O R K S a D O

Contents / Sadržaj: Original scientific paper - Originalni naučni radovi Vojniković S.: Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests (1 – 24) Karawanke - Carinthian alps (Austria) , No. 2, 2015 Utvrđivanje ilirske pripadnosti šuma zajednice bukovih šuma Karavanki - Koruške Alpe (Austrija)

Dorbić, B., Temim E., Friganović E.: Dendrological Landscape valorisation of the (25 – 36) ajevo Common fig (Ficus carica l.) in the gardens of Šibenik Dendrološko-krajobrazna valorizacija smokve (Ficus carica L.) u vrtovima Šibenika Tahirović, A., Bašić, N.: Phenolıc content and antıoxıdant actıvıty of Crataegus (37 – 51) monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus macrocarpa Hegetschw. Leaves and fruıts extracts Sadržaj fenola i antioksidacijska aktivnost ekstrakata lišća i ploda Crataegus

monogyna Jacq. i Crataegus macrocarpa Hegetschw. Avdibegović M., Petrović N., Posavec S., Pezdevšek-Malovrh Š.: Private forest (52 – 68) owners in selected South-east European countries:

In searching for information

Vlasnici privatnih šuma u izabranim državama jugoistočne Evrope: u potrazi za informacijama Doljančić K., Dautbašić, M., Mujezinović, O.: Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) (69 – 82) orestry University of Sar W W

in Sarajevo Grinje lipa (Tilia spp.) u Sarajevu O R K S Balić B., Višnjić Ć., Vojniković S., Ibrahimspahić A., Lojo A., Avdagić A.: (83 – 99) of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo Ecological, productive and silvicultural categorisation of coppice beech stands in area of Sarajevo canton R

Ekološko-proizvodna i uzgojna kategorizacija izdanačkih sastojina bukve na aculty of F području Kantona Sarajevo Višnjić Ć., Balić B., Vojniković S., Mekić F., Uzunović A.: Structural (100 – 112) RA D O V I characteristics, dynamics and texture development of virgin forest Ravna vala on Bjelašnica Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu Strukturne karakteristike, dinamika i teksturni razvoj prašume Ravna vala na Bjelašnici

Omerbegović N., Jukić N.: Some pezizomycetes collected on the territory of the (113 – 125) orks of the F Sutjeska National park W Neki pripadnici razreda Pezizomycetes prikupljeni na području Nacionalnog parka Sutjeska

Faculty of Forestry 2 (Volume 45, Issue 2) University of Sarajevo Sarajevo, 2015 Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo is the research and professional journal published Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo is dedicated to publishing original papers, review on behalf of the Faculty of Forestry. It is published twice a year and open to papers dealing with all aspects articles, short communications and professional papers as well, in the broad field of forestry and of forestry, horticulture, ecology, protection of nature and wildlife management. The journal is abstracted horticulture. The range of topics includes silviculture, forest and horticulture pathology, entomology, and indexed in CAB Abstracts, Forestry Abstracts, Index Copernicus and EBSCO. ecology, tree ecophysiology, genetics, breeding and related fields from social and economic science. The manuscripts are reviewed by at least two reviewers. The manuscripts are submitted via e-mail ([email protected]) or mail to Editorial Office (Faculty of Forestry, Zagrebačka 20, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Printed version of manuscripts must be written on A4 paper, no longer than 15 pages. Both two printed copies and electronic version of manuscripts (on CD-R or DVD-R) are sent to Editorial office. In special cases, longer manuscripts might be considered Editorial Board for publication if the authors provide enough novelties and qualities in their field but after agreement with the Editioral Board. Achim Dohrenbusch Ćemal Višnjić Milka Glavendekić Sabina Delić Germany Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina The submitted manuscripts should be single-spaced in Word using a normal, plain font 11-pt Times New Roman (including appendices) for text. The following text formattings are necessary for submitted Aida Ibrahimspahić Dragan Nonić Osman Mujezinović Tomislav Poršinsky manuscripts: page format – 170 x 240 mm; top and bottom margins – 2.4 cm; inner margin – 1.5 cm. The text Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia should be aligned using justify option. Azra Tahirović Jusuf Musić Pande Trajkov Vladimir Beus The name of manuscript's file should contain the short title (e.g. short title.doc). Tables and figures are Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina FYR Macedonia Bosnia and Herzegovina submitted in separate files, numbered in Arabic numerals and cited in the order of appearance within the text (Table 1, Figure 1..). The authors are responsible to ensure that the manuscript is written in excellent English. Those manuscripts do not follow the recommended instructions will not be considered and will be returned to the authors. Chairman of Editorial Board The original (research) papers should be arranged as follows: Ćemal Višnjić - Title page contains the title which is written in capital letters, both in English and one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, central alignement; Editor-in-Chief - Full name(s) of author(s) are written bellow the title in bold letters followed by authors' Sead Vojnikovićć affiliation(s). The affiliation of each author should be indicated by superscripted number after authors' surname; Deputy Editor-in-Chief - The abstract should not exceed 200 words and up to five key words should be provided; Dalibor Ballian - The text should be structured as follows: introduction, material and methods, results, discussion

Technical Editor and conclusions, acknowledgements, references and summary; - The tables and figures (photos, illustrations, graphic works..) must have a concise descriptive Saša Kunovac heading. If the manuscript complies with recommended instructions then it will be sent to the two reviewers for its Publisher examination. Any decision on the manuscript acceptance depends on the reviewers' report and Editors Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo opinion. All received materials are not returned to the authors in order to avoid possible unnecessary costs. Complete guidelines for preparing submissions can be found at web page: www.sfsa.unsa.ba Circulation 150

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RADOVI Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu

WORKS of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo

Volume 45 Issue 2

Sarajevo, 2015 Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (1-24)

UDK 581.55:582.632.2(436)

DETERMINING THE ILLYRIAN ORIGIN FOREST COMMUNITIES OF BEECH FORESTS KARAWANKE - CARINTHIAN ALPS (AUSTRIA) Utvrđivanje ilirske pripadnosti šuma zajednice bukovih šuma Karavanki - Koruške Alpe (Austrija) Sead Vojniković1 Abstract The position of the Illyrian vegetation provinces in the Western Balkans was established a long time ago (e.g.: BECK 1901, ADAMOVIĆ 1907…) Illyrian space is linked to: Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Karawanke – An alpine mountain represents the border between Austria and Slovenia but also represents a border area of the Illyrian provinces. Determining phytogeographical affiliation forest communities of beech becomes very important from the aspect of protection under Natura 2000. According to the requirements Nautra 2000 Illyrian beech forests (91K0 - alliance: Aremonio - Fagion), are summaries of interest for protection in Austria. Therefore, it is important to determine vegetational - floristic characteristics of beech forests on Karawankas, from which one could conclude their phytogeographical affiliation. The research in beech forest, (forestry office Hollenburg) have showed the following beech community Anemone trifoliae - Fagetum laricetosum TREGUBOV 1957 (syn.: Larici - Fagetum ROBIČ 1971 /n.nudum./ and syn .: Fagetum subalpinum var. geogr. Larix decidua MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986); Anemone trifoliae - Fagetum typicum TREGUBOV 1957 var. Carex alba MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986; Salvio Glutinosae - Fagetum ZUKRIGl, 1988. Based on floristic characteristics, their structure, syndinamics, it can be concluded that the first two beech communities cannot be classified as the Illyrian beech forests, while community Salvio glutinosae - Fagetum shows similarity with the Illyrian beech forests fresh Aremonio - Fagion (Natura 2000 at 91K0).

Key words: Illyrian Provinces, Beech forests, Karawanke, Carinthia, Austria. The first issue was published in 1952 by the Faculty of Forestry and the Institute for Forestry in Sarajevo. These two Institutions have published Journal for 26 years. After the restructuring INTRODUCTION - Uvod of the scientific and research activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 1 April 1974 the The first analysis of Illyrian vegetation was provided by B. von Journal changed its name to “Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo”, and MANNAGETTA 1901 the publisher is the Faculty of Forestry in Sarajevo. in year . The following work which defines Illyrian area is done by ADAMOVIĆ L. in year 1907. According to ADAMOVIĆ, 1907 Illyrian zone more or less follows area of central Dinaric Alps. He divided Illyrian zone contains the Copyright © of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo Copying or duplicating of works is allowed only in scientific purposes.

1 Print Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, BiH "PLANJAX PRINT" - Tešanj 1

Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (1-24)

UDK 581.55:582.632.2(436)

1 Print Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, BiH "PLANJAX PRINT" - Tešanj 1

Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria) following subzones: Bosnian subzone, Herzegovinian-Montenegro subzone, Serbian If we analyze detailed map of western area of Illyrian province provided by subzone. WRABER (1960) for Slovenia and FUKAREK (1980) for ex-Yugoslavia it is visible Mentioned researches are important for understanding start position of initial that according to their understanding further western boundary of Illyrian province researchers of Balkan flora and vegetation that, actually, Illyrian flora-geographic ends in Slovenia and does not enter Austria with any of its parts. Analyzing WRABER province covers Dinaric Alps mountain system. This area in fact covers - parts of map from 1960, FUKAREK in 1978 states that, at that time called Fagion illyricum, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro. FUKAREK and now called Aremonio-Fagion (i.e. Illyrian beech forests) includes: Dinaric, pre- (1978) mentions central, so called, “corr” zone of Illyrian province that covers space Dinaric, pre-Alpine and partially pre-Pannonian sector in Slovenia. Alpine sector is between rivers: Kupa, Korana, Una, Sana and Vrbas (Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia). located along Slovenian – Austrian border and further wider in Austria (according to However, besides central zone FUKAREK, similar to ADAMOVIĆ describes wider MAYER 1985), and is separated from Illyrian province and Illyrian beech forests. Illyrian space as complex area that can be divided into: Northern (Slovenia-Croatia) In classic book that analyses vegetation of southeast Europe „Vegetation Central (Bosnian) Southern (Herzegovina-Montenegro). A similar start position later Südosteuropas“ (HORVAT, GLAVAČ, ELLENBERG, 1974) in details is described has MAYER (1985) who provides a map of Balkan Peninsula (with distribution area of boundary of Illyrian province, mentioning by name locations up to which Illyrian Illyrian province covering mentioned countries. province spreads, quote: „Die breite Übergangszone verläuft vom Tolmin- Becken im Soča-Tal (Isonzo) über die Berge um Cerkno, Idrija und Škofja Loka, in das Sava- Becken zwischen Kranj und Ljubljana, zieht sich weiter das Sava-Tal hinunter gegen Zidani most (Kum, Veliko Kozje) und über das untere Savinja – Tal in die Talbene des Dravinja-Flusses (Konjiška gora, Boč) und das Tal des Sotla-Flusses (Macelj)“.

Mentioned authors individually for themselves conclude that Illyrian province is located in: Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and that the western border of Illyrian province ends in Slovenia the furthest in pre-alpine area not entering the Alps (Alpine area). Based on this in wider scale we can conclude that Illyrian province does not enter Austria with either of its part. However, mentioned border should not be understood „sensu stricto“, i.e. we

should understand that this border is diffused. Individual Illyrian species, due to its

wide ecological valence, can enter even into Alpine sector, but moving away from the border of Illyrian province they are slowly disappearing. Stated means that only and exclusively on smaller areas within Alpine sector fragments of Illyrian beech forests that are conditioned by orographic - edaphic - micro - climate factors can appear. Therefore, WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007) mention more forest communities of Illyrian beech forests in Austria, for example: Ostryo-Fagetum, Hacquetio-Fagetum, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum... Similar is stated in the Interpretation manual of EU Habitats (2013) that Illyrian beech forests can appear besides Dinaric Alps also in southeast Alps, southeast Carpathians and in mid-Pannonian mountains. It should be

emphasized that mentioned areas can only be on limited smaller areas considering that

this vegetation in Alpine sector represents extra-zonal vegetation. Map 1 – Position of Illyrian province in Balkans (Mayer, 1986) RESEARCH AREA AND METHODOLOGY– Područje istraživanja i Karta 1. - Položaj ilirske provincije na Balkanu (Mayer, 1986) metodologija In mentioned global – overview map is visible that “classic Illyrian area” does Area of Forstverwaltung Hollenburg is located on the wider area of Alps– not include area covered by Alps mountain ridge. This area, called Alpine, is Karawanks in county Klagenfurt between river Drava and border with Republic of completely extracted from Illyrian area. Slovenia. The highest point of the area is located on the altitude of 2,237 m (Hochstuhl), and the lowest in the area Unter Waidisch on 532 m. Karawanks spread,

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should understand that this border is diffused. Individual Illyrian species, due to its

emphasized that mentioned areas can only be on limited smaller areas considering that

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria) more or less, in direction of east-west. In the area, the most dominant geological base RESEARCH RESULTS – Rezultati istraživanja is limestone - dolomite geological base. Soils are series of limestone soils: Phytocenological analysis – Fitocenološka analiza calcomelanosols, calcaric cambisols, luvisols, and rendzine and colluvium soils. Climate parameters for climate station in Ferlach (457m altitude) show the following Below there are presenting synthetic phytocenologicaltable covering all parameters: average annual temperature 8.2C; average annual precipitation amounts nineteen plots that were classified per similarity through the use of Juice software. to 1,049 mm, and climate per Köppen scale is marked with Dfb (wet boreal climate). Table 2. – Synthetic table of all plots Area of Forstverwaltung Hollenburg is divided into more districts: Tabela 2. – Sintetska ploha svih ploha Bärental/Matschachergupf, Bärental, Sinachergupf, Tomaschwald, Zellwinkel, (Legend: numbers above the table mark the no. of the plot, numbers in brackets mark the floor Waidisch/Outschar, Waidisch/Herperschnig, Zell Pfarre, and Gotschuchen. where species are appearing: 1 –first layer of trees; 3 – second layer of trees, 5 – bush layer, 6 – ground layer floor) Narrow locations of research were predetermined in the office based on (Legenda: brojevi iznad tabele označavaju br. plohe, brojevi u zagadi označavaju sprat knowledge of distribution of beech forests within the area. In the field we placed javljanja vrste: 1 –prvi sprat drveća; 3 – drugi sprat drveća, 5 – sprat grmlja, 6 – sprat prizemne temporary phytocenological experimental plots. On experimental plots we gathered flore) phytocenological records with standard BRAUN-BLANQUET method (1964). Size of Number of relevés: 19 2 the plots are 20 x 20 m (400 m ), orientation is N-S-E-W. Maps 1 and 2 (in Annex no. 1011111101100000100 1) shows locations of data gathering, i.e. number of experimental plots and 3790814567634259218 corresponding districts. Plots were placed in as typical habitat and vegetation Fagus sylvatica [1] 4451435345355455233 conditions of appropriate community avoiding vegetation transitions, successions or Fagus sylvatica [3] 1122112+22242132+11 degradations of the habitat or different anthropogenic impacts. Anemone trifolia [6] 2r1+.+++.+11+211+.. Helleborus niger Table 1. -District title and corresponding number of experimental plot [6] ....+.+r+rr1121212. Picea abies [1] .3.3..2.33112.3.123 Tabela 1. – Naziv revira i broj eksperimentalne plohe Picea abies [3] .1.2..1.11111.12.11 Festuca altissima [6] +.+r.+.rr...r2+1.++ District title Number of experimental plot Cyclamen purpurascens [6] ..rr++...r+.r.r+++1 Larix decidua Bärental/Matschachergupf 15, 16 [1] 111+3413122...... Hieracium murorum Bärental 13, 14 [6] ..+..r.r..r.+rr.r++ Euphorbia amygdaloides [6] rrr.r...r...+.+rrr. Sinachergupf 2, 3 Prenanthes purpurea [6] r.1r..++.r...+r+..r Tomaschwald 4, 5 Mycelis muralis [6] +r..+r+r.+.+r..+... Zellwinkel 17, 18, 19 Cardamine trifolia [6] +rr++r2.rr...... Carex digitata Waidisch/Outschar 1, 12 [6] .1+..+.....+.1..+31 Daphne mezereum [6] ...r..r.....r.r1rrr Waidisch/Herperschnig 8, 9 Fagus sylvatica [5] .2.1.+..1...1++.+.. Zell Pfarre 11, 12 Mercurialis perennis [6] r2.r...r..r1+.....r Gotschuchen 6, 7 Cardamine enneaphyllos [6] r+.rrrr.r..+...... Picea abies [5] ..+1....1...+.++.1. Vaccinium myrtillus [6] +r3r...3.....+r.... Determination of species was done based on: THOMMEN (1973); LAUBER, Lamium galeobdolon K., WAGNER, G., (2001); BLAMEY, M. et GREY-WILSON C., (2008). All data were [6] rrrrr.r.r...... Senecio germanicus [6] 1.rr.rr.r...... 1... stored in phytocenological data base Turboveg 2.38 (HENNEKENS et SCHAMINEE Oxalis acetosella [6] +.r.+r+.r+...... 2001),and were processed and analyzed in database Juice 7.0. (TICHY, 2002) as well Acer pseudoplatanus [6] ...r..r....r...r.+r as in CANOCO (BRAAK, C.J.F. et SMILAUER, P. 2002). For analysis of geofloristic Abies alba [1] 32...1..2..2.4..... spectrum we used OBERDORFER (1994). Abies alba [3] ++...+..1..+.1..... Sorbus aucuparia [6] .r..rr.r...... 1..r Annex no. 2 shows all ecological data (orographic, structural and pedological- Viola reichenbachiana [6] r.r...... r....rr. geological) related to each individual location. Saxifraga rotundifolia [6] ..+r.+.r.....2.....

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

Picea abies [6] rr..r..r.....1..... Urtica dioica [6] 13: r; Erica herbacea [6] 15: 2; Rodendron hiirstum [6] 15: 2; Calamagrostis Dryopteris filix-mas [6] +r...... r....+.+.. varia [6] 15: +; Hepatica nobilis [6] 16: r; Melica nutans [6] 18: r; Abies alba [6] 18: r; Neottia nidus-avis [6] ..r...r.rr.....r... Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum [6] 18: r; Lonicera alpigena [5] 19: r; Veronica urticifolia [6] rr1..r.r...... The most common species that appear (up to 50% frequency) in the whole Actaea spicata [6] r..r..r...r....r... area are in the Table no. 3: Larix decidua [3] ...+11.+.1...... Salvia glutinosa [6] .r...... ++1. Table 3. – Species appearance frequency up to 50%. Cephalanthera rubra [6] r...... r.r+ Tabela 3. – Učestalost javljanja vrsta do 50%. Fraxinus excelsior [6] ...... rrrr (Legend: single-digit numbers mark the floor-designation as in Table no. 2; two-digit numbers Festuca heterophylla [6] .+...... r1+.... mark the frequency of appearance, markings in superscripts mark the range of appearance of Brachypodium sylvaticum [6] r..+...... r..+... cover-abundance of Braun-Blanquet scale) Fagus sylvatica [6] 1r..1...r...... (Legenda: jednocifreni brojevi označavaju spratovnost kao iz tabele br. 2; dvocifreni brojevi Pinus sylvestris [1] ...... 42+ označavaju frekvenciju javljanja, oznake u eksponentu označavaju raspon javljanja brojnosti i Sorbus aria [3] ...... +...... ++. pokrovnosti Braun-Blanquet skale) Dryopteris species [6] ...... +.rr 1-5 Larix decidua [5] ...+.+...... +..... Fagus sylvatica 1 100 Eupatorium cannabinum Fagus sylvatica 3 100 +-4 [6] 2.r.r...... r-2 Polygonatum verticillatum [6] r.r...r...... Anemone trifolia 6 79 Athyrium filix-femina Helleborus niger 6 68 r-2 [6] ..r.r.r...... 1-3 Sorbus aria [6] ...... r.+. Picea abies 1 63 1-2 Abies alba [5] ...... +....+..... Picea abies 3 63 r-2 Polystichum lonchitis [6] ...... r.1...... Festuca altissima 6 63 r-1 Melampyrum sylvaticum [6] .+...... r.. Cyclamen purpurascens 6 63 +-4 Aposeris foetida [6] .r...... 1... Larix decidua 1 58 r-+ Adenostyles alpina [6] .r+...... Hieracium murorum 6 53 r-+ Aremonia agrimonoides [6] ...... rr.. Euphorbia amygdaloides 6 53 r-1 Gymnocarpium dryopteris [6] ..+r...... Prenanthes purpurea 6 53 Fragaria vesca [6] +...r...... Mycelis muralis 6 53 r-+ Epilobium montanum [6] r.r...... Rubus idaeus [6] r.r...... Based on data from Table no. 3 we can state that in the whole area, the Anemone nemorosa [6] ....r.1...... usually constantly present are: Fagus sylvatica, Anemone trifolia, Helleborus niger, Luzula sylvatica [6] ..+....+...... Asplenium trichomanes Picea abies, Festuca altissima, Cyclamen purpurascens... [6] ..r...... r...... However, if we look in detail into Table no. 2, we can notice that left side of Hypericum montanum [6] ..r.r...... Other species: the table shows grouping of plots no.: 13, 07, 19, 10, 18, 11, 14, 15, 06, 17, 16, i.e. districts: Bärental/Matschachergupf, Bärental, Zellwinkel, Zell Pfarre, Gotschuchen. Carex flacca [6] 1: 1; Sorbus aria [5] 1: +; Doronicum columnae [6] 2: r; Polygonatum Right side of the table is experimental plots no.: 9, 12, 1, and 8, i.e. plots from multiflorum [3] 3: r; Lamium orvala [6] 3: r; Festuca heterophylla [3] 3: r; Actaea spicata [3] 3: r; Abies alba [4] 4: +; Carex alba [6] 4: r; Thalictrum aquilegifolium [6] 7: r; Veratrum districts: Waidisch/Outschar, Waidisch/Herperschnig. Central section between album [6] 7: r; Lonicera nigra [6] 7: r; Gentiana asclepiadea [6] 7: r; Sorbus aucuparia [5] 7: mentioned groups is plots no. 3, 4, 2, 5, i.e. plots from districts: Sinachergupf, r; Pinus sylvestris [5] 8: +; Platanthera bifolia [6] 8: r; Lonicera alpigena [6] 8: r; Rubus hirtus Tomaschwald. Separation of mentioned groups is visible based on appearance of [6] 8: r; Peucedanum austriacum [6] 9: +; Veronica teucrium s. pseudochamaedr [6] 9: +; certain species from the table. Cirsium erisithales [6] 9: r; Euphorbia carniolica [6] 9: r; Lonicera xylosteum [6] 9: r; Ulmus Therefore,“left”side of the Table 2 is the group of experimental plots (13, 07, glabra [6] 9: r; Luzula luzuloides [6] 11: r; Pinus sylvestris [3] 12: 1; Fraxinus ornus [3] 12: +; 19, 10, 18, 11, 14, 15, 06, 17, 16) that are pronouncedly separated by appearance of: Vincetoxicum hirundinaria [6] 12: r; Sanicula europaea [6] 12: r; Potentilla micrantha [6] 12: European larch trees (Larix decidua), and species of ground flora: Cardamine trifolia, r; Cardamine pentaphyllos [6] 13: 1; Euphorbia cyparissias [6] 13: +; Galium sylvaticum [6] 13: r; Myosotis sylvatica [6] 13: r; Geranium robertianum [6] 13: r; Maianthemum bifolium [6] Cardamne ennephyllos, Lamium galeobdelon, Senetio germanicus, Oxalis acetosela, 13: r; Carex sylvatica [6] 13: r; Campanula glomerata [6] 13: r; Verbascum nigrum [6] 13: r; Veronica urticifolia. The right side of the Table 2 is the second group of species: in

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria) tree floor: Pinus sylvestris and Sorbus aria, and floor of ground flora of species: Phytogeographic affiliation – Fitogeografska pripadnost Cephalanthera rubra, Salvia glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Dryopteris sp. Based on phytocenologicalanalysis i.e. synthetic table, and CA ordinate biplot, Similar distribution of experimental plots as in Table 2 we have in Graph no. groups of experimental plots were formed. The first group contains plots no.: 13, 7, 1. Experimental plots no.: 9, 8, 1, and 12 take the right side of coordinate system. 19, 10, 18, 11, 14, 15, 06, 17, and 16; the second contains plots 9, 12, 1, and 8; and the Left side of coordinate system of Graph no. 1 includes plots no.: 13, 7, 19, 10, third contains plots no: 3, 4, 2, and 5. According to these groups we made analysis of 18, 11, 14, 15, 06, 17, and 16 that make a first group of plots. Right side includes the phytogeographic affiliation to determine participation of appropriate flora geo- second group of plots 9, 8, 1, 12. Intermediary closer to center of coordinate system elements. Also, for each group we analyzed the frequency of appearance of each are plots no. 3,4,5. Plot no. 2 that is intermediary in Table no. 2, in Graph 1 is moved individual species, to determine with which percentage of appearance each individual to the left and mixed with other plots of the left side of coordinate system. species participate in total number of plots. Smed Smed East Smed 15 Smed 2.0 ‐ Circ. ‐ Smed ‐ Circ. 3% Skont 3% Skont 3% Skont 4% 9% 8% 4% Pralp Satl‐ Satl‐ Satl‐ 18% Smed Pralp Smed EastPr Pralp Euras Smed 21% 13% 22% ealp 15% kont 33% No‐ No‐ 4% 2% Euras Kosm Euras 12 EastPr 12% East opol 16% No‐ ealp Alp‐ 1% East SEEur Euras‐ Euras EastP 7% East Alp Alp‐ Euras‐ 11% Soc 11% realp Alp‐ Euras 3% SEEur Soc 18% 19 7% SEEur ‐Soc 10% 20% 9% 13% 11 18 Graph 2. – Phytogeographic Graph 3. – Phytogeographic Graph 4. – Phytogeographic 1 affiliation of species of the first affiliation of species of the affiliation of species of the third 17 group (for plots 13, 7, 19, 10, second group (for plots 9, 12, 1, group (for plots 3, 4, 2, and 5) i.e. 2 16 18, 11, 14, 15, 06, 17, and 16) and 8) i.e. districts: districts: Sinachergupf, i.e. districts: Waidisch/Outschar, Tomaschwald. 13 7 5 14 10 8 Bärental/Matschachergupf, Waidisch/Herperschnig. 4 Bärental, Zellwinkel, Zell 6 9 3 Pfarre, Gotschuchen. -1.0 Graf 2. – Fitogeografska Graf 3. – Fitogeografska Graf 4. – Fitogeografska pripadnost vrsta prve skupine pripadnost vrsta druge skupine pripadnost vrsta treće skupine (za plohe 13, 7, 19, 10, 18, 11, (za plohe 9, 12, 1, 8) odnosno (za plohe 3, 4, 2, 5) odnosno 14, 15, 06, 17, 16) odnosno revira: Waidisch/Outschar, revira: Sinachergupf, -1.0 2.5 revira:Bärental/Matschachergu Waidisch/Herperschnig. Tomaschwald. pf, Bärental, Zellwinkel, Zell Graph. 1 – CA ordinate biplot for analyzed area Pfarre, Gotschuchen. Graf. 1 – CA ordinacijski biplot za analizirano područje (Legend: Smed-Skont= Sub-Mediterranean-Subcontinental; Pralp=Pre-Alpine; Kosmopol=Cosmopolitan; (Legend: Numbers in coordinate system represent numbers of experimental plots) EastPralp= Eastern Pre-Alpine; East Alp-SEEur=Eastern Alpine-South East European (Meta-Illyrian); (Legenda: Brojevi u koordinatnom sistemu predstavljaju brojeve eksperimentalnih ploha) Euras-Soc= Eurasian-Sub-oceanic; Alp=Alpine; No-Euras=Northern Eurasian; Satl-Smed=Sub-Atlantic- Sub-Mediterranean; Circ=Circum-Polar) (Legenda: Smed-Skont=Submediteranske-Subkontinetalne; Pralp=Prealpske; Kosmopol=Kosmopolitske; EastPralp= Istično Prealpske; East Alp-SEEur=Istočno Apske-Južno istočno Evropske (Metailirske); Euras-Soc= Euroazijske-Suboceanske; Alp=Alpske; No-Euras=Sjeverno Euroazijske; Satl- Smed=Subatlansko-Submediteranske; Circ=Cirkumpolarne)

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

DISCUSSION - Diskusija In analyzed area in larger part (except in district Waidisch/Outschar, Waidisch/Herperschnig) there is absence of appearance of typical transition stages that Analysis of gathered phytocenological records (Table 2) has shown that in a are characteristic to Illyrian beech forests of the type Aremonio-Fagion for example: large part of analyzed area we find eastern Alpine beech communities. Floristic Piceo-Pinetum Illyricum, Populi-Betuletumtypicumas well as of terminal phase Abieti- composition shows that these Alpine beech forests are located on the border with Picetum. Mentioned should be linked with appearance of European larch, which as Illyrian province. Although in analyzed forests we find species that in literature are 2 heliophile species in Alpine area takes place of Scots pine, a heliophile species typical treated as eastern Alpine and southeast-European flora elements (i.e. as meta-Illyrian for succession in Illyrian area.This difference shows different habitat characteristics species) for example: Anemone trifolia, Cardamine trifolia, Cardamne ennephyllos, above all in mesophile type of habitat, because European larch seeks significantly Aposeris foetida, Cyclamen purpurascen, these Alpine beech communities show more mesophile habitats than the Scots pine. Mentioned points that directions and significant deflection from – difference related to real Illyrian beech forests. Meta- stages i.e. phases of emergence of beech forests in Alpine and Illyrian area are Illyrian species are not distinctively Illyrian species but species of the wider amplitude completely different, i.e. have different point of origin. Mentioned strongly points that, of appearance that are appearing in wider area surrounding Illyrian province (for beside appearance of individual “meta-Illyrian species”, Alpine and Illyrian beech example Anemone trifoliaa apears in southern and central Europe to the west all the 3 forests are in its base different, which is noticeable also in analyzed area. way to Portugal, to the north to Finland , etc...). Particular authors call species of wider Illyrian distribution as Illyricoid (TRINAJSTIĆ, 1997). Their appearance in According to this author succession development of Illyrian beech forest takes Alpine area can be explained with their broader ecological amplitude. place as follows: In floristic sense one spots difference in absence of typical and distinct Illyrian In syntaxonomy sense based on phytocenologicalrecords (Table 2.) in species, for example: Cardamine kitaibelii, Cardamine waldsteinii, Omphalodes analyzed area is possible to separate two associations, whereby one association verna, Haqcuetia epipactis, Vicia oroboides, Scopolia carniolica, Calamintha (Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum) has two sub-associations: grandiflora (STEFANOVIĆ, 1986). Besides typical representatives of ground flora that - Group one, districts: Bärental/Matschachergupf, Bärental, Zellwinkel, Zell are missing, in this area is also noticeable absence of specific Illyrian representatives Pfarre, and Gotschuchenthat covers plots no.: 13, 7, 19, 10, 18, 11, 14, 15, 06, of beech forests from bush floor: Rhamnus fallax, Daphne laureola and Euonimus 17, and 16 can come under association of beech and European larch: Anemone latifolia. Usually bush floor of type Aremonio-Fagionis far more developed, so more trifoliae – Fagetum laricetosum TREGUBOV 1957. (syn.: Larici – Fagetum frequent, than in analyzed area, the species Lonicera alpigena, Lonicera xylosteum, Robič 1971 /n.nudum./ and syn.: Fagetum subalpinum var. geogr. Larix Lonicera nigra (BEUS et VOJNIKOVIĆ, 2002) appear. Almost complete absence of decidua MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986.) grown bush floor shows less expressed floor-designation, unlike Illyrian beech forest - Group two, districts: Waidisch/Outschar, Waidisch/Herperschnig plots no.: 9, where floor-designation in mixed forests with beech, fir and spruce is expressed. 12, 1, and 8 which is the closest (depleted variant) to “Illyrian” beech-fir Particularly large difference is represented in appearance of European larch spruce forest association Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum. (Larix decidua), which is not represented in forests Aremonio-Fagion. In analyzed - Group three, districts: Sinachergupf, Tomaschwald for plots 3, 4, 2, and 5 as area European larch appeared with participation of 58% of all plots (table 3). typical community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum typicum TREGUBOV 1957 Appearance of this species is very significant considering that European larch is var. Carex alba MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986. included into Alpine mountain-Carpathian sub-mountain and Sudeten sub-mountain - Considering that in Graph 1 both sub-associations laricetosum and typicum of flora element. In specific case, in analysis area this species presents special landmark association Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum are close, i.e. they connect; further to mentioned forests in a sense of looks/appearance and structure because it represents in text they will be processed together within association Anemone trifoliae – (sub) edificator species. Factually Larix deciduas species is naturally distributed in Fagetum. Different authors unanimously place community Anemone trifoliae Alpine, and not in Illyrian flora area. Appearance of European larch shows also – Fagetum into “ALPINE WORLD” although syntaxonomy placement of this completely different succession development of Alpine beech forests in relation to association in hierarchy system is different: Illyrian. Description of succession development of Illyrian beech forest was described by STEFANOVIĆ (1960) (Scheme 1).

