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Review Article ISSN: 0976-7126 CODEN (USA): IJPLCP Batabyal , 11(9):6959-6973, 2020

[[ Microbes as Bio : Sustainable and Environments Biswajit Batabyal Consultant Microbiologist, Serum Analysis Centre Pvt.Ltd; Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Abstract Article info The worldwide increase in population raises a big threat to the security of each people as the land for agriculture is limited and even getting Received: 05/08/2020 reduced with time. Therefore, it is essential that agricultural productivity should be enhanced significantly within the next few decades to meet the large demand Revised: 10/09/2020 of food by emerging population. Not to mention, too much dependence on chemical for more crop productions inevitably damages both Accepted: 21/09/2020 environmental ecology and human health with great severity. Exploitation of microbes as bio fertilizers is considered to some extent an alternative to chemical fertilizers in agricultural sector due to their extensive potentiality in © IJPLS enhancing crop production and food safety. It has been observed that some including growth promoting bacteria, fungi, www.ijplsjournal.com Cyanobacteria, etc. have showed bio fertilizer-like activities in the agricultural sector. Extensive works on bio fertilizers have revealed their capability of providing required to the crop in sufficient amounts that resulted in the enhancement of crop . strategies today are mainly dependent on inorganic chemical-based fertilizers, which cause a serious threat to human health and the environment. Bio-fertilizer has been identified as an alternative for increasing and crop production in sustainable farming. The exploitation of beneficial microbes as bio-fertilizers has become of paramount importance in agricultural sector due to their potential role in food safety and sustainable crop production. Efficient plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) solubilize the nutrients in soil and facilitate absorption by and consequently enhance the plant growth and yield. PGPMs also sustain the soil fertility, soil health, and mobilization efficiency under . Current soil management strategies are mainly dependent on inorganic chemical-based fertilizers, which caused a serious threat to human health and environment. The exploitation of beneficial microbes as a has become paramount importance in agriculture sector for their potential role in food safety and sustainable crop production. The eco-friendly approaches inspire a wide range of application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), endo- and ectomycorrhizal fungi, cyanobacteria and many other useful microscopic organisms led to improved nutrient uptake, plant growth and plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. The knowledge gained from the literature appraised herein will help us to understand the physiological bases of biofertlizers towards sustainable agriculture in reducing problems associated with the use of chemicals fertilizers.

Keywords : Biofertilizer; Soil fertility; Crop productivity

[ Introduction A biofertilizer is a substance which contains solubilizing , and stimulating plant living microorganisms which, when applied to growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting , plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the substances. can be expected to rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and reduce the use of promotes growth by increasing the supply or synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. availability of primary nutrients to the host plant [1] . Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural *Corresponding Author processes of fixation, E.mai: [email protected]

International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Volume 11 Issue : Sep, 2020 6959 Review Article ISSN: 0976-7126 CODEN (USA): IJPLCP Batabyal , 11(9):6959-6973, 2020

The microorganisms in biofertilizers restore the environmental changes, and inputs of carbon and soil's natural and build soil organic [4,5] . matter. Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy Today, microbial-based biofertilizers are plants can be grown, while enhancing the considered to be among key agricultural and the health of the soil. Since they components that improve crop productivity and play several roles, a preferred scientific term for contribute to sustainable agro-. It is a such beneficial bacteria is "plant-growth component that aggregates a variety of microbial- promoting rhizobacteria" (PGPR). Therefore, they based bio-products whose bioactivities are are extremely advantageous in enriching soil essential to stimulate and improve biological fertility and fulfilling plant nutrient requirements processes of the intricate plant–microbe–soil by supplying the organic nutrients through continuum [6] . Different kind of soil and their by products. Hence, microorganisms that exhibit PGP traits can be biofertilizers do not contain any chemicals which used for the production of efficient biofertilizers [1, are harmful to the living soil. 7, 8,9] . Worldwide food demand is increasing rapidly and