18th Esri India User Conference 2017 Morphometric and Hydrological Analysis of Krishni Watershed, Uttar Pradesh, India: using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Arnab Saha1, Sewata Tomar2, Ankur Rana3, Prafull Singh4 1, 3 Research Fellow, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, U.K., India 2 Student, Amity Institute of Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India 4 Asst. Professor, Amity Institute of Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India Word Limit of the Paper should not be more than 3000 Words = 7/8 Pages) Abstract: About the Author: The term morphometric analysis is used in several disciplines to mean the measurement and analysis in the form of characteristics. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques have been used for the identification of morphological characteristics and analyzing the properties of the Krishni River Watershed in Hindon river basin, which itself is part of the mega Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh, India. In this present study, the Mr. Arnab Saha Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Currently, JRF in Uttrakhand Technical University Elevation Model (DEM) is used for measurement of Dehradun in Snow and Glacier studies project. morphometric characteristics like areal, linear and Completed M.Tech in Geo-informatics and Remote relief aspects with the help of ArcGIS software which Sensing from Amity University. Post-Graduation is an automatic extraction tool was developed by Diploma in Remote Sensing and GIS from IIRS, ISRO ArcGIS environment to delineate the basin Dehradun. Had done B.Tech in Civil Engineering. Area morphometric components. Different thematic maps of interest lies in hydrology, climate change and viz; , slope, relief, aspect etc and hydrological modelling. morphometric parameters viz; order, stream E mail ID: [email protected] length, bifurcation ratio, stream frequency, form Contact: +91 9760038684 factor, circulatory ratio etc. have been prepared by using ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. Land use map of the Ms. Sewata Tomar watershed was generated from latest available Currently completed M.Sc. in Geographical Landsat satellite data and whole watershed covers Information System and Remote Sensing from Amity under barren land, urban, dense vegetation, crop land University Sec 125 Noida. I’ve done my graduation and water body. The watershed possesses the from University of Delhi in B.A.(Hons.) Geography. dendritic drainage pattern with maximum 3rd order Area of interests lies in Forestry and LiDAR Remote of stream which is mainly controlled by physiographic Sensing. and lithological conditions of the area. The form factor ratio is 0.22 and the elongation ratio is 0.53 Mr. Ankur Rana which reveals that basin shape is elongated. Present Currently, JRF in Uttrakhand Technical University, study may be useful to identify for rainwater Dehradun in Snow and Glacier studies project. harvesting, groundwater recharge and watershed Completed M.Tech in Geo-informatics and Remote management using remote sensing and GIS Sensing from Amity University. techniques.

Dr. Prafull Singh Keywords: Morphometric Analysis, Krishni River Asst. Professor, Amity Institute of Geoinformatics and Watershed, DEM, ArcGIS Remote Sensing, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India

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18th Esri India User Conference 2017

Introduction

Morphometric analysis is a mathematical exemplification of earth’s surface (Clarke et al., 1996). Morphometric study of a basin delivers information about different features and characterizes the drainage system of basin in features (Strahler et al., 1964; Dubey et al., 2015). National Institute of Hydrology (1993) has studied the morphometric analysis of various basins and it was based on linear, aerial and relief aspects using different mathematical equations (Dubey et al., 2015). Quantitative morphometric analysis of basin can deliver information about the hydrological nature of the rocks showing within the basin. A drainage map of basin provides a reliable index of permeability of rocks and their relationship between rock type, structures and their hydrological status (Singh et al., 2014). Remote sensing and GIS based assessment has been carried out by number of researchers, scholars and scientists for different landscapes and it is proved to be a very systematic tool for generation of detailed and updated information for characterization of drainage basin parameters (Grohmann et al., 2004; Korkalainen et al., 2007; Hlaing et al., 2008; Javed et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2014; Pankaj and Kumar, 2009). The recent development in drainage morphometric assessment concluded the utilization of space borne satellite images for extraction of and their related features are one the important development in geospatial technology for drainage system mapping and their periodic monitoring in GIS environment (Singh et al., 2013, 2014; Saha and Singh, 2017). Drainage characteristics of many river basins and sub-basins in different portions of the earth have been studied using conventional methods (Horton et al., 1945; Strahler et al., 1957, 1964; Krishnamurthy et al., 1996). GIS-based assessment using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data has given a detailed, fast, and an low-cost way for analyzing hydrological structures (Smith and Sandwell, 2003; Grohmann et al., 2004). The processed DEM was used successfully for generating the stream network and other supporting layers (Mesa et al., 2006; Magesh et al. 2011). The digital elevation model (DEM) of the area was produced to assume the morphometric parameters like drainage basin area, drainage density, drainage order, relief, aspect, length and network diameter in GIS environment. The geographic and geomorphic features of a drainage basin are significant for hydrological research including the assessment of groundwater potential, etc. (Rai et al., 2014). Geology, relief and climate are the main factors of running water systems working at the basin scale (Rastogi and Sharma, 1976). Geographical Information System (GIS) methods are now-a-days in usage for evaluating several and morphometric parameters of the drainage basins and watersheds, as it provide a flexible atmosphere and a significant tool for the manipulation and study of spatial information (Hajam et al., 2013). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the linear, areal and relief morphometric characteristics of Krishni drainage basin. This study is endeavored to use the morphometric technique vis-a-vis GIS to give a vision of the different geo-hydrological features of the drainage basin to help in the identification of ground water potential zones and overall supervision of the basin with focus on groundwater.

