaw poi kaba Gyaw hte Ngawn Sai ni gaw, Kachin aten hta raitim htani htana myithkrum, galaw nga yang, atsawm sha gasat dang Du ni hpe hkap garum la ai ni rai ma myitmang shabawn nga na ga ai ngu la kau masai. Dai hpang Hkun Seng ai. Dai majaw, Kachin Du ni a matu, nna jawm shagrin tawn sai. Ndai (or) Hkam Gawng hpe Loilung Hkaw, Dawng Gyaw gaw shat sha shara rai gasadi, gashaka gaw tutnawng e tsit lali Namsan Htingnu kaw bai sa shadun ma nna, Ngawn Sai gaw, hkringsa shara tai prut pru nga ai matsun maku zawn grin ai. u ga nga, ya du hkra Dawng Gyaw hte nga u ga law” nga ai re. Husa gaw, galaw lu, galaw sha shara, Hkun Seng (or) Hkam Gawn gaw, nga shara n garan ai sha raprap rara “daini kaw nna gaw nanhte Du Ninglum jawm galaw sha nga ai re. Ndai lang na ni a chyeju kaba la sai majaw, nanhte mabyin gaw Kachin Du ni hpe regau gaw lahta Hkaw, anhte gaw lawu Hkaw, kumhpa lamuga garan masat jaw ai No. (Hawdau, Hawnwi) rai nna nga ga” ngu 2 lang ngu na rai sai. ai. Kachin Du ni gaw, “anhte a shara de she wa na ga ai” nga ma ai. Dawng Nlung shadaw jun yang na Gashaka Gyaw hte Manloi lapran kaw, mare de sakse Laika; “Anhte lahkawng maga na na matu tsun tim n hkapla ma ai. Dai tsawra shawang myit hpe makoi magap gaw nat jaw ai majaw mung rai nga ai. da ai lam hpa mung n nga ai sha, Loilung Du ni gaw, htawmhpang na tengman jet ai jinghku majing rai nga gasadi sakse rai u ga nga nna, Dawng saga. Anhte lahkawng maga a lapran, Gyaw lam kaw nlung langai jung, machyu, wan-yam nsen n shapraw ai Manloi lam kaw nlung langai jung tawn sha, yakhkak ai ten, ngwipyaw ai ten, da manu ai. Rau Chying mare na Lashi ashat rau jawm sha, li-wawn jawn Hpang na lang bai matut na

Laikaman (1) "Tawk Hprut Dawdan Let Shadik Shatup Sa Ga" matut hte bawng jahkrup myit hkrum la lu masai lam na chye lu ai hpe nachying shakawn madi shadaw dat nngai law. Ndai masing gaw shawng nnan na laklai awngdang ai atsang rai sai. Ndai ten hta sadi ra ai gaw, shan kata na byet ni tai wa a shingna hkrang hku dandawng wa ai rai yang, myusha yawng hpe makawp maga ai kasi hte ahkyak jawm la ging ai ngu mu ai. Mungdan langai grin sa wa lu na matu, mungdan kata na Ningbaw Ningla matu, shakut wa ai hpe asansha jawm rai shangun masu nna, maga mi hku ni hta atsam rawng let woi awn sa wa mu wa saga ai. Anhte a myusha ni asum nna gaw, tai wa a akyang hta hkan nna nga ai kaw, maigan hkan na jawm madi n jaw ai marang e, gawai ai mauhpa rawtmalan hpung ni hpe sa gunglau nga shadaw la ai n-gun mung ahkyak kaba mabyin masa aten dep paw pru wa ai ngu mu ai. sai. Lahta tang na hpan wa madu gaw rai nga ai lam, hpang jahtum shanglawt Tai wa gaw mungkan kaw shadip Wunpawng Myusha ni a jahtau marawn lu wa ai East Timor, North Sudan, magam langai hku asak hkrung nga ai kyu hpyi ga hpe na ya ai rai nna, tai wa South Sudan mungdan ni a kasi hpe ta- rai nna, rawtmalan hpung ni hpe gasat a asak hti na ten du shagu anhte myusha tut mahkrum madup nga sai ni kaw na dang kau lu na matu maigan mungdan ni gaw tsawra matsan dum ai myit hte hkaja la mai nga ai. ni kaw garum ntum hpyi la mai nga tai wa a asak hpe lang hte lang matut ya ai. Tai wa gaw Panglung myit hkrum Aung San gaw 1947 ning na wa saga ai. Ndai ten hta anhte a myusha lam hpe jahpai masu nna rawtmalan Panglung myit hkrum zuphpawng ni gaw nni nkri nachying jamjau nga hpung ni hpe shamyit hkyen nga ai awngdang wa na matu anhte Wunpawng ai anhte amyu hpe hkye la na matu zawn, anhte rawtmalan hpung ni mung, (Kachin) myusha ni hpe shalen la ai kyu jawm hpyi ai marang e, tai wa hpe Panglung zuphpawng byin pru wa ai npawt nhpang ladat hte awngdang wa mahtang dumbru dumbra byin shangun shingdu lam hpe madung tawn nna sai. KIO n-gun ja wa na hpe tsang ai ai shaman chyeju jaw ya sai. Daini gaw maigan masha ni chye na hkrathkrang majaw, shada a lapran kaw gasat hkat anhte hpe tai wa sharin ya ai hpaji a wa hkra, sanglang dan ra na re. Dai na matu KIO kata kaw hpung mali byin majaw dumhprang wa ai chyeju hpe shaloi Kachin, Sam, Kayin, Kayah, hkra shalat ya nna gasat hkat shangun hkamsha na aten du sai ngu hkamla ai. Chin mungdan, Mon hkawhkam ai zawn, Sam, Kayin, Mon rawtmalan Tinggyeng lu lawm lam hpe myit marin mungdan, Yahkaing hkawhkam hpung ni hpe mung hpung shalaw ya ai hpu nau Kayin ningbaw gaw, tai mungdan ni gaw Myenmung mungdan dat ai masing hte shanhte shada gasat wa hpe sa ahpum tawn nhtawm, kaga ting a madu ni rai nna, Myen amyu zang ayai wa masai. Ya bai galaw hkyen hpu nau rawt malan hpung ni hpe dang st gaw India de na shang wa ai Kala amyu ai tsaban 21 Panglung zuphpawng lu ai atsam hte jahten sharun wa sai, ni rai nna manam ni she rai ma ai lam awngdang na matu mung, KIO, hpyen raitimung yi-ngam n sa ai majaw, tai wa dandawng wa na re. Shing-re ai shingdu yen masha, mungmasha ni hpe gasat gaw shi hpe matut lang ai hta, shi gaw lam hta hkan nna, anhte bumnga shakri zingri ai ladat hte tai wa hpe tai wa hpe pawt sindawng mat ai zawn dingyawm wa nna awngdang la na masha ni yawng gaw, “Munghpawm 15 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 Myenmung” jawm gawgap na hpe ra na re ngu mu ai. Tai wa hpe galoi mung sharawng timung, Myen amyu langai asum jaw ra ai, ngu ai hkamla lam hpe sha kaga myusha yawng hpe shamyit kraw kaw na ahkut shapraw kau ra saga kau nna shi hkrai up sha mayu ai myit ai. rawng ai majaw Myenmung gaw Ndai ningmu gaw damlada ai hkamla galoi mung nmai simsa ai. Raitimung, lam rai nna anhte mungdan madu ni bumnga masha ni gaw damlada ai myit chye na ai zawn, maigan masha ni hte Myen amyu a ntsa e myit tau ya nga mung chye na madi shadaw lawm wa ma ai rai nna, Myenmung na myusha ni hkra, htaphtuk ai ladat hpe tekjum tawn yawng, Myen amyu hpe mung shalawm nhtawm, mahkrun jawm tam la ra sai, nhtawm, mungdaw langai hpra garan la ngu myit mada let tang madun dat nngai ai ladat lang ai gaw htaphtuk ai ladat rai rai. ANHTE A AWNGPADANG YEHOWA KARAI KASANG Maran La Mai