Generally, beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms so more in developing nations where crop lands can boost plant growth via multiple regulatory and resources hardly contribute to an efficient biochemical pathways that include manipulating crop production needed to meet such an urgent the plant hormonal signaling, preventing demand for food. There is a need to intensify pathogenic microbial strains and increasing the agricultural production in a sustainable manner bioavailability of soil-borne nutrients [10,11, 12, 13, 14] . through use of efficient agro-biosystems which Direct mechanisms generally facilitate resource consider the entire agroecosystem bio-chemical (i.e., N, P, K, and essential ) diversity and their potential to mitigate the acquisition, modulate plant hormone biosynthesis, adverse impacts of low soil fertility, abiotic stress, and various molecules either extra-cellularly in pathogens, and pests [2, 3] . In this context, global the vicinity of rhizosphere (i.e., siderophores) or issue will foster reliance on intra-cellularly such as aminocyclopropane-1- , development, and delivery of carboxylate deaminase which facilitate plant that lead to increased food growth and development by decreasing ethylene production while ensuring sustainable levels, and alleviating osmotic (salinity and intensification of agriculture. A number of drought) stress in plants [15, 16] . Indirect innovative and efficient technologies has been mechanisms by which rhizosphere adopted such as smart irrigation systems, smart microorganisms could promote plant growth are fertilizers [i.e., controlled release fertilizer and mainly involved in decreasing the inhibitory enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), etc.], effects of various phytopathogens through acting integrated fertilization, and diseases biocontrol as biocontrol agents [12, 17] via antimicrobial strategies as as diverse imaging- and sensing- metabolites biosynthesis (i.e., hydrogen cyanate, based technologies that provide highly valuable phenazines, pyrrolnitrin, 2,4- information for monitoring and securing crop diacetylphloroglucinol, pyoluteorin, productivity. Agricultural microbial viscosinamide, and tensin, etc.), competition to biotechnology through the integration of nutrients and the elicitation of induced systemic beneficial plant–microbe and microbiome resistance [18,19] which may occur due to a interactions may represent a promising sustainable beneficial interaction of some rhizobacteria with solution to improve agricultural production [3] . For plant roots resulting in plant resistance against instance, advances in genomic, post-genomic, some pathogenic microorganisms. , ecology, and symbiotic interactions The positive impacts of microbial-based of beneficial microbial strains have led to the biofertilizers on growth and yield of staple crops development and commercialization of efficacious may be limited to a single nutrient element such microbial products with proven success to as N-fixing bacteria, but also to several nutrients, improve crops’ yield and adaptation to due to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [20] . Moreover, the development of microorganisms’

International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences Volume 11 Issue : Sep, 2020 6960 Review Article ISSN: 0976-7126 CODEN (USA): IJPLCP Batabyal , 11(9):6959-6973, 2020 consortium which is a polymicrobial mixture that knowledge on the dual use of the microbial and contains several microbial strains belonging to mineral nutrient resources with peculiar emphasis different functional groups may strongly promote on P fertilizers was presented as an example of plant growth, yields, and healthy agro ecosystems positive IPNMS that may lead to a profitable [21, 22] . Success in constructing effective “microbial/mineral” inputs marriage. polymicrobial formulations with multiple modes The intended to x-ray the role of bio fertilizers in of action depends on how functional, sustainable agriculture thereby meeting the needs complementary, and synergic the candidate strains of and plant biologists whose work are [22, 23] . For example, inoculation with mixed focuses on creating clean and efficient means of to cultures of Penicillium spp. and AM fungi improving soil quality by nourishing and induced positive and synergistic effects maintaining the useful and natural flora of (especially enhanced and growth) microorganisms. Furthermore, it presents recent in cereals and [24, 25, and 26] . Such positive developments in the field of agricultural impacts on crops have also been observed management that reveals the potentials of the when co-inoculating with Rhizobium spp. application bio fertilizers in terms of increased and Penicillium [27, 28] , with AMF [29, nutrient profiles, plant growth and productivity 30] , Rhizobium and P solubilizing-bacteria [31] , or and an improved tolerance to environmental even with the tripartite inoculation with AMF- stress. Rhizobium -P-solubilizing [32, 33] . Nutrients necessary for plant growth Multifunctional microbial consortia may also Plants require a great number of elements (mac- involve free-living NF bacteria as well as different ronutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, C, O, H and mic- PGP rhizobacteria with higher abilities to ronutrients: Fe, B, Cl, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ni) and maximize plant growth, yield and efficient N their com-pounds for growth and development. uptake [34, 35, 36, 37, and 38] Those elements are used to create and maintain Both basic and applied research on screening, the cells and the necessary life processes such as designing, testing and validating potential growth, reproduction, respiration and microbial resources for their beneficial impacts on . As a part of photosynthesis, plants agriculture have gained global interest. create various forms of polysaccharides, lipids, Particularly, NF bacteria including both symbiotic and other organic molecules [42] . For and non-symbiotic and P solubilizing/mobilizing normal functioning, the plant absorbs various microorganisms have increasingly been used as chemical elements from the soil, which in biofertilizers, and now account for more than 75% combination with water and carbon-dioxide form of globally marketed microbial-based compounds [43] . biostimulants. These segments are expected to Numerous elements are widespread in the soil in grow by 20 and 13% for the P-solubilizers and N 2- forms that plants cannot assimilate. Because of fixers segments, respectively [3, 39, 40, and 41] . Given that, the basic precondition for a plant to uptake their importance for promoting sustainable certain element is its bioavailability [43] . Water and agriculture, these microbial-based bio stimulants nitrogen are considered to be the most important need to be more deeply explored in combination factors for development of a plant [44] . Plants are with multiple nutrient resources such as mineral only able to absorb nitrogen in the form of fertilizers and relevant agricultural practices in and , while molecular form from the air order to develop effective integrated strategies remains unavailable to them. When the level of that sustain crop production and soil fertility. This nitrogen in the plants is low vegetation is limited, is a highlight the importance of the latter leading to reduced productivity [45] . Besides that, nutrients- N- and P-supplementing phosphorus usually originates from insoluble microorganisms in a context of promoting rock formations, and in spite of a large sustainable agriculture owing to their specific amount of phosphorus in the soil (400-1200 metabolic functionalities to increase use of mg/kg), only a small part of it is available to the essential nutrients (P and N) by major crops such plant for plant metabolism processes. Phosphorus as cereals and legumes. Furthermore, recent deficiency may cause slower growth of the plant

International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences Volume 11 Issue : Sep, 2020 6961 Review Article ISSN: 0976-7126 CODEN (USA): IJPLCP Batabyal , 11(9):6959-6973, 2020 and reduced leaf biomass [46, 47] . Similarly, that provides optimal conditions for the bacteria regulates enzymatic reactions, [55,56] . On the other hand, plant growth promoting stress resistance, stomata functions, fungi include arbuscular (AM), photosynthesis and transport [48] . ectomycorrhizae (EcM) and root fungi such Lack of potassium in soil may cause plant as Penicillium , Trichoderma and Aspergillus . functions disorder, resulting in poor crop quality They produce organic acids and enzymes that [49, 50] . And furthermore, plant productivity is inhibit pathogens or dissolve insoluble significantly influenced by the presence of other compounds [56] . elements and plant hormones, thus, it is quite clear Knowing that every plant has a defense system that every plant should be supplied with a against pathogens, it is interesting to discuss the sufficient amount of every nutrient. The long-term way plants actually detect and distinguish practice of enriching the soil through the use of beneficial microbes from a pathogenic kind. It is chemical fertilizers has proven to be quite believed that every plant has a receptor with unfavorable for the environment and has led us to microbe-associated molecular patterns which are alternative solutions that will provide plants with the key elements in a plant-microbe the necessary compounds [51] . One of the more [57] . In that process, different popular approaches is the use of microorganisms signaling mechanisms are involved that promote plant growth, and their incorporation (chemoattraction, initiation of the nodulation into microbial fertilizers which, when applied to process, release of volatile compounds etc.) and a seeds, plant itself or incorporated in the ground variety of chemical compounds (organic acids, may provide all the nutrients plant need [52] . sugar, flavonoids, volatiles) are released. Presence Plant growth promoting microorganisms of a certain compound is actually signal for (PGPMs) starting off root colonization or nodule forming As previously stated, PGPMs naturally inhabit the process. After colonizing the plants root, bacteria rhizosphere, favorably affect the plant, improving start to show their beneficial effects [58] . its productivity and resistance