2 Oberdorfer (1994) treated them as (east) (pre)-alpine. 3Flora Europaea Search Results (www.http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html).

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

2 Oberdorfer (1994) treated them as (east) (pre)-alpine. 3Flora Europaea Search Results (www.http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html).

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

alliance Fagenion Fagenion Illyrian area related to Western Balkans, but exclusively in Alpine phytogeographic area that as we mention borders with, but does not represent Illyrian province. Out of mentioned authors the best expert of Illyrian beech forests is Community Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum ZUKRIGL 1988 is in Graph 1 and TREGUBOV who in 1941. in doctor thesis: “Le Foret vierges montagnardes des Alpes Dinariques. Massive Klekovatcha et Grmetch” was the first to research Table 2 in flora sense clearly separated from community Anemone trifoliae – phytocenologically and described Illyrian beech and fir forests in Bosnia. Also, Fagetum. This community looks the most like Illyrian mixed beech forests, i.e. they represent their “depleted variant”. Particularly standing out is absence of this author worked and described Alpine beech forests in Slovenia (1957) and spotted differences and communities between Alpine and Illyrian beech forests European larch and appearance of Scots pine within community, which points to and community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum (which he “de facto”described first), similar syndynamic development of this community as in Illyrian area. In this and placed them it in Central European beech alliance. community out of typical Illyrian species we noticed species: Aremonia agrimonoides with appearance frequency of 50%. Research conducted in Bosnia Understanding of SMOLE (1988) is questionable, because, on one side, he (BEUS et VOJNIKOVIĆ, 2002) show that appearance of this speciesis above 75%. places community into “Alpine world”, and, on other side, places it into Illyrian We should mention that these species in community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum type of forests, which is by itself contradictory. Illyrian and Alpine floral province during this research was not registered at all. Appearance of Scots pine as well as are neighboring but do not overlap. Completely wrong is his understanding that species Sorbus aria and Cephalanthera rubra points to more thermophile habitat exclusively appearance of meta-Illyrianspeciesis the condition to place them into conditions related to community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum, whereby this Illyrian group of forests. Appearance of these forests is expected considering the community is also closing to Illyrian group of beech forests Natura 2000 of code neighboring Illyrian province. At this mentioned one did not analyze absence of 91K0. typical Illyrian species, different structures as well as completely different syndynamics of occurrence of Illyrian from Alpine beech forests, as well as the very area linked to Alpine mountainous area. Initial understanding of WILLNER (2002) was that community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum belongs to group Asperulo-Fagion, so that later together with GRABHERR (2007) he would change his stand and place this community into group: Fagion sylvaticae. Such understanding of placing this community into Central European group of beech forests is justified. However, in understanding of WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007) it is not clear, i.e. what is confusing is how community association Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum of mentioned group Fagion

sylvaticaehe placed into code 91K0. Code 91K0 in Natura 2000 is defined as group Aremonio-Fagion. In this way WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007) are

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

Table 4. – Sintaxonomy affiliation of association Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum factually at the same time placing community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetumin two Tabela 4. – Sintaksonomska pripadnost asocijacije Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum synsystematic units of the same rank (i.e. alliance): Fagion sylvaticae and Aremonio-Fagion which is unacceptable according to International Code of According to: According to: According to: Phytosociological Nomenclature - ICPN (WRABER et al. 2000). Besides According to Willner (2002) Willner, W., Author/s Tregubov mentioned, WILLNER (2002) also states that area of this community is distributed Smole (1988) Grabherr, G. (Zukrigl, 1988) over whole Southern Alps, whereby this community is geographically excluded (2007) from the Illyrian area. Fagion We should mention that not a single literature source from Bosnia and Fagion illyricum Fagion Alliance Asperulo-Fagion Herzegovina and Croatia states the existence of community Anemomo trifoli – medioeuropaeum (Aremonio- sylvaticae Fagetumin these countries. Out of the countries in which we find Illyrian Fagion) province, this community is registered only in Slovenia and Austria in Alpine Sub- Lonicero - Lonicero - area. Mentioned also points out that this community does not appear in typical alliance Fagenion Fagenion Illyrian area related to Western Balkans, but exclusively in Alpine phytogeographic area that as we mention borders with, but does not represent Illyrian province. Out of mentioned authors the best expert of Illyrian beech forests is Community Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum ZUKRIGL 1988 is in Graph 1 and TREGUBOV who in 1941. in doctor thesis: “Le Foret vierges montagnardes des Alpes Dinariques. Massive Klekovatcha et Grmetch” was the first to research Table 2 in flora sense clearly separated from community Anemone trifoliae – phytocenologically and described Illyrian beech and fir forests in Bosnia. Also, Fagetum. This community looks the most like Illyrian mixed beech forests, i.e. they represent their “depleted variant”. Particularly standing out is absence of this author worked and described Alpine beech forests in Slovenia (1957) and spotted differences and communities between Alpine and Illyrian beech forests European larch and appearance of Scots pine within community, which points to and community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum (which he “de facto”described first), similar syndynamic development of this community as in Illyrian area. In this and placed them it in Central European beech alliance. community out of typical Illyrian species we noticed species: Aremonia agrimonoides with appearance frequency of 50%. Research conducted in Bosnia Understanding of SMOLE (1988) is questionable, because, on one side, he (BEUS et VOJNIKOVIĆ, 2002) show that appearance of this speciesis above 75%. places community into “Alpine world”, and, on other side, places it into Illyrian We should mention that these species in community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum type of forests, which is by itself contradictory. Illyrian and Alpine floral province during this research was not registered at all. Appearance of Scots pine as well as are neighboring but do not overlap. Completely wrong is his understanding that species Sorbus aria and Cephalanthera rubra points to more thermophile habitat exclusively appearance of meta-Illyrianspeciesis the condition to place them into conditions related to community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum, whereby this Illyrian group of forests. Appearance of these forests is expected considering the community is also closing to Illyrian group of beech forests Natura 2000 of code neighboring Illyrian province. At this mentioned one did not analyze absence of 91K0. typical Illyrian species, different structures as well as completely different syndynamics of occurrence of Illyrian from Alpine beech forests, as well as the very area linked to Alpine mountainous area. Initial understanding of WILLNER (2002) was that community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum belongs to group Asperulo-Fagion, so that later together with GRABHERR (2007) he would change his stand and place this community into group: Fagion sylvaticae. Such understanding of placing this community into Central European group of beech forests is justified. However, in understanding of WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007) it is not clear, i.e. what is confusing is how community association Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum of mentioned group Fagion sylvaticaehe placed into code 91K0. Code 91K0 in Natura 2000 is defined as group Aremonio-Fagion. In this way WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007) are

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

Table 5. – Percentage participation of groups of flora geo-elements per communities Tabela 5. – Procentualno učešće skupina flornih geoelemenata po zajednicama Anemono trifolio – Anemono trifolio Salvio Forest of beech and fir Participation of groups of Fagetum – Fagetum glutinosae – (Abieti-Fagetum illyricum) geo-florist elements laricetosum typicum Fagetum Alpine and Northern4 45% 34% 32% Terminal phase Sub-Mediterranean – Abieti-Piceetum subcontinentaland sub- 43% 55% 56% oceanic5 Optimal phase pyroletosum Certainly the most distinct difference per geo-florist spectrum shows two Forest of spruce and Scots pine (Piceo-Pinetum illyricum) communities that in Graph 1 and in Table 2 showed the largest difference i.e. their Initial phase character. Participation of cold northern species (Table 5) is largest in community tremulo-betuletosum Anemono trifolio – Fagetum laricetosum, while participation of ‘warm-loving’ and Sub-Mediterranean species was noticed in community Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum. Intermediary place has the community Anemono trifolio – Fagetum typicum with somewhat little participation of ‘warm-loving’ species which is understandable because it is var. Carex alba, which by itself is ‘warm-loving’. Forest of silver birchand aspen Actually it is seen that appearance of meta-Illyrian speciesis not essential to (Populi-Betuletum typicum) characterize traits of mentioned communities but appearance of Northern and Alpine i.e. thermophileand Sub-Mediterranean species.

Initial stage of herbaceous plants CONCLUSIONS – Zaključci with Epilobium angustifolium Conducted research on 19 experimental plots in the Karawanke area of Forstverwaltung Hollenburg showed the following:

1. Although in analyzed forests we find speciesthat in literature are treated as Eastern Alpineand South East European flora elements (i.e. as meta-Illyrian Scheme - 1.: Progression succession scheme of mixed Illyrian beech forest on carbonate base species) for example: Anemone trifolia, Cardamine trifolia, Cardamne (Stefanović, 1960) ennepahyllos, Aposeris foetida, Cyclamen purpurascen, these Alpine beech Shema - 1.: Progresiona sukcesiona shema ilirske mješovite bukove šume na karbonatnoj communities show significant difference in relation to the real Illyrian beech podlozi (Stefanović, 1960) forests. From Graphs 2, 3 and 4 we notice that participation of speciescalled Eastern 2. In floristic sense we notice the difference in absence of typical and distinct Alpine-South East European (meta-Illyrian) for all associations i.e. sub-associations Illyrian speciesfor example: Cardamine kitaibelii, Cardamine waldsteinii, amounts approximately the same 8, 10, 11 %.These meta-Illyrianspecies were Omphaloides verna, Haquetia epipactis, Vicia oroboides, Scopolia carniolica, mentioned earlier. However, there is noticeable difference of Alpine and Northern i.e. Calamitha grandiflora. Besides typical representatives of ground flora that are Sub-Mediterranean – subcontinental and sub-oceanic geo-florist from Graphs 2, 3 and 4 that shows geo-florist character of community Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum 4Covers groups of flora geo elements: pre-Alpine + Alpine + Eastern Alpine + Northern laricetosum and Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum typicum in relation to community Salvio Eurasian + circum polar glutinosae – Fagetum. 5Covers groups of flora geo elements: sub-mediterranean-subcontinetal + eurasian-suboceanic + sub-atlantic-sub.mediterranean + eastern mediterranean + sub-mediterranean

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

missing, in this area we also notice absence of individual Illyrian automatically one excludes possibility of placing this community also in a representatives of beech forests from bush floor: Rhamnus fallax, Daphne group of Illyrian beech forests Aremonio-Fagion (Natura 2000 of Code 91K0), laureola and Evonimus latifolia. which was wrongly mentioned in WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007), because 3. Bush floor within typical Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagionis far more one association cannot be placed into two alliances. developed. So more often the non-Illyrian speciesof bushes appear, for 8. Out of mentioned so far comes the conclusion that forest area within districts example: Lonicera alpigena, Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera nigra than it is the of Forstverwaltung Hollenburg: Bärental/Matschachergupf, Bärental, case in analyzed area. General floor-distinction in typical Illyrian beech Zellwinkel, Zell Pfarre, Gotschuchen Sinachergupf, Tomaschwald do not forests is far more developed than in Alpine. belong to Illyrian group of beech forests Aremonio-Fagion Natura 2000 of 4. In analyzed area European larch appeared with frequency of 58% of all plots. code 91K0, but to code 9130 (Central European beech forests) in accordance Species Larix deciduas is naturally distributed in Alpine, and not in Illyrian with Natura 2000. flora area. Appearance of European larch shows the completely different 9. Community Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum ZUKRIGL 1988 within districts: syndynamic (succession) development of Alpine beech forests in relation to Waidisch/Outschar, Waidisch/Herperschnig, although floristically poorer Illyrian. Larix decidua represents (sub) edificator species in community shows the most similarity but not fully identity with illyrian beech forests therefore has a higher specific weight than meta- Illyrian species in Aremonio-Fagion (Natura 2000 of Code 91K0). phytographic meaning. 5. In analyzed area in larger part (except in districts Waidisch/Outschar, REFERENCES – Literatura: Waidisch/Herperschnig) lacks the appearance of typical transition stages which are characteristic to Illyrian beech forests of group Aremonio-Fagion ADAMOVİĆ, L. (1907): Die pflanzengeographische Stellung und Gliederung der for example: Piceo-Pinetum illyricum, Populi-Betuletum typicum as well as Balkanhalbinsel. Resultate einer im Sommer 1905 in den Balkanländern terminal phases of development of these forests Abieti-Picetum. This unternommenen Reise, die von der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften difference shows different habitat characteristics above all in mesophile aus der Treitl-Stiftung subventioniert wurde. Staatsdruckerei, Wien. character of habitat, because European larch seeks more mesophile habitats BECK G. (1901): Die Vegetationsverhältnisse der illyrischen Länder, begreifend than Scots pine. Mentioned points that directions and stages i.e. phases of Sudcroatien, die Quarnero-Inseln, Dalmatien, Bosnien und die Hercegovina, occurrence of beech forests in Alpine and Illyrian area are completely Montenegro, Nordalbanien, den Sandzak Novipazar und Serbien. Leipzig, Verlag different, i.e. have different point of origin i.e. succession series. von Wilhelm Engelmann, map supplement. (Die Vegetation der Erde, vol. 4.). 6. In syntaxonomy sense based on phytocenological records in analyzed area it is BEUS, V., VOJNİKOVİĆ S. (2002): Floristical characteristics of the virgin Forest of possible to separate two associations (out of which one with two sub- Beech and Fir in Ravna vala on Mt. Bjelašnica, Razprave IV. Razreda SAZU, associations). Ljubljana. - Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum laricetosum TREGUBOV 1957. (syn.: Larici – Fagetum ROBIČ 1971 /n.nudum./ and syn.: Fagetum subalpinum var. geogr. BLAMEY, M., GREY-WILSON, C. (2008): Die Kosmos Enzyklopädie der Larix decidua MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986.), within district: Blütenpflanzen, Fracnch-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart. Bärental/Matschachergupf, Bärental, Zellwinkel, Zell Pfarre, and BRAUN-BLANQUET,J. (1964): Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. Gotschuchenwhich covers plots no: 13, 7, 19, 10, 18, 11, 14, 15, 06, 17, and (3. Auflage). Springer Verlag, Wien 16. BRAAK, C. J. F. AND ŠMİLAUER, P. (2002). CANOCO Reference Manual and - Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum typicum TREGUBOV 1957 var. Carex alba CanoDraw for Windows User's Guide: Software for Canonical Community MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986. within district: Sinachergupf, Ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power (Ithaca NY, USA), 500 pp. Tomaschwald that covers plots 3, 4, 2, and 5. FUKAREK P. (1978): Verbretitungsgebiete einiger charakterarten der slowenischen - Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum ZUKRIGL 1988 within two districts: und kroatischen buchenwäledr und ihre bedeutung für regionale gliederung dees Waidisch/Outschar, Waidisch/Herperschnig plots no: 9, 12, 1, and 8. dinarishcen florengebietes. Mitteil. Ostalp-dinar Ges. Vegetationsk. 14, 7. Community Anemono trifoliae – Fagetum according to: TREGUBOV (1957), Ljubljana. WILLNER (2002) and WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007) belongs to group of Central European beech forests: Fagion sylvaticae (Syn.: Fagion FUKAREK, P. (1980): Geografija šuma. Šumarska enciklopedija – I, Jugoslavenski medioeuropaeum et Syn.: Asperulo – Fagion). Respecting IPCN mentioned, Leksikografski Zavod, Zagreb.

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria) missing, in this area we also notice absence of individual Illyrian automatically one excludes possibility of placing this community also in a representatives of beech forests from bush floor: Rhamnus fallax, Daphne group of Illyrian beech forests Aremonio-Fagion (Natura 2000 of Code 91K0), laureola and Evonimus latifolia. which was wrongly mentioned in WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007), because 3. Bush floor within typical Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagionis far more one association cannot be placed into two alliances. developed. So more often the non-Illyrian speciesof bushes appear, for 8. Out of mentioned so far comes the conclusion that forest area within districts example: Lonicera alpigena, Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera nigra than it is the of Forstverwaltung Hollenburg: Bärental/Matschachergupf, Bärental, case in analyzed area. General floor-distinction in typical Illyrian beech Zellwinkel, Zell Pfarre, Gotschuchen Sinachergupf, Tomaschwald do not forests is far more developed than in Alpine. belong to Illyrian group of beech forests Aremonio-Fagion Natura 2000 of 4. In analyzed area European larch appeared with frequency of 58% of all plots. code 91K0, but to code 9130 (Central European beech forests) in accordance Species Larix deciduas is naturally distributed in Alpine, and not in Illyrian with Natura 2000. flora area. Appearance of European larch shows the completely different 9. Community Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum ZUKRIGL 1988 within districts: syndynamic (succession) development of Alpine beech forests in relation to Waidisch/Outschar, Waidisch/Herperschnig, although floristically poorer Illyrian. Larix decidua represents (sub) edificator species in community shows the most similarity but not fully identity with illyrian beech forests therefore has a higher specific weight than meta- Illyrian species in Aremonio-Fagion (Natura 2000 of Code 91K0). phytographic meaning. 5. In analyzed area in larger part (except in districts Waidisch/Outschar, REFERENCES – Literatura: Waidisch/Herperschnig) lacks the appearance of typical transition stages which are characteristic to Illyrian beech forests of group Aremonio-Fagion ADAMOVİĆ, L. (1907): Die pflanzengeographische Stellung und Gliederung der for example: Piceo-Pinetum illyricum, Populi-Betuletum typicum as well as Balkanhalbinsel. Resultate einer im Sommer 1905 in den Balkanländern terminal phases of development of these forests Abieti-Picetum. This unternommenen Reise, die von der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften difference shows different habitat characteristics above all in mesophile aus der Treitl-Stiftung subventioniert wurde. Staatsdruckerei, Wien. character of habitat, because European larch seeks more mesophile habitats BECK G. (1901): Die Vegetationsverhältnisse der illyrischen Länder, begreifend than Scots pine. Mentioned points that directions and stages i.e. phases of Sudcroatien, die Quarnero-Inseln, Dalmatien, Bosnien und die Hercegovina, occurrence of beech forests in Alpine and Illyrian area are completely Montenegro, Nordalbanien, den Sandzak Novipazar und Serbien. Leipzig, Verlag different, i.e. have different point of origin i.e. succession series. von Wilhelm Engelmann, map supplement. (Die Vegetation der Erde, vol. 4.). 6. In syntaxonomy sense based on phytocenological records in analyzed area it is BEUS, V., VOJNİKOVİĆ S. (2002): Floristical characteristics of the virgin Forest of possible to separate two associations (out of which one with two sub- Beech and Fir in Ravna vala on Mt. Bjelašnica, Razprave IV. Razreda SAZU, associations). Ljubljana. - Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum laricetosum TREGUBOV 1957. (syn.: Larici – Fagetum ROBIČ 1971 /n.nudum./ and syn.: Fagetum subalpinum var. geogr. BLAMEY, M., GREY-WILSON, C. (2008): Die Kosmos Enzyklopädie der Larix decidua MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986.), within district: Blütenpflanzen, Fracnch-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart. Bärental/Matschachergupf, Bärental, Zellwinkel, Zell Pfarre, and BRAUN-BLANQUET,J. (1964): Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. Gotschuchenwhich covers plots no: 13, 7, 19, 10, 18, 11, 14, 15, 06, 17, and (3. Auflage). Springer Verlag, Wien 16. BRAAK, C. J. F. AND ŠMİLAUER, P. (2002). CANOCO Reference Manual and - Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum typicum TREGUBOV 1957 var. Carex alba CanoDraw for Windows User's Guide: Software for Canonical Community MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986. within district: Sinachergupf, Ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power (Ithaca NY, USA), 500 pp. Tomaschwald that covers plots 3, 4, 2, and 5. FUKAREK P. (1978): Verbretitungsgebiete einiger charakterarten der slowenischen - Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum ZUKRIGL 1988 within two districts: und kroatischen buchenwäledr und ihre bedeutung für regionale gliederung dees Waidisch/Outschar, Waidisch/Herperschnig plots no: 9, 12, 1, and 8. dinarishcen florengebietes. Mitteil. Ostalp-dinar Ges. Vegetationsk. 14, 7. Community Anemono trifoliae – Fagetum according to: TREGUBOV (1957), Ljubljana. WILLNER (2002) and WILLNER et GRABHERR (2007) belongs to group of Central European beech forests: Fagion sylvaticae (Syn.: Fagion FUKAREK, P. (1980): Geografija šuma. Šumarska enciklopedija – I, Jugoslavenski medioeuropaeum et Syn.: Asperulo – Fagion). Respecting IPCN mentioned, Leksikografski Zavod, Zagreb.

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HENNEKENS, S.M., SCHAMINEE, J.H.J. (2001). Turboveg, a comprehensive SAŽETAK database management system for vegetation data Journal of Vegetation Science Položaj ilirske vegetacijske provincije na zapadnom Balkanu utvrđen je davno (npr.: 12: 589-591. BECK, 1901, ADAMOVIĆ 1907…) Ilirski prostor se veže za: Crnu Goru, Bosnu i HORVAT, I., GLAVAČ, V., ELLENBERG, H. (1974): Vegetation Südosteuropas. Hercegovinu, Hrvatsku i Sloveniju. Karavanke predstavljaju granicu između Austrije Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. i Slovenije ali također predstavljaju i granično područje ilirske provincije. Utvrđivanje LAUBER, K., WAGNER, G. (2001): Flora Helvetica 2.0, CD – ROM, Ein interaktiv fitogeografske pripadnosti šumskih zajednica bukve postaje veomo važno sa aspekta Führer durch die Pflanzwelt der Schweiz, Haupt digital. zaštite u smislu Nature 2000. Prema zahtjevima Nature 2000 ilirske bukove šume (91K0 – sveza: Aremonio – Fagion), predstavljaju šume od interesa za zaštitu u MAYER, H. (1986): Europäische Wälder. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York. Austriji. S toga je važno utvrditi vegetacijsko – florističke karakteristike bukovih šuma OBERDORFER, E. (1994): Pflanzen-soziologische Exursionsflora; Verlag Eugen na Karavankama, na osnovu čega bi se moglo zaključiti njihova fitogeografska Ulmer, Stuttgart. pripadnost. Sprovedenim istraživanjem unutar bukovih šuma na području šumarije SMOLE, I. (1988): Katalog gozdnih združb Slovenije, Inštitut za gozdno in lesno Hollenburg utvrđeno je postojanje sljedećih zajednica bukve: Anemone trifoliae – gospodarstvo, Ljubljana. Fagetum laricetosum TREGUBOV 1957. (syn.: Larici – Fagetum ROBIČ 1971 STEFANOVIĆ, V. (1960): Tipovi šuma bijelog bora na području krečnjaka istočne /n.nudum./ i syn.: Fagetum subalpinum var. geogr. Larix decidua MARINČEK, Bosne; Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjeljenje privredno-tehničkih POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986.); Anemone trifoliae – Fagetum typicum TREGUBOV nauka Knj. 4, Radovi, knj. XVI, Sarajevo, 82-142. 1957 var. Carex alba MARINČEK, POLDINI, ZUPANČIČ 1986; Salvio glutinosae – Fagetum ZUKRIGL, 1988. Na osnovu florističkih karakteristika, njihove strukture, STEFANOVİĆ, V. (1986): Fitocenologija sa pregledom šumskih fitocenoza sindinamike, može se zaključiti da prve dvije zajednice se ne mogu svrstati u ilirske Jugoslavije, Svjetlost, Sarajevo. bukove šume, dok zajednica Salvio glutinosae –Fagetum pokazuje sličnost sa ilirskim ŠİLİĆ, Č. (1990): Šumske zeljaste biljke. Svjetlost, Sarajevo. bukovim šumama sveze Aremonio-Fagion (Natura 2000 kod 91K0). THOMMEN, E. (1973): Taschenatlas der Schweizer Flora; Birkhauser Verlag, Basel und Stuttgart. TREGUBOV V. (1941): Le Foret vierges montagnardes des Alpes Dinariques. Massive Klekovatcha et Grmetch, mnsc. Doctoral thesis. Monpelier.

TREGUBOV V. et coll. (1957): Prebiralni gozdovi na Snežniku. Strok. Znanstv. dela,

Inštitut za gozdno in lesno gospodarstvo, Ljubljana.

TRİNAJSTİĆ, I. (1997): Phytogeographical analysis of the illyricoid floral geoelement. – Acta Biologica Slovenica 41(2/3): 77–85. TICHÝ L. (2002): JUICE, software for vegetation classification. – Journal of Vegetetion Science13. Opulus Press, Uppsala, pp.: 451–453. ANNEXES: WİLLNER, W. (2002): Syntaxonomische Revision der südmitteleuropäischen Buchenwälder, Phytocoenologia, 32(3), Berlin-Stuttgart, pp. 337-453. Map 1 Map 2 WİLLNER, W., GRABHERR, G. (2007): Die Wälder und Gebüsche Österreichs. Tables Elsevier, München.

WRABER, H.E., MORAVEC, J., THEURİLLAT, J.-P (2000): International Code of

Phytosociological Nomenclature, Journal of Vegetation Sciencel 1: 739-768

ZUKRİGL, K. (1988): Die Montanen Buchenwälder der Österreischen südalpen (Karawanken und Karnische Alpen), Sauteria 4.pp 11-16.

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TREGUBOV V. et coll. (1957): Prebiralni gozdovi na Snežniku. Strok. Znanstv. dela,

Inštitut za gozdno in lesno gospodarstvo, Ljubljana.

WRABER, H.E., MORAVEC, J., THEURİLLAT, J.-P (2000): International Code of

Phytosociological Nomenclature, Journal of Vegetation Sciencel 1: 739-768

ZUKRİGL, K. (1988): Die Montanen Buchenwälder der Österreischen südalpen (Karawanken und Karnische Alpen), Sauteria 4.pp 11-16.