* Moi, * Bai, Jiwoi Jiwa, nsin kata Rawtmalan ten hta, hkala nba Gumgun gumhpai, Jinat jaw ai Machyi makaw, si ai lawlaw Aprat ladaw, tsawmra mi law Tinang nta, sun hte hkauna Myusha anhte, rau nga rau de Kau tawn kau da, dinghku hka bra Hpaji lam mung, sut lu lam mung Wunpawng Buga, anhte upsha N lu shakut, hpang lam htingnut sai. Shanglawt lu ai, amyu rai ga ai. * Nawku hpung hta, ayai aya * Dai aten, Nga ai shara, lungpu lungbra Laika ngu ai, n lu ga ai Maling mala, makoi hkawm ra Laili ngu ai, n chye ka ai Lusha n hkru, yup ra aju ju Tinang htunghking, manat shachying Hpun ai nba, shaje chyamya Maling yi hkyen, dai hta pyawlen sut su na lam, Shani shana, n chye ginhka mat sai

sumtsan n tam * Raitim, Lu ai hpe sha, myit dik let nga ga ai. Karai Kasang, chyalai shingkang * Raitim, Chyurum ni hpe, bausin ai hte Mayat maya, gumja gumhpra Karai Kasang, chyalai shingkang Law she law wa, ja she ja wa Wunpawngsha hpe, tsawra ai hte Dip da n lu hkrum da n lu Nsin kaw na, hkyehkrang shawla Hpaji chye ai, grai law nga sai. Hpaji laika, sa sharin ya Jinghpaw laika, bai gale ya sai. * Daini, Anhte myit yu, sawn yu gawn yu * Dai hpang, Anhte hkrai sha, n mai byin wa Chyumlaika hpe, anhte a ga hte Yehowa sha, lam shawng tai wa Ka da ya ai, lu hti ga ai Ruyak kaw na, hkyehkrang shawla Nsin kaw na, nhtoi maga Dip da kaw na, shalawt woi la Galai shai la, hpaji chye nna Mungkan pyinra, amyu grin na Gumgun gumhpai, Jinat jaw ai Anhte yawng a, n-gun jat la Amyusha myit hpe, sharawt ai hte Aprat kaw na, tawtlai kau da sai. Pandung du hkra, gat shadu ra. * Dai ten, * Dai majaw, Karai Wa gaw Jiwoi Jiwa, ban prat kaw na Shingbyi shara, kam hpa shara Sali hkamla, hkringhtawng jaw da Kamsham myit hpe, shangang ai hte Tinang tinang, shadip jahpang Karai Kasang, chyalai shingkang Upsha ai hpe, maigan wa she Lam shawng tai ya, ninghtoi htoi ya Kashun la ya, madu kau ya Padang mung lu, pahtau garu Jahkrit shama, kamyet dang sha kau sai Dawnghkawn sharawt, Amyusha awt na gaw, * Dai majaw, Anhte A Awngpadang Yehowa Karai Kasang Hpu shawng hpu ba, ningbaw ningla sha rai nga ai law. Myit grai n-gut, masin shalut Myu tsaw ai myit, si na n hkrit Nhtu nhkyi, ndan ning-ri hte Rawtmalan wa, daini du hkra re.

16 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I pum;oHjrGwfqkdjcif;) hpe shaprawq tsun ai re, ngu nga ai. Jinghpaw kawq nna Singpho ngu tsun shaga shayan matwa Kachin ai re”, ngu ai ginshan, rai nga ai.1 H.N.C. Stevenson wa mung, “Singpho” ngu ai amying shingteng nsen gasi Amyu Masha hpe lachyum shaleng sanglang ai hku, tsun tawn nga ai. “H.N.C. Stevension” B.D. Maran tsun madiq ladawn ai htaq, “yaq yang, Sawk dinglik ai lailadat : “Kachin” Kachin ngu nna chyena tawn ai amyu nsen aga manawng ni, rai nga ma ai. bawqhpan ni nah ningpawt daihpang ngu ai amyu masha rusai ruhkum ru- Ndai ni htaq nah Tayun (Daiyun) bugah pawt mabyin lawnglam ni hpe, “prat amying shingteng gaw "Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga manawng ni gaw, (snr) Singpho", rai nga ai; ndai amying ningnan mungkan hpaji hparat machyoi Hukawng Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen ni” (modern scholars) aq hpaji ningmu shingteng nan wa mung, Tibetan manawng aga sawt sawt, rai nga ma shingjat nah pruwa ai nsen aga gasi ningtsa e, tsap nhtawm, “Kachin ai. Lahtaq jahtumh magah de pra-nga ninggup htunghking” (Kachin oral ‘Sin-po’ nah rai nga ai re” ngu ai, rai ai Nchyawq bugah Singpho tsun shaga 2 traditions) hte shingdaw shingrat dinglik nga u ai. “Sin-po” ngu ai nsen aga nsen manawng aga ni gaw, Maliq hkuh gasi hpe, “masha shan shah ai masha” nna dandawng pruwa ai Kachin rusai majoi ginra (Putao-Machyangbaw ruhkum mabyin gamung ni, rai nga ai. (cannibal) ngu ai re, nga nna bai tsun Valley) nah Duleng (Dureng) Jinghpaw tawn nga ai. Lachyum gaw, shinggan maigan de na tsun shaga nsen manawng aga zawn, dusa pruwa ai hpaji hparat ningmu ni, tsun shaga nga ma ai. Teng Hkawng Kachin dumsa jaiwa ninggup ti-nang kata nah pruwa ai htunghking (Nhpum Gah) hkan nah Singpho htunghking gamung htaq, Kachin ninggup gamung ni hpe dephkap tsun shaga nsen manawng aga gaw, amyu ni masha shan shah ai gamung ai gaiwang kata kawq, guji guyang Hkaqhkuh Jinghpaw (Sumpyi Yang – hpe n tsun shalawm hkratwa ai hpe alai ashap shaprawq tawn ai “study” Lungsha Yang - Sumpra Bum mayan mung, mulu ai. Raitim, Kachin Jaiwa (aphaphpyfpyf oHk;oyfazmfjycsuf), rai nga ai. grupyin gaiwang) tsun shaga nsen ninggup htunghking gamung kawq, manawng aga ni hte matut ginrawn nga ningpawt daw de nah “Ja Nyi hte Ja Jinghpaw, Singpho, Jinghposu nga ai hpe mulu ai. Assam mungdaw de Nga” maumwi maubung gamung htaq, Kachin ngu ai ni htaq, “Jinghpaw” nga ai Singpho ni hpe bai asoiyu yang, mungkan sha-u ing ngut ai hpang, hpe shawng, gamung dup ga. “Bugah Namhpuk Hkawng (Tinsukia Dist.) “masha shan shah ai shah-lawa” hte hkan nna Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen Singpho tsun shaga nsen manawng aga hkrumhkat ai ginru ginsa, bai Mahtum aga manawng” (Jinghpaw dialect ni hte lawuq Tarung Hkawng (Dibrugra Mahta wa gaw Ja Nyi hte Ja Nga yan accent) ni hpanhpan nga ai hpe, Dist.) Tarung Singpho tsun shaga nsen aq kasha machyangai hpe sat nhtawm, mulu ai. Kachin lamugah kata htaq, manawng aga ni, nga nga ai. Ndai machyangai pu, sin, salum … ni hpe, Duleng Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga, Singpho tsun shaga nsen aga htaq jan tawk azat nna siluhpaq shadu jawq ai Hukawng Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen nna laga amyu (Hkamti Sam, Naga, gamung; dai hpe shan yan shah kau aga, Htingnai Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen Assamese) ni, tsun shaga lawm wa ai ai gamung ni gaw lawm hkratwa nga aga, Hkaqhkuh Jinghpaw tsun shaga “Singpho tsun shaga nsen aga” ni mung, ai. Jinghpaw hte rau nini htephtep nga nsen aga, Gauri Jinghpaw tsun shaga nga nga ai. Gashadawn : Phakeal, hkratwa ai Naga ni gaw, masha sat nsen aga, Lanaq-Manmaw Jinghpaw Dowanniyas (Singpho-Assamese nna “Nat Mang Sakra” (Mattai, the tsun shaga nsen aga hte Mungmit- hybrid). Pyengoo-Pangaw Naga ni tsun household deity) hpe jawqjau ma ti- Sinli Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga shaga lang matwa ai Jinghpaw tsun mung, masha shan shah ai hpe, n tsun ni, rai shajang nga ma ai. Miwa shaga nsen manawng ni mung, alak tawn nga ma ai. Laga makau grupyin (China) Yunnan mungdaw, Saphkung alai rai nga nga ai. Ginru ginsa prahkrat nah rau-nga raupra amyu masha ni nah gaiwang nah Jinghpawsu tsun shaga yuqhkrat sa wa ai lamugah shara gamung hkan mung, Kachin ni masha nsen aga ni mung, hpan alakmi bugah machyawm mahpawm hkriqdun htaq, shan hpe shah ai, masha hpe sat shah ginra hkan nhtawm, nga nga shajang hkan nna nsen manawng aga ni shaihkat ai lawnglam ni, n tsun tawn nga ma ma ai hpe mulu ai. Kala (North-east matwa ai raitim, dingdung de nah tsun ai. W.H. Hertz mung, Kachin dailup India) mungdan nah Singhpo ni kawq shaga ai hpe dingdaq de nah wa chyena daihpang lamugah hkan htaq, Kachin ni mung, bugah (Hkawng) tsun shaga ai zawn, sinprawq de nah tsun shaga “masha shan shah ai gamung” n nga ai 3 nsen manawng aga hpanhpan nga ai. nsen manawng aga ni hpe mung, sinnaq hpe, sawk alai shaprawq tawn nga ai. Arunachal Pradesh mungdaw htaq, de nah Jinghpaw ni chyena hkat nga ma Htingbai Naw Awn (Marip) wa mulu ai Singpho tsun shaga nsen ai. mung, “Singpaw” ngu ai nsen aga manawng aga ni gaw : (i). Nchyawq “Singpho” ngu ai amying shingteng gahkum hpe, lachyum hpyan tawn bugah tsun shaga nsen manawng aga, hpe, Dr. Ola Hanson sanglang madiq nga u ai. Shi tsun ai lachyum htaq, (ii). Teng Hkawng bugah tsun shaga dan ai gaw, “Assamese" (Mungnun) Singpaw gaw “masha shazai amyu” nsen manawng aga, (iii). Tayun Hkawng ni, "Jinghpaw" ngu tsun ai nsen ngu ai Tibetan nsen aga gasi na re ai (Nnau-Bordumsa mayan) tsun shaga mahkuh (toHtaetxm; Xmefu&dkPf;usus hpe, madiq nga ai.4 Masha shazai ngu 1 Ola Hanson, “The Kachin : Their customs and traditions”, Rangoon, American Baptist Mission Press , 1913, P-12. (Henceforth : Ola Hanson, 1913). 2 H.N.C. Stevenson, “The Hill Peoples of Burma”, Burma Pamphlets - No.6, London, Longman, 1944, P-8 : The original name of the race now known as Kachin is "Jinghpaw or Singpho" and the name itself is said to be of Tibetan origin, being derived from the Tibetan term “Sin-po” (a cannibal). 3 W.H. Hertz, “Burma Gazetteer – Myitkyina District”, Rangoon, 1960, P-88 : “Cannibalism is unknown to the Kachin proper”. Also see B.D. Maran, 2010, P-37. 4 Htingbai Naw Awn, “Wunpawng Labau Ginshi”, (place, publisher and date unknown), P-56.