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18th Esri India User Conference 2017 Study Area

Hindon river basin originates in the lower Himalaya in Saharanpur district and flowing through the important cities of Uttar Pradesh and Hindon river that flow in the upper part of the basin, namely Krishni, Paondhoi and Dhamola . The Krishni drainage basin covering an area of 1043.37 km2 (approx. 20 % of Hindon river basin) occupies the south eastern part of the Shamli district of Uttar Pradesh as depicted in Figure 1 and is situated between 29°46′ to 29°01′ N latitude and 77°13′ to 77°30′ E longitudes from 208 m to 270 m average from mean sea level (AMSL). The Krishni river basin which is important of Hindon river and also a most important tributary of large Yumana river of Indo-Gangetic plain and contributes significant source of water resource of the area for surface and ground water resources (Saha and Singh, 2017). The weather of the Krishni watershed is categorized by hot summer and well-distributed rainfall during the monsoon season. Average temperature is 32 °C while total annual rainfall is 700 mm in the study area.

Figure 1: Study area map of Surajpur Wetland

Data and Materials used The extraction of drainage network has been done from the SRTM-DEM with 90 m spatial resolution. The generation of depression less DEM is always the introductory step for morphometric analysis of drainage basin. Hydrology tool under Spatial Analyst Tools in ArcGIS-10.4.1 software was used to extract drainage channels, and other parameters. The Landsat 8 OLI & TIRS satellite data was used for the year of 2014 in the present study and the supervised classification was done for the year of 2014 for generation of land use/land Page 3 of 10

18th Esri India User Conference 2017 cover map. The automated technique for delineating streams followed a sequence of steps, i.e. DEM, fill, flow direction, flow accumulation, watershed, and stream order. Thereafter, morphometric parameters have been computed for the entire Krishni river basin. Table 1: Data Used in the present work Types of data/software Details of data/software Sources SRTM DEM 90 m, Year 2004 http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/ Landsat 8 satellite imagery Path/row: 146/39 and 146/40, https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Dated 30/01/2016 and 02/03/2016 ArcGIS software ArcMap 10.4.1 http://desktop.arcgis.com/

Methodology

(Source: http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/printBooks_topics.cfm?pid=6050 and Saha et al., 2017) Figure 2: Methodology adopted for Drainage Morphometric Analysis

Physical extraction of drainage network and assigning the stream order from a published Survey of India (SOI) topographic map and from georeferenced satellite data for a large area is a time taking and boring exercise. To overcome this difficult, automatic extraction methods have been used for assessing the morphometric parameters of a basin, i.e., extraction of river basin or watershed boundary and extraction of drainage or stream network from the Krishni river basin using SRTM DEM in combination with geocoded standard false color composite remote sensing satellite data (Landsat ETM of 2013) using ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. All the extracted parameters from satellite images and SRTM DEM such as the number and lengths of streams of each Page 4 of 10

18th Esri India User Conference 2017 different order; basin perimeter, drainage area and total basin length, and width were calculated using ArcGIS software, drainage frequency, drainage density, form factor, shape, circulatory ratio, and elongation ratio, etc., were calculated from these parameters.