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

MAP 1 MAP 2

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

MAP 1 MAP 2

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

=> => => => => => => => => => (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé : 10 : 5 : 5 : 10 : 5 : 10 : 20 : 15 : 5 : 10 number: number: number: number: number: number: number: number: number: number: Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Geology Cover Cover 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 herb herb herb herb herb herb herb : herb herb layer layer layer layer layer layer layer Limston layer layer Country Country Country Country Country Country Country Country Country Country (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) e (%) (%) code code code code code code code code code code : 60 : 30 : 10 : 70 : 45 : 5 : 30 Soil : 85 : 5 : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria Geology Geology Geology Geology Geology Geology Geology : Geology Geology Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. : : : : : : : Cacomel : : relevé in relevé in relevé in relevé in relevé in relevé in relevé in relevé in relevé in relevé in Limesto Limesto Dolomit Limesto Limesto Limesto Limesto anosol Limesto Limesto table table table table table table table table table table ne ne e ne ne ne ne Rev ne ne : 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8 : 9 : 10 Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil : Soil Soil Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover : : : : : : : Waidisc : : abundan abundan abundan abundan abundan abundan abundan abundan abundan abundan Calcome Calcoca Rendzin Calcome Calcome Calcoca Calcome h Calcome Calcome ce scale ce scale ce scale ce scale ce scale ce scale ce scale ce scale ce scale ce scale lanosol mbisol e lamosol lanosol mbisol lanosol Compar lanosole lanosol : : : : : : : : : : Rev Rev Rev Rev Rev Rev Rev : 11 Rev Rev Braun/B Braun/B Braun/B Braun/B Braun/B Braun/B Braun/B Braun/B Braun/B Braun/B : : : : : : : Crow_c : : Zell lanquet lanquet lanquet lanquet lanquet lanquet lanquet lanquet lanquet lanquet Waidisc Sinacher Sinacher Tomasc Tomasc Gotsuch Gotschu ov Waidisc Pfarre (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) h grupf gupf hwald hwald en hen : 0.7 h Compar Date Date Date Date Date Date Date Date Date Date Compar Compar Compar Compar Compar Compar Compar Compar : 28 (year/m (year/m (year/m (year/m (year/m (year/m (year/m (year/m (year/m (year/m : 4 : 10 : 9 : 15 : 15 : 6 : 8 : 11 Crow_c onth/day onth/day onth/day onth/day onth/day onth/day onth/day onth/day onth/day onth/day Crow_c Crow_c Crow_c Crow_c Crow_c Crow_c Crow_c Crow_c ov ) : ) : ) : ) : ) : ) : ) : ) : ) : ) : ov ov ov ov ov ov ov ov : 1.0 2015/07/ 2015/07/ 2015/07/ 2015/07/ 2015/07/ 2015/07/ 2015/07/ 2015/07/ 2015/07/ 2015/07/ : 0.8 : 0.9 : 0.9 : 0.8 : 1.0 : 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.8 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé area area area area area area area area area area (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) => => => => => => => => => : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude number: number: number: number: number: number: number: number: number: (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 : 690 : 1150 : 1090 : 1050 : 1300 : 1000 : 1050 : 750 : 650 : 900 Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Country Country Country Country Country Country Country Country Country (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees code code code code code code code code code ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : Austria : S : N : W : S : W : NW : N : SW : S : N Nr. relevé Nr. relevé Nr. relevé Nr. relevé Nr. relevé Nr. relevé Nr. relevé Nr. relevé Nr. relevé Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope in table in table in table in table in table in table in table in table in table (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees (degrees : 11 : 12 : 13 : 14 : 15 : 16 : 17 : 18 : 19 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover : 30 : 38 : 30 : 36 : 10 : 31 : 32 : 15 : 31 : 31 abundanc abundanc abundanc abundanc abundanc abundanc abundanc abundanc abundanc Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover e scale e scale e scale e scale e scale e scale e scale e scale e scale total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) : : : : : : : : : : 90 : 100 : 100 : 85 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 80 : 100 : 100 Braun/Bla Braun/Bla Braun/Bla Braun/Bla Braun/Bla Braun/Bla Braun/Bla Braun/Bla Braun/Bla Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover nquet nquet nquet nquet nquet nquet nquet nquet nquet tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) (old) layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer Date Date Date Date Date Date Date Date Date (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (year/mon (year/mon (year/mon (year/mon (year/mon (year/mon (year/mon (year/mon (year/mon : 80 : 100 : 100 : 80 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 80 : 90 : 100 th/day) th/day) th/day) th/day) th/day) th/day) th/day) th/day) th/day) Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover : : : : : : : : : shrub shrub shrub shrub shrub shrub shrub herb shrub shrub 2015/07/2 2015/07/2 2015/07/2 2015/07/2 2015/07/2 2015/07/2 2015/07/2 2015/07/2 2015/07/2 layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer layer 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Sead Vojniković alps (Austria)

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Determining the Illyrian origin forest communities of beech forests Karawanke - Carinthian Works of the Faculty of Forestry alps (Austria) University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (25-36) Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé Relevé area (m2) area (m2) area (m2) area (m2) area (m2) area (m2) area (m2) area (m2) area (m2) : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 : 400.00 UDK 634.37:712.25(497.5 Šibenik) Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude Altitude (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) DENDROLOGICAL LANDSCAPE VALORISATION OF THE COMMON FIG (Ficus : 1050 : 920 : 1080 : 1300 : 1100 : 1100 : 1100 : 1250 : 1250 carica L.) IN THE GARDENS OF ŠIBENIK Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect Aspect (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) Dendrološko-krajobrazna valorizacija smokve (Ficus carica L.) u vrtovima Šibenika : N : S : 0 : NE : 42 : E : W : W : E Boris Dorbić1, Elma Temim2, Emilija Friganović1 Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) Abstract : 32 : 40 : 0 : 22 : 40 : 29 : 29 : 28 : 25 Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover The culture of breeding figs (Ficus carica L.) on the area of town Šibenik is greatly total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) connected to rural areas, and in the town system it is rare and sporadic. Its decorative : 100 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 80 : 100 ability is reflected in decorative gray bark, tree tops, fragrant leaves and smaller or Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover tree layer tree layer tree layer tree layer tree layer tree layer tree layer tree layer tree layer larger fruits black or green, which again depends on the cultivar. It is also decorative (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) in the winter period when comes to the fore an interesting shape of the trunk. Because : 100 : 100 : 70 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 100 : 70 : 80 of these decorative characteristics and cultural value of the fig, it is necessary to give Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover fig the meaning in landscape architecture which it belongs considering its contribution shrub shrub shrub shrub herb layer herb layer herb layer herb layer shrub layer (%) layer (%) layer (%) layer (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) layer (%) to the visual gestalt in authenticity of space. To achieve real aesthetic value of a given : 10 : 10 : 5 : 2 : 80 : 5 : 5 : 20 : 40 area fig should not be used with non-typical Mediterranean species. The aim of this Cover Cover Cover Cover Geology Geology Geology Geology Cover work is to execute landscape valorization, inventarization and to demonstrate esthetic herb layer herb layer herb layer herb layer : : : : herb layer grade of garden landscape with figs. A taxonomic analysis of fig gardens with a (%) (%) (%) (%) Dolomite Limeston Limstone Limstone (%) spatial accent was completed in Šibenik area. According to the results of field research : 5 : 20 : 50 : 10 Soil e coluvium coluvium : 60 Geology Geology Geology Geology : coluvium Soil Soil Geology and considering the habitus type (according to EHHARDT et al. 2002.) it is obvious : : : : Rendzine Soil : : : that gardens are dominated by decorative plants with bushy forms (18 families), Dolomite Dolomite Limeston Limstone Rev : Rendzine Rendzine Limstone followed by tree shapes (8 families). Based on gained results of visual gestalt research Soil Soil e coluvium : Rendzine Rev Rev Soil and survey interviews we can conclude that citizens experience park spaces with figs : : Soil Soil Baerental Rev : : : Rendzine Rendzine : : Compar : Zellwnkel Zellwinke Calcomel as pleasant, and that it really has a great meaning for landscape, which can be used in Rev Rev Calcomel Rendzine : 4 Baerental Compar l anosol branding of Šibenik and surrounding areas. : Zell : Widisch anosol Rev Crow_co Compar : 4 Compar Rev Pfare Compar Rev : v : 5 Crow_co : 3 : Key words: fig, floristic research, valorization, esthetic value, landscape. Compar : 2 : Beaental Baerental : 0.9 Crow_co v Crow_co Zellwinke : 29 Crow_co Compar Compar v : 1.0 v l Crow_co v : 17 : 18 : 1.0 : 0.7 Compar INTRODUCTION - Uvod v : 0.9 Crow_co Crow_co : 5 The common fig (Ficus carica L.) belongs to the mulberry family (Moraceae) : 1.0 v v Crow_co : 7.0 : 0.9 v and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees. It is native to the Middle Eastern area : 0.8 between eastern Turkey and northern India. The life span for the fig tree is 50 to 70 years (VEGO et al. 2008). Recommended for cultivation in Croatia are the following cultivars of fig: Petrovka white and black, Bjelica, Šaraguja, ficodella Madona, Zamorčica, Bružetka white and black and crnica (PRGOMET and BOHAČ 2003, MUJIĆ et al. 2014).

1University of Applied Sciences „Marko Marulić“ in Knin, Department of agriculture karst. 2 Agromeditereannean Faculty, University of Džemal Bijedić, Mostar 24 25

Dendrological Landscape valorisation of the Common fig (Ficus carica L.) in the gardens of Boris Dorbić, Elma Temim, Emilija Friganović Šibenik As a typically Mediterranean culture it is not sufficiently represented in the of a locale. The survey employed a questionnaire that contained questions of open and system of municipal vegetation of Šibenik and its surrounding region. The problem of closed types, grouped into two blocks which concerned the perception, preference and the rare usage of this fruit tree can be tied to the increasing use of allochthonous and stance of the participants towards the aesthetical experience of the common fig in exotic species in the second half of the 20th century. Although even then there was a parks or green areas. The survey was conducted during April and May of 2014 on a tendency towards preferring autochthonous species over allochthonous, the latter were sample of 50 participants from the Šibenik area (19 women and 31 men). The age chosen significantly more often. In accordance with its decorative and adaptable distribution of the sample was: 17 participants between 20-30 years, 8 between 30-40 characteristics, the fig is ideal for usage in certain areas of urban landscaping and years, 3 between 40-50 years, 13 between 50-65 years and 9 participants above the age green avenues of piscatorial rural landscapes. The latter can be noted in Raslina near of 65. The selection of participants was random. The survey utilized a five degree Šibenik. Here the fig is also a symbol of the place. scale (for measuring the benefit and the landscaping value of fig) with values from 1 Lately, the fig has been recorded in the more contemporary landscaping of to 5, and a seven degree Likert scale (for measuring the stance, perception and residential buildings in Šubićevac as an individual tree at certain localities of green preference of the participants) with answers from -3 to 3 with the following values: -3 areas. The problem in choosing fig in landscape architecture and planning is the fact very unpleasant; -2 mildly unpleasant; -1 unpleasant; 0 neither pleasant or unpleasant; that the ripe fruit falls off in late summer and dirties the streets. Its patchy leaves are +1 pleasant; +2 mildly pleasant; +3 very pleasant. The processing of the data was not adequate either. The fig also requires a certain measure of plant protection, conducted according to the measure of central tendency; that is, on the basis of without which individual trees have been known to lose their decorative function in calculating the arithmetic mean and standard deviation. Statistical processing of the municipal vegetation. The common fig is an economic and decorative species, mostly data was accomplished in the SPSS 16 software for Windows OS. used as a central emphasis in the shaping of private utilitarian or utilitarian-decorative The research of garden dendroflora dominated by the common fig was gardens. Its decorative quality is best observed in the decorative grey bark, the tree published during the year 2013 and pertained to 5 gardens in the area of Šibenik town. top, the patchy leaves and the recognizable smaller or larger fruit that is either green or The following florist literature was used to determine the plants: HORVATIĆ and black, depending on the choice of cultivar. It remains decorative in the winter period TRINAJSTIĆ, (1967-1981); DOMAC, (1994); VIDAKOVIĆ and FRANJIĆ, (2004); when the interesting shape of the trunk becomes prominent, especially in older trees. IDŽOJTIĆ, (2009). The common fig is an indispensable culture to most private gardens in the Šibenik The division of life forms was accomplished using ERHARDT et al. (2002) area, as well as the outskirts of Šibenik. In order to achieve the full aesthetic value of a with certain simplifications, and the following abbreviations are cited in the list of certain space, the fig should not be used in conjunction with atypical Mediterranean flora: G – bush, Gna–shrub, Gsu – succulent plant, G/S - bush or tree, S/G – tree or species. The aesthetic value of the Mediterranean garden is dependent upon the bush, S – tree, Li – vine (liana). The Croatian nomenclature of species used: BORZAN, landscape design being as simple as possible. High aesthetic value is achieved in the (2001); ŠUGAR, (2008); IDŽOJTIĆ, (2009). synergy of the common fig with aromatic herbs, cypress trees and vine. An example of The division of species to deciduous (L), evergreen (V), as well as the data on this can be seen in the medieval Mediterranean garden of the monastery of St. geographical origin, was taken from ERHARDT et al. (2002). Dendroflora is classified Lawrence in Šibenik. In the past, figs were the preferred food of the poor populace, in either autochthonous or allochthonous species, based on the family origin. usually dried and stored in wooden chests for the cold winter days. Although not as Autochthonous species are classified as the ones that grow wild in the researched area significant for the economy of Šibenik as the vine or the olive tree, even this (Da), the ones that are cultivated (Db) and the ones that grew wild during cultivation decorative fruit tree can serve as a potential brand of Šibenik. The purpose of this (Dab). Allochthonous are categorized by their level of domestication in accordance paper is to achieve a landscape valorization and inventarization and to submit an with the suggestions of MITIĆ et al. (2008), in the following categories: species aesthetical evaluation of garden landscapes including the common fig tree. exclusive to cultivation – kult, undomesticated species – cas, non-invasive species – nat, invasive species–inv. MATERIALS AND METHODS - Materijali i metode Interviews, terrain research, floristic research and a survey in the Šibenik area DISCUSSION AND RESULTS - Diskusija i rezultati were used as sources of primary information. Archival material, publications, The common fig is a culture used primarily as a fruit bearing tree, especially scientific and professional papers were used during the drafting of this paper as in private gardens. Most often, the fig was not bought as a separate seedling, but sources of secondary information. The goal of the survey was to determine the effect transferred from fields, vineyards or neighbouring plots to city or village gardens as a of spatial and structural relationships – criteria which affect the aesthetical experience cutting. Studying written data on the fig tells us the fig was never a primary economic

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Dendrological Landscape valorisation of the Common fig (Ficus carica L.) in the gardens of Boris Dorbić, Elma Temim, Emilija Friganović Šibenik culture. In the field, the fig was mostly planted as a companion to vines and olive trees. In home gardens is either the prominent central tree or in a more distant position in the garden or croft. The fig is well known for growing on poor soil, so it could be seen everywhere in the backyard. In rural parts of the town during the summer droughts, the fig fruits would be dried in shallow wooden crates (so-called granziole) from the beginning to the end of August. These driers were also decorative and fig gardens would achieve an even greater decorative value. Figs were planted and processed in almost all seaside locales near Šibenik, such as Brodarica, Primošten, Vodice, Skradin etc. In the last period of tourist adaptation even hundreds-year-old Figure 1 and 2. The garden of the restaurant „Zlatna ribica“ in Brodarica figs were uprooted and in their place palm trees were planted. A certain ethnological Slika 1 i 2. Vrt restorana Zlatna ribica u Brodarici and cultural value can easily be used as an incentive to increase the use of figs in a The Medieval Mediterranean Garden of the Monastery of St. Lawrence in Šibenik - village's touristic identity (CORNARA et al. 2009). It is interesting to correlate the Srednjovjekovni mediteranski vrt Sv. Lovre u Šibeniku afore-mentioned with the presence of this culture in the landscaping of a village. As an example, the village of Jezera organizes a „festival of figs“ in August, even though in A small fountain surrounded by four square surfaces with carved sides the landscape of the village, the fig is underrepresented. dominates the central garden space. On the western left side, there are different aromatic species as well as decorative ones, such as: lavander (Lavandula angustifolia Valorisation of green surfaces dominated by the Common Fig (Ficus carica L.) - Mill.), boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) as a hedge and rose trees (Rosa hybrida L.), Valorizacija zelenih površina u kojima dominira smokva (Ficus carica L.) shaped into an S. Symmetrical to this one, on the right side surface similar kinds of

plants have been planted. Symmetrical surfaces are represented on the lower level, as The Garden of the Restaurant „Zlatna Ribica“ in Brodarica - Vrt restorana Zlatna ribica u Brodarici well. On the south side by the very wall, the following plants have been planted: wild The garden has elements of a terrace. In the upper part of the garden on the jasmine (Jasminum fruticans L.), Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.), northern side, a mid-height hedge of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) was rose (R. hybrida L.), blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea L.), common fig (Ficus planted, which at the western part ends in a larger bush of the same species. A metal carica L.), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and oleander (Nerium oleander L.). On the canopy was built by the hedge with common grape vine (Vitis vinifera L.), common western side of this garden, the following species have been recorded: lemon (Citrus ivy (Hedera helix L.) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.). limon L. Burm. Fil), rose (Rosa hybrida L.), Mediterranean cypress (C. sempervirens), To the left there is a small boxwood plant (Buxus sempervirens L.). By the boxwood, several bushes of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus one can notice an old olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Near the lower side of the wall quinquefolia L.). On the northern side, these species have been planted: Mediterranean there are two smaller bigleaf hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.), and cypress (C. sempervirens L.), rose (R. hybrida), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), closer to the middle Japanese pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) ex Murray carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), common grape vine (Vitis vinifera L.), rose (R. hybrida), W.T. Aiton), shrubby germander (Teucrium fruticans L.), rose (Rosa hybrida L.), an 8 common fig (F. carica), ivy (Hedera helix L.), Mediterranean cypress (C. meters tall Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica (Green.), two large olives (O. sempervirens) and centuryplant (Agave americana L.). europaea) and two common yucca shrubs (Yucca filamentosa L.). The lower part of the garden is decorated by several citrus fruit trees; lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm. F.) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), two common figs (Ficus carica L.) and two large yuccas (Y. filamentosa). The plot is maintained and beautifully formed. The choice of species is not completely satisfactory.

Figure 3 and 4. The medieval Mediterranean garden in Šibenik Slika 3 i 4. Srednjovjekovni mediteranski vrt u Šibeniku

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Figure 3 and 4. The medieval Mediterranean garden in Šibenik Slika 3 i 4. Srednjovjekovni mediteranski vrt u Šibeniku

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Dendrological Landscape valorisation of the Common fig (Ficus carica L.) in the gardens of Boris Dorbić, Elma Temim, Emilija Friganović Šibenik The Garden in the courtyard of the home of the Paić family in Šibenik - Vrt u dvorištu over 25 m. Several old fashioned types of benches stand in front. At the eastern edge, obiteljske kuće Paić u Šibeniku there are several shrubs of Van Hout's spirea (S. x vanhouttei), an elm tree (Ulmus sp.) This interesting court garden whose central space is dominated by an old fig and a downy oak tree (Quercus pubescens Wild.) of medium height. This green tree (Ficus carica L.) is located at the address Martin Kolunić street, nm. 3, and is surface should be more carefully and regularly maintained: the forming of shrubs and owned by mister Ante Paić of Gorica. From the entry to the courtyard, a cement trees, grass mowing, phytosanitary protection and regular supplementing of flower box containing a small magnolia tree (Magnolia grandiflora L.) can be seen to dendrological species. the right. The concrete stairway offers an expanding view of the courtyard. This farmers' yard can be divided into three sections. In the first, eastern section, a red table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is planted on the left side, by the pantry, and opposite it another grape vine (V. vinifera) and a climbing rose (Rosa hybrida L.) by a brick bakery. In the very center of the middle section of the yard is a table with chairs and a dominating fig (Ficus carica L.) that is 105 years old and was planted in 1908. It was planted by a young man from Vrlika who served the master of the house. The fig (F. carica) was planted for shade and its fruit, which is still regular. In the bricked up part right of the fig (F. carica) one can see a small hydrangea shrub (Hydrangea sp.) and a Figure 7 and 8. The green surface in Mandalinskih žrtava Street in Šibenik common vervain (Verbena officinalis L.) in stone flower boxes. In the extension of the Slika 7 i 8. Zelena površina u ulici Mandalinskih žrtava u Šibeniku garden, which serves as a place to rest in the shade, a small lemon tree (Citrus limon L. Burm. F.) planted in a stone pot dominates the area. In a flower box to the right are The green avenue at the shore in Raslina - Linijsko zelenilo na obali u Raslini beautifully planted ivy-leaf geraniums (Pelargonium peltatum L.). This court garden Seven smaller fig trees (Ficus carica L.) planted as a green avenue are situated completely fits the purpose of an old Šibenik stone house. Unassuming details and by the sea shore in Raslina. To the south of the avenue is an outdoor bowling alley. flower boxes, autochthonous species and the like are utterly pleasing. The figs (F. carica) are exceptionally vital, decorative, cut in the shape of a vase and are an excellent example of the usage of typically Mediterranean species on public surfaces. It is also important to mention that precisely fig (F. carica) was an important food of Raslina folk before and during the Second World War. The fig trees are partnered with a group of greenery: lavender (Lavandula angustofila L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana L.) oriental Arbovitae (Thuja orientalis L.) and the elm tree (Ulmus sp.). The use of palm trees and exotic grass lowers the aesthetic quality of the space. Simplicity in the application of Mediterranean species fitted into the landscape of the sea shore gives a much greater aesthetical value then the aforementioned.

Figure 5 and 6. The garden at the house of Paić family in Šibenik Slika 5 i 6. Vrt u dvorištu obiteljske kuće Paić u Šibeniku The green surface in Mandalinskih žrtava Street in Šibenik-Zelena površina u ulici Mandalinskih žrtava u Šibeniku This surface is intriguing for the dominance of the fig as a main accent in the space and its solid connection to other Mediterranean species. By the building on the green surface shaped like a square triangle in the Mandalinskih žrtava Street on the left side the following species have been planted: a small bay laurel tree (Laurus nobilis L.), oleander (Nerium oleandrum L.), a large fig tree (Ficus carica L.), several Figure 9 and 10. Green avenue at the shore in Raslina large shrubs of Van Hout's spirea (Spiraea x vanhouttei Briot Zabel) and three large Slika 9 i 10. Linijsko zelenilo na obali u Raslini atlas cedar trees (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carriere) whose height reaches

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Dendrological Landscape valorisation of the Common fig (Ficus carica L.) in the gardens of Boris Dorbić, Elma Temim, Emilija Friganović Šibenik Inventarization of dendrological species-Inventarizacija dendroloških vrsta (S/G), Dab, L, Middle 15. Common fig Ficus carica (L.) Moraceae East, Western Asia Field researches in the form of taxonomic analysis 29 species of decorative (G/S), Dab,V, Middle dendroflora have been established, and the results are demonstrated in Table 1. 16. Olive Olea europaea (L.) Oleaceae East, Table 1. Dendrological species in the sampled gardens Mediterranean Jasminum fruticans Tabela 1. Dendrološke vrste u oglednim vrtovima 17. Winter jasmine Oleaceae (G), kult, L, East Asia (Lindl.) Latin name of the Life form, origin, Pittosporum tobira O.num. Common name Family Japanese species geographical origin 18. Thunb.ex Murray Pittosporaceae (G/S), Cas, V, East Asia pittosporum SPERMATOPHYTA / GYMNOSPERMAE / CONIFEROPSIDA W.T.Aiton Arizona Cupressus (S), kult, V, North Punica granatum (G/S), kult, L, Southeast 1. Cupressaceae 19. Pomegranate Punicaceae cypress arizonica Green America (L.) Asia (S), Dab, V, Mediterranean Cupressus 20. Rose Rosa hybrida (L.) Rosaceae (G), kult, V, Asia, Europe 2. Cupressaceae southeast Europe, cypress sempervirens (L.) Bridal wreath Spiraea x southwestern Asia 21. (Van Houtt's vanhouttei Briot Rosaceae (G), kult, L, East Asia Oriental Thuja orientalis 3. Cupressaceae (G/S), kult, V, East Asia spirea) Zabel Arborvitae (L.) Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Cedrus atlantica 22. Mandarine (G), kult, V, China 4. Atlas cedar Pinaceae (S), kult, V, North Africa Blanco (Endl.) Carriere Citrus limon (L.) 23. Lemon Rutaceae (G), kult, V, Asia ANGIOSPERMAE / MAGNOLIOPSIDA (DICOTYLEDONES) Burm.F (G), Dab, V, 24. Elm Ulmus sp. Ulmaceae (S), Db, L, Europe, Asia Nerium oleander North Africa, East Common grape (Li), Cas, L, unknown 5. Oleander Apocynaceae 25. Vitis vinifera (L.) Vitaceae (L.) Mediterranean, Southeast vine origin Asia Parthenocissus Virginia (Li), Dab, V, Europe and 26. quinquefolia (L.) Vitaceae (Li), kult, L, East Asia 6. Common ivy Hedera helix (L.) Araliaceae creeper western Asia Planchon. (G), kult,V, Western and Buxus LILIOPSIDA (MONOCOTYLEDONES) 7. Boxwood Buxaceae Southern Europe, North Agave americana (S), nat, V, North sempervirens (L.) 27. Centuryplant Agavaceae africa (L.) America (G/S), Db, V, Yucca filamentosa (G), kult, V, South Ceratonia siliqua Mediterranean, Northern 28. Yucca Agavaceae 8. Carob Fabaceae (L.) America (L.) Africa, Middle-East, Cortaderia (Gna), kult, V, South Western Asia 29. Pampas grass Poaceae selloana (L.) America Quercus pubescens (S), Dab, V, Europe, 9. Downy oak Fagaceae Wild. Western Asia According to Table 1, the species were organised into 20 families. Out of the 20 Hydrangea families, two are represented, the families Cupressaceae and Lamiaceae. Analysis of the 10. Hydrangea macrophylla Hydrangeaceae (G), kult, L, Asia gardens by growth habit (according to ERHARDT et al, 2002) shows a dominance of shrubs (Thunb.) (18 species), followed by trees (8 species). The number of units determined by terrain research, Lavandula (G), kult, V, 11. Lavender Lamiaceae is larger with deciduous plants (8 identified species) compared to the number of semideciduous angustifolia (Mill.) Mediterranean plants (21 recorded species). Out of 29 species, 10 are autochthonous and 19 allochthonous. Rosmarinus (G), Db, V, 12. Rosemary Lamiaceae Analysis of allochthonous dendroflora by geographical origin shows a greater representation of officinalis (L.) Mediterranean plants of Asian origin, followed by American and Mediterranean species. Shrubby Teucrium fruticans (G), Db, V, 13. Lamiaceae germander (L.) Mediterranean Southern Magnolia (S), kult, V, North 14. Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora (L.) America

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Dendrological Landscape valorisation of the Common fig (Ficus carica L.) in the gardens of Boris Dorbić, Elma Temim, Emilija Friganović Šibenik Research of visual gestalt- Istraživanje vizualnog geštalta To the question of what kind of and how much value the fig has in landscaping and economics, the participants have assessed, on a scale of 1 to 5 (Table 3.), in the following way: The goal of the survey was to research the visual impact of the whole (visual the role of fig in the economic history of Šibenik and surrounding area with the grade – very gestalt) in green surfaces which include the common fig in their array of dendrological good (4,04); the role of fig in future planting in urban and rural landscaping of Šibenik and species. surrounding area with the grade – very good (4,16); evaluation of existing individual fig trees Table 2. Research results on a scale of stance, perception and preference of the participants in the landscape of Šibenik and surrounding area with the grade – good (3,14); evaluation of Tabela 2. Rezultati istraživanja na skali stavovi, percepcije i preferencije ispitanika fig placement in landscaping splendour of Šibenik and surrounding area with the grade – very good (3,86). Arit.mean Stand. Survey question (Scale -3 to +3) Based on the presented results, the clear conclusion is that the common fig has great (X) deviation (σ) value to the landscaping of Šibenik and surrounding area, which can be used when branding the aforementioned areas. 1. Experience of pleasure/displeasure by the presence of fig on green surfaces 2,42 1,012 CONCLUSION-Zaključak 2. Evaluation of attractiveness/unattractiveness of the Analysis of gardens of Šibenik that include the fig (as a spatial accent) by growth presence of fig on green surfaces 2,40 1,030 habit (according to ERHARDT et al, 2002) shows a dominance of shrub forms (18 species), followed by trees (8 species). Of 20 families, two are most represented with more than three 3. Evaluation of acceptability of fig in public species. The families with the largest number of different species are the families Cupressaceae environments – yard, park, village, town 2,18 1,320 and Lamiaceae. A survey was conducted whose purpose it was to research the perception of citizens on landscaping valorization of the fig in gardens, parks and green surfaces. 4. Evaluation of fig benefits in landscaping for the human mental health 2,34 1,189 Based on the achieved results, the conclusion is that the citizens perceive park surfaces which include fig pleasantly, and that the fig carries great value to the landscape of The participants experience green areas that include fig according to the offered scale Šibenik and its surrounding area, which can be used in the brand management of the of -3 to +3 (Table 2) and evaluate them between very unattractive to very attractive with the aforementioned areas. grade - pleasant (attractive) (2,40); between very unpleasant and very pleasant with the grade – The aforementioned research gives valuable guidelines for future aesthetical and pleasant (2,42); the evaluation of acceptability of fig in public environments – yard, park, functional enhancement of certain surfaces with park greenery. It can also serve in the village, town – with the grade – pleasant (acceptable) (2,18); the evaluation of fig benefits in popularization during the selection process and planting of typically Mediterranean and landscaping for the mental health of man with the grade – pleasant (acceptable) (2,34). autochthonous dendrological species in city parks and green areas. Table 3. Research results on the scale of usefulness and landscaping value of the common fig

Tabela 3. Rezultati istraživanja na skali korisnosti i krajobrazne vrijednosti smokve REFERENCES-Literatura Arit.mean Stand. Survey question (Scale 1 to 5) BORZAN, Ž. (2001): Imenik drveća i grmlja: latinski, hrvatski, engleski, njemački sa (X) deviation (σ) sinonimima. Hrvatske šume p.o. Zagreb. 1. Role of fig in the economic history of Šibenik and CORNARA, L., LaROCCA, A., MARSSILI, S., MARIOTTI, M.G. (2009): Traditional surrounding area 4,04 ,832 uses of plants in the Eastern Riviera (Liguria, Italy). Journal of 2. Rule of fig in future planting in urban and rural Ethnopharmacology. 125: 16. landscaping of Šibenik and surrounding area 4,16 1,017 DOMAC, R. (1994): Flora Hrvatske. Priručnik za određivanje bilja. Zagreb. 3. Evaluation of existing individual fig trees in the ERHARDT, W., GöTZ, E., BöDEKER, N., SEYBOLD, S. (2002): Zander. landscape of Šibenik and surrounding area 3,14 1,246 Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 17. Auf. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. 4. Evaluation of fig placement in landscaping splendour HORVATIĆ, S., TRINAJSTIĆ, I. (1967-1981): Analitička flora Jugoslavije. Šumarski of Šibenik and surrounding area 3,86 1,069 fakultet, Sveučilišna naklada Liber. Zagreb. IDŽOJTIĆ, M. (2009): Dendrologija-List. Šumarski fakultet Zagreb: 904.

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Dendrological Landscape valorisation of the Common fig (Ficus carica L.) in the gardens of Works of the Faculty of Forestry Šibenik University of Sarajevo MITIĆ, B., BORŠIĆ, I., DUJMOVIĆ, I., BOGDANOVIĆ, S., MILOVIĆ, M., CIGIĆ, P., No. 2, 2015 (37-51) REŠETNIK, I., NIKOLIĆ, T. (2008): Alien flora of Croatia: proposals for standard sin terminology, criteria and related dana-base. Natura Croatica. 17 (2): 73-90. UDK 547.56:582.711.714 582.711.714:581.45/.47 MUJIĆ, I., KALIĆ, S., ŠAROLIĆ, M., GUGIĆ, M. (2014): Prerada smokava. Veleučilište u Rijeci. PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CRATAEGUS ŠUGAR, I. (2008): Hrvatski biljni imenoslov. Matica Hrvatska. Zagreb. 2008: 977. MONOGYNA JACQ. AND CRATAEGUS MACROCARPA HEGETSCHW. LEAVES AND FRUITS EXTRACTS VIDAKOVIĆ, M., FRANJIĆ, J. (2004): Golosjemenjače. Šumarski fakultet Zagreb. 823. VEGO, D. (2008): Wild fig (Ficus carica L. var caprificus) in Herzegovina. Sadržaj fenola i antioksidacijska aktivnost ekstrakata lišća i ploda Crataegus monogyna Pomologia Croatica, Vol. 14, br. 2: 73. Jacq. i Crataegus macrocarpa Hegetschw.