17 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 ai hpe, matut sanglang bang tawn ai Yunnan lamugah kawq, Jinghpawsu ni, ngu nna mung grau damlada ai hku, gaw : “Buhpun palawng daqbu daqhpun tsun shaga lang ai lawnglam nga tim, tsunlu nga ai. Hpar majaw nga yang, na ahkying aten n lu ai majaw ashep India Arunachal-Assam lamugah hkan ti-nang hkumhkrang htaq na lamiq amyang, shoilagoi rai nga ma ai. Dai Singpho (Jinghpaw) ni "Wunpawng" laman amying shingteng ni hte, dai zawn rai, ‘La N-yaw’ matu ni aq ngasat ngu ai hpe tsun shaga lang ai ginlam kawq ginrawn kap ai lawnglam hkan ngasa madang hpe yu nna Tibetan ga n nga ma ai. Makau grupyin amyu nah gahkaw gasi ni aq “nsen manawng hku ‘Singpaw – masha shazai amyu’ bawqhpan sumhpar ni mung, shanhte hkrang” ni bungpreq (snr) sawt sawt ngu, shamying ma ai” re, ngu nga lu ai. hpe “Kachin (snr) Wunpawng” ngu ai nsen shaprawq shapru shaga ai, nga hku, n chyena ya nga ma ai. Tsun ga nga ma ai. Gashadawn : Jinghpaw Tibet sinprawq-dingdaq (Southeast nga yang, lagaga zawn, shaduq nga ma htaq, “myi” (eye, rsufpd), “na” (ear, em;), Tibet), Kala sinprawq-dingdung (North- ai. Mungdan tarah mahkrun htaq mung, “karah” (hair, qHyif), ... ngu ai ni hpe, east India) hte Myen sinnaq-dingdung “Kachin hte Wunpawng” ngu ai nsen Tibetan tsun shaga aga nsen manawng (Northwest Burma) lapran gaiwang aga gahkum gasi yan hpe n masat bang hku gaw, “mik, rna, skra” ngu shajang lamugah htaq, ginru ginsa prahkrat tawn nga ma ai. Dik-kadik tsun ga nga nga ma ai. Bai, Jinhpaw tsun shaga aten e myu hpanshan “150” (+) nga yang, shanhte mungdan lamugah sumlar nsen aga hku “ngai na mying” (‘ng/ai’ matwa ai hpe, Dr. Negi Gang (Dept. of hkan pyi, n shamying nga ma ai zawn, = ng = ig; ng-ami : ightrnf) ngu ai hpe Tibetan Language and Literature ; Delhi n ka shakap lawm nga ma ai. Miwa Tibetan amyu ni nah tsun shaga nsen University) tsun hpawq madun matwa htaq, Wunpawng ngu ai hpe shadada aga hku gaw “ngai mying” ngu nga ma ai. Dai htaq, shanhte Tibetan nsen aga katalam gamung hkan e tsun shaga ai zawn, Jinghpaw tsun shaga aga nsen hku nna “Singhpaw Daw Man Chya” lang ai raitim, mungdan tarah mahkrun hku “si ai” (nsaq htum mat ai; nsaq n ngu ai amyu aq ginlam hpe, shanhte lawnglam ni kawq, "Wunpawng" saq ai; n hkrung sai : die, te-di = aoonf) tsun nga ai Tibetan gamung kawq ngu ai hpe n tsun ai sha n-gah, n ka hpe Tibetan ni gaw “shi” ngu nga ma lawmlawm rai nga ai hpe tsun pruwa ai. lang nga ma ai. Ndai gaw Kala hte ai. Shanih shagu tsunlang ra ai htaq Shi bai matut tsun ai htaq, “Singhpaw Miwa mungdan kata nah "Singpho hte nah gasi ni kawq mung, chyawmlang Daw Man Chya” ni gaw share shagan Jinghpawsu" ni aq amying shingteng nga ai gahkum ni, nga nga ai. Dai htaq, nhtawm, kasat gala gumhkawng ai gamung, rai nga ai. Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga e, “shah” hte mazut zai ai amyu re ai lawnglam (eat, ‘tsaa di : pm;onf) hpe Tibetan tsun gamung ni, dupdan matwa ai. Raitim, Munghpawm Myen mungdan, shaga nsen aga hku “ja”, ngu nga ma ai. dainih (today, ,aeU), dai ni (they, olwdkU) mungkan lawnglam ni hte lamuga “Shan” (meat, ataa : tom;) hpe mung, gaw, gara amyu hpanshan ni mahtang shingteng amying ni du hkra, Kachin Tibetan ni gaw “sa” ngu nna tsun nga “Singhpaw Daw Man Chya” ni re, ngu State nah "Kachin" ngu ai amying ma ai. “Tsun shaga nsen aga hpanhpan tsun madiq madun danlu na ngai htaq, shinteng gaw tarah mahkrun hku hpe hkajah dinglik ai hpungtang hpaji” atsam rai n rawng mat nga ai, ngu nna masat shagrin nga nga ai raitim, tinang (linguistics) masa hku, agreq rawm dat tsundan matwa ai. wuhpung wupawng kata htaq sha, tsun yang, Kachin hte Tibetan la-pran kawq, jailang nga ai "Wunpawng" ngu ai hpe Singpho hte seng nna lachyum chyawmlang nga ai “gasi gahkaw ni shara shagu bumba batba jailang lu na hpyan ai htaq “ningmu hpan lahkawng” gawshachyawq ai hkrang” (constructing matu, tarah jashang nhtawm, shagrin (two versions) nga nga ai hpe mulu words) gaw, hkrangjak langai kata nah masat lah ra nga ai. Tsun ga nga yang, nga ai. Ndai ningmu lahkawng yan hpe pruwa ai hkrai, rai nga ai hpe mulu nga "Wunpawng"6 ngu ai gaw tinang amyu ta-tut hkrang satlawat e, “Assamese ai. Ndai hku tsunlu ai mung, shinggyim kata hkan chyusha chyena hkat nhtawm, masha ni hte hkrum shaga sanh yu ai pratpra hkrunlam htaq nah ruhkrat aga, Kachin ngu ai gaw damlada ai hku mahtai hte Tibetan-English (English- shingjat (atsip) aga malawng gaw sakse nna shara shagu hkan, chyena tawn ai Tibetan) dictionary madun ai mahtai” bai kahtap shabyin shatai ya nga ai. shingteng amying, rai nga ai. Kachin ni hpe ginchyum datdat yu yang, Dr. ngu ai htaq, Jinghpaw lawm ai zawn Masha amyu hpanshan langai hte Ola Hanson tsun madun ai lawnglam Azi (Zaiwa), Maru (Lawngwaw), Lashi langai hpe shingdaw dinglik hkajah mabyin gaw, ngam ai ni htaq, grau (Lachik), Nung-Rawang ni mung, lawm nhtawm, gawn matut mahkai ai kawq, ngangkang nga ai hpe mulu nga ai.5 nga ai. Dai htaq, Lisu (Lisaw) mung, laksan tsun shaga nsen aga hpungtang Lachyum gaw, Kachin ni “Dureng” rawng nga ai. India htaq, Singpho hte hpaji hku nna G.A. Grierson, T.C. hpe nkau gaw “Duleng” ngu ai hpar, Lisu yan, pra-nga ai raitim “Azi, Maru, Hodson, Paul K. Benedict, R.G. Brown, rai nga ai. “R hte L” hpe ninggup tsun Lashi, Nung-Rawang” bawqhpan ni nah Herman G. Tegenfeldt, J.J. B.enmison, shaprawq manuh ai hku tsun matwa ai, ginru ginsa hkratbang ai lawnglam n L.F. Taylor, C.C. Lowis, E.R. Leach, rai nga ma ai. nga nga ma ai. Frank M. Lebar, Gerald C. Hickey, John Jinghpaw gaw Kachin rai nga K. Musgrave ….. ni gaw, Kachin hpe zawn, Kachin gaw Jinghpaw sha, Tibeto-burma tsun shaga aga "Tibeto-burma tsun shaga wuhpung" bai n rai nga ai. Singpho (India) hte wuhpung hteq Kachin hkriqdun kawq, shalawm bang tawn nga ma ai. Jinghpawsu (China) ni gaw “Jinghpaw” Ndai lawnglam hpe, Dr. Ola Hanson Kachin e, Tibetan tsun shaga raitim, shanhte ni yawng hpe Kachin hte Major C.M. Enriquez yan mung, mahkuh nsen aga, gahkum, gasi, (Wunpawng) n ngu ai sha n-gah, gaq garan tawn nga ma ai. Shan yan aga manawng ni rawng nga ai, ngu n shamying tsun nga ma ai. Miwa gaw, “Mongolian Class” (Turanian) mai tsun ai kawq, manawng nsen (China) shadip magam e tarah n shang hpe htinggaw masum hku, bai garan bungpreq ai nsen aga manawng ni tim, “Wunpawng” ngu ai hpe Miwa hpe chyawm tsun shaga lang nga ai,