to pathogens [52] . There is a wealth of literature covering different Some of the PGPMs, which in general can be possibilities of inoculation of wide range of divided into bacteria and fungi, include the plants, even in and fungiculture [59, 60] . following strains: A zospirillum, Azotobacter, Rhizobia is used by great number of Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Bacillus, commercialized fertilizers designed for legume Paenibacillus, Klebsiella, Flavobacterium, crops, although some studies show other choices Gluconobacter, Penicillium, might be successful as well [61] . For Trichoderma and Streptomyces [53] . example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to Microorganisms such as Rhizobium, Klebsiella, promote growth of faba beans and common beans Clostridium, Bacillus megaterium, at the same time preventing root rotting caused Penicillium sp ., Trichoderma viride im-prove by [62] . Numerous researches growth and , while Pseudomonas au- show that inoculation of maize or provides reofaciens, Trichoderma, Streptomyces sp. may excellent results. Different species have been act as biocontrol agents against pests and plant tested out ( Burkholderia capacia, Bacillus subtilis disease [54] . Azotobacter sp ., Azospirillum sp ., Based on their interaction with the plant, plant Pseudomonas sp.) in a form of a single or mixed growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be divided inoculum showing significant growth promotion into symbiotic or free-living bacteria [51] . They can in terms of plant’s dry weight, root length and further be divided into extracellular and yield [63-70] . Accomplished results may differ based intracellular. Extracellular PGPBs inhabit the on the potting medium used. Earlier study [64] space of the rhizosphere, the root surface or the shows that sand-/ mixture gave better intracellular space of the root cells, while the results in terms of fresh plant weight, when intracellular PGPBs inhabit the root cells, compared to the soil which is original bacterial penetrate the cell wall and integrate with the plant, inhabitant. forming new organ on the plant tissue – nodule,

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PGPM [Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes] of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, mechanisms of action Serratia and Streptomyces can take part in the PGPMs affect plants by increasing crop yield and solubilization and mineralization at the same time plant resistance to stressful environmental [78, 79, and 80] proved that , conditions and pathogens [71] . These bacteria can Bacillus flexus and Bacillus megaterium have the directly affect the plant by producing substances possibility to solubilize tricalcium phosphate and that can regulate growth and improve the yield. . During that process, some Besides, they can increase water uptake, nutrient extracellular enzymes (various phosphatases) and uptake and essential elements uptake, all of them important compounds (pH lowering organic acids, having a beneficial effect on the plant [56, 68, 72, and siderophores and hydroxyl ions) are released in 73] . Indirect mechanisms include the inhibition of order to dissolve the minerals. While substrate is pathogens through the production of antibiotics being degraded, phosphorus is delivered into the and enzymes. Among that, PGPMs increase the soil [81, 82, and 83] . availability of micronutrients (uptake of Fe, Zn, Knowing the importance of other macro- and and Se) through the processes of solubilization micronutrients, it is important to research strains chelating and oxidation/reduction reactions in the that will enhance their absorption from the soil. It soil [54] . has been recently reported [70] that inoculation The main mechanisms PGPMs use to contribute with Zn-solubilizing bacteria can help to enhance to the increase of nutrients in the soil are nitrogen Zn nutrition by plants, therefore improving the fixation and phosphate solubilization, along with growth of plant. In this particular study Bacillus solubilization of other minerals. After aryabhattai and B. subtilis were used to inoculate photosynthesis, is the most maize, which resulted in better growth of the important biological process in nature, enabling plant. On the other hand, Azosprillium the circulation of nitrogen in the biosphere [74] . brasilense is proved to be Fe-solubilizing bacteria Symbiotic bacteria from the increasing the Fe and biomass content in group Rhizobium and Frankia, and non-symbiotic cucumber plants [84] , which is attributed to bacteria such as Azospirlillum sp., Azotobacter sp. production of siderophores. and Acetobacter sp. have the ability to assimilate PGPMs are also able to make phytohormones - N2 from the atmosphere and convert it into NH 3 which stimulate plant growth, thus the mechanism as part of a mechanism well-known as nitrogen of their activity is known as biostimulation. Some fixation [75] . Nitrogen fixation is controlled of the most important phytohormones are auxins, through the amount of oxygen and the availability cytokinins, gibberellins and abscisic acid [79] . of nitrogen and is carried out with the help of the