Azra Tahirović1, Neđad Bašić1

Abstract

SAŽETAK Phenolic contents of methanolic extracts prepared from leaves and fruits of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus macrocarpa Hegetschw. were determined. Kultura uzgoja smokve (Ficus carica L.) na području grada Šibenika je u većoj mjeri The antioxidant capacity was assessed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay. The results vezana za ruralna područja, a u sustavu gradskog zelenila je rijetka i sporadična. Njena -1 showed that leaves were richer in the content of phenols (59.23 - 91.91 GAE g ), ukrasna sposobnost se ogledava u ukrasnoj sivoj kori, krošnji, krpastom listu i flavonoids (2.38 - 4.08 mg QE g-1 and 5.24 - 8.9 mg RE g-1) , phenolic acids (33.40 - prepoznatljivom sitnijem ili krupnijem plodu crne ili zelene boje što opet zavisi o 68.98 CAE g-1) and proanthocyanidins (26.15 - 48.60 CE g-1) while in fruits kultivaru. Također je dekorativna i u zimskom razdoblju kada do izražaja dolazi anthocyanins dominateted (0.43 - 0.80 CG g-1). Leaves also had higher antioxidant interesantan oblik debla. Upravo zbog izrazito dekorativnih karakteristika te capacity than fruits for both species. Generelly, C. monogyna fruits had higher content kulturološke vrijednosti smokve, neophodno je smokvi dati onaj značaj u krajobraznoj of anthocyanins. Total phenols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins were highly arhitekturi koji joj pripada obzirom na njen doprinos vizualnom geštaltu u corelated with DPPH (r2 = 0.8703 - 0.9618), ABTS (r2 = 0.7833 - 0.9443) and FRAP autentičnosti prostora. Za postizanje stvarne estetske vrijednosti određenog prostora ne (r2 = 0.903 - 0.9695) assay. The results suggests that these compounds were the major bi se smjela koristiti s netipičnim mediteranskim vrstama. Cilj ovog rada je izvršiti contributors to the antioxidant capacity in leaves and fruits extracts of both species. krajobraznu valorizaciju, inventarizaciju i predočiti estetsku ocjenu vrtnih krajobraza Higher contents of bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant capacity were sa smokvom. Provedena je taksonomska analiza vrtova sa smokvom, kao prostornim determined for C. x macrocarpa samples. Therefore, C. x macrocarpa leaves and akcentom, na području Šibenika. Prema rezultatima terenskih istraživanja evidentno fruits are valuble source of antioxidant polyphenols with high potential for use in je, obzirom na tip habitusa (po Erhardtu i dr. 2002), da u vrtovima dominiraju vrste preparation of different natural health products. ukrasnog bilja grmolike forme (18 svojti), a potom slijedi forma stabla (8 svojti). Temeljem dobivenih rezultata kod istraživanja vizualnog geštalta, putem anketnog Key words: C. monogyna, C. x macrocarpa, phenols, antioxidant capacity ispitivanja, možemo zaključiti da građani ugodno doživljavaju parkovne prostore sa smokvom te da ista ima veliki značaj za krajobraz, što se može koristiti i u brandiranju Šibenika i okolice. INTRODUCTION – Uvod Natural oxidants from fruits and vegetables have been studed for severel decedes in order to isolate compounds which can prevent or decrease different patological conditions assosiated with oxidative stress (cancer, heart deasese, atherosleroses, neuridegenerative desorders, diabiites, aging) (MANDEL ET AL., 2007; SEİFİRED ET AL., 2007; TEMPLE, 2000). Especially important group of natural antioxidants are phenols and studies showed their protective role against heart deases and cancer due to high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of phenols is based on their redox properties and ability to scavenge wide range of reactive radical

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Azra Tahirović1, Neđad Bašić1

Abstract

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Phenolc content and antoxdant actvty of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus Azra Tahirović, Neđad Bašić macrocarpa Hegetschw. Leaves and fruts extracts species. According to investigations in recent years the most important plant Ecology at Faculty of Forestry. The plant material was air-dried at room temperature antioxidants are flavonoids and phenolic acids (OSAWA, 1994, RİCE-EVANS ET AL., and powdered before analysis. 1995). Chemicals and reagents – Hemikalije i reagensi The genus Crataegus belongs to Rosaceae family and it is represented by • more than 200 species widespread in the Northen Hemisfere of Europe, Asia and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH ), 2,2-azinobis(3- America. Different plant parts (leaves, flowers, fruits) are used as cardiotonic, ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,4,6-tripyridil-S- hypotensive, diuretic, antispasmodic and atherosclerotic agents (CHANG ET AL., 2002, triazine (TPTZ), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) as ÖZCAN ET AL., 2005). Hawthorn leaves, flowers and fruits are rich source of different well as quercetin, rutin, gallic and caffeic acid, aluminium chloride, Folin-Ciocalteu's phenolic compounds with phenolic acids, flavones, flavonols and proanthocyanidins reagent, sodium carbonate and absolute methanol were purchased from Sigma as the main active ingredients (CHANG ET AL., 2002; KIM ET. AL., 2000). It was found Chemicals (Germany) and Aldrich (Germany). that hawthorn extracts possess antiradical activity (BERNATONIENE ET AL., 2008; Butanol was obtained from Merck Chemical Suppliers (Germany). Potassium BARROS ET AL., 2010; ZHANG ET AL., 2001). chloride and ferrous ammonium sulfate were sourced from Kemika Zagreb (Croatia). Genus Crataegus in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been studied by several All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade. researches (BECK, 1927; MALY, 1919, 1940; FUKAREK 1974; JANJIĆ, 1998; BAŠIĆ, 2004, CHRISTENSEN AND JANJIĆ, 2006). One of the most abundant species of genus Sample extracts preparation - Priprema ekstrakata uzoraka Crataegus in Bosnia flora is Crataegus monogyna Jacq with very wide ecological Leaf and fruit samples (0.5 g each) were extracted twice in the extraction amplitude (BAŠIĆ, 2004). Since interspecies breedings are common in Crataegus this solvent containing 80% methanol (12 mL) with ultrasound bath, (Elmecs, Italy). Each study included investigations on C. x macrocapa a hybride between C. laevigata x C. extraction step was performed at room temperate for 30 minutes. Obtained rhypidophylla. Presence of this hybride is well documented in Europe for a long time, supernatants for each sample were combined and collected in a volumetric flask and and today is known under name C. x macrocapa Hegetschw which was introduced for volume adjusted to 25 mL with extraction solvent. The extracts were kept at -20oC the first time by HRABĔTOVÁ-UHROVÁ (1969). This hybride specie is recently until analysis. registreted in flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BAŠİĆ, 2004). Investigations of Crataegus species in terms of chemical composition and Determination of total phenols - Određivanje ukupnih fenola antioxidant activity have been started recently by our research group and they were Procedure with Folin-Ciocalteu method described by SINGLETON ET AL. focused mainly on C. monogyna and C. rhypidophylla from native populations around (1974) was used for the determination of total phenols (TP). The absorbance of the Sarajevo. According to our best knowledge this is the first paper on phenolic content colored product was measured at 765 nm. Appropriate calibration curve was prepared and antioxidant activity of C. monogyna and C. x macrocarpa from Zenica region. with gallic acid as standard, and final results are expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry sample (mg GAE g-1). In this work we investigated phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of C. monogyna and C. x macrocarpa leaf and fruit methanolic extracts. Obtained extracts Determination of total flavonoids – Određivanje ukupnih flavonoida were used in spectrophotometric determinations of total phenols, flavonoids, phenolic Colorimetric method with AlCl3 given by CHRIST AND MULLER (1960) and acids, monomeric anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. Antioxidant activity for all ABDENNACER ET AL. (2015) was used for the determination of total flavonoids. extracts was investigated with three methods: DPPH, ABTS and FRAP using Trolox Briefly, sample aliquot (0.5 mL) was mixed with 1.5 mL methanol and 0.1 mL as a standard for expression of final results. Correlations between antioxidant CH3COONa (1M). Six minutes later, 0.1 mL AlCl3 (10%) was added and dilution was capacities and different phenolic compounds were also investigated. made up to 5 mL with water. The solution was kept at room temperature for 30 minutes after that absorbance was measured at 430 nm against blank. Sample blanks MATERIAL AND METHODS – Materijal i metode were also included. Standard solutions of rutin and quercetin were used to prepare calibration curves. Final results for total flavonoids (TFq and TFr) are expressed as mg Plant material – Biljni materijal equivalents of quercetin /rutin per gram of dry sample (mg QE g-1 and mg RE g-1). C. monogyna and C. x macrocarpa leaf and fruit samples were collected in October 2014. in Zenica region at locality of Smetovi. Two samples per species were Determination of total phenolic acids – Određivanje ukupnih fenolnih kiselina collected from wider area and samples were identified by Prof Bašić, a plant Total phenolic acids (TPHA) were quantified with Arnov method described taxonomist. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of the Department of by GAWLIC-DZIKI (2012) with some modifications. One mililitre of appropriately

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Phenolc content and antoxdant actvty of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus Azra Tahirović, Neđad Bašić macrocarpa Hegetschw. Leaves and fruts extracts diluted sample was mixed with 5 mL of water, 1 mL HCl (0.5 M), 1 mL of Arnov`s monocation of 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+) is reagent (10 g Na2MoO4 and 10 g NaNO2 dissolved in 100 mL of distillated water), 1 reduced with standard or extract. Stock solutions of ABTS (7 mM) and potassium mL of NaOH (1M) and the volume was made up to 10 mL with distillated water. persulphate (2.45 mM) were prepared in water and kept in the dark for 16 hours. Calibration curve was established with standard solutions of caffeic acid and Equal volumes of the stock solutions are mixed and diluted to absorbance of 1.1 ±0.02 apsorbance was measured at 490 nm. Solvent instead of extract was used as a blank. at 734 nm to prepare ABTS radical cation (ABTS•+) solution. Freshly prepared The results are expressed as caffeic acid equivalents per gram of dry sample (mg CAE solution was used for each assay. Working solution of ABTS•+ (1.9 mL) was mixed g-1). with 100 µL of previously diluted extracts and after 6 minutes the reduction in apsorbance was measured at 734 nm. Calibration curve was prepared with standard Determination of monomeric anthocyanins – Određivanje monomernih antocijanina solutions of Trolox and the results are express in terms of Trolox equivalent In the determination of total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), pH differential antioxidant capacity (TEAC) as mmol Trolox equivalents per gram of dry sample method by LEE ET AL. (2005) was used Extracts were diluted in the ratio 1:10 and weight. apsorbances were measured at 520 and 700 nm at room temperature after 15 min. The FRAP assay – FRAP esej content of total monomeric anthocyanins was expressed in mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (CGE) per gram of dry fruits. A molar extinction coefficient of cyanidin- Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was measured according to 3-O-glucoside of 26900 l mol-1cm-1 and molar weight (MW) (449.2 g mol-1) were BENZIE AND STRAIN (1996) method. The method is based on reduction of ferric tripyridiyltriazine (Fe(III)-TPTZ) to ferrous trypyridyltriazine (Fe(II)-TPTZ) by used for calculations. sample extracts. As a result of reagent reduction, a blue product is formed which can Determination of total proanthocyanidins – Određivanje ukupnih proantocijanidina be monitored spectrophotometrically. Briefly, FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing 300 mM acetate buffer, pH 3.6; 10 mM TPTZ in 40 mM HCl acid and 20 mM FeCl3 Total proanthocyanidins (TPA) were determined with butanol/HCl assay o (HAGERMAN, 2002). The method was based on their acid hydrolysis to in the ratio 10:1:1. The fresh working solution was wormed at 37 C before using. This anthocyanidins and color formation with the added reagent which is monitored reagent (1.9 mL) was mixed with 0.1 mL of the extracts and leaved in the dark for 30 spectrophotometrically. Absorbance of the sample was read at 550 nm before and after minute before measurements. Apsorbance of the colored product was measured at 593 heating of the samples at 95oC for 40 minutes. Butanol/HCl mixture was used as a nm against the blank which contained 0.1 ml of methanol instead of the extract. A blank. The results were expressed as mg of cyanidin chloride equivalents (CE) per standard curve was made with Trolox and the results were expressed as mmol Trolox gram of dry fruit. equivalents per gram of dry sample weight.

Determination of antioxidant capacity – Određivanje antioksidacijskog kapaciteta Statistical analysis- Statistička analiza DPPH assay - DPPH esej All measurements were carried out in triplicate and obtained results are DPPH assay was done according to BRAND-WILLIAMS ET AL. (1995) and expressed as mean±SD. Correlation between investigated active compounds and THAIPONG ET AL. (2006). The method is based on the ability of standard and extracts antioxidant activity was established by regression analysis. to scavenge stable DPPH radical which leads to its decolonization and formation of yellow non-radical form. Stock solution of DPPH in methanol (0.094 M) was freshly RESULTS AND DISCUSSION- Rezultati i diskusija prepared and diluted with methanol to absorbance of 1.1 ±0.02 at 515 nm. After that, 100 µL of previously diluted extracts was mixed with 1.9 mL of working DPPH Phenolic compounds isolated from plant materials represent a reach source of solutions and kept in the dark for 30 minutes before measurements. Calibration curve natural antioxidants which receive much attention during last years. Flavonoids was prepared with standard solutions of Trolox and the results are express in terms of (flavonols, flavones and anthocyanins) show good antioxidant properties capable to Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) as mmol Trolox equivalents per gram scavenge free radicals (RICE-EVANS AND MULLER, 1997). Anthocyanins used as of dry sample weight. natural colorant becomes important due to their antioxidant and antibacterial properties (NAZ ET AL., 2007). Also, hydroxycinammic acids represent important class ABTS assay - ABTS esej of phenolic compounds since they act as antioxidants in plant protection (CHEN AND ABTS assay was done according TO REE ET AL. (1999) with some HO, 1997). They are usually found at higher concentrations in plants (MANACH ET AL., modification given by THAIPONG ET AL. (2006). Basically it is a decolorisation assay 2004) and some of them such as caffeic acid can inhibite formation of mutagenic which can be applied to lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants. In this assay radical compounds in humans (OLTHOF ET AL., 2001).

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Phenolc content and antoxdant actvty of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus Azra Tahirović, Neđad Bašić macrocarpa Hegetschw. Leaves and fruts extracts

In this study we investigated contents of a range of bioactive compounds 16.05 mg CAE g-1 DW, and proanthocyanidins 13.06 mg CE g-1 DW . Avarage (phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins) of C. flavonoid content was 2.95 QE g-1 and 6.47 RE g-1 DW for leaves and for fruits 0.55 monogyna and C. x macrocarpa leaf and fruit methanolic extracts. Antioxidant QE g-1 and 1.24 RE g-1 DW (Table 1). According to the results of several studies capacity of the extracts was also examined with three methods: DPPH, ABTS and given by EDWARDS ET AL. (2012) for C. monogyna fruits total phenols were in the FRAP using Trolox as a standard. The results for quantitative contents of bioactive range 9.1-17.8 mg g-1 and 16.42-57.07 mg g-1; total flavonoids 4.46-147 mg g-1, , and compounds for two investigated Crataegus species are presented in Table 1. total proanthocyanidins 19.29. mg g-1. Also, leaves contained bioactive compounds in the following order: proanthocyanidins 32.83-53.48 mg g-1 and flavonoids 24.95-28.60 Table 1. Content of investigated polyphenolic compounds in extracts of C. monogyna and C. x -1 macrocarpa mg g . Results obtained in this work for flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in leaves Tabela 1. Sadržaj ispitivanih polifenolnih jedinjenja u ekstraktima C. monogyna i C. x and fruits are lower than the above mentioned which can be explained by different macrocarpa ecological conditions (climate, type of soil, exposore to the light) (BAHRİ-SAHLOUL ET AL., 2009 A; LİU ET AL., 2005; BAHORUN ET AL., 1994). TP TFq TFr TPLA TPA TMA Similarly to the results for C. monogyna, the most abundant compounds in of 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Samples (mg GAEg ) (mg QEg ) (mg REg ) (mg CAEg ) (mg CEg ) (mg CG g ) C. x macrocarpa leaf and fruit were phenols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins. es Average contents in leaves were for phenols 82.44 mg GAE g-1 DW, phenolic acids C. monogyna 57.60 CAE g-1 DW and proanthocyanidins 43.11 mg CE g-1 DW. In fruits, it was Leaf(1) 59.23±0.13 3.52±0.24 7.70±0.53 33.40±0.02 26.15±0.69 0.12±0.01 determined avarage content of phenols 48.60 mg GAE g-1 DW, phenolic acids 31.72 -1 -1 Leaf(2) 64.75±0.16 2.38±0.02 5.24±0.04 39.41±0.03 35.34±0.02 0.09±0.004 CAE g DW and proanthocyanidins 18.43 mg CE g DW (Table 1). However, we Average 61.98 2.95 6.47 36.41 30.74 0.10 could not find literature data to compare our results with the results of other investigators. Fruit(1) 25.01±0.06 0.79±0.002 1.76±0.01 14.16±0.05 12.00±0.02 0.80±0.01 Generally, leaf extracts of C. monogyna had higher contents of investigated Fruit(2) 31.38±0.06 0.31±0.01 0.720±0.003 17.94±0.03 14.12±0.09 0.44±0.01 compounds than fruits except monomeric anthocyanins content (0.10 mg CG g-1 DW -1 Average in leaves and 0.62 mg CG g DW in fruits). ). This is in agreement with data given BY 28.19 0.55 1.24 16.05 13.06 0.62 -1 EDWARDS ET AL. (2012) for content of anthocyanins (0.15-0.58 mg g ). Similar C. x macrocarpa observations are found for C. x macrocarpa leaf (0.21 mg CG g-1 DW) and fruit Leaf(1) 91.91±0.08 3.24±0.01 7.10±0.01 68.98±0.14 48.60±0.19 0.27±0.04 extracts (0.55 mg CG g-1 DW). Also, several studies concerning different plants Leaf(2) 72.98±0.36 4.08±0.01 8.90±0.02 46.23±0.06 37.61±0.15 0.15±0.01 confirmed that level of anthocyanins are higher in fruits than in leaves which is Average probably connected with coloration role of anthocyanins in fruits (ABDENNACER 82.44 3.66 7.99 57.60 43.11 0.21 ET AL., 2015 AND REFERENCES THEREIN). Compering content of investigated Fruit(1) 56.23±0.05 0.74±0.01 1.65±0.01 37.49±0.05 21.84±0.07 0.67±0.01 compounds between two species we can conclude that C. x macrocarpa leaves are Fruit(2) 40.97±0.53 0.85±0.07 1.81±0.02 25.96±0.24 15.02±0.02 0.43±0.01 richer in the content of phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins and Average anthocyanins while fruits of C. monogyna have only higher content of monomeric 48.60 0.79 1.65 31.72 18.43 0.55 anhtocyanins. Three different assays for the estimation of antioxidant capacity (AC) of plant Total phenolic content (TP), total flavonoids/rutin content (TFr), total extracts were used in this work. Since different reaction mechanisms can be involved flavonoids/quercetin content (TFq), total phenolic acid (TPLA), total proanthocyanidins in evaluation of antioxidant capacity two or more reactions are usually applied. In all (TPA), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) cases, Trolox was used as a standard, and the results are expressed as Trolox Sadržaj ukupnih fenola (TP), ukupnih flavonoida/rutin (TFr), ukupnih flavonoida/kvercetin (TFq), ukupnih fenolnih kiselina (TPLA), ukupnih proantocijanidina (TPA), ukupnih equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Generally, the higher DPPH, ABTS and monomernih antocijanina (TMA) FRAP values point to greater antioxidant activity of the sample. Antioxidant activity of polyphenols is due to redox properties acting as a reducing agents, hydrogen donors Leaf and fruit extracts of C. monogyna were rich in phenolics, phenolic acids and singlet oxygen quenchers (HANRAFI AND HAMRANI, 2010). The results are and proanthocyanidins. The average values in leaves were: phenols 61.98 mg GAE g-1 -1 -1 given in Table 2. DW, phenolic acids 36.41 mg CAE g DW, and proanthocyanidins 30.74 mg CE g -1 , DW. In fruits, avarage values were for phenols 28.19 mg GAE g DW, phenolic acids

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Phenolc content and antoxdant actvty of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus Azra Tahirović, Neđad Bašić macrocarpa Hegetschw. Leaves and fruts extracts

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Phenolc content and antoxdant actvty of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus Azra Tahirović, Neđad Bašić macrocarpa Hegetschw. Leaves and fruts extracts

Table 2. Antioxidant capacities of C. monogyna and C. x macrocarpa leaves and fruits extracts monogyna fruits are much higher than the values reported by RUIZ-RODRIGEZ ET AL. -1 Tabela 2. Antioksidacijski kapaciteti ekstrakata lišća i plodova C. monogyna i C. x (2014) (TEAC = 1.54 - 7.11 mmol Trolox 100g fresh weight) and EGEA, ET AL. macrocarpa -1 (2010) (TEAC ABTS = 8.43 µmol Trolox g fresh weight). According to RUIZ- DPPH ABTS FRAP RODRIGEZ ET AL. (2014), AC for fresh fruits were in the range of 0.84 - 6.12 mmol -1 -1 SsampSales (mmol Trolox g-1 ) (mmol Trolox g-1) (mmol Trolox g-1) Trolox100 g for ABTS assay; 0.76 - 2.03 mmol Trolox100 g for DPPH assy, and -1 C. monogyna 3.28 - 10.99 mmol Trolox100 g for FRAP assay. ÖZYÜREK ET AL. (2012) found that different variety of C. monogyna leaves in Turkey had TEACABTS in range 0.077- Leaf (1) 0.34±0.035 0.44±0.002 0.378±0.001 -1 -1 0.330 mmol Trolox g and TEACFRAP in range 0.064 - 0.141 mmol Trolox g which Leaf (2) 0.37±0.001 0.51±0.01 0.45±0.01 is lower than values obtained in this work (Table 2). Also, very similar values of AC Average for DPPH i FRAP method were obtained for all investigated samples while AC values 0.36 0.47 0.41 for ABTS were higher. They were in the following order: ABTS>FRAP>DPPH. Friut (1) 0.12±0.001 0.24±0.02 0.17±0.01 Similar results were obtained for guava fruits extracts which is explained with Fruit (2) 0.11±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.19±0.002 differences in the ability of antioxidant compounds to reduce DPPH, ASBTS and Average FRAP reagents (THAIPONG ET AL., 2006). It is also reported that stereoselectivity of 0.11 0.25 0.18 the reagents as well as solvent used for extractions can be important factors C. x macrocarpa influencing on scavenging effect of plant extracts (YU ET AL., 2002). Lower results for Leaf (1) 0.48±0.06 0.82±0.01 0.57±0.004 FRAP assay can be the results of uncomplete reaction of the reagent with flavonoids and phenolic acids (BERKER ET AL., 2007). Leaf (2) 0.44±0.01 0.61±0.03 0.44±0.01 Linear regression was used to establish correlation coefficients between Average 0.46 0.72 0.50 contents of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities. The obtained results are presented in Table 3. Fruit (1) 0.29±0.03 0.531±0.0003 0.40±0.01 Fruit (2) 0.22±0.01 0.485±0.001 0.25±0.01 Table 3. Correlation coefficients between phenolic compounds and DPPH, ABTS and FRAP Average assay. 0.26 0.51 0.32 Tabela 3. Korelacijski koeficijenti između fenolnih jedinjenja i DPPH, ABTS i FRAP eseja Correlation coefficient (r2) Antioxidant capacities determined with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP were higher for C. x macrocarpa leaves and fruits samples than C. monogyna samples. Average Phenolic DPPH ABTS FRAP values of antioxidant capacity found for C. monogyna leaves were DPPH =0.36 mmol Compounds -1 -1 -1 Trolox g DW, ABTS =0.47 mmol Trolox g DW, and FRAP =0.41 mmol Trolox g Phenols 0.9618 0.8949 0.9695 DW while for C. x macrocarpa leaves were DPPH =0.46 mmol Trolox g-1 DW, ABTS =0.72 mmol Trolox g-1 DW, and FRAP =0.50 mmol Trolox g-1 DW (Table 2). Fruits Flavonoids(Q) 0.7302 0.4087 0.5477 of both species had lower antioxidant capacity than leaves. Average values of Flavonoids (R) 0.7301 0.4066 0.5499 -1 antioxidant capacity found for C. monogyna fruits were DPPH = 0.11 mmol Trolox g Phenolic acids 0.8703 0.9443 0.9216 -1 -1 DW, ABTS =0.25 mmol Trolox g DW, FRAP =0.18 mmol Trolox g DW while Proanthocyanidins 0.8953 0.7833 0.903 higher value were determined in C. x macrocarpa fruits DPPH =0.26 mmol Trolox g-1 Anthocyanins 0.4845 0.2368 0.3737 DW, ABTS =0.51 mmol Trolox g-1 DW, and FRAP =0.32 mmol Trolox g-1 DW

(Table 2). This can be explained with higher contents of all investigated compounds in Very high correlations were noticed between DPPH, ABTS and FRAP and C. x macrocarpa leaves and fruits than C. monogyna samples. This is in agreement contents of phenols, phenolic acids, and proanthocyanidins. Correlation coefficients with several studies where it was found that antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts are for phenolic content and DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assay were 0.9618; 0.8949, 0.9695 higher than fruit extracts (ABDENNACER ET AL., 2015 AND REFERENCES THEREIN). We respectively. Strong correlations showed ABTS (r2 = 0.9443), FRAP (r2 =0.9216) and can also conclude that leaves and fruits of both Crataegus species have high DPPH method (r2 =0.8703) with phenolic acid content. Also, strong correlations were antioxidant capacity. Values obtained for antioxidant capacity in this work for C. 2 2 observed between proanthocyanidins and DPPH (r =0.8953), FRAP (r =0.903) and

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Phenolc content and antoxdant actvty of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus Azra Tahirović, Neđad Bašić macrocarpa Hegetschw. Leaves and fruts extracts

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Phenolc content and antoxdant actvty of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus Azra Tahirović, Neđad Bašić macrocarpa Hegetschw. Leaves and fruts extracts

ABTS (r2 =0.7833). High correlations were also noticed between antioxidant capacity REFERENCES – Literatura with DPPH and flavonoid content (r2 =0.7302 and 0.7301) while other two methods ABDENNACER, B., KARIM, M., YASSINE, M. NESRINE, R., MOUNA, D., MOHAMED, showed insignificant correlations (0.4-0.55). Insignificant correlations were found B. (2015): Determination of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of methanol between antioxidant capacity with all three methods and anthocyanins content. extracts obtained from the fruits and leaves of Tuniisian Lycium intricatum Boiss. These results suggest that phenols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins are Food Chemistry, 174, 577-584. major contributors to the antioxidant capacity as the most abundant compounds in BAHORUN, T., TROTIN, F., POMMERY, J., VASSER, J., PINKAS, M. (1994): leaves and fruits. Similarly, strong correlations were found for total phenols and Antioxidant activities of Crataegus monogyna Extracts. Planta Medica, 60: 323- proanthocyanidins with ABTS and FRAP in callus extracts (BAHORUN ET AL., 1994), 328. phenols, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids in fruit extracts (RUIZ-RODRIGUEZ ET BAHRI-SAHLOUL, R., AMMAR, S., GREC, S., HARZALLAH-SKHIRI, F. (2009B): AL., 2014), phenols and proanthocyanidins with DPPH and FRAP in fruit extracts Chemical characterization of Crataegus azarolus L. fruit from 14 genotypes (MRAIHI ET AL., 2013). found in Tunisia. Journal of Horticulture Science of Biotechnology, 84, 23-28. Interestingly, although flavonoid content expressed as quercetin was much BARROS, L., CARVALHO, A.M., FERREIRA, I.C.F.R. (2010): Comparing the lower compered to rutin equivalents, correlation coefficients for antioxidant capacities composition and bioactivity of Crataegus monogyna flowers and fruits used in and flavonoid contents expressed as quercetin or rutin equivalents were very similar folk medicine, Phytochemical Analysis. 22, 181–188. for the same method. This is in agreement with observation of JUNG ET AL. (2007) that quercetin (flavonol aglicon) has stronger antioxidant activity as a result of presence BAŠIĆ, N. (2004): Morfološko-taksonomska istraživanja glogova (Crataegus L.) na multiple hydroxyl groups. području Bosne i Hercegovine. Magistarski rad. Sarajevo. BECK, G. (1927): Flora Bosne, Hercegovine i oblasti Novoga Pazara. III. Choripetalae CONCLUSION – Zaključak (Kaj): 169-172. Beograd-Sarajevo Leaf and fruit extracts of C. monogyna and C. x macrocarpa were rich BENZİE I.F. AND STRAİN J.J. (1999): The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as inphenolics, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins. a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1) 70-6. Leaves of both species are richer in the content of phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins while fruits of both species are richer in content BERKER, K.I.; GÜÇLÜ, K.; TOR, I.; APAK, R. (2007): Comparative Evaluation of of monomeric anthocyanins. Fe(III) Reducing PowerBased Antioxidant Capacity Assays in the Presence of Phenanthroline, Batho-phenanthroline, Tripyridyltriazine (FRAP), and C. x macrocarpa leaves had higher contents of all investigated compounds Ferricyanide Reagents, Talanta, 72, 1157-1165. than C. monogyna. On the other hand, C. monogyna fruit had higher content of total monomeric anthocyanins than C. x macrocarpa fruit. BERNATONIENE, J., MASTEIKOVA, R., MAJIENE D., SAVICKAS, A., KEVELAITIS, E., BERNATONIENE, R., DVORAČKOVA, K., CIVINSKIENE, G., LEKAS, R., Leaves of both species had higher antioxidant activity than the fruits with all VITKEVIČIUS, K., PEČIURA, R. (2008): Free radical-scavenging activities of three methods. C. x macrocarpa leaves and fruits had higher antioxidant activity than Crataegus monogyna extracts. Medicina (Kanaus), 44(9). C. monogyna leaves and fruits. BRAND-WİLLİAMS W, CUVELİER ME, BERSET C. (1995): Use of free radical method Our results indicate that phenols including phenolic acids and to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm Wiss Technology, 28:25-30. proanthocyanidins are most probably the major contributors to the antioxidant properties of leaves and fruits extracts. This is supported by high correlation CHANG, Q., ZUO, Z., HARRISON, F., CHOW, M.S.S. (2002): Hawthorns: An overview coefficients obtained between different method for antioxidant capacity and content of of chemical, pharmacological and clinical studies. Journal of Clinical phenols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins in this work. Pharmacology. 42, 605-612. It can be concluded that both species especially C. x macrocarpa, can be CHEN, J.H., AND HO, C.T. (1997): Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid and its related considered as a valuable source of antioxidant compounds. hydroxycinammic acid compounds. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry. 45, 2374-2378. CHRIST, B. AND MULLER, K.H. (1960): Determination of the amount of flavonol derivates in drugs. Archiv der pharmazie, 293, 1033-1042.

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CHRISTENSEN, K. I. AND JANJIĆ, N. (2006): Taxonomic notes on European taxa of MANAH, C., SCALBERT, A, MORAND, C., REMESY, C., JIMENEZ, L. (2004): Crataegus (Rosaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany, 24: 143-147. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability, The American Journal of Clinical EDWARDS, J.E., BROWN, P.N., TALENT, N., DİCKİNSON, T.A., SHİPLEY, P.R. (2012): Nutrition, 79:727-747. A review of the chemistry of the genus Crataegus. Phytochemistry, 79, 5-26. MANDEL, S., AMIT, T., REZNICHENKO, L., WEINREB, O., YOUDIM, M-B. (2006): EGEA, I., SANCEZ-BEL, P., ROMOJARO, F., PRETEL, MT. (2010): Six edible wild Green tea catechins as a brain permeable, natural iron chelators-antioxidants for fruits as potential antioxidant additives or nutritional supplements. Plant Foods the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular Nutrition & Food Human Nutrition 65:121-129. Research, 50, 229-34 FUKAREK, P. (1974): Neke vrste drveća i grmlja koje su pogrešno navedene u Flori MRAIHI, F., JOURNI, M., CHERIF, JK. SOKMEN, M., SOKMEN, A., TRABELSI-AYADI, Bosne i Hercegovine i susjednih krajeva. ANU BiH-Radovi LIV, Odjeljenje M. (2013): Phenolic content and antioxidant potential of Crataegus fruits grown in prirodno-matematičkih nauka, 15: 45-60. Tunisia as determined by DPPH, FRAP, and β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. Journal of Chemistry, volume 2013, 1-6. GAWLIC-DZIKI, U. (2012): Dietary spices as natural effectors of lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase, peroxidase and antioxidant agents. LTW-Food Science and Technology, NAZ, S., SIDDIQI, R., AHMAD, S., RASOOL, S.A., SAYEED, S.A., (2007): Antibacterial 47, 138-146. activity directed isolation of compounds from Punica granatum. Journal of Food Science, 72, 341-345. HAGERMAN, A.E. (2002): The Tannin Handbook. Miami University Oxford. OLTHOF, M.R., HOLMAN, P.C.H., KATAN, M.B. (2001): Chlorogenic acid and caffeic HARNAFI, H. AND AMRANI, S. (2008). Spectrophotometric methods for determination acid are absorbed in human. Journal of Nutrion, 131, 66-71. of plant polyphenols content and their antioxidant activity assessment: An Overview, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2(3), 20-22. OSAWA, T. (1994): Novel natural antioxidants for utilization in food and biological systems in Postharvest Biochemistry of Plant Food-Materials in the Tropics, I. HRABĔTOVÁ-UHROVÁ A. (1969): Hloh (Crataegus L.) v Československu. Preslia, Uritani, V.V. Garcia, and E.M. Mendoza, Eds., 241-251, Japan Scientific Societies (Praha). 41: 162-182. Press. JANJIĆ, N. (1998): Neki zanimljivi dendrološki nalazi iz sarajevskog područja. Radovi ÖZCAN, M., HACISEFEROGULLARY, H., MARAKOGLU, T., ARSLAN, D. (2005). Šumarskog Fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 28(1): 85-103. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp) fruit: Some physical and chemical properties. Journal JUNG, S.J., KIM, D.H., HONG, Y.H. (2007): Flavonoids from the flower of of Food Engineering, 69, 409-413. Rhododendron yedonese var. poukhanense and their antioxidant activities. ÖZYÜREK, M., BENER, M., GÜÇLÜ, K., DÖNMEZ, A.A., SÜZGEÇ-SELÇUK, S., Archives of Pharmacal Research, 30(2), 146:50. PIRILDAR, S., MERIÇLI, A.H., APAK, R. (2012): Evaluation of antioxidant activity KIM, S.H., KANG, K.W., KIM, K. W., KIM, N.D. (2000): Procyanidins in Crataegus of Crataegus species collected from different regions of Turkey. Records of extract evoke endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat aorta. Life Science, Natural Products, 6:3, 262-277. 67:121-131. RE R, PELLEGRİNİ N, PROTEGGENTE A, PANNALA A, YANG M, RİCE-EVANS LEE, J., DURST, RW., WROLSTAD, E. (2005): Determination of total monomeric C.(1999): Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and decolorization assay.Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26, (9-10), 1231-7. wines by pH differential method: Collaborative study. Journal of AOAC RICE-EVANS, C.A., MILLER, N.J. (1997): Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of International, 88(5), 1269-1278. flavonoids and isoflavonoids. In: Ricde-Evans, C.A., packer, L. (Eds.), Flavonoids LIU, R.H., YU, B.Y., QIU, S.X., ZHENG, D. (2005): Comparative analysis of eight major in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York. polyphenolic compounds in leaves of Crataegus L. by HPLC. Chinese Journal of RICE-EVANS, C.A., MILLER, N.J., BOLWELL, P.G., BRAMLEY, P.M., PRIDHAM, J.B. Natural Medicine, 3, 162-167. (1995): The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic MALÝ, K. (1919): Prilozi za floru Bosne i Hercegovine 5 i 6. Glasnik Zemaljskog flavonoids. Free Radical Research, 22 (4), 375-383. Muzeja BiH, Sarajevo, 31: 61-92. RUIZ-RODRIGEZ, B., DE ANCOS, B. SANCEZ-MORENO, C., FERNANDEZ-RUIZ, V., MALÝ, K. (1940): Notizen zur Flora von Bosnien-Herzegovina. Glasnik Zemaljskog SANCEZ-MATA, M., CAMARA, M., TARDIO, J. (2014). Wild blackthorn (Prunus Muzeja BiH, Sarajevo, 52: 21-46. spinosa L.) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) as valuable source of antioxidants. Fruits, 69, 61-73.