5 B.D. Maran, 2010, P. 37-39. 6 See Ola Hanson, “Dictionary of the Kachin language”, 1906, American Baptish Mission Press, Rangoon, P-711 : “Wunpawng (adj.) – centre; middle; comp. pawng and wundung; lamu wunpawng, ga wunpawng (the middle of heaven, the centre of earth.)”

18 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I ginghkaq tawn nga ma ai. Dai tsun rai nga ma ai. raitim, shara lagaga (gsd. Thailand) ni shaga nsen aga htinggaw masum ni Tibeto-burma aga tsun shaga ai hkan gaw, shanhte Lisu ni hpe, nanhte gaw: amyu hpung htaq, amyu bawqhpan ni gaw Kachin ni rai mi ni? (snr) Kachin (i). Tibetan (Old Tibetan) tsun shaga lawqlawq rawng nga ma ai. “Tibeto- n rai ni? ngu nna san shaga yang gaw, nsen aga htinggaw, Burma Languages” ngu nna damlada ai lachyum n pru mat nga ai” ngu tawn 10 (ii). Chinese tsun shaga nsen aga hkrang hte langwa ai gaw 1828 AD ning nga ai. “Tibeto-burma” tsun shaga htinggaw, e, B.H. Hodgson matut manoi shaprawq aga hpe Max Muller wa mung, “Sub- (iii). Burman (Myen) tsun shaga nsen matwa ai “Tibeto-Burma Dialects Himalaya” ngu nna ginghkaq garan aga htinggaw ni, rai nga ma ai. Papers” ni kawq na, rai nga ai. 1820s shamying laiwa yu sai. Dai hpe, Max Muller gaw, “Gangetic and Lohitic” ngu “Burman tsun shaga nsen aga hkan mung, laga danleng ai “Tibeto- tawn nga ai.11 htinggaw” e Myen, Kachin, Naga, Chin Burma Language” hpe Remusat nah ni hpe shyinggyin bang gumhpawn laika ni htaq, dipshaprawq nga ai. Ndai H.L. Eales gaw tsun shaga aga tawn nga ma ai. Karen, Mon, Annam hpaji machyoi yan nah shawngdaw hpungtang hpaji hparat hku nna nsen ni hpe “Chinese tsun shaga nsen aga de, “Tibeto-burma” gamung hpe sawk langai htaq, jan nna pru ai gahkum htinggaw” yang e, bai bang gumhpawn dinglik na bungli bungsi n galaw shi (polytonic) hte nsen langai sha, pru tawndah nga ai.7 Lisu (Lisaw) hpe nga ma ai. Lachyum gaw kadai hpaji ai gahkum (monotonic) hkrang ni Peter Kunstadter gaw, “Tibeto-burma” machyoi wa mung, n akrawk shi nga ma hpe ningpawt tawn nhtawm, “Kachin tsun shaga nsen aga htinggaw nah ai. hte Naga” hpe tsun shaga aga hpung “Burmese-Lolo, Lolo” kawq, bang tawn “B.H. Hodgson hte Remusat” langai kawq, chyawmbang tawn nga ai. 8 dah nga ai. yan sawk dinglik alai shaprawq tawn Naga hte seng nna G.A. Grierson sawk sagawn dinglik tsun ai htaq, “Naga Amyu hpanshan bawqhpan ni ai lawnglam ni hpe hpangdaw de nah hpanshan amyu kawq, buga tsun shaga hpe, shanhte tsun shaga nsen aga hpaji hparat machyoi ni gaw amyu aga ni aq bungh ai ga hpung dinghkung gahkum gasi kawq hkan nna bungh ai myu amyah tawn yu, garan ginghkaq galu nga ai raitim shanhte hpan hte wuhpung ni hpe lagasan rai, ginghkaq shabawn bang yu, shawq yu, gumhpawn hpan shaihkat nga ma ai; bumba batba garan gumhpawm tawn ai kawq, hpaji dat yu, jat yu, bai shamying dat yu rai tsun yang, Naga tsun shaga aga gaw machyoi (scholar) ni mung, “yawng hkratwa ai ni hpe mulu nga ai. British Myen ni htaq, grau nna Tibetan hte nini hkrum” n rai ai shara ni mung, nga nga prat, “shadip magam” (government, “asuya, atsuya” tpdk;&) hpung ni galaw htephtep ginrawn matut nga ai”ngu ai, ma ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw, shanhte ni 12 9 lawm nga luq ai. H.L. Eales hte G.A. nah mahtai ginchyum shaihkat shajang lajang ai yuptung jahpan (census) htaq Grierson yan aq ningmu ntsa htaq, bai ai lawnglam ni, nga ma ai. Ntsalam mung, tsun shaga aga amyu bungh ai tsunlu ai gaw Kachin mung, Myen htaq bungba batba htaq, grai shaihkat ai ni hpe ginghkaq garan ai lawnglam grau nna Tibetan tsun shaga aga hte satlawat n nga ai raitim, katalam zupzi (language classification) hpe shawng nihtep ginrawn nga ai mahtai, rai nga ai. aran ginghkaq garan gumhpawm dat nah lang hkan gaw myu mi rai, bai jang, “gayau gaya” (nhti nhtang) byin hpang nah yuptung jahpan htaq gaw Ninghpang nsen kya ai consonants13 shajang ai hpe mung, mulu nga ai. hpan laga amyu hku, bai bang tawn (Asnf;) ni hpe tsun shayan hkratwa ai Ndai hku byin ai mung, hpaji machyoi ai hpe mulu nga ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw hkrang gaw “Kachin, Bodo, hte Naga” nkau ni gaw ti-nang kungkyang ai hpaji shara kaliq galai rai, bang majawq tawn amyu bawqhpan hpung ni aq tsun shaga hparat ladat masalam langai hkusha, dah ma ai. Shingdimdaw de tsun shaga aga ni yawng htaq, bumba batba lawm yiqngam bungli sharawt ai zawn, bai aga ginhkaq garan ai lawnglam ni grin ai hpe mulu nga ai. Ndai hkrangmasa nkau sharara ni hkan e hpaji machyoi matwa tim, n hkap lah lu ai mabyin, htaq, Tibetan hpundah ruhpang madung nkau ni gaw shanhte aq hpaji hparat dinglun nga ai gamung ni, pru shayan aga ni hte Himalaya hkan e tsun shaga ladat hpan hkumsumhpa hte shang aran nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Gashadawn, ai aga ni gaw marensha, rai hkat nga galaw ai majaw, shanhte shadaq daq ni Professor F.K. Lehman wa Kachin kata ma ai. Nsen nem tsaw gasi gahkaw nah mahtai ni shai pruwa ai mabyin, rai na Lisu lawnglam hpe madiq madun ni hpe tsun shaga ai hkrang mung, shajang nga ma ai. Shanhte jailang ai nga ai. F.K. Lehman tsun ai htaq, “Lisu tsun shaga aga ni hpe ginghkaq garan hpaji hparat lailadat ni hte kungkyang ai gaw Kachin wuhpung wuhpawng shabungh tawn ai ladat langai mi, rai yiq-ngam bungli hpanhpan ni ntsa kawq hkrang kata kawq, rau-nga raude ai nga ai. Ndai nsen nem tsaw shabungh hkan nna loili shaihkat shajang ai mung, shaloi dinghku masha langai hku nga ai ai gahkum hkrang masa htaq, Tibetan