Auxins are plant hormones with a cardinal role to nitrogenase, enzyme produced by bacteria [76] . The modulate the development of a plant. As much as transformation of nitrogen takes place through 80% of the PGPMs can synthesize the indole ammonification, , nitrogen fixation acetic acid (IAA), which has an important role in and [77] . the stimulation of cellular division and The conversion of insoluble forms of phosphorus differentiation [52] . IAA induces the occurrence of into forms that are more available to the plant in lateral roots among dicotyledons and adventive the rhizosphere is achieved by means of bacteria roots among monocotyledons, improves called phosphate-solubilizers [75] . Some of the secondary thickening of the walls and an increase PGPMs, in xylem cells, which results in better minerals including Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Burkhol and water uptake [45, 76] . Azospirillum sp., deria sp., Rhizobium sp.and Flavobacterium sp., fluorescent Pseudomonas sp., and several other have the ability to solubilize some insoluble PGPMs secrete IAA [45, 85] . phosphate compounds. The usage of these Gibberellins take part in cellular elongation and bacteria as a part of bioinoculants may enhance division, as well as the internodium elongation. the assimilation of phosphate and offers numerous The mechanisms which improve plant growth advantages to the direct stimulation of plant through gibberellins are as yet unknown [76] . Some growth [45] . In some cases, bacteria from the group authors believe that gibberellins increase the

International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences Volume 11 Issue : Sep, 2020 6963 Review Article ISSN: 0976-7126 CODEN (USA): IJPLCP Batabyal , 11(9):6959-6973, 2020 density of the absorbent hairs on the root that soak indicated that Pseudomonas, which produces up water and nutrients, which contributes to the siderophores, influences antifungal activity formation of greater sized fruits, an increased towards different pathogenic fungi [87] , number of buds, prevents the dormant stage of the while Bacillus cereus has a potential in biocontrol bulb and stimulates parthenocarpy. The lack of of fungi [88] . Pseudomonas strains have been gibberellins is responsible for the occurrence of studied way back in 1984 when it was proved that dwarf plants [79] . they inhibit growth of six fungi by virtue of Cytokinins stimulate cellular division in some siderophore production [89] . Pseudomonas plants and in some cases the development of the putida efficiently controlled tomato foot and root root and absorbent hairs on the root [79] . In tor caused by Fusarim oxysporum in laboratory addition, they take part in the growth of plant experiments as well as at industrial level [90] . callus and help the differentiation of the shoots In addition, PGPMs have a positive effect on the [76] . Ninety percent of rhizosphere microorganisms characteristics of the soil itself and their have the ability to produce and release cytokinins, consortiums are successfully used in the processes while approximately 30 compounds from the of bioremediation. This is how nutrient poor and group of cytokinins that promote growth have a polluted soil becomes arable and available to microbial origin. Existing data indicates agricultural production, since a transformation that Rhizobium sp. produces cytokinins [79] . occurs in the hydrocarbons and other pollutants Abscisic acid regulates the physiological into less detrimental forms [91] . Microorganisms processes in plant [76] . In part, it is synthesized in that effectively break down hydrocarbons and oil- the chloroplasts, while its entire biosynthesis basedpollutantsinclude Nocardia sp., Pseudomona primarily takes place in the leaves, initiated by the s sp., Acinetobacter sp., Flavobacterium sp., Micr stressful environmental conditions such as a lack ococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp., Corynebacterium s of water and low temperatures [79] . It helps the p., Mycobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., etc. [92] . AM germination of the , the closing of stomata fungi are also studied in the phytoremediation and tolerance to environmental stress [76] . processes, indicating their role in improving soil Various pathogenic bacteria, fungi and nematodes conditions and enhancing plant tolerance to heavy may infect the plant and thus reduce crop yield to metals [93]. Some studies have shown that a great extent. As previously indicated, PGPMs commonly known PGPM significantly influence the induction of plant (Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Agrobacterium sp resistance to pathogens by synthesizing various ., etc) not only improve the plant growth, but also antibiotics, siderophores, cyanides or lytic reduce uptake of heavy metals by plants [94, 95] . For enzymes [77] . example, Microbacterium sp. successfully One of the main mechanisms for the control of prevented chromium toxic effect on pea by simply pathogens is the ability to synthesize one or more reducing its bioavailability in soil [96] . On the other antibiotics. Many PGPMs with the ability to hand, Pseudomonas putida is capable of synthesize