Figure 3: Elevation and Flow accumulation of Krishni river watershed

Figure 4: Flow direction of Krishni river watershed Page 5 of 10

18th Esri India User Conference 2017 Results and Discussion

Quantitative morphometric analysis provides very consistent information to assess and understand the hydrological behavior of the rocks and their hydraulic characteristics (Saha and Singh, 2017). The SRTM DEM has been obtained with a pixel size of 90 m and also, it has been used to calculate slope and aspect maps of the watershed. Several important linear, areal and relief aspect of Krishni river watershed and their hydrological inferences were discussed in detail in the table 2,3,4 & 5, aspect and slope map shown figure 6 and drainage map with stream order shown figure 5. Morphometric parameters such as basin relief, basin shape and stream length also affect basin shape strongly through their variable effects on lag time. The normal runoff is one of the most effective geomorphic activities in shaping the landscape of an area. Sl. No. Morphometric Parameters Formula Reference A Drainage Network 1. Stream Order Hierarchical Rank Strahler (1952) 2. Total Stream order Sum of Stream order 3. Stream number (Nu) Nu = N1+N2+ …….+Nn Horton (1945) 4. Stream length (Lu) (km) Length of the stream Strahler (1964) 5. Stream length ratio (Lur) Lur =Lu/(Lu-1) Strahler (1964) 6. Bifurcation ratio (Rb) Rb= Nu/Nu+1 Strahler (1964) B Basin Geometry 7. Basin Perimeter (P) GIS software analysis Schumm (1956) 8. Basin Length (Lb) (km) GIS software analysis Schumm (1956) 9. Basin Area (km2) (A) GIS software analysis Schumm (1956) 10. Form factor Ratio (Rf) Ff = A / Lb2 Horton (1932) 11. Elongation Ratio (Re) Re= 2√(A/π)/L Schumm(1956) 12. Shape Factor Ratio (Sf) Sf=Lb2/A Horton (1945) 13. Circularity Ration (Rcn) Rcn = A / P Strahler (1964) 14. Relative Perimeter (Pr) Pr = A / P Schumm (1956) C Drainage Texture Analysis 15. Drainage Density (Dd) Dd = Lu / A Horton (1932) 16. Stream Frequency (Fs) Fs = Nu / A Horton (1932) 17. Drainage Intensity (Di) Di = Fs / Dd Faniran (1968) 18. Length of overland flow (Lo) Lo= 1/Dd×2 Horton (1945) D Relief Characterization 19. Maximum Basin Height (Z) (m) GIS software analysis 20. Minimum Basin Height (z) (m) GIS software analysis 21. Total Basin relief (H) (m) H = Z - z Strahler (1952) 22. Relief Ratio (Rhl) Rhl = H / Lb Schumm (1956) 23. Relative Relief Ratio (Rhp) Rhp = H * 100 / P Melton (1957) 24. Ruggedness Number (Rn) Rn = Dd * (H / 1000) Patton & Baker (1976) 25. Melton Ruggedness Number (MRn) MRn = H / A^0.5 Melton (1965) Page 6 of 10

18th Esri India User Conference 2017 Table 2: Linear aspect of Krishni river watershed Stream Stream Total Stream length Total Mean stream Stream Bifurcati Mean Rho Order number Stream (Lu) (km) Stream length (km) length on ratio bifurcation Coefficient (Nu) Numbers length (Lsm) ratio (Rb) ratio (Rbm) (ρ) (km) (Lur)

I 62 286.122171 4.614874

II 12 75 77.757571 447.41 6.479798 0.27 5.16 8.58 0.052

III 1 83.530258 83.530258 1.07 12 0.089

Table 3: Aerial aspect of Krishni river watershed Basin Basin Length Basin Area Form factor Elongation Texture Circulatory Drainage Perimeter (Lb) (km) (km2) (A) Ratio (Rf) Ratio (Re) Ratio (T) Ratio (Rc) Texture (Dt) (km) (P) 271.07 67.98 1043.37 0.22 0.53 0.28 0.18 0.28

Compactness Shape Factor Fitness Ratio (F) Length Area Lemniscate’s (k) Circularity Relative coefficient (Cc) Ratio (Sf) Relation (Lar) Ration (Rcn) Perimeter (Pr) 2.38 4.43 0.25 90.61 4.43 3.85 3.85

Table 4: Drainage texture analysis of Krishni river watershed Drainage Density Stream Frequency Constant of Drainage Intensity Number Length of overland (Dd) (Fs) (Di) (If) flow (Lo) Maintenance (C) 0.43 0.07 2.33 0.16 0.030 1.16