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-1 SEİFRİED, H. E., ANDERSON, D. E., FİSHER, E. I. AND MİLNER, J. A. (2007). A ukupni monomerni antocijanini 0.43 - 0.80 mg CGE g s.u; i ukupni proantocijanidini review of the interaction among dietary antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. 12.00 - 21.84 mg CE g-1 s.u. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 18 (9): 567-579. Poređenjem prosječnog sadržaja aktivnih jedinjenja u listovima dvije vrste može se SINGLETON, V.L., ORTHOFER, R., LAMUELA-RAVENTOS, R.M. (1974): Analysis of zaključiti C. x macrocarpa ima veći prosječni sadržaj svih ispitivanih jedinjenja u total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin- odnosu na C. monogyna. Samo plodovi C. monogyna imaju veći prosječni sadržaj Ciocalteu reagent. Methods of Enzymology, 229, 152-178. monomernih antocijana u odnosu na plodove C. x macrocarpa. Antioksidacijski kapacitet u listovima C. monogyna kretao se u području 0.34 - 0.51 TAMPLE, N.J. (2000): Antioxidants and disease: more questions than answers. Nutrition mmol Troloxa g-1 s.u., dok je u listovima C. x macrocarpa bio u području 0.44 - 0.82 Research, 20,449-459. mmol Troloxa g-1 s.u. Vrijednosti antioksidacijskog kapaciteta za plodove su iznosili THAIPONG, K., BOONPRAKOB, U., CROSBY, K., CISNEROS-ZEVALLOS, L., BYRNE, 0.11 - 0.27 mmol Troloxa g-1 s.u za C. monogyna i za C. x macrocarpa 0.22 - 0.531 D.H. (2006): Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays for estimating mmol Troloxa g-1 s.u. antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. Journal of Food Composition and Generalno, na osnovu prosječnih vrijednosti kapaciteta za sve tri metode može se Analysis, 19, 669-675. zaključiti da listovi i plodovi C. x macrocarpa imaju bolja antioksidacijska svojstva a YU, L., HALEY, S., PERRET, J., HARRIS, M., WILSON, J., QIAN, M. (2002): Free što je u saglasnosti sa većim sadržajem aktivnih komponenti u ovoj vrsti. radical scavenging properties of wheat extracts. Journal of Agricultural Food Linearnom regresijom između sadržaja aktivnih komponenti i antioksidacijskog Chemistry, 50:1619-1624. kapaciteta primjenom tri metode, određeni su koeficijenti korelacije (r2). Utvrđeno je ZHANG, Z., CHANG, Q., ZHU, M., HUANG, Y., HO, W.K.K., CHEN, Z.-Y. (2001): postojanje visoke korelacije između ukupnih fenola, fenolnih kiselina i Characterization of antioxidants present in hawthorn fruits. Journal of Nutritional proantocijanidina i antioksidacijskog kapaciteta (ACDPPH, ACABTS i AC FRAP). Biochemistry, 12, 144. Fenoli i proantocijanidini najbolje koreliraju sa FRAP metodom dok fenolne kiseline najbolje koreliraju sa ABTS metodom. Na osnovu dobivenih rezultata se može zaključiti da je vrsta C. x macrocarpa bogata u SAŽETAK sadržaju antioksidacijskih aktivnih komponenti i kao takva je interesantna za detaljnija Metanolni ekstrakti uzoraka lista i ploda C. monogyna Jacq i C. x macrocarpa ispitivanja hemijskog sastava. Hegetschw. analizirani su na sadržaj ukupnih fenola, flavonoida, fenolnih kiselina, monomernih antocijanina i proantocijanidina kao i antioksidacijsku aktivnost. U određivanju sadržaja bioaktivnih jedinjenja i antioksidacijske aktivnosti ekstrakata, korištene su spektrofotometrijske metode. Ukupni fenoli su određeni Folin-Ciocalteu metodom, a AlCl3 metodom vršeno je određivanje ukupnih flavonoida prema rutinu i kvercitinu kao standardima. Određivanje monomernih antocijanina izvršeno je primjenom pH diferencijalne metode a kiselinsko-butanolna metoda je upotrebljena za kvantifikaciju ukupnih proantocijanidina. Ukupne fenolne kiseline su određene Arnovom metodom. Za mjerenje antioksidacijske aktivnosti korištene su tri metode: DPPH, ABTS i FRAP metoda a rezultati su izraženi u ekvivalentima Troloxa po gramu suhog uzorka. Sadržaji ukupnih fenola po gramu suhog uzorka (s.u) za uzorke listova kretali su se u području 59.23 - 91.91 mg GAE g-1 s.u; ukupnih flavonoida 5.24 - 8.90 mg RE g-1 s.u. i 2.38 - 4.08 mg QE g-1 s.u; fenolnih kiselina 33.40 - 68.98 mg CAE g-1 ; sadržaji ukupnih monomernih antocijanina bili su u granicama 0.09 - 0.27 mg CGE g-1 s.u. i proantocijanidina 26.15 - 48.60 mg CE g-1 s.u. U uzorcima plodova sadržaji ispitivanih jedinjenja kretali su se u intervalima: ukupni fenoli 25.01 - 56.23 mg GAE g-1 s.u; ukupni flavonoidi 0.72 - 1.81 mg RE g-1 s.u i 0.31 - 0.85 mg QE g-1 s.u; ukupne fenolne kiseline su bile u granicama 14.16 - 37.49 a

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Works of the Faculty of Forestry Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (52-68) of information (other owners) are still important for private forest owners in Slovenia UDK 630*92(4) and Bosnia-Herzegovina at least. The results of logistic regression models reveal that forest property size, fragmentation, harvesting activities as well as owners’ age PRIVATE FOREST OWNERS IN SELECTED SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN influence the source of information that private forest owners are most likely to use. COUNTRIES: The model 3 (pubic forest administration) is statistically significant in Slovenia and IN SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION Bosnia-Herzegovina, while in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina the model 5 (public forest company) is significant. None of the models is statistically significant for Vlasnici privatnih šuma u izabranim državama jugoistočne Evrope: u potrazi za Croatia. Besides, the model 4 (other owners) was statistically significant in Slovenia. informacijama Key words: Private forest owners, Information, Forest policy, South-east European Mersudin Avdibegović1, Nenad Petrović2, Stjepan Posavec3, Špela Pezdevšek Malovrh4 countries.

Abstract INTRODUCTION - Uvod

Social, economical and political changes in South-east European countries have led to Based on differences in the proportion of private forests, Bosnia-Herzegovina, significant shift from traditional pattern of forest policy to new, more complex Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia vary significantly in terms of the role of private forest paradigm when it comes to forestry and forest resources management. Among other owners in national forest policy and importance of private forests for national things, this implies increasing of private forest owners’ heterogeneity which is economy (PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH et al., 2011). While in Slovenia, private forest reflected in changes of their expectations, objectives, attitudes and management owners posses a largest share of the country’s forests (76%) in Bosnia-Herzegovina practices. In this context, it is important to explore how private forest owners obtain and Croatia private forests occupy roughly 20% of all forests. In Serbia, private forests information useful for forest management but also to analyze in which way their cover approximately 47% of the total forest area (BANKOVIĆ, 2009). Nevertheless, characteristics influence fulfilling of informational needs. The objective of this paper forest ownership pattern is quite similar in all Western Balkan countries and was to analyse sources of information that private forest owners are most likely to use, characterizing by small-scale and fragmented individual property in average (GLÜCK and to assess how owners’ characteristics, property conditions as well as management et al., 2011). behaviour, affect it. Surveys were conducted in Bosnia-Herzegovina (n=350), Serbia Growing diversity of private forest owners across Europe (SCHMITHÜSEN (n=350), Croatia (n=350) and Slovenia (n=322) on random samples of private forest AND HIRSCH, 2010; ŽIVOJINOVIĆ et al., 2015) is accompanied by changes in forest owners while the data were analysed by using logistic regression model. The paper owners’ objectives (KUULUVAINEN et al., 1996; KARPPINEN, 1998; HOGL et al., examined five models of information providers: private forest owners associations (1), 2005; VIERSUM et al., 2005; NI DHUBHÁIN et al., 2007), attitudes (BOON AND relatives (2), public forest administration (3), other owners (4) and public forest MEILBY, 2007), and management practices (EMTAGE et al., 2007; NI DHUBHAIN et companies (5). Comparison between countries indicates the differences regarding to al., 2010), influencing the informational needs of private forest owners. Different informational providers, caused mainly due to importance of private forests to their groups of private forest owners (BOON et al., 2004; ZIEGENSPECK et al., 2004; NI owners and different organizational structure of national forest sectors. Comparing to DHUBHÁIN et al.,2007; PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH et al., 2015) may require different other countries, it seems that Slovenian private forest owners are more active in kind of information (FINLEY et al., 2006), in different forms (HUJALA AND searching for information. Public forest administration is the most preferable provider TIKKANEN, 2008; HAMUNEN et al., 2014) and from different sources (LONNSTEDT, of information in Slovenia while in Bosnia-Herzegovina these are public forest 1997). HUJALA and TIKKANEN pointed out that trust in accepted advisors, positive companies and public forest administration. In Serbia and Croatia the most common previous experiences, sense of fellowship and tailored customer care, appear to be providers of information are public forest companies. Only Slovenian private forest essential ingredients of smooth communication in owners’ decision making. The owners use interest associations as the source of information. The traditional providers results of their research also refer to a preference for live communication over internet-mediated communication. On the other hand, HAMUNEN et al. believe that

1 University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Forestry forest owners' peer-to-peer learning cannot replace the guidance given by forest 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry professionals. According to him, it can support and complement the prevailing 3 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry extension practices, only when the aim is to engage, inform and inspire forest owners. 4 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty The results of Lonnstedt's research on goals, opportunities and alternatives of non-

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Abstract INTRODUCTION - Uvod

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information industrial private forest owners, show that an active owner want to make the decision There is a variety of information to encourage sustainable management of on whether to cut or not by himself or herself. However, the identification of an private forest, created by different providers in different forms. The study dealing with opportunity to cut could be made by someone else. Forest owners may also consult several sources of information for private forest owners in Slovenia and Bosnia- people close by to confirm their decision to cut. The need for more information before Herzegovina (the results of this study are integrated in this paper) has been conducted starting with management activities is a frequent theme in many studies of private recently (AVDIBEGOVIĆ AND PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH, 2015), but from the forest owners (FINLEY et al. 2006) and there is only a small group of owners who are perspective of private forest owners in the region, it still remains unclear what is the not interested in more information. Therefore, communicating with private forest most preferable way of obtaining information related to private forest management. owners and understanding how they obtain information has become a growing The aim of this paper was to a) analyse sources of information that private challenge for both, public forest administration and forest policy makers. Previous forest owners are most likely to use in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and researches have indicated that private forest owners may get at least as much Slovenia, and b) develop an econometric model to assess how private forest owners’ information and advice on forest management from neighbours, friends and other characteristics like socio-demographic characteristics, property conditions and owners peers, as from professional foresters employed with public forest management behaviour affect what source of information private forest owners are administration (SCHUBERT AND MAYER, 2012; HAMUNEN et al., 2014). Moreover, most likely to use. The findings of this paper may help to policy decision makers to advices about forest management from neighbours, friends and family members are create an appropriate mix of forest policy instruments to improve state of the art when applied more often than those obtained from experts (RICKENBACH et al., 2005; MA it comes to private forests in analyzed countries. et al., 2012; SCHUBERT AND MAYER, 2012). Sustainable forest management, as an ultimate goal of any national forest policy cannot be ensured without appropriate mix of policy instruments. Among MATERIAL AND METHODS - Materijal i metode several informational instruments of forest policy, different types of support to private forest owners (i.e. free of charge extension service usually offered by public forest Similar surveys were conducted to private forest owners in all four countries administration as leading actor of forest policy in post-socialism countries) are with some variations related to country-specific conditions in private forests. The frequently in use. In four analyzed countries, either public forest administration or examinees (private forest owners) have been asked about a range of issues related to public forest companies traditionally use different ways to provide useful information their socio-demographic characteristics, forest features, management behaviour and to private forest owners (i.e. organization of educational programmes and training, informational sources. The data were obtained from face-to-face interviews with financing professional excursions in order to support knowledge exchange, publishing randomly selected private forest owners. A systematic random sample was developed information and articles on forest-related issues in professional journals and local for the entire private forest owner population of Slovenia. The owners were divided in press etc.). Still, the information about forest management is often served to private strata according to property size (less than 0.99 ha, 1 - 4.99 ha, 5 - 9.99 ha, 10 - 29.99 forest owners through their personal contact with forestry professionals on site. ha, and more than 30 ha) following the classification used in forest management plans. Within each stratum, owners were divided into two equally sized groups: members When it comes to four analyzed countries, several types of private forest and non-members of interest associations. The questionnaire was pre-tested in 2008 owners alliances (e.g. associations, machinery rings) have existed only in Slovenia in and the survey was conducted from May 2008 through May 2009. The sample used in the nineties of XX century. At the beginning of 2000s in other countries, private forest the analyses consisted of 322 owners for a response rate of 46.6% (PEZDEVŠEK owners associations (hereinafter: PFOAs) were established with more or less success. MALOVRH, 2010). In order to investigate the informational sources of private forest Based on previous positive experiences, in Slovenia these associations become owners in Bosnia - Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia, sampling approach was used important actor of forest policy and active provider of information for private forest from PRIFORT5 project (GLÜCK et al., 2010; GLÜCK et al., 2011). The random owners. By organizing seminars, field excursions, timber sale auctions and similar sample for the door-to-door survey was drawn from overlapping regions with the events, PFOAs are sharing information related to forest management and timber highest percentage of forest areas and the largest share of private forests. All market. Besides, PFOAs facilitate efforts of private forest owners to apply for municipalities in these regions were ranked by these two criteria, and the most supporting projects offered by several institutions. Although there are many representative ones within each country were selected. In order to identify 350 preconditions for successful existence of such interest associations, majority of private interviewees per country, the list of all local communities (settlements), within forest owners in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina are not actively involved in creation of PFOAS. Even in Slovenia, only 1% of private forest owners are currently engaged 5 in PFOAs (PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH et al., 2010; LEBAN, 2014). PRIFORT project (research into organization of private forest owners in the Western Balkans) was financed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management of the Republic of Austria

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Meersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information selected municipalities was created. In total, 35 settlements were randomly chosen RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Rezultati i diskusija from this list. In order to contact 10 owners in each settlement (once they were randomly selected), close cooperation with forest guards employed with public forest To determine informational sources that private forest owners are most likely to use, administration was established. For Bosnia-Herzegovina, the questionnaire was pre- respondents in all four countries were asked where they obtained information related to forest tested in March 2008 and the survey was conducted in May and June 2008. For Serbia management. Multiple answers were obtained (Figure 1). and Croatia, the questionnaires were pre-tested in May 2012 and the survey data were 6 100,0 collected within WESPROFOR project (May-December 2012). 90,1 All data from surveys were summarized by frequency distributions. A 90,0 82,0 multivariate logistic regression (logit models) (HOSMER AND LEMESHOW, 2000) 80,0 was applied to assess how certain socio-demographic characteristics, property 68,9 70,0 conditions and management behaviour influence what informational source private 60,2 forest owners are likely to use by means of the Enter algorithm (FIELD, 2009). The 60,0 55,3 dependent variable, ”information providers” were divided into five categories: private 50,3 Slovenia (%) 50,0 43,7 forest owners associations (1), relatives (2), public forest administration (3), other BiH owners (4) and public forest companies (5). It is important to underline that 40,0 34,0 Share 30,9 32,9 WESPROFOR questionnaire did not include two categories as possible answers Croatia 30,0 (public forest administration and other owners) so in case of Serbia and Croatia, the Serbia data related to these two categories, as possible providers of information, are missing. 20,0 10,2 The dependent variable is coded as “0” for not receiving information and “1” for 10,0 5,3 receiving information. Separate logistic regression analyses were conducted for each 0,6 dependent variable. The independent variables in Table 1 were evaluated in logit 0,0 models. Private forest owners associationsRelativePubslic forest administrationOther ownersPublic forest company Table 1: Independent variables used in logistic regression models

Tabela 1. Nezavisne varijable korištene u modelima logističke regresije Variable Categories Figure 1. Sources of information for private forest owners Gender Male, Female Slika 1. Izvori informacija za vlasnike privatnih šuma Age Less than 65 years, More than 65 years Education Less than high school education, High school education or more The results from Figure 1 show that the most common source of information Forest property size Less than 1 ha, More than 1 ha in all countries are either public forest administration (Bosnia-Herzegovina and Fragmentation Consolidate, Fragmented Slovenia) or public forest companies (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia). Harvesting activities Harvest, Do not harvest However, the most frequent informational source varies within countries. Apart of public forest administration, Slovenian private forest owners use also other owners Before running the analysis, the data were assessed for multicollinearity, using (82,0%), PFOAs (60,2%) and relatives (55,3%) as sources of information. These variation inflation factors (VIFs), which ensure that no high correlations exist when findings can be explained by existing of traditionally powerful and well organized one independent variable is regressed on the other (FIELD, 2009). The results of the public forest administration in Slovenia where recently established PFOAs, other diagnostics revealed that collinearity was not significant (no VIF exceeded 5). All owners and relatives are used as additional sources of information, in case when some statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 21 software (Corp. 2011). information are not provided by public forestry administration. Having in mind the fact that PFOAs in Bosnia-Herzegovina are either rare or inactive, the most common sources of information (apart from public forest company and public forest

6 WESPROFOR project (Opportunities for wood energy production from small-scale forests in the South Eastern administration) are other private forest owners (34,0%) and relatives (30,9%). Europe Region) was a part of FOPER project, financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland and coordinated Historical and political conditions that shaped forest ownership pattern in Bosnia- by the European Forest Institute (EFI)

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Meersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information Meersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh selected municipalities was created. In total, 35 settlements were randomly chosen RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Rezultati i diskusija from this list. In order to contact 10 owners in each settlement (once they were RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Rezultati i diskusija randomly selected), close cooperation with forest guards employed with public forest To determine informational sources that private forest owners are most likely to use, administration was established. For Bosnia-Herzegovina, the questionnaire was pre- Torespondents determin ein informatiall four coonaluntries sources were that asked private where forest they obtainedowners are information most likely related to utose, for est tested in March 2008 and the survey was conducted in May and June 2008. For Serbia respondentsmanagemen int. Multipleall four co anusntrieswers were aoskedbtained where (Figur theye 1).obtained information related to forest managemen t. Multiple answers were obtained (Figure 1). and Croatia, the questionnaires were pre-tested in May 2012 and the survey data were collected within WESPROFOR6 project (May-December 2012). 100,0 100,0 90,1 All data from surveys were summarized by frequency distributions. A 90,0 90,1 90,0 82,0 multivariate logistic regression (logit models) (HOSMER AND LEMESHOW, 2000) 80,0 82,0 was applied to assess how certain socio-demographic characteristics, property 80,0 68,9 conditions and management behaviour influence what informational source private 70,0 68,9 70,0 60,2 forest owners are likely to use by means of the Enter algorithm (FIELD, 2009). The 60,0 60,2 55,3 dependent variable, ”information providers” were divided into five categories: private 60,0 55,3 50,3 Slovenia (%) 50,0 43,7 50,3 Slovenia forest owners associations (1), relatives (2), public forest administration (3), other (%) 50,0 43,7 BiH owners (4) and public forest companies (5). It is important to underline that 40,0 34,0 BiH

Share 32,9 40,0 30,9 34,0 Croatia WESPROFOR questionnaire did not include two categories as possible answers Share 32,9 30,0 30,9 Croatia (public forest administration and other owners) so in case of Serbia and Croatia, the 30,0 Serbia data related to these two categories, as possible providers of information, are missing. 20,0 Serbia 20,0 10,2 The dependent variable is coded as “0” for not receiving information and “1” for 10,0 5,3 10,2 receiving information. Separate logistic regression analyses were conducted for each 10,0 0,6 5,3 0,0 0,6 dependent variable. The independent variables in Table 1 were evaluated in logit 0,0 models. Private forestPrivate owners forest associationsRelativesRelativePubslicPublic forest forest adm inistrationOtherOther owners ownersPublicPublic fore forestst company Private forest ownersowners associationsRelativePubslic forestadministration administrationOther ownersPublic forecompanyst company Table 1: Independent variables used in logistic regression models associations

Tabela 1. Nezavisne varijable korištene u modelima logističke regresije

Figure 1. Sources of information for private forest owners Variable Categories Figure 1. Sources of information for private forest owners Slika 1. Izvori informacija za vlasnike privatnih šuma Gender Male, Female Slika 1. Izvori informacija za vlasnike privatnih šuma Age Less than 65 years, More than 65 years Education Less than high school education, High school education or more ThThee results results fro fromm Figure Figure 1 1show show that that th eth moste most com commonm sourceon source of informati of information on Forest property size Less than 1 ha, More than 1 ha inin allall coucounntriestries areare eietherither public public forest forest ad madinistrationministration (Bosnia-He (Bosnia-Herzegovinarzegovina and and Fragmentation Consolidate, Fragmented Slovenia) oor r publicpublic fofrestorest comp companiesanies (Bosn (Bosnia-Herzegovia-Herzegovina,i na,Serbia Serbia and andCroati Croatia). a). Harvesting activities Harvest, Do not harvest However, thethe mostmost fre frequentquent infor informationalmational so usorceurce varies varies within within coun countries.tries. Apart Apart of of public foreforesst t administradministration,ation, Slove Sloveniannian private private forest forest own owners eusers usealso also other other own owners ers Before running the analysis, the data were assessed for multicollinearity, using (82,0%),(82,0%), PPFFOAsOAs (60,2(60,2%)%) and and rel relativesatives (55,3 (55,3%)% as) assour sources cesof inforof information.mation. The seThe se variation inflation factors (VIFs), which ensure that no high correlations exist when findingsfindings cacann bebe explaiexplainedned by by exis existingting of oftrad traditionallyitionally po wpoerfulwerful and andwell w organizell organized ed one independent variable is regressed on the other (FIELD, 2009). The results of the public foreforestst administadministrationration in in Sl Sloveniaovenia whe where rrecentlye recently established established PFOAs, PFOAs, oth erot her diagnostics revealed that collinearity was not significant (no VIF exceeded 5). All owners andand relatives relatives ar are eused used as as ad additionalditional sou sourcesrces of inforof information,mation, in c inase c whenase when som eso me statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 21 software (Corp. 2011). informatioinformationn areare not not pr providedovided by by p upblicublic forest forestry radministry administration.ation. Havin Having ing mind in mind the the factfact thatthat PPFFOAsOAs in in Bo Bosnia-Herzegsnia-Herzegovinaovina are are eit heiterh errare rare or iornactive, inactive, the themost m commost common on sources of information (apart from public forest company and public forest sources of information (apart from public forest company and public forest 6 WESPROFOR project (Opportunities for wood energy production from small-scale forests in the South Eastern administration)ion) areare ototherher privateprivate forest forest ow ownersners (34,0% (34,0%) and) and relat relativesi ves(30,9 (30,9%). %). Europe Region) was a part of FOPER project, financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland and coordinated Historical aandnd politicapolitical lconditions conditions that that shape shaped forestd forest ow nowershipnership patt pattern einrn Bosnin Bosnia- ia- by the European Forest Institute (EFI)

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information

Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia in the past, led to the situation that private forests Table 2: Results of binary logistic regression for Slovenia hardly can be compared with state-owned forests in terms of volume, increment and Tabela 2. Rezultati binarne logističke regresije za Sloveniju health conditions. Private forests are frequently fragmented and rather small-scale to Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 the extent they have been treated as “second” forests during the period of socialism, PFOAs Relatives Public forest Other by both public forest administration but also private forest owners. Besides, bad administration owners collective memory on the period of socialism is still reflecting on private forest Coefficient Exp (B) owners’ attitudes towards state authorities. The consequence is that private forest Constant - - 2,189 1,659 owners mainly expressed low interest for any kind of information. This holds Gender particularly for Croatia. As organisational structure of forest sectors in Serbia and Female - - 2,346 0,919 Croatia assigns all issues regarding private forests to public forest companies, it is Male 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 logical that forest professionals employed within companies are the most frequent Age address for private forest owners when they need any kind of information. Situation Less than 65 - - 2,134 2,081** may be changed in Croatia recently where the Forest Advisory Service was More than 65 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 established within the Ministry of Agriculture since 2015. Education Less than high school - - 0,943 1,550 The results of the logistic regression models reflecting sources of information More than high school 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 that private forest owner’s use are presented in Table 2 for Slovenia, Table 3 for Forest property size Bosnia-Herzegovina, Table 4 for Serbia and Table 5 for Croatia. Two models were Less than 1 ha - - 1,209 0,648 statistically significant in Slovenia: Model 3 (public forest administration, correctly More than 1 ha 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 predicted 90,1%) and Model 4 (other owners, correctly predicted 81,8%). Model 3 Fragmentation (public forest administration, correctly predicted 63,7%) was statistically significant in Consolidate - - 2,496 3,109** Bosnia-Herzegovina as well as Model 5 (public forest company, correctly predicted Fragmented 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 61,9%). In Serbia it was also Model 5 (public forest company, correctly predicted Harvesting 70,5%) while none of models were statistically significant in Croatia. Do not harvest - - 2,189** 15,332 Results of Model 3 for Slovenia reveal that private forest owners who do not Harvest 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 χ2 10,367 10,026 13,539 15,332 harvest timber from their forest were more likely to request information from public p value 0,110 0,124 0,035 0,018 forest administration than owners who manage their forest actively. Those owners Observations correctly - - 90,1 81,8 who do not harvest timber have less experience in forest operations and that's why predicted (%) they search for forest management information more often. The Model 4 in Slovenia indicates that owners who have consolidated forest property were more likely to have ** Variables are significant at p<0,05; *** Variables are significant at p<0,001 used information from other owners. In case of consolidated property, forest management is most cost-effective which is the factor that induce private forest Results of Model 3 in Bosnia-Herzegovina pointed out that owners with less owners to coordinate their interests and thus to communicate with the neighbouring than 1 ha of forest were more likely to ask for information from public forest owners. Besides, owners younger than 65 years are more likely to have used administration comparing to those with more than 1 ha. There are no many private information from other owners than those who are elder. This shows that younger forest owners that belong to the second category (possessing more than 1 ha) and these owners are more active in searching for information and thus more independent in are mainly people with substantial traditional skills and basic equipment when it decision making. comes to wood harvesting, transport and selling to local market. The most common product is fuel wood for their own use and in reality they do not need any additional information regarding their forests. Those with less than 1 ha probably do not have enough knowledge what to do with their forests and this is the reason why they are more active in searching for information. The finding that owners who do not harvest

their forest were less likely to have used information from public forest administration can be explained by the absence of any interests to manage private forests. Significant

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information

their forest were less likely to have used information from public forest administration can be explained by the absence of any interests to manage private forests. Significant

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information portion of private forest owners in Bosnia-Herzegovina do not harvest their forests Table 3: Results of binary logistic regression for Bosnia-Herzegovina because they are too small, fragmented and thus non cost-effective for managing. This Tabela 3. Rezultati binarne logističke regresije za Bosnu i Hercegovinu is the reason why they do not ask any institution (including public forest Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 administration) for any kind of advice, support or information. PFOAs Relatives Public forest Other Public The results of Model 5 pointed out that owners with less than 1 ha of forest administration owners forest were more likely to have use information from public forest company than those with company more than 1 ha. It can be explained by lack of experience and professional knowledge Coefficient – Exp (B) as it was in Model 3. Besides, owners with consolidated forest property were less Constant - - 0,275 - 0,664 likely to ask information from public forest company comparing to those with Gender Female - - 1,349 - 0,777 fragmented property. Again, these are mainly people from rural areas that traditionally Male 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 manage their forests for fuel wood production (for domestic consumption) and not for Age selling. Thus, they do not need specific information regarding their forests. Less than 65 - - 1,719 - 0,890 Eventually, the results of Model 5 show that owners who do not harvest timber are More than 65 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 more likely to request information from public forest company than those who harvest Education timber more regularly. It can be explained by lack of experiences in forest operations Less than high - - 1,134 - 1,250 and stronger need for information related to forest management. However, it is in school contrary to the findings of Model 3 and can be explained only by the fact that private More than high 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 forestry issues in Bosnia-Herzegovina are separately organized in two entities. While school in the Republic of Srpska, public forest company is administratively in charge for all Forest property professional issues in private forests (the similar organizational model like in Serbia), size in the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina these tasks are entrusted to public forest Less than 1 ha - - 2,220** - 1,897** administration at cantonal levels. As the data obtained from interviews with private More than 1 ha 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 forest owners are not separated per entities, the results of Model 3 and Model 5 are Fragmentation controversial. The fact that two entities have different organizational set-up when it Consolidate - - 1,595 - 0,543** comes to forest sector, with different role of forest policy actors, has to be considered Fragmented 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 in similar research. Harvesting Do not harvest - - 0,292** - 3,224**

Harvest 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 2 χ 9,625 9,031 33,258 7,934 18,818 p value 0,324 0,172 0,000 0,243 0,04 Observations - - 63,7 - 61,9 correctly predicted (%)

** Variables are significant at p<0,05; *** Variables are significant at p<0,001

Results of Model 5 for Serbia reveal that private forest owners who do not harvest timber from their forest were less likely to used information from public forest company than those who manage their forest. Due to specific forest ownership pattern in Serbia where private forest lots are small and fragmented, many forest owners do not manage their property actively. These forests are in many cases coppice and owners use them mostly for own fuel wood production. Information related to forest management are mostly transferred to private forest owners by their ancestors and

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information portion of private forest owners in Bosnia-Herzegovina do not harvest their forests Table 3: Results of binary logistic regression for Bosnia-Herzegovina because they are too small, fragmented and thus non cost-effective for managing. This Tabela 3. Rezultati binarne logističke regresije za Bosnu i Hercegovinu is the reason why they do not ask any institution (including public forest Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 administration) for any kind of advice, support or information. PFOAs Relatives Public forest Other Public The results of Model 5 pointed out that owners with less than 1 ha of forest administration owners forest were more likely to have use information from public forest company than those with company more than 1 ha. It can be explained by lack of experience and professional knowledge Coefficient – Exp (B) as it was in Model 3. Besides, owners with consolidated forest property were less Constant - - 0,275 - 0,664 likely to ask information from public forest company comparing to those with Gender Female - - 1,349 - 0,777 fragmented property. Again, these are mainly people from rural areas that traditionally Male 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 manage their forests for fuel wood production (for domestic consumption) and not for Age selling. Thus, they do not need specific information regarding their forests. Less than 65 - - 1,719 - 0,890 Eventually, the results of Model 5 show that owners who do not harvest timber are More than 65 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 more likely to request information from public forest company than those who harvest Education timber more regularly. It can be explained by lack of experiences in forest operations Less than high - - 1,134 - 1,250 and stronger need for information related to forest management. However, it is in school contrary to the findings of Model 3 and can be explained only by the fact that private More than high 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 forestry issues in Bosnia-Herzegovina are separately organized in two entities. While school in the Republic of Srpska, public forest company is administratively in charge for all Forest property professional issues in private forests (the similar organizational model like in Serbia), size in the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina these tasks are entrusted to public forest Less than 1 ha - - 2,220** - 1,897** administration at cantonal levels. As the data obtained from interviews with private More than 1 ha 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 forest owners are not separated per entities, the results of Model 3 and Model 5 are Fragmentation controversial. The fact that two entities have different organizational set-up when it Consolidate - - 1,595 - 0,543** comes to forest sector, with different role of forest policy actors, has to be considered Fragmented 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 in similar research. Harvesting Do not harvest - - 0,292** - 3,224**

Harvest 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 2 χ 9,625 9,031 33,258 7,934 18,818 p value 0,324 0,172 0,000 0,243 0,04 Observations - - 63,7 - 61,9 correctly predicted (%)

** Variables are significant at p<0,05; *** Variables are significant at p<0,001

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information that's why they do not have a need to request information from any institution, to forest management was very low, any model could be identified as statistically including advisory service offered by public forest company. significant.