antibiotics also produce cyanide, which simultaneously degrading naphthalene in soil, in most cases has a synergistic effect when protecting the seed and the plant from possible combined with antibiotics [86] . Furthermore, with lethal effect [97] . the aim to prevail over the restricted supply of Mass multiplication of microorganisms iron in the soil, some PGPMs are able to produce Mass multiplication of microorganisms is siderophores. Siderophores are low molecular achieved through the application of a batch, semi- mass organic compounds with strong chelating continuous (fed-batch) or continuous cultivation affinity towards ions of iron (Fe +3 ). In presence of in various growth media (submerge or solid-state). oxygen, most of the iron particles are only partly Continuous fermentation is considered an soluble and thus are not completely available to experimental procedure and is rarely used on an the living organisms [79] . Bacterial siderophores industrial scale [86] . Batch fermentations seem to have a positive effect on the growth of plants, be most commonly used, as in that case, it is easy functioning as a source of iron that is readily to set up and control the bioreactor. In the case of usable to the plant [45] . Certain studies have the application of a semi-continuous fermentation

International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences Volume 11 Issue : Sep, 2020 6964 Review Article ISSN: 0976-7126 CODEN (USA): IJPLCP Batabyal , 11(9):6959-6973, 2020 process, it is possible to perform: fed-batch intricate biotic and abiotic factors including plant fermentation with pulse feeding, exponential fed- species, native microbial communities, batch fermentation and linear fed-batch environmental conditions, soil type and soil- fermentation [98] . The addition of nutrients during related management practices such as fertilization, the semi-continuous processes extends the cropping systems, irrigation, and biocontrol exponential and stationary phase, thus resulting in strategies [106] . Progress in this area would higher biomass concentration. Many experiments ultimately depend on a clear understanding of the have proven that semi-continuous fermentation latter factors in order to guarantee a successful can lead to better results, giving higher yields of manipulation of agriculture microbes, their desired products [99, 100, and 101] . Still, this process is commercialization, and widespread use. This is in not used widely because it requires much more agreement with the saying “big potential in small attention, nonstop control and monitoring, which packages” by Matt Kleinhenz (Third world can lead to higher production costs [86] . In order to congress on the use of biostimulants in agriculture achieve desired growth, it is necessary to provide 2017, Miami) who portrayed the current state of required conditions of fermentation, that is, the microbial-based biostimulants whose parameters such as medium composition, development presumably rely on coping with temperature, pH values, mixing speed and several issues relatively to both technical and concentration of oxygen [102] . economic aspects. Another concern is arguably Future Perspective and Challenges of Microbial- related to misconceptions and lacking objectives Based Agro-Inputs in terms of research programs development as As global warming is becoming a reality most research works are driven by “substitution endangering nutritional demand, there is a need approaches” where microbial inoculants are for innovative agro-inputs that enable agriculture labeled as direct competitors to well-established to adapt to worsening environmental situations agro-inputs with proven efficacy such as and exploiting microbial resources is one of the fertilizers. most promising solutions to achieve such aim. Next generation agriculture should henceforth Indeed, it is clear today that microbial inoculants, make use of all available resources and designing a sub category of the so-called biostimulants, have novel agro-models that focus on how to achieve become one of the attractive agro-inputs for perfect alliance between biologicals, chemicals, sustainable intensification of agriculture, and biocomputing technologies. In that regard, especially for smallholders [103] . Biostimulants adopting multidisciplinary approaches in have gained substantial ground market wise, developing microbial-based solutions owing to the impressive know-how acquired concurrently with mineral fertilizer resources is during the last two decades, and most importantly paramount as it could lead to creating market’s to the involvement of low-cost technologies in opportunities and new agricultural paradigms their production process. However, despites all the based on new concept of sustainability, which is aforementioned conveniences and numerous in tune with contemporary’s conceptions of scientific and field evidences of their agronomic today’s individuals. In this regards, scientists and effectiveness, efforts are still required to make manufactures interested in microbial-based them full-fledged commodities that are used as biostimulants should focus on delivering stable standard by . formulations capable