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ENTO-049 2/16 Patrick Porter, Ed Bynum, Roy D ENTO-049 2/16 Patrick Porter, Ed Bynum, Roy D. Parker, Robert Bowling, and Stephen P. Biles* *Respectively, Extension Entomologist at Lubbock; Extension Entomologist at Amarillo; Extension Entomologist at College Station (Emeritus); Extension Entomologist at Corpus Christi; Extension Agent-Integrated Pest Management at Port Lavaca The Texas A&M University System New images for the 2016 Guide: Christine DiFonzo (Michigan State Univiversity) Stephen P. Biles Ed Bynum Dalton Ludwick, University of Missouri Patrick Porter Legacy images from the 2010 Guide: Bob Glodt Alton N. Sparks Phil Sloderbeck (Kansas State Univiversity) John Norman Bart Drees Contents Preface . 4 Introduction................................................4 Biological control ...........................................5 Seasonal progression of pests ................................5 Transgenic corn for insect control.............................5 Multiple toxins in modern transgenic corn . 6 Insect resistance management and transgenic corn . 7 Pre-emergence insect control ................................8 Soil-inhabiting pests . 8 Seed treatment . 8 Soil treatment . 8 White grubs and cutworms . 9 Wireworms, seedcorn maggots, and seedcorn beetles . 9 Mexican and western corn rootworm . 9 Southern corn rootworm . 10 Seedling to tassel stage insect control.........................11 Corn leaf aphid . 11 Soil cutworms . 11 Southwestern corn borer . 11 European corn borer . 12 Lesser cornstalk borer . 12 Other borers . 12 Corn earworm and fall armyworm . 13 Flea beetles . 13 Chinch bug . 13 Tassel to hard dough stage insect control .....................14 Corn earworm . 14 Southwestern corn borer . 14 European corn borer . 15 Spider mites . 15 Adult corn rootworm beetles (Mexican and western corn rootworm) . 17 Fall armyworm . 17 True armyworm . 17 Western bean cutworm . 17 Grasshoppers . 18 Sap beetles . 18 Insecticide application methods .............................18 Endangered species regulations .............................18 Worker Protection Standard ................................19 Protecting bees and other pollinators from insecticides . 19 Appendix . .20 Preface value. Insect control recommendations in this pub- lication refer primarily to insect and mite control on This edition of Managing Insect and Mite Pests field corn. of Texas Corn is a departure from all past versions; it A few insect and mite pests attacking corn in assumes that transgenic technology is now the most Texas show some resistance to once-effective pesti- common form of insect control for major pests, and cides. Generally, the more extensively a pesticide is that most other pest control decisions will be made for used, the more rapidly that resistance develops. Even fields of transgenic corn. However, this edition does insecticides with different trade names may have the not deemphasize non-transgenic corn; it includes as same active ingredient(s), and alternating between much information on managing pests of non-trans- insecticides with the same active ingredients does no genic corn as in the past. good in delaying resistance. Insect-protected transgenic corn and its associ- The suggested insecticides tables contain a col- ated seed treatments have fundamentally changed umn titled IRAC group. This is the formal mode of the way we practice insect pest management for many action group recognized by the International Resis- key pests. These technologies are deployed before the tance Action Committee. To delay the development insects arrive rather than after they begin threatening of resistance, rotate insecticides from different IRAC economic loss. groups; never apply insecticides from the same IRAC As with traditional insecticides, we must not use group sequentially. these new technologies carelessly. The pest numbers This publication complements Texas Corn Pro- may not justify the cost of control, and it would pro- duction Emphasizing Pest Management and Irrigation mote insect resistance through widespread and con- (B-6177, 2005), which is available from the Texas A&M tinuous selection. AgriLife Extension Bookstore (http://www.agrilife However, these technologies do allow greater flex- bookstore.org) for $5 per copy. Texas Corn Produc- ibility in designing pest management plans. They usu- tion provides details on each corn pest and discusses ally enable growers to avoid using insecticides for key scouting and economic thresholds. pests, such as caterpillars, which in turn will reduce the threat of the secondary pest outbreaks that often Policy statement for making result from pesticide use. pest management suggestions This publication does not list all of the products Introduction registered for corn or all uses for the products men- Corn is subject to