Table 4: Results of binary logistic regression for Serbia Table 5: Results of binary logistic regression for Croatia Tabela 4. Rezultati binarne logističke regresije za Srbiju Tabela 5. Rezultati binarne logističke regresije za Hrvatsku Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 5 Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 5 PFOAs Relatives Public forest PFOAs Relatives Public forest company company Coefficient – Exp (B) Coefficient – Exp (B) Constant - - 2,211 Constant - - - Gender Gender Female - - 1,087 Female - - - Male 1,000 1,000 1,000 Male 1,000 1,000 1,000 Age Age Less than 65 - - 1,696 Less than 65 - - - More than 65 1,000 1,000 1,000 More than 65 1,000 1,000 1,000 Education Education Less than high school - - 0,863 Less than high school - - - More than high school 1,000 1,000 1,000 More than high school 1,000 1,000 1,000 Forest property size Forest property size Less than 1 ha - - 0,616 Less than 1 ha - - - More than 1 ha 1,000 1,000 1,000 More than 1 ha 1,000 1,000 1,000 Fragmentation Fragmentation Consolidate - - 0,769 Consolidate - - Fragmented 1,000 1,000 1,000 Fragmented 1,000 1,000 1,000 Harvesting Harvesting Do not harvest - - 0,473** Do not harvest - - - Harvest 1,000 1,000 1,000 Harvest 1,000 1,000 1,000 χ2 6,327 5,090 13,107 χ2 6,437 7,072 10,598 p value 0,432 0,532 0,041 p value 0,467 0,529 0,226 Observations - - 70,5 Observations - - - correctly predicted correctly predicted (%) (%)

** Variables are significant at p<0,05; *** Variables are significant at p<0,001 ** Variables are significant at p<0,05; *** Variables are significant at p<0,001

The results of the logistic regression for Croatia show that private forest owners' socio-demographic characteristics, their property conditions and management CONCLUSIONS - Zaključci behaviour do not influence independent variable (informational source they are likely to use) to the extent to identify any statistically significant model. It can be concluded As private forest owners are a diverse group of individuals with different that management information are not important to private forest owners so usually attitudes, management objectives and practices, better understanding on how they they manage forests based on their own experiences and needs. As the response rate obtain information regarding forest management is very important for public forest on the question where private forest owners from Croatia obtained information related administration and key national policy makers. The results of this research offer useful insights into sources and providers of information that private forest owners in Bosnia-

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information that's why they do not have a need to request information from any institution, to forest management was very low, any model could be identified as statistically including advisory service offered by public forest company. significant.

** Variables are significant at p<0,05; *** Variables are significant at p<0,001 ** Variables are significant at p<0,05; *** Variables are significant at p<0,001

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information

Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia are most likely to use. Moreover, it BOON, TE., MEILBY, H. THORSEN, BJ. (2004): An Empirically Based Typology of provides the logistic regression models to understand how private forest owners’ Private Forest Owners in Denmark: Improving Communication Between characteristics affect what source of information private forest owners are most likely Authorities and Owners. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 19(4), 45-55. to use. It is clear that the role of the public forest administration and public forest CORP, I. (2011): IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. 20.0 edn. IBM Corp., Armon, companies in delivering information to private forest owners is crucial. Private forests New York. are fragmented and small-scale to the extent that negatively affects economic interests EMTAGE, N., HERBOHN, J., HARRISON, S. (2007): Landholder Profiling and of majority of private forest owners for active forest management. Private forests Typologies for Natural Resource–Management Policy and Program Support: hardly can be managed in a sustainable way without strong support of public forest Potential and Constraints. Environmental Management 40(3), 481-492. service in financial and professional terms. This is the main reason why public forest administration and public forest companies traditionally have held a strong position in FIELD, A. (2009): Discovering statistics using SPSS. 3rd edn. SAGE, Los Angeles. the eyes of private forest owners. However, other providers of information, such as FINLEY, AO., KITTREDGE, DB., STEVENS, TH., SCHWEIK, CM., DENNIS, DC. relatives and neighbouring must not be neglected. There is a big potential in private (2006): Interest in cross-boundary cooperation: identification of distinct types of forest owners’ associations as a provider of information for private forest owners. The private forest owners. Forest Science 52, 10-22. results of previous research (FOPER project) pointed out to a critical mass of private GLÜCK, P., AVDIBEGOVIĆ, M., ČABARAVDIĆ, A., NONIĆ, D., PETROVIĆ, N., forest owners who are ready to engage themselves in the establishment of such POSAVEC, S., STOJANOVSKA, M. (2010): The preconditions for the formation associations. Regardless these associations are created voluntary or compulsory, they of private forest owners' interest associations in the Western Balkan Region. would increase political influence of private forest owners and better promote their Forest Policy and Economics 12(4), 250-263. interests. Starting from the assumption that private forest owners are not homogenous GLÜCK, P., AVDIBEGOVIĆ, M., ČABARAVDIĆ, A., NONIĆ, D., PETROVIĆ, N., group, public forest service should try to develop and implement a mix of forest policy POSAVEC, S., STOJANOVSKA, M. 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LÖNNSTEDT, L. (1997): Non industrial private forest owners' decision process: A ZIEGENSPECK, S., HÄRDTER, U., SCHRAML, U. (2004): Lifestyles of private forest qualitative study about goals, time perspective, opportunities and alternatives. owners as an indication of social change. Forest Policy and Economics 6(5), 447- Scandinavian Journal of Forest‐ Research 12(3), 302-310. 45. MA, Z., KITTREDGE, D., CATANZARO, P. (2012): Challenging the Traditional ŽIVOJINOVIĆ, I. et al. (2015): Forest Land Ownership Change in Europe. COST Forestry Extension Model: Insights from the Woods Forum Program in Action FP1201 FACESMAP Country Reports. Massachusetts. Small-scale Forestry 11(1), 87-100. NI DHUBHÁIN, Á., COBANOVA, R., KARPPINEN, H., MIZARAITE, D., RITTER, E., SLEE, B., WALL, S. (2007): The Values and Objectives of Private Forest Owners and Their Influence on Forestry Behaviour: The Implications for SAŽETAK Entrepreneurship. Small-scale Forestry 6(4), 347-357. Mnogobrojne promjene u državama jugoistočne Evrope uslovile su značajne izmjene NI DHUBHÁIN, Á., MAGUIRE, K., FARELLY, N. (2010): The harvesting behaviour of u obrascima nacionalnih šumarskih politika, kreirajući potpuno novu paradigmu po Irish private forest owners. Forest Policy and Economics 12(7), 513-517. pitanju šumarstva i gospodarenja šumskim resursima. To je, između ostalog, dovelo i PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH, Š., (2010): Influence of institutions and forms of do povećanja heterogenosti vlasnika privatnih šuma, koja se ogleda u promjenama u cooperation on private forest management. Doctoral dissertation, University of njihovim očekivanjima, ciljevima, stavovima i aktivnostima gospodarenja. U tom Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest kontekstu je interesantno istražiti kako vlasnici privatnih šuma prikupljaju informacije Resources. korisne za gospodarenje, ali takođe i analizirati na koji način karakteristike vlasnika PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH, Š., HODGES, DG., MARIĆ, B., AVDIBEGOVIĆ, M. (2011): utiču na zadovoljenje potreba za informacijama. Ovaj rad je imao za cilj da analizira Private forest owners expectations of interest associations: comparative analysis izvore informacija koje vlasnici privatnih šuma najčešće koriste, te da se utvrdi kako between Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Šumarski list CXXXV(9-10):1-10. karakteristike vlasnika i njihovog šumoposjeda, te intenzitet i način gospodarenja PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH, Š., NONIĆ, D., GLAVONJIĆ, P., NEDELJKOVIĆ, J., utiču na izbor izvora informacija. Istraživanje je provedeno u Bosni i Hercegovini, AVDIBEGOVIĆ, M., KRČ, J. (2015). Private Forest Owner Typologies in Srbiji, Hrvatskoj (u sve tri države je broj ispitanika bio po 350) i Sloveniji (broj Slovenia and Serbia: Targeting Private Forest Owner Groups for Policy ispitanika je bio 322), na slučajno izabranom uzorku vlasnika privatnih šuma. Implementation. Small-scale Forestry:1-18. Dobijeni podaci su analizirani korištenjem modela logističke regresije. U radu je analizirano sljedećih pet modela izvora informacija: udruženja vlasnika privatnih PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH, Š., ZADNIK STIRN, L., KRČ, J. (2010): Influence of šuma (1), rođaci (2), javna šumarska administracija (3), ostali vlasnici privatnih šuma property and ownership conditions on willingness to cooperate. Šumarski list (4) i javna šumarska preduzeća (5). Kad su u pitanju izvori informacija, uočene razlike 134(3-4), 139-149. po državama su uglavnom uzrokovane važnošću šuma za njihove vlasnike i različitom RICKENBACH, M., ZEULI, K., STURGESS-CLEEK, E. (2005): Despite failure: The organizacijom nacionalnih sektora šumarstva. U poređenju sa drugim analiziranim emergence of “new” forest owners in private forest policy in Wisconsin, USA. državama, vlasnici privatnih šuma u Sloveniji su znatno aktivniji u traganju za Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 20(6), 503-513. informacijama. Javna šumarska administracija je najčešći izvor informacija za SCHMITHÜSEN, F., HIRSCH, F. (2010): Private forest ownership in Europe. In: (ed) vlasnike u Sloveniji, dok su u Bosni i Hercegovini, pored javne šumarske Geneva Timber and Forest Study Paper 26, UNECE, Geneva, Switzerland, pp administracije, najčešći izvor informacija javna šumarska preduzeća. U Srbiji i 110. Hrvatskoj su to takođe šumarska preduzeća. Udruženja vlasnika privatnih šuma su SCHUBERT, JR., MAYER, AL. (2012): Peer Influence of Non-Industrial Private Forest identificirana kao izvor informacija jedino u Sloveniji. Tradicionalni izvori Owners in the Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Open Journal of Forestry informacija (npr. ostali vlasnici privatnih šuma) su još uvijek važni u Sloveniji i Bosni 2(3), 150-158. i Hercegovini. Veličina i usitnjenost posjeda, intenzitet gospodarenja i životna dob vlasnika utiču na izbor izvora informacija. Model logističke regresije “javna šumarska SMARS (2007): Relational databases from the Landowner register. Ljubljana. administracija” je statistički značajan u Bosni i Hercegovini i Sloveniji, dok je model WIERSUM, KF., ELANDS, BM., HOOGSTRA, M. (2005): Small-scale forest “javno šumarsko preduzeće” značajan u Srbiji i Bosni i Hercegovini. Nijedan od pet ownership across Europe: Characteristics and future potential. Small-scale Forest analiziranih modela nije statistički značajan u Hrvatskoj. U Sloveniji je značajan još i Economics, Management and Policy 4(1), 1-19. model “ostali vlasnici privatnih šuma”. Rezultati ovih ustraživanja ukazuju na važnu ulogu javne šumarske administracije i šumarskih preduzeća kao ključnih izvora

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Mersudin Avdibegović, Nenad Petrović, Stjepan Posavec, Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh In searching for information

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Private forest owners in selected South-east European countries: Works of the Faculty of Forestry In searching for information University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (69-82) korisnih informacija za vlasnike privatnih šuma. Ne zanemarujući ulogu tradicionalnih izvora, kao što su susjedi, rođaci i drugi vlasnici, evidentno je da postoji veliki UDK 595.42:582.685.4(497.6 Sarajevo) potencijal u kreiranju asocijacija privatnih šumoposjednika kao izvora informacija. Rezultati ranijih istraživanja ukazuju na postojanje kritične mase vlasnika privatnih MITES ON LINDEN TREES (TILIA SPP.) IN SARAJEVO šuma za formiranje takvih asocijacija. S obzirom da su vlasnici privatnih šuma u Grinje lipa (Tilia spp.) u Sarajevu analiziranim državama jugoistočne Evrope, prilično heterogena skupina, javna 1 1 1 šumarska administracija treba razviti i implementirati miks instrumenata šumarske Kemala Doljančić , Mirza Dautbašić , Osman Mujezinović politike koji bi na najbolji način zadovoljio specifične interese različitih tipova vlasnika. S obzirom da informacioni instrumenti šumarske politike, kao što su Abstract savjetodavna služba, mašinski krugovi, edukacija i sl., nisu u dovoljnoj mjeri razvijeni Urban green areas in Sarajevo are of the most importance for the overall appearance of u analiziranim državama (izuzetak je donekle Slovenija), postoje značajne mogućnosti the city and the quality of life in it. In recent years there has been a decline in the area za njihovu primjenu, a samim tim i unaprijeđenje nacionalnih šumarskih politika u under vegetation. The main reason for the loss and degradation of green areas is smislu boljeg zadovoljenja potreba vlasnika privatnih šuma za informacijama. anthropogenic factor which predisposes urban greenery with its activities to various other biotic and abiotic factors. Air pollution, drought, high temperatures, soil and water pollution are group of abiotic factors which synergetic cause physiological changes in plant species. The fall of physiological resistance causes exposure of plants to biotic factors, especially insects, fungi, and recently mites. In this paper, the research was conducted in order to determine the identification of harmful species of mites on the linden trees and determine the intensity of infection. Linden trees are designed as an avenue that stretches from Suada and Olga Bridge to the TV home in Alipašino Polje. Identification was based on symptoms established on the leaf material directly in the field and in the laboratory with the use of microscopes and binoculars. Laboratory studies were carried out at the Faculty of Forestry in Sarajevo. The intensity of infection of trees was determined HAWKSWORH'S six class system (1986). A total of 200 trees were analyzed of which is the 136 infected by phytophagous mites. We identified five types of mites. Found species belonged to the family Eriophyidae and Tetranychidae. Following types of mites are identified from the first family: Eriophyestiliae (Eriophyoidea), Eriophyestiliaelateannulatus (Eriophyoidea), Eriophyesexilis (Eriophyoidea), and Eriophyesleiosoma (Eriophyoidea). From other family revealed the presence of mite Eotetranychustiliarum (Tetranychoidea). The result of research conducted in the period from May to August showed a tendency of all recorded species of mites to the lower parts of the tree crown and going to the higher parts their numbers are decreasing.

Key words: urban environment, urban green areas, linden, phytophagous mites

1 Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo

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Key words: urban environment, urban green areas, linden, phytophagous mites

1 Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

INTRODUCTION – Uvod From phytomedical point of view the most important pest species from families red spiders - Tetranychidae, Bryobiidae, flat mites - Tenuipalpidae, soft The urban environment is a dynamic process, which constantly expands and skinned mites –Tarsonemidae, gall mites - Eriophyidaeand roots mites Tyroglyphidae, upgrades. With constant development of technology the number of buildings that and useful species of predatory carnivorous mites from the family Phvtoseiidae cause greater congestion with the gray areas increases. This raising of cities reduced (MACELJSKI et al, 2002). quality of life and makes it stressful and difficult. Due to these, emphasis is placed on the concept of a sustainable city, which seeks to emphasize the importance and the Harmfulness of mites is manifested in an interval of less significant changes significance of urban green areas. Sustainable city is actually maintaining and for the host plant to serious change for the health status of individuals. Depending on increasing riches of the environment (ŠIMUNOVIĆ, 2007). the types of mites, changes in plants can manifest itself through various forms of abnormalities on the surface of plant parts (galls, blisters, patches of irregular shapes, Urban green spaces are public spaces located in urban areas, which are mostly bulges, etc.) to necrosis and premature fall of the leaves-thus shortening the lifespan of covered with vegetation and used directly for active and passive recreation, or individuals. Depending on the extent of the damage caused aesthetic function of plants indirectly through the benefits they have for the urban environment, which are in urban areas has been disturbed or degraded. available to the citizens and serve the different needs of citizens, which are enhancing quality of life in urban areas (ČOMIĆ et al, 2009).Urban green spaces are important MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METODS – Materijal i metode istraživanja elements of each city. They are part of the image of the city, extending ecological diversity and the essential, structural and functional elements that make cities and Research was carried out on lime avenue in Sarajevo. Research facility is urban regions more suitable for housing (TIŠMA et al).The role of plants in urban areas divided into three parts. It is located at an altitude of 509-535m and extends from east is multiple. The positive role of plants is not only reflected in the decorative-aesthetic to west. role, but also a number of other functions, the most important are sanitary-hygienic and cultural and educational (LJUJIĆ-MIJATOVIĆ AND MRDOVIĆ, 1998). 200 trees were randomly selected on which the analysis was conducted involving the determination and identification of plant-eating species of mites and Linden (Tilia spp.) is one of the commonly used species in urban areas. It is determining the intensity of infection on trees. well adapted to urban conditions, and is used to raise parks, avenue, alley, etc. Although lime is considered adaptable species to changing environmental conditions, The determination of these pests was carried out directly on the site according it is daily exposed to many negative factors, which depending on the manner and to the infected symptoms on the leaf material. In the event that the same could not be intensity of action can cause more or less significant damage to trees. executed immediately on the site, it was carried out in the laboratories of the Department of forest protection and urban greenery, the Faculty of Forestry in In recent years, the mites are becoming a very important issue Sarajevo. For the determination of mites were used keys of known authors forconsideration. The problem of harmful species of mites emerged from after World HARTMANN et al (2007); BUTIN et al (2008); MATOŠEVIĆ (2004); PETANOVIĆ War II and is a direct consequence of the so-called. "Green revolution" that is (2004); MACELJSKI (2002) and others. disrupting natural ecosystems, undue arrogance and ignoring the laws of nature, so The intensity of infection of trees was determined HAWKSWORH'S six class that they are considered "example of pests produced by man" (PETANOVIĆ, 2004). system (1986) so that the tree crown segments into three equal parts. After that Mites belong to the subclass Acarina. Most of the harmful species is segmented portion of the canopy is evaluated according to the following scale: widespread, but some are economically more important than the other and exhibit different harmful effects depending on the characteristics of agro ecosystems in • 0 - no symptoms of mite • 1 - poor infection (less than half of the branches showed the presence of different climates, in terms of plant species grown in the open field (PETANOVIĆ et mites) al, 2010). • 2 - severe infection (for more than half of the branches showed the presence The success of this group in populating very diverse habitats is in correlation of mites). with the small size of the body (an average of 250 to 750 microns) and the possibility After determining the grade of the crown according to this scale, grades from of exploitation of microhabitats (PETANOVIĆ, 2004).The main modes of transmission all three segments of the crown are added, resulting in a total index for the analyzed are through the wind mites (anemochory), animals and anthropogenic influence which tree infestations. The index can range from 0-6. Research was conducted in May, are considered as the most important and the most common means of transmission. June, July and August 2015.

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

RESULTS – Rezultati

The presence of plant-eating species of mites was confirmed at 136 linden trees of 200 taken for analysis. The results of processing the data collected along the avenue lime show the presence of 5 species of phytophagous mites. Found species belong to the families Eriophyidae and Tetranichydae. Eriophyes tiliae, Eriophyes tilia lateannulatus, Eriophyes exilis and Eriophyes leiosoma are mites from first mentioned family, while from other was identified mite Eotetranychus tiliarum. Eriophyes tiliae Nal.

Eriophyes tiliae was found on the leaves of Tilia tomentosa and Tilia platyphyllos. Species identification was based on the galls formed on the leaf surface in May. Galls are initially green and maturing during July or August become reddish in color. Pricks are pointed tip length of 5-15mm. In some cases galls accrete at the base, while the peaks are separated. The interior of the galls is filled with hair and at Figure 2.: Galls on leafs on large-leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos)caused by mite Eriophyes the bottom there is a hole that used to go out to the surface of plant tissues. When tiliae lateannulatus Slika 2.: Gale na listu velikolisne lipe (Tilia platyphyllos) uzrokovane grinjom Eriophyes tiliae there is an outbreak of mites, galls can sometimes cover the entire leaf area. Species lateannulatus does not lead to serious physiological changes in plants. It causes damage of an aesthetic nature which makes the tree loses its function in urban areas. Eriophyes exilis Nal. Eriophyes exilis on the leaf surface causes whitish-greenish spots without occurrence of distortion of the leaf surface. Freckles aging take on a brownish hue. On the reverse of leaf these places are off-white and hairy, irregular shape. Does not cause significant physiological changes in plant hosts. However, the effect of these mites is not negligible, because with theirs development plant loses its aesthetic role in landscape architecture.

Figure 1.: Galls on silver linden leaf(Tilia tomentosa) caused by mite Eriophyes tiliae

Slika 1.: Gale na srebrnolisnoj lipi (Tilia tomentosa) uzrokovane grinjom Eriophyes tiliae

Eriophyes tiliae lateannulatus Schulze. Mites cause the same symptoms as the previous species that may be observed in the spring. The difference compared with the previous type is that the length of the Figure 3.: White spots on surface of leaf caused by mite Eriophyes exilis galls in this case is only 5 mm. Slika 3.: Bijele mrlje na površini lista uzrokovane grinjom Eriophyes exilis

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

RESULTS – Rezultati

Figure 1.: Galls on silver linden leaf(Tilia tomentosa) caused by mite Eriophyes tiliae

Slika 1.: Gale na srebrnolisnoj lipi (Tilia tomentosa) uzrokovane grinjom Eriophyes tiliae

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

Eriophyes leiosoma Nal. The distribution of the number of infected lime trees to the total index of infection is given in the graph 1. Mite causes the appearance of green bumps on the top of the leaf in May or June. They develop alongside of nerves. The bumps on the underside of the leaf are 40 whitish and maturing they become brownish-red and tomentose. Species does not cause dangerous damage to the plant hosts, and even stronger attacks do not cause deformation of the leaf surface. 30 20

0 0 1 2 345 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Site 1 11 8 18 18 8 5 2

Figure 4.: Galls on silver linden leaf (Tilia tomentosa) caused by mite Eriophyes leiosoma Site 2 20 12 8 13 7 5 5 Slika 4.: Gale na srebrnolisnoj lipi (Tilia tomentosa) uzrokovane grinjom Eriophyes leiosoma Site 3 35 9 5 3 2 6 0 Eotetranychus tiliarum Eotetranychus tiliarum is one of the key lime pests. Eotetranychus tiliarum in Graphic 1.: The overall index infestations by localities favourable conditions causes high damage to the linden trees (SCHNEIDER et al, Grafikon 1.: Sumarni prikaz infestacija po lokalitetima 2000). The attack is reflected in the discoloration of leaves extending from the bottom The distribution of the number of infected lime trees according to the index of to the top of the crown, twisting the leafs from the back and causes its early falling off. infection in the analyzed parts of the crown is given in Table 1 and Graph 2. Other species are important for the external appearance of the species. They lead to the creation of various types of abnormalities on the leaves like galls or other bulges. Table 1.: The overall index of infection in the analyzed parts of the canopy Because of the deformations linden loses aesthetic role in urban environments. Tabela 1.: Sumarni prikaz infestacije na analiziranim dijelovima krošnji

Bottom third of Middle third of Top third of crown crown crown Infestation index 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2

Site 1 11 25 34 27 33 10 51 17 2

20 25 25 37 19 14 49 14 7 Site 2

35 10 15 47 5 8 54 6 0 Site 3

Figure 5 and 6.: Bronzing and twisting of linden leafs caused by attack of Eotetranychus 66 60 74 111 57 32 154 37 9 tiliarum Total: Slike 5 i 6.: Bronziranje i uvrtanje listova lipe uzrokovane napadom Eotetranychus tiliarum

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

0 0 1 2 345 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Site 1 11 8 18 18 8 5 2

Bottom third of Middle third of Top third of crown crown crown Infestation index 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2

Site 1 11 25 34 27 33 10 51 17 2

20 25 25 37 19 14 49 14 7 Site 2

35 10 15 47 5 8 54 6 0 Site 3

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

154 Categories of analyzed parts of the tree crown to the number of infected leaves 160 are shown in the tables 4 and 7. The results of the impact of the exposure on the 140 infected leaf foliage are provided in tables 5, 6, 8 and 9. 111 120 Table 4.: Categories of analyzed parts of the tree crown to the number of infected leaves Tabela 4.: Kategorije analiziranih dijelova krošnje prema broju infestiranih listova 100 74 80 66 60 57 Lower Upper 60 37 32 Categories Count Mean Stnd. Error limit Limit 40 East 166 2,92771 0,25826 2,56979 3,28563 9 20 South 163 2,73006 0,260625 2,36886 3,09126 0 North 150 2,6 0,271685 2,22347 2,97653 0 1 2 West 153 2,45098 0,269008 2,07816 2,8238 Total 632 2,68354 Bottom third of crown Middle third of crown Top third of crown

Graphic 2.: Distribution of infected lime trees according to the index of infection in the Table 5.: The impact of exposure to infected foliage leaves analyzed parts of the canopy Tabela 5.: Uticaj izloženosti na infestaciju listova Grafikon 2.: Distribucija napadnutih stabala lipe prema indeksu infestacije u analiziranim dijelovima krošnji. Source: The statistical analysis of the studied parameters were carried out using One- Infection of leaves on Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F- P- Value Way ANOVA in statistical program Statgraphics Plus. The significance of differences parts of crown Ratio between the individual categories of the tested parameter was determined using the Between groups 19,5713 3 6,52376 0,59 0,6222 Fisher LSD test. Results of statistical analysis of the impact of the site and the species Within groups 6953,14 628 11,0719 of lime on the size of the average index of infection are given in Tables 2 and 3. Total 6972,71 631 Table 2.: Influence of the site on the size of average index of infection of linden trees

Tabela 2.: Uticaj lokaliteta na visinu prosječnog indeksa infestacije sttabala lipe Table 6.: The significance of differences infestations main parts of the trees Source: Site Sum of Squares Df Mean square F-Ratio P - Value Tabela 6.: Značajnost razlika zaraženosti glavnih dijelova krošanja Between groups 9,52381 2 4,7619 0,07 0.9349 Within groups 1267,71 18 70,4286 Compared categories Difference of means Lower/upper limit Total: 1277,24 20 East-South 0,197649 0,719134 Table 3.: Influence of the species of lime on the size of average index of infection of linden East-North 0,327711 0,734689 trees East-West 0,47673 0,730895 Tabela 3.: Uticaj vrste lipe na visinu prosječnog indeksa infestacije stabala South-North 0,130061 0,737891 Source: South-West 0,279081 0,734114 Species of lime Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F- Ratio P - Value North-West 0,14902 0,749358 Between groups 423,525 2 211,762 1,64 0,2224

Within groups 2329,71 18 129,429

Total 2753,24 20

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

Within groups 2329,71 18 129,429

Total 2753,24 20

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

Table 7.:Categories analyzed parts of the tree crown to the number of galls dislocation of linden trees to various pests. In recent years, the mites are given special Tabela 7.: Kategorije analiziranih dijelova krošnji prema broju gala attention and daily becoming more and more important group of organisms for research. Due to its extraordinary power of reproduction, mites in a short time can Lower limit Upper Categories Count Mean Stnd. error Limit reach very high levels of population (SCHWENKE 1972). East 166 21,5181 3,31606 16,9223 26,1138 Field and laboratory analysis revealed the presence of five species of plant- South 164 18,3293 3,33622 13,7056 22,953 eating mites Eriophyes tiliae, Eriophyes tiliae lateannulatus, Eriophyes exilis, Eriophyes leiosoma and Eotetranychus tiliarum. Last species belongs to the family North 151 19,0927 3,47686 14,2741 23,9113 Tetranychidae and other to family Eriophyidae. West 155 14,0323 3,43171 9,27623 18,7883 Total 636 18,2956 To determine the intensity of infection of linden trees by phytophagous mites HAWKSWORH'S six class system is used (1986). The advantage of this system is a Table 8.:The impact of exposure to the abundance of foliage galls relatively rapid assessment of intensity of infection, but the disadvantage is that the Tabela 8.: Uticaj izloženosti na prisustvo gala intensity is estimated only on the basis of certain indicators of the presence of mites,

leading to neglect their number and age. Index 1 infection implies the presence of Source: Abundance of galls Sum of Df Mean F- Ratio P- Value mites on to 50% of the branches in the analyzed part of the crown. This has the on parts of crown Squares Square consequence that the same size of the index infection may reflect a different picture of Between groups 4637,22 3 1545,74 0,85 0,4686 the health status of affected individuals. Within groups 1,153646 632 1825,38 Trees that have been taken for analysis were grouped into three groups. Of the Total 1,158276 635 total number of analyzed trees on the 136 was identified the presence of phytophagous mites. According to the overall index of infestations largest number of infected trees is on site 1 dominated by trees with an index of infection 2 and 3, on the site of 2 with an Table 9.: The significance of differences infestations main parts of the trees index of infection 3, while the third site are present trees with an index of 1 (Graphic Tabela 9.: Značajnost razlika zaraženosti glavnih dijelova krošanja 1). It should be noted that on the second and third site are most numerous trees with infestations index 0. This arrangement of infested trees could be explained by the fact Compared categories Difference of means Lower/upper limit that the first location is represented by a lot of older trees, compared to other localities where there are a lot of mostly younger trees. When mites once appear on the tree, East-South 3,1888 9,21947 they do not leave him, but stay on it year after year and from there spread to East-North 2,42536 9,41699 neighboring trees. From this we can conclude that as the tree is longer located in one East-West 7,48581 9,35314 place, all the more likely to be attacked by phytophagous mites. South-North -0,763447 9,4443 Display of infestations of trees on the analyzed parts of the canopy provides a South-West 4,29701 9,38064 better insight into the presence of phytophagous mites (Table 1). In the upper third of North-West 5,06046 9,57484 the crown are the most trees without the presence of mites (index 0), while the middle and lower third of the canopy is dominated by trees that have index 1 infection (Graphic 2). Also it is important to emphasize that there are twice as many number of DISCUSSION – Diskusija trees in which the lower third of the canopy has an index of 2 infection compared to the mean. In the examined object proved to be certain regularity in terms of infection Lime avenue where the necessary observation was performed is located in an of some portion of the canopy. Moving from the bottom to the top of the canopy unfavorable habitat for its uninterrupted development. Because of daily influence of intensity of infection is reduced. biotic factors, especially anthropogenic factor, the ground is very hard and degraded The conducted analysis has not established the existence of significant with crust on the surface or with sparse grass or ground vegetation. Simple habitat are differences in the intensity of infection of linden treeswith phytophagous mites more suitable for the mass occurrence of pests, and in more complex habitats rarely between locations (Table 2). The absence of these differences can be explained based comes to mass occurrence of harmful insects (RAUP AND SHREWSBURY 2000, on the areal ofa location which in this case is continuous, and based on environmental SHREWSBURY AND RAUP 2000). The emissions have inevitable impact on

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Kemala Doljančić, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović factors which are uniform throughout the entire area of research.The frequency of the REFERENCES –Literatura eriophyoid mites inducing galls and the density of free living eriophyoid mites, especially of Aculusballei, varied considerably within lime species, irrespective of BUTIN, H., NIENHAUS, F., BÖHMER, B. (2008): Atlas bolesti i štetnika na drveću nursery location (SOIKA, 2006). i grmlju, ITD Gaudeamus Analysis of the impact of the species of lime on intensity of infection with ČOMIĆ, R., ŠUMATIĆ, N., ČOMIĆ, D., GUDURIĆ, I., STANKOV, J. (2009): Zaštita phytophagous mites did not show statistically significant (Table 3). urbanih šuma i zelenih površina, Akademsko udruženje “Eko logic”, Banja Analysis of variance of the analyzed parts of the tree crowns on the basis of Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina the number of infected leaves and the number of galls has been established that there HARTMANN, G., NIENHAUS, F., BUTIN, H. (2007): Atlas šumskih oštećenja – are no statistically significant differences in infection between the main parts of the Dijagnoze bolesti drveća, ITD Gaudeamus crown (Table 5 and 8). The biggest differences are found between the eastern and western parts of the trees (Table 6 and 9). LJUJIĆ-MIJATOVIĆ, T., MRDOVIĆ, A. (1998): Proizvodnja cvijeća i ukrasnog bilja, Studentska štamparija Univerziteta u Sarajevu.