7 Ola Hanson, 1913, P-33. And also see C.M. Enriquez, “A Burmese Arcady”, 1923, London, P-21. (Henceforth : C.M. Enriquez, 1923). 8 Peter Kunstadter, “Southeast Asia Tribes, Minorities and Nations”, Volume-I, 1967, New Jersey, P-82. (Henceforth : Peter Kunstadter, 1967). And also see Lebar, Frank M. Gerald C. Hickey and John K. Musgrave, “Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia”, HRAF Press, 1964, New Haven, P-28. 9India hte Burma hpe British gaw gumhpawn uphkang ai majaw “Kala Yuptung Jahpan” (Census of India) ngu tawn ai. Shanhte nah yuptung jahpan htaqlah hpang ai gaw, 1891 kawq nna 10 ning ladu hkrum jang kalanglang rai 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941 ning ni hkan, rai nga ma ai. 10F.K. Lehman, “Ethnic Categories in Burma and the Theory of Social Systems”, Southeast Asia Tribes, Minorities, and Nations edited by Peter Kun- stadter, 1967, Volume-I, New Jersey, P-112 : “Another case of asymmetry is that of the Lisu (Maran, this Volume). This “people” is an element in the Kachin social system when living among Kachin, but not when living elsewhere (e.g. in Thailand). It is, of course, meaningless to ask whether Lisu is or is not a “kind” of Kachin.” 11 Max Muller, “Letter to Chevalier Bunsen on the Classification of the Turanian Languages”, 1854, London, P-97 and ff.,(reprinted from Volume-iii of Bunsen’s Christianity and Mankind). 12 G.A. Grierson, “Linguistic Survey of India”, Volume-iii, Part-I, 1967 (reprinted), New Delhi, P-11 : “The Naga group comprises a long series of dialects which mutually differ much from each other. They are, on the whole, more closely related to Tibetan than to Burmese.” (Henceforth : G.A. Grierson, 1967). 13 Consonant (Asnf;) : i. (phonetics) a speech sound made by completely or partly stopping the flow of air being breathed out through the mouth; ii. A letter of the alphabet that represents a consonant sound, for example ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘f’, etc.

19 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 ruhkrat madung nsen aga gaw Kachin tsunlang nga ai hkrang hte laklak lailai mung, ginrawn toiroi nga ma ai.16 tsun shaga aga ni hte marensha, bai marensha rai ai hpe mulu nga ai.15 Bodo hpanshan amyu hpung kawq re ai hpe dandan lengleng mulu ai sha Bodo tsun shaga nsen aga hte seng lawm ai ni gaw, “Bum Kachari (Hills n-gah, Naga ruhkrat madung lapran aga nna mung, G.A. Grierson matut madiq Kachari, Dimasa), Palayang Kachari ni mung marensha, railu nga ai. Tibetan madun tawn ai lawnglam ni nga nga (Plains Kachari), Boro, Rabha, Lalung, bugah aga nkau ni hpe Miwa Ssichuan ai. Bodo tsun shaga aga hpan ni gaw, Deori (Chutiya), Koch, Garoo (Garo), mungdaw hkan, tsun shaga nga ma ai. Tibetan ni hte tsun shaga lawnglam Tripuri…..” ni, rai nga ma ai. Dai ni htaq, gasi ashawng kawq, aga lawqlawq hkan marensha, bungh G.A. Grierson sawk sagawn madiq gajat matut shakap banglang ai gaw shajang nga ma ai. Ninghpang nsen kya madun matwa ai lawnglam ni htaq, laklai ai hkrang langai, rai nga ma ai. gasi ruhkrat madung ni hpe ramdaw Kachin hte Kuki-Chin ni aq tsun shaga Nsenhkum (syllables14 , o&oH?0PÖ) langai damlada ai hku, tsunlang mazing shayan rawng shajang ai ni hkrai, arai nga ma hkrat wa ma ai. ai. Shabyin galaw Ndai lawnglam ni htaq, shanhte ai gasi gahkaw ni gaw “Kachin, Naga, hte Bodo” (verbs, Bud,m) ni hpung tsun shaga ai bugah aga ni hte hpe tsun shaga Tibetan tsun shaga aga ni hpe buklik lang ai shaloi matut yu ma ai. Kachin tsun shaga aga Tibetan ni zawn, ni gaw lawnglam lawqlawq hkan e, aga ashawng e Tibetan hpundah nga ai ruhkrat madung nsen gajat matut nsen aga ni hte ginrawn matut nga ai. shakap lang Gahkum ningpawt nsen kya hkrang ai hkrang gaw madung ni hpe yawng htaq, kyemlang damlada tsun tsun hkratwa nga ma ai. Raitim mung, shaga nga ai dai ni (those; mean ‘not today’) hpe “h” kumla, rai nga ai. nsen hku pruwa sha-ngun ai satlawat Ndai hkrang masa hkrang kaba nga nga ai. Gasi lawq htaq, gasi hpang e malawng nah ashawng e, shakap tsun nsen hpangjat (ga- ai aga gajat (prefix) matut nsen madung noi, suffix) matut ni hpe tsun shaprawq lang nga ai. Ndai kahtap banglang mabyin lawnglam ni hpe gaw, aga gasi tsun shaga ai shawng kawq aga gajat (nsenjat, prefix) gaw Bodo ni nah matut bang ai hkrang hku nna tsun shawa htunglai shaga ai, rai nga ma ai. Kachin ni mung, hku mung, nga Tibetan ruhkrat madung aga nsen nem nga ai. Hkrang tsaw hte marensha, rai shajang nga ma masa dai htaq, ai. Sinnaq hkran magah de, nga shanu Bodo tsun shaga ai Kachin htingbu amyu ni gaw Naga aga hpan ni hte Kuki-Chin amyu bawqhpan hpung gaw Naga hte ni htaq, lawm ai shaga aga ni hpe tsun marensha, rai shaga ma ai. Ndai tsun shaga aga ni nga ma ai. Laga htaq, laklai ai hkrang nsam kumlar ni lawnglam ni htaq lawqlawq lawm nga nhtawm, Kachin mung, “Bodo hpe shanhte tsun shaga aga hte Tibetan hte Naga” yan aga ni aq la-pran e, "shanghkawng gaw, shan yan kawan" (ring connection) matut ginrawn nah lapran htaq, nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Gasi ashawng shanghkawng nah aga gajat nsen matut shakap ai kawan (ring “ga”, “ka” hpe damlada tsunlang ai connection) gaw Kachin hte Naga ni kawq, bumba matut dunhkat Map showing the spreading locations of Tibeto-burman peoples, Tai batba mulu nga ai. Kuki-Chin ni tsun nga ma ai sha peoples, Austro-Asiatic peoples, and Miao-Yao peoples in the first shaga ai gasi gahkaw ni hte, aga nsen n-gah, Kuki- century BC. hpangjat (ga-noi, suffix) matut bang ai Chin tsun  Source : Thant Myint-U, “Where China meets India” (Burma gasi hkrang ni lawqlawq gaw Kachin e, shaga aga ni hte and the New Crossroads of Asia), 2011, ‘Farrar – Straus and Giroux’, New York. (Map drawn by Andras Bereznay).