of withstanding harsh There is a growing body of evidences about the storage conditions and guaranteeing extended large number of microbes that have been found to shelf life of active ingredients through limiting be highly beneficial for soil fertility and plant viability loss. Most importantly, microbial productivity in many major cropping systems. At formulations must be compatible with the same time, many reports have demonstrated conventional agro-equipment and other agro- inconsistent and poorly repeatable results via inputs, especially mineral fertilizers, so their controlled and field trials [104, 105] , which may supply chains could be aligned. As a matter of indicate uncertainty in the efficacy of the fact, formulation is one of the most critical step in microbial inoculants that should be aligned with microbial inoculants and several

International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences Volume 11 Issue : Sep, 2020 6965 Review Article ISSN: 0976-7126 CODEN (USA): IJPLCP Batabyal , 11(9):6959-6973, 2020 carriers have been used with contrasted results requirements are considered paramount in depending on the microbial species and conceiving targeted products and answering pretreatment methods. Those carriers mostly specific consumer needs. Fostering proximity to include organic materials (i.e., peat, lignite, and growers should be given a special consideration , etc.) and polymeric compounds (i.e., since farmers’ acceptance has to be the utmost alginate, agar, pectin, and chitosan, etc.; [107] ). priority that can only be achieved through in-field Multi- and inter-disciplinary approaches are worth demonstrations, producing reports and data considering when designing innovative microbial specifically tailored for growers’ specificities. In formulations. This will open up new insights into addition, needless to say that the triumph of the an unexploited research area such as combining next generation of agro-inputs based on microbial new-generation coating and microbial inoculants is largely dependent on regulatory technologies that likely should arouse particular clearness and adopting collaborative mindset interests to innovative smart fertilizers. For where progress is made through farmers, scientists instance, microbial biotechnologies would benefit from private and public research institutes, from other emerging technologies such as those advisers and policy makers. This will help moving related to EEF and controlled release fertilizers, toward integrated and profitable ecosystems tough not largely used for staple crops and costly where all inputs are managed following to be applied for an intensive agriculture [108, wholesome principles and aiming at optimizing 109,110] . For example, recent advances in coating nutrient use efficiency in a context where climate that have led to the development of variability is persistently threatening for food new-generation fertilizers particularly aiming at productivity. improving N use efficiency (reducing , Conclusion volatilization, and denitrification) may be Microbial fertilizers have been in a focus of exploited to enhance P fertilizers efficiency and researches for quite a long time. They are uptake. This would contribute overcoming considered to be ecologically acceptable common issues related to low P availability which alternative to chemical fertilizers and is pH-dependent, readily bounded with divalent , which are overused and harmful to cations and belowground leached, thus precise the environment. Although this idea is not brand release rate and efficient plant root P uptake may new and has been subject of plenty of scientific be achieved. That being said, to our knowledge papers for years now, many questions still remain little has been done regarding production of unanswered and there is a lot of place for customized carriers able to respond to all required improvement. The production of microbial quality criteria. For instance combining new- fertilizers does not depend solely on the detailed generation coating and microbial technologies is knowledge of the physiology of plants and an unexploited research area that should arouse microorganisms, but also on the large number of more interests. Breakthrough in that department technological challenges such as the fermentation could be a true game changer, thus giving rise to process, type of formulations, the population of innovative smart fertilizers, matching the few microorganisms and their system of release. Thus, concepts that precision agriculture relies on the development of a stable bioformulation is (sensing technology, farming satellite, data possible through combining knowledge from analysis, and controlled release fertilizers, etc.) microbial and technical aspects. Additional while providing possibilities to enhance specific research is necessary in order to enhance the microbial biological functions related to nutrient production process and, what’s most important, to dynamic in . improve the products reliability and practical Given altogether, developing strategies relying on usage. understanding potential modes of actions that Environmental stresses are becoming a major provide possibilities to enhance specific microbial problem and productivity is declining at an functions related to nutrient dynamic in soils, unprecedented rate. Biofertilizers can help solve strengthening scientific and industrial the problem of feeding an increasing global collaborative partnerships, meeting farmers’ population at a time when agriculture is facing