Table 5: Relief aspect of Krishni river watershed

Max. Min. Basin Basin Relief Relief ratio Relative Gradient Watershed Ruggednes Melton Basin Height (z) (H) (m) (Rh) Relief ratio Ratio (Rg) Slope (Sw) s Number Ruggedness Height (Z) (m) (Rhp) (Rn) Number (m) (MRn) 270 208 62 0.912 22.87 0.0009 0.0009 0.026 1.2

The technique of stream ordering proposed by Strahler in 1952. Stream order increases when streams of the same order are intersect. So, the intersection of a first order and second order link will remain a second order link, rather than create a third order link. Krishni river basin has 3rd order of stream (Figure 5) and has total length of all order of streams is 447.41 Km. The ratio between the two orders of stream sections; lower to the next higher order, called Bifurcation ratio. If the bifurcation ratio of any drainage is low, chances of flooding increases, the flow of water will accumulate in particular streams rather than spreading (Lodhi et al., 2017). The basin boundary delineated from SRTM DEM with the help of ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. Stream frequency is calculated of segments of streams as per unit area of a basin. Drainage density is the ratio of total stream length of the basin to basin area. The drainage density of Krishni is 0.43 Km2. Relief ratio is the ratio between the basin relief and basin length. It analyse the terrain gradient of a drainage basin and it also specifies the intensity of erosional processes operating on slopes. Page 7 of 10

18th Esri India User Conference 2017

Figure 5: Stream order and LULC map of Krishni river watershed

Figure 6: Aspect and Slope map of Krishni river watershed

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18th Esri India User Conference 2017 Conclusion

Remote sensing and GIS method is the effective technique in drainage extraction through DEM data. The hydrological investigation carried out for the krishni watershed confirms that the watershed is having low relief and elongated shape. Drainage network of the watershed displays as mainly dendritic type which specifies the homogeneity in texture and lack of physical control and helps comprehend various terrain parameters such as nature of the runoff, infiltration capacity, bedrock, etc. High resolution satellite data also helps in different geological and climatic conditions for better understanding the status of landforms and other parameters like urban planning, transportation planning, ecological economic zoning, environmental issues, water resources management etc. The results observed in the present work can be used for site suitability analysis of soil and water conservation structures and rain water harvesting in the area. Subsequently, these parameters were assimilated with other hydrological information. Morphometric analysis of Krishni watershed in India offers not only a well-designed description of the basin landforms and also protects the pollution of the river.

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18th Esri India User Conference 2017 12. Mesa, L.M., (2006) Morphometric analysis of a subtropical Andean basin (Tucuman, Argentina). J Environ Geol., 50(8), pp. 1235–1242 13. Pankaj, A. and Kumar, P., (2009) GIS based morphometric analysis of five major sub-watershed of Song River, Dehradun district, Uttarakhand with special reference to landslide incidences. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 37, 157–166. 14. Rai, P.K., Mohan, K., Mishra, S., Ahmad, A. and Mishra, V., (2014) A GIS-Based Approach in Drainage Morphometric Analysis of Kanhar River Basin, India, Applied Water Science. DOI 10.1007/s13201-014- 0238-y 15. Rastogi, R.A. and Sharma, T.C., (1976) Quantitative analysis of drainage basin characteristics. Jour Soil and water Conservation in India. 26: 18-25. 16. Saha, A. and Singh, P., (2017) Drainage Morphometric Analysis and Water Resource Management of Hindon River Basin, using Earth Observation Data Sets, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), Vol-3, Issue-4, pp. 2051-2057. 17. Singh, P., Gupta, A. and Singh, M., (2014) Hydrological inferences from watershed analysis for water resource management using remote sensing and GIS techniques, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 17, 111–121 18. Singh, P., Thakur, J. and Singh, U.C., (2013) Morphometric analysis of Morar River Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Environ. Earth Sci. 68, 1967–1977. 19. Smith, B. and Sandwell, D., (2003) Accuracy and resolution of shuttle radar topography mission data. Geophys Res Lett, 30(9), pp. 20–21 20. Strahler A.N, (1964) Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks In: Chow Ven Te (Ed) Handbook of applied hydro McGraw Hill Book Company, New York. 21. Strahler, A.N., (1957) Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Trans Am Geophys Union, 38, pp. 913–920

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