14 Syllable (o&oH?0PÖ) : any of the units into which a word is divided, containing a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants – a word with two syllables, a two-syllable word : ‘Potato’ is stressed on the second syllable. 15 G.A. Grierson, 1967, P. 10-11 : “The preservation of these soft initial consonants is most common in the dialects belonging to the Kachin, Bodo, and Naga groups, which in this respect agree with classical Tibetan and many Himalaya dialects. The use of tones might possibly suggest itself as another basis of classification. Central Tibetan in this respect apparently agrees with Kachin and probably also with the central Naga dialects. Some Tibetan dialects are spoken in the Chinese provine of Ssechuan. They are characterized by the use of prefixes which are still full syllables. In this respect they connect Tibetan with the dialects of Kachin, Naga, and Bodo groups. The Kachin dialects agree with classical Tibetan in many respects. The old soft initials have, on the whole, been preserved. There is, however, a strong tendency to aspirate them. The old prefixes are still pronounced in many words. Causals are commonly formed by means of prefixes. Kachin possesses a system of tones similar to that of CentralTibetan. The neigbours of the Kachins towards the west speak dialects belonging to the Naga and Kuki-Chin groups, and these are many characteristic features which connect Kachin with both. Thus the extensive use of the prefix “ga”, “ka” is common to Kachin and Naga, and the vocabulary and many suffixes in Kuki-Chin are strikingly like those in use in Kachin.” 20 Established 2015. 2017 Volume III, No. I aga matut ai nihtep ngahkat ai hpe alai shaprawq matwa nga ai. Meithei (Manipuri) gaw, Kuki-Chin hpanshan NDAI ZAWN amyu wuhpung htaq lawm ai raitim, Meithei tsun shaga aga ni gaw, grau nna Jinghpaw hte matut ginrawn nga BYIN WA NA HPE ai. Dr. G.A. Grierson matsing tawn ai ningmu hpe sha, T.C. Hodson matut HKRIT LAQ NNGAI OI! madiq shadaw kahtap tawn nga ai. Dai htaq, shan yan nah ningmu gaw, Meithei hte Kachin amyu hpanshan lapran aq Bum Shingnoi Jr ginrawn matut nga ai lawnglam ni, rai nga ai. Matsing tawn dah ai lawnglam dai sumlar e mulu ai gaw, htaq, Kachin hte Meithei gaw nini Mandalay Mare htaq, hti- htephtep tsun shaga aga matut nga ai hkum lam 28 platform ntsa hpe tsun nga ai. Ndai mabyin htaq, N kawq tinang dum ntah yup-ra shara Meithei hpanshan ni hpe “Kachin hte Kuki-Chin” hpanshan hpung ni zawn, jiqgrawng grang sut dun nna aq lapran nah re, ngu bai myit-sawn yup ai prat rai nga ai. Lam ntsa e ai mahtai shaprawq tawn nga ai.17 yup nhtawm, aprat asak aten hpe Tsun shaga aga ni htaq, Jinghpaw tsun galing galeq shalai shakut ai ni, rai shamying nga ai “ntsin” (water, a&) hpe nga ai. Tsun ga nga yang, nga shara Meithei (Cassay, Manipuri, uonf;) ni dum ntah n lu ai sha n-gah, nga mung “ising” ngu nna bai tsun nga ma shara lamugah nan, n lu ai ni rai nga ai. Dai sha n-gah, Jinghpaw aga htaq, ai. Kadai ni rai maq tah? ngu dat “myi” (eye, rsufpd) hpe Meithei hku nna yang, lawuq gah Myen masha ni, mung “mit”; bai “sha-ta” (moon, v) hpe “tha” ("wm" in Meithei tongue); “yu rai nga maq ai. Raitim, shi gaw alak ai” (see, Bunfh&Ionf) hpe rai yang “u-ba” alai hkrit kajawng myittsang ra ai (",l" in Meithei tongue); “shah ai” (eat, bawq n nga nga uq ai. pm;onf) hpe “cha-ba” (csm; in Meithei tongue) …. ngu nga ma ai. Ndai lahtaq Ngai, kalangdat bai wa myit nah hpaji machyoi ni sawk sagawn alai dumshai dat ai gaw, anhte Kachin tawn dah matwa ai ningpawt ninghpang amyusha ni aq byin nga ai gammaka area gaw, 34, 379 (+) square miles nga lawnglam ni hpe “Kachin daihpang satlawat wa, rai nga ai. Anhte Kachin nga ai. Ndai ram dampa ai lamugah hpe gaiwang ningpawt yujut” (Kachin base amyusha ni wa mung, lafa-wa shai nga taqtut e maduq nna galaw shah nga ai focus) hku, graugrau sha-tang dudu, ni (snr) maduq masat tawn nna maga hpyenhpyen papa, sungsung lili bumba gaq tah? Grau sheq, naqduq jat nga sai. dah ai ni, jagumhpraw arang kaba lu batba sawk sagawn madenjat na yiq- Nga shara dum ntah ngu na pyi, hkum ai Oopai Company kaba ni, arawng ngam bungli mung, kaba nga ai. tsun saq. Yup shara pyi n hkrup mat nga gaq ai. Katsi lagyi dik ai aten e, ningsang kaba lu ai ni (tinggyeng lusut *(Lahtaq kawq, hpaji hparat machyoi lahpawlap, plastic moekar ni hpe nyep lusuh lam matu) hteq maigan masha ni, hpanhpan ni tsun htaqlang hkajah ... hkrai, rai nga maq ai. Ndai lamugah (study) matwa ai aga ni gaw “Kachin” kayawp nna yup ra mat ai prat ngu tim, shara ni gaw, mi-moi Kachin ni ngah ngu tawn ai raitim, Jinghpaw tsun shaga n shut nga sai. Dainih, Kachin masha aga hpe tsun ai, rai maluq ai. Jinghpaw jahpan htam manga nah htam langai hkwi shah, jaugawng gawng nna shan tsun shaga aga ni hpe shanhte shingdaw, mi jan gaw, nga shara kaseq taw sai gap shah ai shara ni hkrai, rai nga ai. htaqlang, masam dinglik galaw tawn ai tsin-yam masha (IDP) rai mat nga sai. Dainih gaw, kaseq tat kau mat maq sai. hpe mahtai shaprawq dah ai , rai nga Hpyen majan kasat galar yen matwa N mai galaw shah mat sai. Kawah shang ai.)*  ai gaw, “jum mung sumh, panau mung kran shawq lah, hpun shang kahtam Ngam ai sawk dinglik adaw laika ni hpe sumh” ngu ai zawn, “ju tawn ai mung shawq htar na pyi, n mai mat sai. Ngar hpang nah lang, bai matut bang shalawm hkat mat, leq tawn ai mung matmat rem, bainam rem na wudat shara ni na. maq” rai nga sagaq ai. “Lahpar nan n lu shamat tat nga sai. Lamugah man ai 16 Ibid : “The Bodo dialects agree with Tibetan mat sai” ngu tim pyi, n shut nga sai. shara, maduq n nga shi ai shara madun in many respects. The old soft initials have, to a yu rit ngu yang mung, layung madiq considerable extent, been preserved, and causal verbs are commonly formed by adding prefixes as Hpyen-yen yen matwa ai mung, madun na shara pyi, n nga nga sai. in Tibetan. It is, however, still more common to mungh lamugah jarit nten mahkar Dikkadik, hkyen bum shara grup-yin form them by adding a suffix. In this respect the pyi, tourism hpaga yamga shara masat Bodo dialects agree with Naga, with which group sheq, garet du taw nga sai. Kahtap nna it also has several other points of connexion, and koiyen hprawng na shara mung, n nga mat maq masai. Lamugah maduq ai ni also with the Kuki-Chin dialects.” yawng gaw shadip magam ni aq tarah 17 sai. Htum sai. Maq mat sai. Nchyun T.C. Hodson, “The Meitheis”, 1908, London, P - shang lamugah maduq ahkaw ahkang 156, 161 : “…… while of the relations of Meithei nnawq e, gariq gawaq gaunghkawm ai to the Kachin group, Dr. Grierson remarks that the zawn chyu, byin nga mat sai. Jinghpaw “grant” laikapa masat lu ai ni hkrai, two are closely connected, and that Meithei must Mungh (Kachin State) lamugah dampa rai nga maq ai. Myit yu magang, anhte be considered as the link between Kachin and the Kachin myusha ni aq shawnglam shing- Kuki-Chin groups.”