International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences Volume 11 Issue : Sep, 2020 6966 Review Article ISSN: 0976-7126 CODEN (USA): IJPLCP Batabyal , 11(9):6959-6973, 2020 various environmental stresses. It is important to inexpensive and safe inputs which provide a wide realise the useful aspects of biofertilizers and scope for research in the areas of implement its application to modern agricultural and development of stress-free environment. practices. The new technology developed using Overall, the significant role of biofertilizers in the powerful tool of molecular biotechnology can plant growth productivity and protection against enhance the biological pathways of production of some stresses makes them a vital and powerful phytohormones. If identified and transferred to the tool for organic and sustainable agriculture. useful PGPRs, these technologies can help References provide relief from environmental stresses. 1. Vessey, J. Kevin. "Plant growth However, the lack of awareness regarding promoting rhizobacteria as improved protocols of biofertiliser applications to biofertilizers". Plant and Soil; the field is one of the few reasons why many 2003; 255 (2): 571. useful PGPRs are still beyond the knowledge of 2. Tilman D., Balzer C., Hill J., Befort B. L. ecologists and agriculturists. Nevertheless, the Global food demand and the sustainable recent progresses in technologies related to intensification of agriculture. Proc. Natl. microbial , plant-pathogen interactions and Acad. Sci. U.S.A.; 2011; 105; 20260– genomics will help to optimize the required 20264. protocols. The success of the science related to 3. Timmusk S., Behers L., Muthoni J., biofertilizers depends on inventions of innovative Muraya A., Aronsson A.-C. Perspectives strategies related to the functions of PGPRs and and challenges of microbial application their proper application to the field of agriculture. for crop improvement. Front. Plant Sci.; The major challenge in this area of research lies in 2017; 8:49. the fact that along with the identification of 4. Lindemann S. R., Bernstein H. C., Song various strains of PGPRs and its properties it is H. S., Fredrickson J. K., Fields M. W., essential to dissect the actual mechanism of Shou W. microbial consortia functioning of PGPRs for their efficacy toward for controllable Outputs. ISME J.; exploitation in sustainable agriculture. 2016; 10; 2077–2084. Fertilizers play an important role in enhancing 5. Umesha S., Singh P. K., Singh R. P. crop productivity. However, chemical fertilizers “Microbial biotechnology and sustainable are expensive, non-eco-friendly, cause agriculture,” in Biotechnology for , reduce organic matter and Sustainable Agriculture, Chap 6 Eds microbiotic activity in soil and are hazardous to Singh R. L., Monda S., editors. (Sawston: health. Therefore, the use of biofertilizers is Woodhead Publishing ;), 2018; 185–205. desirable as they are natural, biodegradable, 6. Singh D. B., Singh H. B., Prabha R. organic and more cost-effective than chemical Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable fertilizers. Biofertilizers consist of plant remains, Agricultural Productivity. Delhi: organic matter and some special class of micro- Springer; 2016. organisms. Biofertilizers help to increase quality 7. Lucy M., Reed E., Glick B. R. of the soil by providing nutrients and natural (2004). Application of free living plant environment in the rhizosphere. The micro- growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Antonie organisms present in biofertilizers are important Van Leeuwenhoek; 2004; 86; 1–25. because they produce nitrogen, potassium, 8. Smith S. E., Read D. J. Mycorrhizal phosphorus and other nutrients required for , 3rd Edn. New York, NY: benefit of the plants. Most biofertilizers also Elsevier/Academic; 2008; 605. secrete hormones like auxins, cytokinins, biotins 9. Khalid A., Arshad M., Shaharoona B., and vitamins which are essential for plant growth. Mahmoud T. “Plant growth promoting Biofertilizers give protection to plant by secreting rhizobacteria and sustainable agriculture,” antibiotics which are effective against many plant in Microbial Strategies for Crop pathogens. Biofertilizers also protect plant from Improvement, Eds Khan M.S., editor. et salinity and drought stress. Biofertilizers are al. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag); 2009.

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Cite this article as: Batabyal B. (2020). Soil Microbes as Bio fertilizer: Sustainable Agriculture and Environments , Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. , 11(9): 6959-6973. Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: Not declared For reprints contact: [email protected]

International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences Volume 11 Issue : Sep, 2020 6973