MACELJSKI, M., IGRC-BARČIĆ,J., IVEZIĆ,M., MAČEK,J. (2002): Poljoprivredna CONCLUSIONS- Zaključci entomologija, Zrinski MATOŠEVIĆ, D. (2004): Fitofagne grinje drvenastih biljnih vrsta urbanog zelenila In recent years, urban greenery is increasingly predisposed to attacks of Zagreba, Šumarski institut 39 (2): 185-196, Jastrebarsko phytophagous mites. The analysis revealed the presence of five species of PETANOVIĆ, R. (2004): Štetne grinje ukrasnih biljaka, Beografik, Beograd phytophagous mites on the linden trees: Eriophyestiliae, Eriophyestiliaelateannulatus, Eriophyesexilis, Eriophyesleiosoma and Eotetranychustiliarum. On the object of the PETANOVIĆ, R., MARČIĆ, D., VIDOVIĆ, B. (2010): Štetne grinje gajenih biljaka- research 200 linden trees were analyzed, of which 136 received the title of infected aktuelni problem, inovativni pristupi proučavanju i mogućnosti suzbijanja (1), trees. The presence of the latter type of mite is of great importance because it causes Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Beograd, considerable damage on the important physiological health of the plants and it is Srbija considered the most important pest in the linden trees. Other species are of less SCHNEIDER, K., H. BALDER, B. JÄCKEL, B. PRADEL, B. (2000): Bionomics of importance. They are not physiological pests, but more aesthetic appearance of trees Eotetranichum tiliarum as influenced by key factors. Mitteilungenaus der that loses role in urban environments. Biologischen Bundesanstaltfür Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Int. Symp. Plant The intensity of the attack was most pronounced in the lower third of the crown Health in Urban Horticulture, Braunschweig and declines extending from the lower to the higher parts of the canopy. At the site 1 SHREWSBURY, P., RAUPP, M. J. (2000): Crating landscapes that suppress insect are present older trees which are also trees with the largest index of infection, while on pest outbreaks. Mitteilungenaus der Biologischen Bundesanstaltfür Land- und the remaining two sites the largest numbers of trees are not infected. Forstwirtschaft. Int. Symp. Plant Health in Urban Horticulture, Braunschweig SCHWENKE, W., (1972): Die Forstschädlinge Europas. 1. Band, Paul Parey Verlag, Berlin und Hamburg

SOIKA, G., (2006): Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) occurring on lime trees

in ornamental nurseries, Biological lett. 2006, (43/2):367373 ŠIMUNOVIĆ, I. (2007): Urbana ekonomika, Školska knjiga d.d. Zagreb, Masarykova 28. TIŠMA, A., NINIĆ-TODOROVIĆ, J., OGNJANOV, V. (2010): Studija zelenih i rekreativnih površina u cilju izrade revizije generalnog plana Novog Sada,

Poljoprivredni fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu

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SOIKA, G., (2006): Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) occurring on lime trees

Poljoprivredni fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (83-99) SAŽETAK UDK 630*222:582.632.2 (497.6 Sarajevo)

582.632.2:630*5(497.6 Sarajevo) Urbane zelene površine u Sarajevu su od neizmjerne važnosti za cjelokupan izgled grada i kvalitet življenja u njemu. Posljednjih godina ustanovljen je pad broja površina ECOLOGICAL, PRODUCTIVE AND SILVICULTURAL CATEGORISATION OF pod vegetacijom. Glavni razlog gubitka i degradacije zelenih površina je antropogeni COPPICE BEECH STANDS IN THE AREA OF SARAJEVO CANTON1 faktor koji svojim aktivnostima predisponira urbano zelenilo raznim drugim biotskim i abiotskim faktorima. Aerozagađenje, suša, visoka temperature, zagađenje zemljišta i Ekološko-proizvodna i uzgojna kategorizacija izdanačkih sastojina bukve na području vode spadaju u grupu abiotskih faktora koji sinergijom uzrokuju značajne fiziološke Kantona Sarajevo promjene biljnih vrsta. Pad fiziološke otpornosti uzrokuje izloženost biljaka biotskim 2 2 2 2 2 Besim Balić , Ćemal Višnjić , Sead Vojniković , Aida Ibrahimspahić ,Ahmet Lojo , Admir faktorima gdje posebno mjesto pripada insektima, gljivama, a u novije vrijeme i Avdagić2 grinjama.

U ovom radu istraživanje je vršeno sa ciljem utvrđivanja i identifikacije štetnih vrsta ABSTRACT grinja na stablima lipe i određivanje intenziteta zaraženosti stabala. Stabla lipe su koncipirana kao drvored na području Sarajeva. Identifikacija ovih štetnika vršena je The paper represents a methodological approach in categorization of coppice beech direktno na terenu na osnovu zapaženih simptoma na lisnom materijalu. U slučaju da stands in Sarajevo Canton area in relation to their ecological, productive, structural determinacija nije mogla biti izvršena odmah na terenu, ista se provodila u laboratoriji and silvicultural characteristics. For the collection of necessary data, method of Katedre za zaštitu šuma i urbanog zelenila, Šumarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu. Intenzitet temporary experimental surfaces, systematically allocated in squares 200 meters zaraženosti stabala je određivan HAWKSWORH-ovim šestoklasnim sistemom (1986). distant from each other has been used, in accordance to design of simple systematic Analizirano je 200 stabala od kojih je na 136 potvrđena zaraženost fitofagnim sample. Concentric circles whose radius depend on tree diameter has been used as grinjama. Identifikovano je 5 vrsta grinja. Ustanovljene vrste pripadale su porodici sample units (STOJANOVİĆ & DRİNİĆ, 1975). Data have been conducted in 659 Eriophyidae i Tetranychidae. Iz prve porodice su identifikovane sljedeće vrste grinja: locations. Stands have been categorized in three categories in relations to predefined Eriophyes tiliae, Eriophyes tiliae lateannulatus, Eriophyes exilis, Eriophyes leiosoma. criteria of categorization based on stand environment, productiveness, structure, Iz druge porodice utvrđeno je prisustvo grinje Eotetranychus tiliarum. economic value and fostering needs. For each of the categories, average units of basic HAWKSWORH-ovim šestoklasnim sistemom ustanovljeno je da fitofagne grinje productive indicators of the stand have been determined: number of trees, basal area, najviše nastanjuju donju trećinu krošnje. Njihova brojnost opada idući od nižih prema volume and volume increment per year for marked and unmarked, as well as same višim dijelovima krošnje Istraživanje je provođeno tokom maja, juna, jula i avgusta indicators of marking timber volume and the intensity of felling. Statistical 2015. godine. significance of difference between the indicators has been tested by the method of variant analysis. Based on the results, indirect conversion has been recommended for the first stand category, direct and combined conversion for second one, and third category didn't need conversion because they have predominantly protective character.

Key words: beech, coppice stands, forest category, simplified system sample, direct, indirect and combined conversion.

INTRODUCTION - Uvod

Coppice forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina were made in certain historical conditions as a result of spontaneous human influence. Forestry as a science did not have adequate significance, which made them isolated in terms of necessary care.

1 These researches have been conducted as part of scientific project under the name of "Research of ecological-productive and structural characteristics of coppice beech stands in Canton of Sarajevo area as a basis for their categorization", that has been realized in 2005 by the Cantonal Ministry of Economy. 2 Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zagrebačka 20, Sarajevo

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Mites on Linden trees (Tilia spp.) in Sarajevo Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (83-99) SAŽETAK UDK 630*222:582.632.2 (497.6 Sarajevo)

Key words: beech, coppice stands, forest category, simplified system sample, direct, indirect and combined conversion.

INTRODUCTION - Uvod

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Missing legal regulative emphasized the isolation, where planned care was not managing diferentaionon of forests and polygons which represent beech coppice that adequately regulated. That kind of situation resulted in diversified approach and represent object of this researching. spontaneous realization of allowable cut. In the last period, according to forest Having in mind the size of forest complex, a wide heterogeneity is presumable management plans, only clear cut on large surface have been credited as coppice in aspects of climate, environment and orographic factors, which in the end results forests, despise the fact that there is a significant growing stock of 250 m3/ha and with presence of different formations and shapes of forests and forest communities. existence of significant number of trees with semen origin (PİNTARİĆ, 2002). At that time, chemical industry needs for wood were needed to be satisfied. From silvicultural aspect, coppice, beech forests were made by mistake as a try in regeneration of high forests (short regeneration period, forcing of selective cutting) as well as lack of care in reforestation of high forests after the cut (specially in developing stage of second growth, young wood and young stands). Coppice beech stands in this areas should have been of temporary character, because they were made by accident, and not as a planned forest management procedures. Beech forests in private ownership are a consequence of general bad condition of these forests and unskilled selective management system that have no justification in precise forest management (MATİĆ, S. ET AL., 2003). Significance of research of ecological-productive, structural and coppice characteristics for these forest comes from their large share in total forest quantity. In forest registry of 2.710.00 ha, all coppice forests take around 918.000 ha (33,9%), whereas 347.000 ha are beech coppice forests. (STOJANOVİĆ, O., ET AL., 1986, 1986a). Because of the large share these vegetative forms take, research of different aspects of these forests became an imperative in efforts of clarification of these forests Figure 1. Representation of research area within Bosnia and Herzegovina showing territories of condition. There some reasons for this like their growth tendencies and past errors forestry and especially coppice beech forest stands. recovery, methods of differentiation and optimal ways of conversion in higher Slika 1. Prikaz područja istraživanja unutar BiH sa granicama šumsko-gospodarskih područja silvicultural form, as well as their better productive usage. i površinama izdanačkih šuma bukve unutar ŠGP-a Quality categorization of these forests is needed in our efforts to rise above Looking at the structure of coppice forests of beech within three forest current problems and consider solutions for conversion of these coppice beech forests managing areas, it is easy to conclude that the largest beech forests are in area of in higher forms based on current ecological-productive, structural and silvicultural management unit "Trnovsko" (55,6%), and then in management unit "Igmansko" characteristics. (31,8%) and management unit "Bistričko" (12,6%). Area covered with mines in beech Linking and synchronizing the results of so far research with research of other forests takes 9,92% out of all three areas. authors, it is possible to suggest final measures in forest management of coppice beech For the collection of necessary data, method of temporary experimental areas forests. has been used, designed on simple systematic sample. Temporary experimental areas where systematically arranged in square network within distance of 200 meters. MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS - Materijal i metode istraživanja Concentric circles has been chosen as unit samples (STOJANOVİĆ & DRİNİĆ, 1975), whose radius depends on the size of tree diameter - PPS sample (ZÖHRER, 1980). Research have been conducted in the area of Sarajevo Canton, managed by The sample unit is a complex circle surface that consists of seven circles that have a public enterprise "Sarajevo šume" d.o.o. Sarajevo The total surface of area covered by joint center, while their radius size depends on the diameter of the tree. Data have forest land in jurisdiction of "Sarajevo šume" d.o.o. Sarajevo is 71.501 ha, whereas been collected during 2005, when a numerous taxation elements and stand data have coppice forests share is 10.696,60 ha. Largest share of coppice forests belong to been collected. coppice beech forests - 6.510,50 ha. Research area map is shown in Picture 1, and it Data necessary for measurement definition for coppice forests have been represents the area of three forest management area with borders of spatial and recorded in circle surfaces in 25 meter radius. In total of 659 stands, affiliation of

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Ecological, productive and silvicultural categorisation of coppice beech stands in area of Besim Balić, Ćemal Višnjić, Sead Vojniković, Aida Ibrahimspahić, Ahmet Lojo, Admir Avdagić Sarajevo canton stands to certain category was evaluated, based on their current ecological - productive, structural and silvicultural characteristics. RESEARCH RESULTS - Rezultati istraživanja All coppice beech stands have been categorized in three categories depending on habitant condition, structure, productivity, economical values, and silvicultural For every category, average indicators of structures and productivity of stands measures: have been defined; number of trees, basal area , volume and volume increment per The first category are quality stands predominantly represent trees with shoots year. Statistical significance of this indicators for separate categories have been tested from root or shoots from healthy stumps. . This category is dominated by healthy and by ANOVA analysis. This gives credibility and justification of classification of stands quality trees with significant number of trees from seeds origin, equally distributed in in different categories. the stand. These stands are found in the best natural beech habitats. The management Results of analysis for given indicators are represented in table 1 and in goal in these stands is their gradual conversion in high forests forms. That can be graphic 1 - a, b, c. achieved by extension of silvicultural rotation, tending and thinning and creating According to results of analysis between formed categories, only in relation to condition for natural regrowth, and where that is not possible, artificial regrowth is average number of trees there is no significant difference (95%). Relatively big recommended. difference in relation to other indicators, that are statistically significant, are clearly Second category is represented by bad quality and low economically valued seen in diagrams of median units with 95% of trust intervals, graphic 1. It can be said stands, with relatively good habitat economic production, but current assets are not that one homogeny group is defined for each of the categories based on three being adequately used. This category is predominantly inhabited with low quality production indicators. trees, curve, with a lot of branches, low trees with sprouts from rotten stumps. This category also includes other species of trees like hornbeam, hazel, alder etc. The goal Table 1 Results of ANOVA for analysis of categories of basic production indicators of stands. of forest management in these stands is direct conversion, reconstruction into higher Tabela 1. Rezultati ANOVA-e za analizu uticaja kategorija na veličinu osnovnih proizvodnih silvicultural forms which can be achieve with clear cutting and reforestation with pokazatelja sastojina softwood and hardwood seedlings of good quality and high economical values. As Number of trees (N -kom/ha) well as combined conversion that represents natural reconstruction and artificial Source of Variation i Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value second growth. Between groups 624352 2 312176 0.42 0.6601 The third category represents very low quality coppice trees stands. Their Within groups 4.92794E8 656 751211 presence is usually conditioned by soil quality factors, and they are mostly represented Total (Corr.) 4.93419E8 658 in form of shrubbery and underbrush with significant number of species like white 2 Source of Variation Basal area (G-m /ha) hornbeam, black ash, hawthorn, Italian maple and others, which indicate the xerotermic Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value of habitat, shallow eroded soil in highly pedoclimatic dry and steep terrain. From Between groups 10081.9 2 5040.97 48.10 0.0000 economic point of view, these forests have low significance. The trees that inhabit Within groups 68753.9 656 104.808 these areas cannot grow to dimensions of high forms, where most of them are shrubs Total (Corr.) 78835.9 658 and bushes. In these areas, any attempt of conversion or rational production would be Volume (V -m3/ha) unsuccessful. Because of protective function these stands have, especially with good Source of Variation 0 Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value canopy, this category can be defined as protective one. In these areas all cuts and Between groups 2.87838E6 2 1.43919E6 98.97 0.0000 cultivation measurements should be stopped, and left to spontaneous growth. Within groups 9.53923E6 656 14541.5 In efforts to define the potential of territories in relations to conversion of Total (Corr.) 1.24176E7 658 stands in high quality stands, several methods have been considered: direct 3 Volume increment (Iv0-m /ha) conversion, indirect conversion, combined conversion and no conversion. Basic Source of Variation methods and silvicultural steps have been explained through terms: conversion, Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value reconstitution (restitution), substitution and reconstruction. Between groups 777.789 2 388.895 52.56 0.0000 Besides that, on all experimental plots trial selective cutting have been done, Within groups 4854.06 656 7.39948 Total (Corr.) which is recorded in appropriate forms. 5631.85 658

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a) b) For the first category of coppice beech stands calculated average values of taxative elements before and after selections, and values about conducted selections are represented in table 2. Table 2. Basic production indicators for first category of coppice beech stands (condition before and after felling, characteristic of marking timber volume and cutting intensity) Tabela 2. Osnovni proizvodni pokazatelji za prvu (I) kategoriju izdanačkih sastojina bukve (stanje prije i poslije sječe, karakteristike doznačene drvne mase i intenziteti zahvata) Condition before Marked timber Condition after Taxative element cut volume cut Cutting intensity c) Dg (cm) 23,8 25,0 30,6 Graphic 1. Diagram of average values with Hg (m) 19,0 17,4 24,0 (%) 95% of trust interval for: a) basal area b) id (mm/god) 2,9 2,5 3,8 volume c) volume increment according to Pv (%) 2,9 2,8 3,9 separate category N (kom/ha) 940 293 647 31,2 2 Grafikon 1. Dijagrami srednjih veličina sa G (m /ha) 25,5 6,6 18,9 26,0 3 95% intervalom povjerenja za: a) V0 (m /ha) 298,7 74,8 224,0 25,0 3 temeljnicu b) zapreminu i c) zapreminski Iv0 (m /ha) 7,0 1,6 5,4 22,3 prirast prema izdvojenom kategorijama broj ploha (ni) 208 208 208 -

Surface content of stands of the first category is almost one third of all Results of conducted analysis are showing justification for categorization of research stand surfaces (31,6%). Average quality class for this category is 2,3 and it coppice beech forest stands. Determined relations between categories and indicators, represents a good quality stand habitat. Besides that, according to previously as well as analysis of other stand characteristics are extremely important in defining calculated high average values of stand indicators in phase before cutting (BALİĆ, propositions and recommendations for selection of silvicultural measures which will 2011), these stands are characterized by good stand qualities. Based on data lead to conversion in higher silvicultural form, for each formed category. Conducted represented in Table 2, we can say that using indirect conversion of cutting down trees statistical analysis, as well as determined indicators for production, structure and previously marked, we will have an increase of values in stand indicators. Increase of qualitative condition are showing that it is not possible to plan same or similar average diameter by 28,7%, median height by 26,4% and percentage of volume silvicultural measures for all stands in efforts to convert them to stands of high growth by 36,4%. Increase of indicator values is also influenced by "calculated shift" silvicultural form (BALİĆ, ET AL., 2006). caused by negative selection of trees for cut. Marked trees in this case are mainly thin, For that reason it is important to categorized coppice forest stands, in three scraggy, crooked, and sick. Besides these trees, all trees which are thick and semen mentioned category before taking any action duo forest management. And that is what origin but bad quality, branched and crooked are marked. That can be seen on average has been achieved. The main goal is creation of possibilities for planning most suitable diameter basis of signed trees that is little larger than average diameter of all trees of silvicultural measure for each category to convert in higher silvicultural form. To gain first category, while average height is smaller by 1,6 m in average, confirming the insight about felling intensity in next period, also about all changes after felling, for thesis. By cutting signed trees, resulted values of the procedure would be: by number each category is established average and sum values of parameters before and after of trees 31,2%; by basal area 26%; by overall volume 25% and by volume increment selections, also for marked wooden mass. per year 22,3%. This means that by felling marked trees, we would have 75 m3/ha of Comparing values of basic productivity indicators, before and after selections, cut wooden mass, which is a large amount, no matter the fact that those are relatively it's possible to simulate condition and changes after felling all marked wooden mass bad quality trees, with small significance for forest production. as regular cutting. Simulations of diameter structure of trees before and after selection (before and after cut) for most important stand parameters are represented in graphics from 2 to 5.

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Ecological, productive and silvicultural categorisation of coppice beech stands in area of Besim Balić, Ćemal Višnjić, Sead Vojniković, Aida Ibrahimspahić, Ahmet Lojo, Admir Avdagić Sarajevo canton a) b) For the first category of coppice beech stands calculated average values of taxative elements before and after selections, and values about conducted selections are represented in table 2. Table 2. Basic production indicators for first category of coppice beech stands (condition before and after felling, characteristic of marking timber volume and cutting intensity) Tabela 2. Osnovni proizvodni pokazatelji za prvu (I) kategoriju izdanačkih sastojina bukve (stanje prije i poslije sječe, karakteristike doznačene drvne mase i intenziteti zahvata) Condition before Marked timber Condition after Taxative element cut volume cut Cutting intensity c) Dg (cm) 23,8 25,0 30,6 Graphic 1. Diagram of average values with Hg (m) 19,0 17,4 24,0 (%) 95% of trust interval for: a) basal area b) id (mm/god) 2,9 2,5 3,8 volume c) volume increment according to Pv (%) 2,9 2,8 3,9 separate category N (kom/ha) 940 293 647 31,2 2 Grafikon 1. Dijagrami srednjih veličina sa G (m /ha) 25,5 6,6 18,9 26,0 3 95% intervalom povjerenja za: a) V0 (m /ha) 298,7 74,8 224,0 25,0 3 temeljnicu b) zapreminu i c) zapreminski Iv0 (m /ha) 7,0 1,6 5,4 22,3 prirast prema izdvojenom kategorijama broj ploha (ni) 208 208 208 -

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Same calculations and tables of determined parameters were given for stands group that belong to second category. Results were shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Basic production indicators for second category of coppice beech stands (condition before and after cuts, characteristic of marking timber volume and cutting intensity) Tabela 3. Osnovni proizvodni pokazatelji za drugu (II) kategoriju izdanačkih sastojina bukve (stanje prije i poslije sječe, karakteristike doznačene drvne mase i intenziteti zahvata) Condition Marking Condition Taxative before timber after element cut volume cut Cutting

D (cm) 18,8 22,9 18,2 intensity Graphic 2. Simulation of diameter structures g Graphic 3. Simulation of diameter structures (%) for first category of coppice beech stands of volume for first category of coppice beech Hg (m) 12,6 12,5 12,5 before and after felling. stands before and after felling id (mm/god) 3,1 2,9 3,3 Grafikon 2. Simulacije debljinskih struktura za Grafikon 3. Simulacije debljinskih struktura Pv (%) 3,5 3,2 3,8 prvu kategoriju izdanačkih sastojina bukve za zalihe za prvu kategoriju izdanačkih N (kom/ha) 1004 314 690 31,3 2 stanje prije i poslije sječe. sastojina bukve za stanje prije i poslije sječe. G (m /ha) 17,5 6,0 11,5 34,4 3 V0 (m /ha) 160,8 57,7 103,1 35,9 3 Iv0 (m /ha) 4,8 1,4 3,4 28,5 broj ploha (ni) 436 436 436 -

Simulations of thickness structures before and after signing (before and after cut) of most important stand parameters for second category were shown in graphics from 6 to 9.

Graphic 4. Simulation of average values of Graphic 5. Simulation of average values of diameter increment per year presented by volume increment per year presented by diameter degrees for first category of coppice diameter degrees for first category of coppice beech stands before and after felling. beech stands before and after felling. Grafikon 4. Simulacije prosječnih veličina Grafikon 5. Simulacije debljinskih struktura godišnjeg debljinskog prirasta po debljinskim godišnjeg zapreminskog prirasta za prvu stepenima za prvu kategoriju izdanačkih kategoriju izdanačkih sastojina bukve za sastojina bukve za stanje prije i poslije sječe. stanje prije i poslije sječe. Graphic 6. Simulation of diameter structures Graphic 7. Simulation of diameter structures for second category of coppice beech stands of growing stock for second category of before and after felling. coppice beech stands before and after felling. Grafikon 6. Simulacije debljinskih struktura za Grafikon 7. Simulacije debljinskih struktura drugu kategoriju izdanačkih sastojina bukve za zalihe za drugu kategoriju izdanačkih stanje prije i poslije sječe. sastojina bukve za stanje prije i poslije sječe.

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Same calculations and tables of determined parameters were given for stands group that belong to second category. Results were shown in Table 3.

D (cm) 18,8 22,9 18,2 intensity Graphic 2. Simulation of diameter structures Graphic 3. Simulation of diameter structures g (%) for first category of coppice beech stands of volume for first category of coppice beech Hg (m) 12,6 12,5 12,5 before and after felling. stands before and after felling id (mm/god) 3,1 2,9 3,3 Grafikon 2. Simulacije debljinskih struktura za Grafikon 3. Simulacije debljinskih struktura Pv (%) 3,5 3,2 3,8 prvu kategoriju izdanačkih sastojina bukve za zalihe za prvu kategoriju izdanačkih N (kom/ha) 1004 314 690 31,3 2 stanje prije i poslije sječe. sastojina bukve za stanje prije i poslije sječe. G (m /ha) 17,5 6,0 11,5 34,4 3 V0 (m /ha) 160,8 57,7 103,1 35,9 3 Iv0 (m /ha) 4,8 1,4 3,4 28,5 broj ploha (ni) 436 436 436 -

Simulations of thickness structures before and after signing (before and after cut) of most important stand parameters for second category were shown in graphics from 6 to 9.