21 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 ran gammaka chyip chyip sheq ngu gaw pru nga ai. Myen mungh bumnga taw nga sai. Amyusha rawtmalan shamu wa niq nngai. Ndai gaw yaq yaq yang, amyu masha ni mung, li laq ai lit gun shamawt lamugah pyi, ayak ahkak hkyak hkyak byin nga ai shoichyum shachyaq noi shakap tawn nhtawm, raiwa nhten! Kachin amyu masha lawq shoirang rai nga sagaq ai. motor car jawn nhkrang dauyin bah taw nga nna myit hkrum makai hkak hkawm ai sawt sawt zawn, ngu yang hkat rai nga yang gaw, myo mare e Mungkan satlawat ni (gsd. global pyi n shut nga ai. mung, amyusha rawtmalan bungli shara politics, trend, business, education, mai shabyin nga ai. technology, ...) gaw, n hkring nga ai. Myen mungh grupgra e, alar hkring Shanih shagu galaishai taw nga ai. tsap chyat nga ai hpaga yamga hkaqleng Kachin amyusha ni, dai galaishai Mungkan Majan Kaba Lahakawng ni urut ruh bang wa yang meq gaw, wa ai satlawat mungkan e, shanglawm (WW No.Ist and IInd) yan mung, hpaga aten jahkring mi laman nhtiq nhtang chyauhkawk galawshah manawt lu na yamga wuhkya kashun kasheq ningpawt galaishai matwa lu nga ai. Kachin madang atsam ni jin jin rai nga sagaq nna shangai pruwa ai, mabyin rai nga lamugah gaw, gah-lahtum n shut Miwa sanih? ngu ai garsan gaw, bai ninghtang ai. Jinghpaw mungh mung, Super maha byuha myi npuq shingwang kata myit sumru yu hpar kaba langai mi, Power Miwa mungh kaba aq south- e, rai nga sai. Miwa mung, shiq aq warai nga sai. Myen amyusha ni pyi, north htingrep jahpung ntawt chyinghka nbang ntawt lakang pawt lamugah hpe ndai mabyin satlawat hpe shachyut lep lakang pawt e nan, madiq matut nga ayan e yu aziq nga na, rai uq ai. Dai noi lawm lu na matu, myitruq myittsang ai. Miwa gaw, mungkan ting shiq aq majaw, shi gaw hkrang masing masa ai nsen ni pru nga maq ai. Shanhte ni jagumhpraw hpaga yamga hku nna kaba shawq nga nuq ai. Galaw nga sai. pyi gaw, shanhte hpe garum lah na tarah mung, galup dagup gayawp magraq shang shadip magam ngu ai nga sai ni, tawn wa nga ai. Mungdan reserved Shopping Mall kaba ni, rai nga ai. jagumhpraw mahkawng sha-ngam tawn Supermarket kaba ni, Industrial Zone dah lu ai htaq, mungkan e ningshawng Area kaba ni, Railway Station daru Kachin amyusha lawq malawng aq tsap mat nga nuq ai. Bai nna ASEAN kaba ni, hkrangleng lam kaba ningnan pratpra galawluq galawshah mindset aq “free trade, free tax, free visa” masa ni (Katha-Modah-Gaugwipa-, Kala gaw nam shalawng e chyai ai yiqngam hku nna Myen mungh e, hkrang shawq Ledo-Myitkyina-Manmaw, Miwa, ...), hkrai, rai nga ai. Myo mare kaba nah galaw wa nga masai. Miwa mung, ndai Highway Bus Terminal daru kaba ni, sut maden hpaga yamga jagumhpraw ginjang hpe akyu jashawn, akyu shawq Park hpan hpan kaba ni, Company bungli bungli ni hteq, hkriqdun wa magawn lah lu hkra, nut shachyai bang kaba ni, Heavy Industries, Mining, na mingset ni hpe Kachin gumchying wa nga sai. Miwa mungdan masing Constructing, gah hkrawn bungli gumsa ginru ginsa satlawat (Kachin gaw, mungkan global gear hpe mahtang, hpan hpan ni, Shangwi shapyaw traditional mindset) e, nawq gayawp pat manat shachyai nga ai global trend chyai dabang shara kaba hpan hpan tawn hkrum nga gaq ai. Amyusha lawt madang kawq, shamu shamawt ginsup ni, Myitzone dam madim kaba, Maliq lu lam aq ningpawt ninghpang ni mung, taw nga sai re. hkaq mayan nah madim kaba ni, Nmai ndai nan rai nga sai. hkaq mayan nah madim kaba ni, ... gaw Bai ninghtang asoi yu yu gaq. galaishai wa ai hkyak hkyak mu mada Matut pratpra sa wa na matu, Miwa e mailung maisak hpun mari dat ai apu asi ni, rai na re. Maliq-Nmai htingbut htingra n lu, dum ntah n lu, jang, Myen mungh nah mailung maisak hkaqzup madim hteq seng nna bai sawk hkailuq hkaishah na lamugah n lu, hpun ni maq mat nna krin matwa ai. sagawn hpung ni aq report hpe 2016 jagumhpraw kaseq, nchyang kuli Hpunpawt hpundu pyi, n ngam nga ning, November shata e hpangjahtum jangshah hkawm na bungli tam n mu sai. Lamu marang, katsi kahtet duhkra hku nna NLD shadip magam hpang deq, (n gingdan), ... rai na hpe hkrit tsang ladawq du hkra, shai mat maq nga sai. matsun dah ai hteq maren, tangshawn myitruq laq nngai. Grau nna gaw, Miwa e, taukawk, sawai, waqmadai shangut manuq ai. Hkar!, yaq du hkra, lamugah n lu ai amyusha ni rai matwa (orchid) lakung, ... zawn re ni mari lafa mahtai gamung ni mung, tsun na hpe ningshungsi hprwi hprwi sheq, arawp dat jang, yawng yawng htum pruwa ai n nga ai sha n-gah, Miwa gaw ngu laq nngai. Rohinja amyu masha maq nga sai. Dumsu, uloi mari magawn madim masing hpe byin hkra, shamu ni mung, ndai zawn shoichyum ai, dat yang mung, dumsu uloi ni htum shamawt ahkyen areng nga nga ai. rai nga ai. Myen ni rai yang mung, matwa nga ai. Laiza gat e, dumsu shan Deng-ninghkan, Myitkyina e ninghkap Bangladesh masha ngu nna gawt tam mari shah pyi yak mat nga ai. Myen masha ninggun madun shamu shamawt zingri shaprawq, Bangladesh de bai mungh hkran deq nah dumsu, uloi shan bai kra wa ai, rai saq. du yang mung, Myen masha ngu nna ni hpe Miwa hkran nah Nah Bang gat ninghtang shachyut shaprawq rai, nga deq sheq, Laiza buh ni sa lu mari shakut Lahtaq e tsun matwa sai mabyin shara shamat nna panglai hkaqli jawn shah ra mat nga ai. Myen mungh deq, masa ni galaishai galaw wa ai shaloi, tsin-yam duqhkaq masha tai nna si dumsu uloi ni aq malai Miwa htaulargi, yaq yang masa satlawat nah Kachin gaw si, ngayak jamjau hkrum ai ni, gunrai htaw motor jak hpan hpan, motor amyusha ni aq lamugah shara gaw, rai nga ai. Mungh masa gasi gahkaw cycle ni, bai galai shangbang nga ai. gyip htaq grau gyip kaji matwa chyalu hku tsun madiq yang, “amyusha arum Myen mungh mung, Miwa sut hpaga rai nga sai. Lawq pyi n lawq nga uq ai. araq si ai” (the nation suicide) byin yamga maha byuha uraw kaq kata kawq Lamugah n maduq lu ai ni mung, lawq hkrum nga shajang ai re. Miwa mung, nna lawt pru lu sana i?, ngu ai gasanh wa na satlawat gaw chyasawn sha, rai Kachin Maliq-Nmai hkaqzup madim