insect attack throughout the tioned. The insecticides and suggested use patterns growing season. Some insects may reach damag- were determined by a consensus of Extension and ing levels in spite of natural predators and parasites, research entomologists based on field tests. Products and the pests may require chemical control. However, listed must meet specific performance standards and insect numbers do not always relate directly to plant avoid undue environmental harm. damage. Equally important are other factors such as The suggested insecticides have been tested to crop rotation, growth stage, moisture conditions, plant make sure that they provide adequate control in field vigor, time of year, and parasite and predator abun- situations. However, it is impossible to eliminate all dance. Therefore, apply chemicals only after careful risks. Unforeseen or unexpected conditions or cir- evaluation of economic and natural control factors. cumstances may lead to less-than-satisfactory results. To use insecticides wisely, producers must inspect The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service assumes their crops often to determine whether insect or mite no responsibility for such risks; the user of this publi- pests have risen to damaging numbers. See the indi- cation shall assume that responsibility. vidual insect sections in this publication for methods Suggested pesticides must be registered and labeled of determining insect numbers and guides for deter- by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mining the need for pesticides. and the Texas Department of Agriculture. The status of Seed-corn production fields and sweet corn are pesticide label clearances is subject to change and may more susceptible to insect damage than is field corn. have changed since this publication was printed. The Certain pests must be controlled at lower levels for user is always responsible for the effects of pesticide resi- seed corn and sweet corn because they are more sus- dues on livestock and crops, as well as for problems that ceptible to insect attack and the kernels have higher arise from drift or movement of the pesticide. 4 Always carefully follow the instructions on the Table 1. Seasonal progression of insect pests product label. Pay particular attention to the practices Pest Seed/ Whorl to Tassel/ Grain that ensure worker safety. seedling pretassel silk filling For more information, contact your county Exten- Wireworm × sion staff or contact the Extension Entomologist at the White grub × Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, Fire ant × College Station, TX 77843-2475, or call (979) 845-7026. Seedcorn beetle × Disclaimer Seedcorn maggot × Lesser cornstalk borer × × The information given herein is for educational Flea beetle × purposes only. Reference to commercial products or Chinch bug × × trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Corn leaf aphid × × × Texas A&M AgriLife Extension is implied. English grain aphid × × × Cutworms × Biological control Fall armyworm × × × × Armyworm × × × × Biological control is the use of living organisms Western corn rootworm × × × such as parasites, predators, and disease-causing Mexican corn rootworm × × × organisms (pathogens) to control pests. Insect and Southern corn rootworm × × mite populations are often held below damaging levels Spider mites × × × × by weather, lack of food, and natural enemies (includ- Southwestern corn borer × × × ing diseases, predators, and parasites). Recognize the impact of these natural control factors and, where European corn borer × × × possible, encourage their action. Mexican rice borer × × × Biological control includes the conservation, aug- Sugarcane borer × × × mentation, and importation of natural enemies: Neotropical borer × × × ◆ Conservation involves protecting populations Western bean cutworm × × × of natural enemies by minimizing insecticide Corn earworm × × × applications and by using insecticides that are Grasshoppers × × × more toxic to the target pest than to the natural enemy. ◆ Augmentation entails the periodic purchase Transgenic corn and release of natural enemies. ◆ Classical biological control is the importation for insect control of natural enemies from other countries. Modern insect-protected transgenic corn com- bines several toxins, all of which derive from the bac- Seasonal progression of pests terium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This is why we use This guide discusses insect and mite pests in the the term Bt corn. However, newer technology that approximate seasonal order that they damage corn: does not rely on Bt is on the horizon. pre-emergence, seedling to tassel, and tassel to hard Genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium dough. Many pest species cause economic damage for have
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