22 Established 2015. 2017 Laikabuk Ningnan Bai Pru Sai Volume III, No. I Manau Wang, Laiza.

B.D. Maran Kachin Pratpra Gammaka Satlawat acwfopf EkdifiHa&;orkdif; tjrifjzifh wifjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;? pmwrf;rsm;pkpnf;rI

Uma Zai Ngai Shanglawt Hpyenla

kaba hpe grai galaw akyu shawq lah mayu nga maq tim, Miwa lamugah Dkb. JJ Lum Dau jarit e garet shingbyi hkawm nga ai Kachin hpyen-yen hpyenhprawng tsin- hpe Hparat Panglai Journal kawq nna yam IDP mungh masha ni hpe shanhte Miwa shadip magam ni, lamugah jarit Chyeju Dum Masat Shagrau kawq nna bai ninghtang gawt shaden ai mung, amyusha ni bai myityu hpar du nga sagaq ai. “Myen mungh bum nga laknak hpai rawtmalan amyu ni yawng, lafa majaw rawtmalan bungli n awngdang lu dani?” ngu ai gabaw hpe hpaji hparat machyoi muqnu ni sawk dinglik shaprawq (research paper) ka ra nga sai. Myen mungh rawtmalan chyinghkraw mung, shaning 70 ning hkawt du magang nga sai. Communist Party of Burma (CPB) laknak hpai rawtmalan mung, hkyihpyek hpyek htum masai. Dai hpe Bertil Lintner wa gaw, 1990 ning e, Cornell University Southeast Asia Programe (Ithaca, New York) hku nna “The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma” ngu ai hteq, sawk dinglik ka shaprawq Hparat Panglai Journal gaw, Kachin mungh shawa dawqwa dawqtsa la-pran nuq ai. Lawq laq ai Myen mungh bum deq nhprai n-yet ai sha, ahkying aten shagu mabyin masa, hpaji hparat, htunghking, nga laknak hpai rawtmalan wuhpung labau, hkailuq hkaishah, mungh masa, ... ni hpe ginlen shabrah, ga shaga tsun dan nga ya ai laili laika media jamna langai mi, rai nga gaq ai. Ndai Hparat Panglai ni lafa majaw n awngdang lu ai hpe Journal e, 2016 ning tup, Du Kaba JJ Lum Dau gaw mungh masa laika-ngau ni mahtai bai sawk alai tam shaprawq ra (political analytic articles) hpe aten tup ka bang shanglawm nga ya ai hpe Hparat nga sai. Grau nna mungh shawa masha Panglai Journal kawq nna naqchying chyeju dum shagrau hkungga masat dat gaq ai. dawqwa dawqtsa deq, ning-ra nga ai Kachin mungkan ting e JJ Lum Dau zawn, laili laika ka shalat galaw nga lu ai gaw, lawnglam ni hpe tumpaw hkren chyena yaq yang shi hkrai sha nawq rai na re. dumhprang hkawnhkrang shangun ra Hparat Panglai Journal hpe laili laika hpaji hparat jawq nga ya na matu mat sai. Ndai gaw amyusha lawt lu lam mung, “ADVISER” hku nna chyawm shatsam maraq dat gaq ai. hpe bai shading sharai ai, rai nga sai. Hparat Panglai Editor Hpung Laiza Mare. 23 Established 2015. Volume III, No. I 2017 STATE-BUILDING PROCESS IN MYANMAR: WHY DOES IT FAIL? ABSTRACT Dan Seng Lawn over ‘extraction’ of the resources. Despite the media hype far Burma’s political experience of Monopoly means no rivals within the about Burma1 being transformed more than sixty years has shown us that territory, challenging his authority. In into a democratic State, Asia’s war did not necessarily create a viable order to assert monopoly elimination longest civil war2 is still going on State, rather it vitiated the vitality of or ‘repression’ of rivals is a crucial in the country. Since 2011 ethnic the country. If we stretch the argument task for the ruler. Establishment of rebellions have resumed, especially in a little more, then we may say that it bureaucratic system helps solving the northern and eastern parts of the did create mini-states run by rebels these two cardinal problems namely country. Strategically important parts of in their own controlled areas. On the extraction of resources and repression the country, especially areas bordering other hand, it created an extractive of rivals. Establishment of bureaucratic with China, are less susceptible to economic institutions run by extractive system, therefore, in weberian sense State’s control, leave alone complete government.3 Weighing the evidences, means establishment of state. (Figure 1) rule. Against this gloomy backdrop, war did more destruction to the state Figure 1. Tilly’s war/state-formation this paper sought to analyse the causes than strengthening it. model. of failure of state-building process Having said so, the paper is War Extraction in Burma. Mainly it will look at the structured in the following way: the first Repression State formation importance of the nature of the regime, portion of the paper will briefly discuss the need for legitimacy in the context the literature on the debate about Source- (Taylor & Botea 2008) of ethnic diversity and proximity to whether the generalization, deduced great power i.e., China, as causal Ever since then, Tilly’s aphorism from the study of the role of war in the remains as one of the central factors in explaining the failure of process of state- formation in Europe, State-building process in Burma. Thus, problems scholars accept, reject, or both that ‘war makes state’ (Tilly 1992) at the same time. The central debate is this paper will throw some light on the is applicable in the non- European actual lacuna between de jure and de on whether or not Tilly’s state-building context; Extrapolating from this broader model will be applicable to non- facto sovereignty in understanding the theoretical engagement, the second politics of Burma. European context. Some argue it will portion will look at the interrelation be; others maintain it will not be so, and of war and state-building process in Keywords: Regime, Legitimacy, Civil the rest takes the middle ground. Let’s Burma, and how does it fail, signifying look at each position. War, Ethnicity, Sovereignty, State, the reasons for its failure; the reasons Army are namely the absence of social First Position cohesion due to ethnic diversity, the Introduction type of regime and the proximity with a Proponents of the first position Despite the efforts of successive great power i.e. China. The third portion base their argument on the assumption governments for more than sixty years, will posit some prognoses evaluating that war is the only way for successful Burma is still failing to establish an certain means to overcome these state-formation: there is no other way. inclusive State, let alone a Nation. The inherent debacles namely reshaping Therefore, context is irrelevant. As it scourge of civil war has beendevouring the country on the basic of federalism, has worked in Europe, it will surely the people’s lives, country’s natural establishing a democratic regime and work in the third world as well.4 Joel resources and above all precious time, analysing possible policies in dealing Migdal (1988: 273-274) and Michael yet the end is still not in sight. with China. A certain conclusion will be Desh (1996: 242) maintained that followed suit at the end. ‘the general absence of external war If war creates State, then why a in the developing world explains viable state has not yet emerged in Locating the Debate in the weak states,’ in comparison to the few Burma? Surely, repression is not a Literature: state of the art states that became strong outside the substitute for good governance as order developed world such as South Korea is not for rule of law. The fact of being ‘War makes States,’ thus said and Israel are strong because of their capable of running an army of 300,000 Charles Tilly, having studied the past experience of warfare. soldiers should not mean running a process of European State-formation viable state. The state is not in fact from AD 990 onwards. (Tilly 1985) Youssef Cohen, Brian R. Brown defined by order alone; more important Tilly’s central question is how did war and A.F.K Organski (1981: 901) have it also includes the State’s ability relate to European state-formation? Or rather an optimistic view on the role to manage efficiently the job of in a more general sense, what is the of war in state-making process in ‘authoritarian distribution of values’ in causal relationship between war and developing countries. They refused social, political and economic spheres. state-formation? He came up with a to accept failure of state institutions In this score Burma has failed, perhaps very interesting and convincing causal in the developing world as ‘political miserably. explanation; in order to prevail in a decay.’ For them “violence in these war, a ruler must first make sure that, states is an integral part of the process Keeping that failure in mind, this in his territory, he has a command of accumulation of power by the paper sought to trace the reasons why over ‘means of war’ or ‘resources’ national state. To the degree that Burma fails to establish a viable state which are crucial for war-making. In this power accumulation is necessary after passing many a quality time. So other words, he must have a monopoly for the imposition or maintenance Laikaman (5) de  24