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DISCUSSION - Diskusija

All coppice beech forests are, in relation to site conditions, content, structure, productivity and economic value of the stand, divided in three categories. I, II and III. Basis for categorization of stands is exhibited in research methods and is part of methods of data collection needed for this research. Based on conducted simulations before and after felling for first and second category, according to intensity of felling considering number of trees it is noticeable that high percentage of felling intensity shows silvicultural neglect of the stands. In both categories we find the same felling intensity where number of trees with cutting of marked trees would take down for 1/3. If we look at the felling intensity through Graphic 8. Simulation of average values of Graphic 9. Simulation of average values of growing stock and basal area, we find significant differences. In second category we diameter increment per year presented by volume increment per year presented by find 10% higher felling intensity than in first category. That means that relatively diameter degrees for second category of diameter degrees for second category of equal reduction of number of trees is not proportional to reduction of basal area and coppice beech stands before and after felling. coppice beech stands before and after felling. growing stock This is a consequence of dependence of basal area to number of tree Grafikon 8. Simulacije prosječnih veličina Grafikon 9. Simulacije debljinskih struktura and their diameter in the stand. Found disproportion can be explained by the fact that godišnjeg debljinskog prirasta po debljinskim godišnjeg zapreminskog prirasta za drugu within second category we find stands with significant share of thick, heavily stepenima za drugu kategoriju izdanačkih kategoriju izdanačkih sastojina bukve za branched trees from coppice and seeding origin, with very bad quality, whose sastojina bukve za stanje prije i poslije sječe. stanje prije i poslije sječe. eradication lowers the size of diameter and volume of the stand. Participation of these trees in stands is significantly less in first category. Comparative analysis of change in According to data from table 3 and shown graphics, we can say that average values of average stand diameters before and after felling lead to that conclusion. quality class of all stands in second category is 3,7, which is 1,4 less quality Removing of marked trees in stands of first category, average stand diameter on basal comparing to the first category. All other average indicator units are significantly area (Dg=23,8 cm) would increase by 6,8 cm (Dg=30,6 cm). On the other side, in case lower. Exception is the average numbers of trees which is slightly bigger than in first of removing marked trees in stands that belong to second category, size of average category. It is noticeable that all significant increase of average values of stand stand diameter would remain the same, even slightly less in relation to before felling. indicators (Dg, Hg,) wouldn't change if all trees would be included by trial selection in Determined felling intensities are in accordance to similar researches in all stands that belong to second category. Reason for that is all low quality trees that neighboring Serbia. In research done by ČİRKOVİĆ (2004), conducted with the goal of slow down growth of better trees are marked within all diameter classes, from thinnest determining the silvicultural measures in coppice beech stands in area of Čemernika as to thickest. Results in intensity of felling which are higher in relation to growing stock part of mountain beech forest on acid brown soil on shale, the folowing felling and basal area in relationship to number of trees also confirm the conclusion. intensity have been found: by the number of trees 20,1%, by basal area 24,3%, by This category is most common in the area of research and it takes almost 2/3 growing stock 24,9% and by the volume increment 22,9%. For stands, conversion to of the area (66,2%). Less than 10% of this surface is stand that is on shallow soils, all higher silvicultural forms by indirect way of mixed selective thinning of moderate to others are medium deep and deep soils. This category is a result and indicator of intensive treatment, have been suggested. The goal of this thinning was gradual destructive human behavior on forest. Considering the productive potential of soil, we release of future trees and preparation of the stand for conversion to higher can assume that stands of this category will be a place for testing of scientific methods silvicultural forms. and knowledge in converting these forests into higher silvicultural forms. quality Considering the problematic of melioration of low, degraded forests in Serbia, forests. JOVANOVİĆ, ET AL. (1983), conclude that classification of devastated and degraded For all stands grouped in third category with area of 2,3%, conclusion is that forests is needed for rational planning of silvicultural measures . Before the beginning their significance is mainly protective one. All silvicultural and meliorative measures of melioration, project for each object needs to be made. An elaboration with clear would be in ineffective They are located on extremely narrow, shallow, eroded and basis for classification based on vegetative, pedological and climate studies. For every rocky terrains. That is why these surfaces are marked as "no conversion" surfaces. object it is needed to determine the most promising silvicultural treatment. Authors suggest that, for current environment conditions, and low devastated forests, most

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DISCUSSION - Diskusija

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Ecological, productive and silvicultural categorisation of coppice beech stands in area of Besim Balić, Ćemal Višnjić, Sead Vojniković, Aida Ibrahimspahić, Ahmet Lojo, Admir Avdagić Sarajevo canton acceptable way of conversion is reconstruction (combined reconstruction with authentic vegetation in parts where plants are missing. That kind of procedure is substitution) with conversion on safe areas of the stand. cheapest and most efficient as a conversion method into higher silvicultural forms. STOJANOVİĆ, LJ. and KRSTİĆ (2003) implicated on the problems of coppice Determining factor for usage of this method is the fact that it is about the average beech forest in Serbia, among others. Authors tried to implicate alarm on problems of quality coppice stands on good soil and that there is a decent number of quality trees coppice beech forests, mainly because the ways of natural regeneration, forest on which future conversion could be based on. management and problems in degraded and devastated forests in Serbia. Related to • Most of the stands form second category need indirect and combined that, every of the silvicultural forms, authors detailed basic objectives and silvicultural conversion. One of important arguments that go along the explanation for given measures related to current stand condition. With categorization of breeding beech recommendation is quantity, way of appearance, and quality of plants which are seed forests in good forests on good soil, bad forests on good soil, and bad forests on bad origin. Based on pre-calculated date on evidence of second growth and seedlings it soil, it is possible to determine silvicultural and meliorative steps for each of the has been noted that average number of small young trees (10 cm ≤ h ≤ 130 cm) is categories. Authors suggested conversion of, predominant, first category (55,1%) into 4.130 per ha, where 3.814 were 10 cm ≤ h ≤ 50 cm, while number of trees 50 cm ≤ h higher silvicultural forms. For second category, area of 25,4%, restitution has been ≤ 130 cm were 496 per ha (BALİĆ, 2011). If we add number of tree originated out of suggested with seeding and planting of beech. For third category forests no steps have seeding from first diameter class (0,1 cm ≤ d1,3 <5,0 cm) in number of 130 per ha been suggested in near future. Categorization of coppice forests was conducted in (registered as part of the stand), we can conclude that combined method is the most similar way by JEVTİĆ (1983) and DRAŽİĆ, ET AL. (1990). Authors classified coppice efficient way of conversion. This combination represents usage of indirect conversion forests on degree of degradation, all in efforts to find optimal method of melioration. in stands where is enough number of a quality second growth, and where there is a KRSTİĆ, ET AL. (2004) as basis for categorization take the preservation degree good productive potential of habitat, as well as direct conversion in stands where soil of beech stands. Authors offered final suggestions on breeding procedures for different is so degraded and is not suitable to authentic vegetations that it needs thorough clear stands based on detailed research in coppice beech stands in management unit "Mali cutting of existing vegetation replacing with second growth and seedlings with Jastrebovac II". According to them stands have been categorized in three groups at the adequate for the type of that soil. time of maintenance: preserved, elaborated and devastated. For preserved stands, as Preliminary results of Second state forest inventory of B&H (2006-2009) also adequate silvicultural treatment, conversion has been suggested, for elaborated, confirms previous thesis in relation of numerous second growth trees and point to conversion and restitution, and for devastated, a combination of restitution and abundant quantity of second growth from seed origin also in coppice beech stands. substitution. It is necessary to determine a degree of degradation of the forest and These numbers were found in coppice beech stands by the categories: high class 10 cm stands that will be used as base for final decision of method selection in melioration of ≤ h ≤ 50 cm-3.363 /ha i 50 cm ≤ h ≤ 130 cm - 576 /ha, while the number of trees with the stands. diameter 0,1 cm ≤ d1,3 < 5,0cm was 243 /ha, which in total is 4.182 /ha (BALİĆ, 2011). Different authors give different number of quality trees that could be a base • For all stands that have been categorized in third category, no conversion is for future conversion. PİNTARİĆ (2002) thinks that number of those trees should be planned. These stands participate in total of 2,3% of the forest area and their main minimum 200 tress per ha, while KRSTİĆ (2004) and STOJANOVİĆ, LJ., ET AL. (1983, function is protective one . All silvicultural and meliorative measures would be in 2003, 2004) suggest at least 150 trees per ha. JOVANOVİĆ, ET AL. (1983) emphasize ineffective. They are located on extremely narrow, shallow, eroded and rocky terrains. that number of quality trees per surface unit is variable depending on conversion That is why these surfaces need to be signed as "no conversion" areas. potential and multiple of other factors (species, phase of growth, economic and In terms of planning of the size of the sample for taxation estimation of productive potential). On the other side, MATİĆ, S. (1984) says that we can rely on 80- coppice forests in future research, recommended categorization of these stands could 100 well spaced trees with proper care for a quality conversion. If the number of trees be a good frame for estimation of sample size, as well as definition of number of from seed is insignificant, then stand silvicultural measure is thinning with goal to necessary information that need to be recorded. Besides that, it is possible to put a prepare coppice stand for natural regeneration with regenerative felling in multiple research method choice in function of certain level of detailed significance of certain rotation. information. That means that most reliable data need to be set for the first category of Accepting the determined results of the research, final suggestions can be coppice stands, little less for second category, while for the third category they just made as meliorative measures, as a goal of rational usage for existing stand potential: need to be an assessment. • For all those stands that are a part of the first category, indirect conversion is recommended. Greatest number of stands of this category needs to be regenerated in natural way or using regenerative felling, with additional seeding and planting of

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Ecological, productive and silvicultural categorisation of coppice beech stands in area of Besim Balić, Ćemal Višnjić, Sead Vojniković, Aida Ibrahimspahić, Ahmet Lojo, Admir Avdagić Sarajevo canton acceptable way of conversion is reconstruction (combined reconstruction with authentic vegetation in parts where plants are missing. That kind of procedure is substitution) with conversion on safe areas of the stand. cheapest and most efficient as a conversion method into higher silvicultural forms. STOJANOVİĆ, LJ. and KRSTİĆ (2003) implicated on the problems of coppice Determining factor for usage of this method is the fact that it is about the average beech forest in Serbia, among others. Authors tried to implicate alarm on problems of quality coppice stands on good soil and that there is a decent number of quality trees coppice beech forests, mainly because the ways of natural regeneration, forest on which future conversion could be based on. management and problems in degraded and devastated forests in Serbia. Related to • Most of the stands form second category need indirect and combined that, every of the silvicultural forms, authors detailed basic objectives and silvicultural conversion. One of important arguments that go along the explanation for given measures related to current stand condition. With categorization of breeding beech recommendation is quantity, way of appearance, and quality of plants which are seed forests in good forests on good soil, bad forests on good soil, and bad forests on bad origin. Based on pre-calculated date on evidence of second growth and seedlings it soil, it is possible to determine silvicultural and meliorative steps for each of the has been noted that average number of small young trees (10 cm ≤ h ≤ 130 cm) is categories. Authors suggested conversion of, predominant, first category (55,1%) into 4.130 per ha, where 3.814 were 10 cm ≤ h ≤ 50 cm, while number of trees 50 cm ≤ h higher silvicultural forms. For second category, area of 25,4%, restitution has been ≤ 130 cm were 496 per ha (BALİĆ, 2011). If we add number of tree originated out of suggested with seeding and planting of beech. For third category forests no steps have seeding from first diameter class (0,1 cm ≤ d1,3 <5,0 cm) in number of 130 per ha been suggested in near future. Categorization of coppice forests was conducted in (registered as part of the stand), we can conclude that combined method is the most similar way by JEVTİĆ (1983) and DRAŽİĆ, ET AL. (1990). Authors classified coppice efficient way of conversion. This combination represents usage of indirect conversion forests on degree of degradation, all in efforts to find optimal method of melioration. in stands where is enough number of a quality second growth, and where there is a KRSTİĆ, ET AL. (2004) as basis for categorization take the preservation degree good productive potential of habitat, as well as direct conversion in stands where soil of beech stands. Authors offered final suggestions on breeding procedures for different is so degraded and is not suitable to authentic vegetations that it needs thorough clear stands based on detailed research in coppice beech stands in management unit "Mali cutting of existing vegetation replacing with second growth and seedlings with Jastrebovac II". According to them stands have been categorized in three groups at the adequate for the type of that soil. time of maintenance: preserved, elaborated and devastated. For preserved stands, as Preliminary results of Second state forest inventory of B&H (2006-2009) also adequate silvicultural treatment, conversion has been suggested, for elaborated, confirms previous thesis in relation of numerous second growth trees and point to conversion and restitution, and for devastated, a combination of restitution and abundant quantity of second growth from seed origin also in coppice beech stands. substitution. It is necessary to determine a degree of degradation of the forest and These numbers were found in coppice beech stands by the categories: high class 10 cm stands that will be used as base for final decision of method selection in melioration of ≤ h ≤ 50 cm-3.363 /ha i 50 cm ≤ h ≤ 130 cm - 576 /ha, while the number of trees with the stands. diameter 0,1 cm ≤ d1,3 < 5,0cm was 243 /ha, which in total is 4.182 /ha (BALİĆ, 2011). Different authors give different number of quality trees that could be a base • For all stands that have been categorized in third category, no conversion is for future conversion. PİNTARİĆ (2002) thinks that number of those trees should be planned. These stands participate in total of 2,3% of the forest area and their main minimum 200 tress per ha, while KRSTİĆ (2004) and STOJANOVİĆ, LJ., ET AL. (1983, function is protective one . All silvicultural and meliorative measures would be in 2003, 2004) suggest at least 150 trees per ha. JOVANOVİĆ, ET AL. (1983) emphasize ineffective. They are located on extremely narrow, shallow, eroded and rocky terrains. that number of quality trees per surface unit is variable depending on conversion That is why these surfaces need to be signed as "no conversion" areas. potential and multiple of other factors (species, phase of growth, economic and In terms of planning of the size of the sample for taxation estimation of productive potential). On the other side, MATİĆ, S. (1984) says that we can rely on 80- coppice forests in future research, recommended categorization of these stands could 100 well spaced trees with proper care for a quality conversion. If the number of trees be a good frame for estimation of sample size, as well as definition of number of from seed is insignificant, then stand silvicultural measure is thinning with goal to necessary information that need to be recorded. Besides that, it is possible to put a prepare coppice stand for natural regeneration with regenerative felling in multiple research method choice in function of certain level of detailed significance of certain rotation. information. That means that most reliable data need to be set for the first category of Accepting the determined results of the research, final suggestions can be coppice stands, little less for second category, while for the third category they just made as meliorative measures, as a goal of rational usage for existing stand potential: need to be an assessment. • For all those stands that are a part of the first category, indirect conversion is recommended. Greatest number of stands of this category needs to be regenerated in natural way or using regenerative felling, with additional seeding and planting of

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CONCLUSIONS - Zaključci REFERENCES - Literatura

Beginning with set goals of the research, realized by task completion whose BALIĆ, B., VOJNIKOVIĆ, S., VIŠNJIĆ, Ć., MUSIĆ, J. (2006): Osnovni proizvodni results are part of this research, we can say next: pokazatelji i strukturna izgrađenost izdanačkih šuma bukve na području KS. • Coppice beech stands on the area of Sarajevo Canton are highly productive. Simpozij poljoprivrede, veterinarstva, šumarstva i biotehnologije, Zenica, Knjiga Determined research data show productivity levels of high silvicultural form: kratkih sažetaka, str. 115-116. Determined sizes are consequence of high density forests, that lacked maintenance in BALIĆ, B. (2011): Proizvodnost, strukturna izgrađenost i modeli rasta i prirasta the past. izdanačkih šuma bukve na području Kantona Sarajevo. Disertacija. rukopis. Str.1- • Depending on environmental habitats, structure, productivity, economic value 202 of the stands and expected silvicultural measures , all coppice stands have been ĆİRKOVİĆ, T. (2004): Predlog uzgojnih zahvata u izdanačkim bukovim šumama na categorized in three categories. For each of the individual categories silvicultural području Čemernika. Šumarstvo. Šumarski fakultet Beograd. Br.4. str.73-85. measures and conversion methods have been recommended. DRAŽİĆ, M., RATKNİĆ, M., ČOKEŠA, V. (1990): Klasifikacija izdanačkih šuma po • Surface part of coppice stands of the first category is almost one third or stepenu degradiranosti u cilju izbora optimalnih metoda melioracije. Publikacija: 31,6% of total research area. Average quality class for this category is 2,4 which is a Unapređenje šuma i šumarstva regiona. T.Užice, knj.II. good indicator of stand quality with high average values of other indicators (before GARELKOV, D. (1979): The regeneration process in the beech forests of the Stara selection). Planina. Gorskostopanska Nauka (Sofia) 16: 12-33. • For stands that belong to the first category, conversion to higher silvicultural GEHRMANN, J. (1984): Einfluß von Bodenversauerung und Kalkung auf die forms is recommended, by indirect conversion. Entwicklung von Buchenverjüngung (Fagus sylvatica L.) im Wald. Berichte d. • For stands of second category, that take 2/3 of the area and are usually in Forschungszentrums Waldökosysteme, Göttingen. medium deep and deep soil, quality class is slightly lower (3,7 in average). Average JEVTİĆ, N. (1983): Konverzija izdanačkih šuma u visoke šume. Šumarstvo br.2-3, sizes of other parameters are significantly lower in comparison to the first category. Šumarski fakultet Beograd. Number of trees is exception. This category is reflection and indicator of destructive JOVANOVİĆ, B., STOJANOVİĆ, LJ., JOVİĆ, N. (1983): Neka razmatranja i termini u influence of man on forest. Considering the productive potential of the soil it is vezi sa prevođenjem niskih i degradiranih šuma u viši uzgojni oblik. Šumarstvo presumable that stands of this category will be a place for testing and scientific br.2., Šumarski fakultet Beograd. research in converting these forests into higher silvicultural forms. Methods for KORİČİĆ, Š. (2005): Biološki, ekološki i ekonomski pokazatelji uspješnosti proreda u conversion are indirect and combined conversion. panjačama bukve. Disertacija. Šumarski Fakultet Sarajevo. • For all stands of third category (low quality trees), with 2,3 % of covering KRSTİĆ, M. (2004): Predlog optimalnih uzgojno-meliorativnih zahvata u nenegovanim area, no conversion is planned. bukovim sastojinama mešovitog porijekla. Glasnik Šumarskog fakulteta, br. 89, • At the end, the only objective determine the real state and quality str.155-170. Šumarski fakultet. Beograd. categorization of these stands according to their existing condition and need for KRSTİĆ, M., STOJANOVİĆ, Lj. (2003): Melioracija degradiranih bukovih šuma u cilju meliorative procedures as part of their conversion into higher silvicultural forms, unapređenja stanja. Šumarstvo 1-2, časopis za šumarstvo, pejsažnu arhitekturu i zaštitu od represent a starting point for determining steps for planned management of coppice erozija, Beograd. beech forests. Urgent approach is necessary in abandonment of template way of KRSTİĆ, M., STOJANOVİĆ, Lj. (2004): Osnovni problemi melioracije degradiranih izdanačkih management favoring methods of direct conversion with substitution of different tree bukovih šuma, Šumarstvo br. 3. časopis za šumarstvo, pejsažnu arhitekturu i zaštitu od types. Most part of these forests should be converted into higher silvicultural forms erozija, Beograd. Str.1-23 using indirect and/or combined conversion. LESSEL-DUMMEL, A. (1979): Disposition von Kiefernbeständen gegenüber Schneebruch. Allg. Forstzeitung 34: 1281-1282 MATİĆ, S., ANİĆ, I., ORŠANİĆ, M. (2003): Uzgojni postupci u bukovim šumama, Monografija: Obična bukva u Hrvatskoj, ed. Matić, S., Zagreb;

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MATİĆ, S., ANİĆ, I., ORŠANİĆ, M.. (2003): Njega bukovih panjača; Obnova bukovih panjača. SAŽETAK Monografija: Obična bukva u Hrvatskoj, ed. Matić, S., Zagreb . MATİĆ, V., DRİNİĆ, P., STEFANOVİĆ, V., ĆİRİĆ, M., i SARADNİCİ (1971): Stanje šuma u U radu je predstavljena kategorizacija izdanačkih sastojina bukve na području BiH prema inventuri šuma na velikim površinama u periodu 1964-1968. god. Sarajevo, Kantona Sarajevo uvažavajući njihove postojeće ekološko-proizvodne, strukturne i Šumarski fakultet i Institut za šumarstvo u Sarajevu, posebno izdanje broj 7. uzgojne karakteristike. Sastojine su prema unaprijed definisanim kriterijima kategorizacije, s obzirom na stanišne uslove, proizvodnost, strukturu, ekonomsku PİNTARİĆ, K. (2002): Problem prevođenja izdanačkih šuma bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) u vrijednosti i uzgojne zahvate koje u njima treba provoditi, svrstane u tri kategorije. Na visoku šumu, Šumarski list 3-4, str-119-128, Zagreb. ukupno 659 stajališta sistematski raspoređenih po modelu kvadratne mreže na STOJANOVİĆ, LJ., KRSTİĆ, M. (1983): Izbor najpovoljnijih uzgojnih mjera u niskim međusobnoj udaljenosti od 200 metara, procijenjena je pripadnost sastojine određenoj bukovim šumama na staništu Abieto-Fagetum drymetosum na skeletnom kiselom kategoriji šuma s obzirom na njihove trenutne ekološko-proizvodne, strukturne i smeđem zemljištu na Goču. Glasnik Šumarskog fakulteta, br. 60, str. 53-64. Šumarski uzgojne karakteristike. fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu. Za svaku kategoriju utvrđene su prosječne veličine osnovnih proizvodnih pokazatelja STOJANOVİĆ, LJ., KRSTİĆ, M. (2003): Osnovni problem gajenja bukovih šuma. Šumarstvo sastojina za stanje sa i bez doznačenih stabala, te istih pokazatelja doznačene drvne br. 1-2, Beograd, časopis za šumarstvo, preradu drveta, pejsažnu arhitekturu, i zaštitu od mase kao i intenzitet zahvata. Statistička značajnost razlika između procjenjenih erozija, str.25-37. veličina osnovnih proizvodnih pokazatelja testirana je metodom analize varijanse. Na STOJANOVİĆ, LJ., KRSTİĆ, M., RADOVANOVİĆ, T. (2004): Predlog optimalnih uzgojnih bazi dobijenih rezultata za sve sastojine koje pripadaju prvoj kategoriji preporučena je zahvata u izdanačkim bukovim šumama na Ozrenu. Šumarstvo br. 3, Beograd; časopis za indirektna konverzija, za najveći broj sastojina iz druge kategorije predložena je šumarstvo, preradu drveta, pejsažnu arhitekturu, i zaštitu od erozija. str.105-238. direktna i kombinovana konverzija, dok je za sastojine treće kategorije ocijenjeno da STOJANOVİĆ, O., BURLİCA, Č., IZETBEGOVİĆ, S., KOPRİVİCA, M., LAZAREV, V., nije potrebna konverzija jer imaju isključivo zaštitni karakter. LUTERŠEK, D., MEKİĆ, F., PAVLİČ, J., PİNTARİĆ, K., STEFANOVİĆ, V. (1986 b): Ekološko-proizvodne karakteristike (proizvodni potencijal), dugoročni ciljevi i mogućnosti proizvodnje drveta, na staništima izdanačkih šuma bukve u SR BiH. Šumarski fakultet, naučno istraživački projekat, str.1-120. Sarajevo. STOJANOVİĆ, O., DRİNİĆ, P. (1975): Istraživanje veličine koncentričnih kružnih površina za taksacionu procjenu šuma. Radovi Šumarskog Fakulteta i Instituta za šumarstvo u Sarajevu. str. 5-34. Sarajevo. STOJANOVİĆ, O., ĐURĐEVİĆ, J., KOPRİVİCA, M., LAZAREV, V., LUTERŠEK, D., MEKİĆ, F., PAVLİČ, J., PİNTARİĆ, K., STEFANOVİĆ, V., VRLJİČAK, J. (1986 a): Ekološko- proizvodne karakteristike (proizvodni potencijal), dugoročni ciljevi i mogućnosti proizvodnje drveta, na staništima izdanačkih šuma hrasta kitnjaka u SR BiH. Šumarski fakultet, naučno istraživački projekat, str.1-99. Sarajevo. VİŠNJİĆ, Ć., MEKİĆ, F., VOJNİKOVİĆ, S., BALİĆ, B., IVOJEVİĆ, S. (2009):Analiza stanišnih uslova i optimiranje uzgojnih mjera u panjači bukve na lokalitetu “Musići” kod Sarajeva. Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, knjiga XXXIX, No.1, str 63-83. VİŠNJİĆ, Ć., MEKİĆ, F., VOJNİKOVİĆ, S., BALİĆ, B., BALLİAN, D., IVOJEVİĆ, S. (2010): Ekološko - uzgojne karakteristike panjača bukve u BiH. Monografija. Šumarski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu. S. 1-154.

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Works of the Faculty of Forestry Ćemal Višnjić, Besim Balić, Sead Vojniković, Faruk Mekić, Amir Uzunović University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (100-112) 2006, DUBRAVEC et al. 2006, 2007, VIŠNJIĆ et al. 2009, DIACI et al. 2011, VIŠNJIĆ UDK 630*228(234.422 Bjelašnica)(253) et al. 2013). Inside forests of beech and fir with spruce in Bosnia and Herzegovina there STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, DYNAMICS AND TEXTURE are sections intact by man – virgin forests. Most of them have been separated and DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGIN FOREST RAVNA VALA ON BJELAŠNICA described many decades ago, such as: Perućica, Ravna Vala, Bobija, Plješevica Strukturne karakteristike, dinamika i teksturni razvoj prašume Ravna vala na Bjelašnici (PINTARIĆ 1978, LEINBUNDGUT 1986, PINTARIĆ 1998, BEUS and VOJNIKOVIĆ 1 1 1 1 2 2002, SEBASTIA et al 2005, VIŠNJIĆ et al. 2009, 2013), where their structural and Ćemal Višnjić , Besim Balić , Sead Vojniković , Faruk Mekić , Amir Uzunović vegetation characteristics have been researched. In this paper we have researched structure, dynamics, texture composition Abstract within virgin forest of beech and fir with spruce “Ravna vala” on Bjelašnica. This work researches structural composition, texture and diversity of development phases of virgin forest „Ravna vala“ on Bjelašnica. Virgin forest „Ravna vala“ is MATERIAL AND METHODS – Materijal i metode located in central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, about 20 km south west from Object of research Sarajevo on mountain Bjelašnica, on altitude of 1280 to 1450 m. First time it was described in 1978. Within it we have positioned permanent plot of the square shape in Researches are conducted in virgin forest of beech and fir with spruce “Ravna size of 1 ha. Research was conducted on permanent plot in three time series: in years vala” on Bjelašnica. Virgin forest “Ravna vala” is located in central section of Bosnia 1978, 1988 and 2008, and on 46 temporary systematically positioned circular plots in and Herzegovina, about 20 km south west from Sarajevo on mountain Bjelašnica, on diameter of 12.6 meters, where each represents as per 1 ha of virgin forest area. In altitude of 1280 to 1450 m Virgin forest is exposed towards north east. It has an area virgin forest we have registered 689 trees per hectare and wood supply mass of 701 of 45.04 hectares (Figure 1). m3/ha. Through analysis of dynamics of growth of specific species trees, it is visible that beech suppresses fir, i.e. there is a shift in main species in virgin forest, therefore, in the last 30 years number of beech trees has tripled in the lower diameter classes. Virgin forest has mostly present optimum phase and evenness phase, and rejuvenation phase. Texture diversity is expressed through Shannon index in value of 1.69, and evenness index has the value of 0.86.

Key words: Beech; fir; virgin forest; time series, development phases

INTRODUCTION - Uvod Virgin forests are very important reference areas for research of natural structures and processes that are ongoing without anthropogenic influence. By LEGENDA: Primjerne kružne plohe comparison of virgin with management forests, one can have an insight in man Prašuma Gospodarska šuma influences and what kind of activities can be conducted in the future (DROESSLER Stalna (ogledna) ploha (1 ha) 2006). In most European countries silviculture goals are oriented toward natural multi- functional forest management. In the process there is often lack of reference values Figure 1. Location of virgin forest reserve “Ravna vala” from anthropogenically intact forests – virgin forests, or they are presented Slika 1. Lokacija prašumskog rezervata “Ravna vala” theoretically (MEYER et al. 2001). Contrary to that, Balkan Peninsula has remaining Parent substrate is made of limestone and dolomite as well as moraine debris virgin forests where many researches have been conducted (LEIBUNDGUT 1993, on which, in mosaic manner, on smaller surfaces, soils of different depths have grown: KORPEL 1995, TABAKU 1999, VRŠKA et al. 2001, MEYER et al. 2003, ANIĆ et al. rendzina, kalkomelansol, and calcaric cambisol (ĆIRIĆ, 1966). Climate is continental with strong mountain influence (LUČIĆ, 1966). Average annual temperature is 6°C, 1 Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo and annual precipitation sum is 1600 mm. 2 Forest administration of ZD Kanton

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Key words: Beech; fir; virgin forest; time series, development phases

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Structural characteristics, dynamics and texture development of virgin forest Ravna vala on Ćemal Višnjić, Besim Balić, Sead Vojniković, Faruk Mekić, Amir Uzunović Bjelašnica

Research area is dominated by communities of beech and fir (Abieti-Fagetum RESULTS - Rezultati TREG. 1957), in which spruce can also appear. Individually or in smaller groups in Structural characteristics depressions on deeper soils, valuable broadleaved species appear; sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and wych elm (Ulmus glabra). Number of trees In virgin forest we registered average of 689 trees per one hectare. Work methods Distribution of number of trees per diameter classes has a form of declining curve that Virgin forest “Ravna vala” was described in 1978 when it has been separated at the beginning suddenly drops and then is asymptotically getting close to zero and within it placed permanent plot square in shape in size of 1 ha. On permanent plot, (Graphic 1). Out of tree species, beech dominates with participation of over 77% (533 in many occasions, measurement of all trees of diameter above 10 cm, measured on trees), out of which the largest number is in the lowest diameter class (10 cm), 419 height of 1.3 m (d1,3m>10cm) was conducted, in years 1978, 1988 and 2008. These trees. Unlike beech, other species do not have expressed declining sequence with data were used for analysis of beech and fir tree growth dynamics within virgin forest. diameter increase. On whole area of virgin forest (45.04 ha) recordings of taxation elements on sample Besides beech, out of main tree species, there is 127 trees of fir, i.e. 18.4%, plots, in diameter of 12.5 m, were done. In total, 46 sample plots with systematic while there is the least of spruce, 15 trees (2.18%). dispersal were placed, in a way that each represented 1 ha of virgin forest area (Figure 1). Complete measurement of all trees of more than 5 cm in diameter, on 1.3 m of Out of other species present in virgin forest we have to mention maple (Acer) height, was conducted on all plots. and mountain-ash (Sorbus aucuparia). Maple is registered in all diameter classes up to 70 cm and participates with 1.89% (13 trees). Mountain-ash is recorded only in the As indicator to texture diversity development phases were used, that were lowest diameter class of 10 cm, and its participation is negligible (below 1%). determined by MEYER method (1999). To quantify development phases within virgin forest, three experimental plots, square in shape with sides in length of 75 meters, 500 were placed. Distribution of these plots within virgin forest was random. Each plot 450

was divided into 36 equal smaller plots, square in shape with sides in length of 12.5 (N/ha) 400 meters. Affiliation of each small plot to virgin forest development phase, by using 350 MEYER method (1999), was conducted (Table 1). Development phases are presented stabala

300 graphically in topographic method. Average texture diversity of virgin forest was JAREBIKA/ rowan

broj 250 calculated based on presence of development phases and their participation in JAVOR/sycamore percentage on research plots. 200 SMRČA/ spruce Table 1. Virgin forest development phases by MEYER 1999. trees/

150 EYER JELA/ fir Tabela 1. Razvojne faze prašume po M 1999. of 100 Virgin forest BUKVA/ beech Description development phases 50

Canopy density is smaller than 25%, and rejuvenation i.e. coverage of natural Number 0 Clearing-gap phase young growth on area is less than 50%. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Young growth, that covers more than 50% of area, is growing in broken Rejuvenation phase canopy density of tree tops, or inside the stand that is in decomposition phase. Diameter classes/ debljinske klase (cm) Starts when trees reach diameter of 7 cm on 1.3 m of height. It is characterized Optimum phase by good increment, i.e. net production of wood mass and reduction of tree number due to strong competition. Long-term constant in net growth (production and decomposition) in high Graphic 1. Distribution of trees per diameter classes of all tree species in virgin forest “Ravna Evenness phase cycle of growth, and dying-out. vala” Net production of wood mass is increasing in significant portion through Grafik 1. Raspodjela stabala po debljinskim klasama svih vrsta drveća u prašumi “Ravna Regeneration phase increment of remaining trees in the stand. vala” Long-term constant in net growth (production and decomposition) due to Terminal phase small or missing cycle of production and decomposition. Strong degradation of large tree net mass happens, which is a lot larger than Decomposition phase the increment and it cannot be annulled by large tree regeneration processes.

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300 graphically in topographic method. Average texture diversity of virgin forest was JAREBIKA/ rowan

150 EYER JELA/ fir Tabela 1. Razvojne faze prašume po M 1999. of 100 Virgin forest BUKVA/ beech Description development phases 50

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Structural characteristics, dynamics and texture development of virgin forest Ravna vala on Ćemal Višnjić, Besim Balić, Sead Vojniković, Faruk Mekić, Amir Uzunović Bjelašnica

Stock Total stock in virgin forest is 701 m³/ha, where largest portion has the fir with Table 2. Percentage share of development phases in virgin forest “Ravna Vala” Tabela 2. Procentualni udio razvojnih faza u prašumi “Ravna vala” stock of 463.7 m³/ha, i.e. 66.2%, than beech with 197.7 m3/ha or 28.2%, maple with 25.1 m3/ha or 3.6%, spruce with 14.5 m3/ha or 2.1%, and mountain-ash below 1% of Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Mean (%) Development phases/ razvojne faze total stock. Although beech dominates in tree numbers, fir has the largest portion in (%) (%) (%) sredina the stock, which is concentrated in larger diameter classes (>50 cm), in which larger Clearing-gap phase/ faza progale 0 16.6 19.4 12.0 number of fir trees are present (Graphic 2). Rejuvenation phase/ faza podmlađivanja 22.2 19.4 22.2 21.3 160 Optimum phase/ optimalna faza 33.3 25 27.7 28.7 150 Evenness phase/ faza izjednačavanja 27.7 27.7 19.4 24.9 140 Regeneration phase/ faza regeneracije 8.3 5.5 5.5 6.4 130 Terminal phase/ terminalna faza 2.7 2.7 5.5 3.6 120 Decomposition phase/ faza raspadanja 5.5 2.7 0 2.7 110 100 90 In Figure 2 we can see that all development phases appear in virgin forest. (m3/ha) Jarebika/ rowan

80 Javor/ sycamore Larger groups build rejuvenation phase, optimum phase and evenness phase. These 70 groups are mutually connected into groups and make more-less large groups, while zaliha

Smrča/ spruce 60 individually, on whole area on examined plots, regeneration phase, terminal phase and 50 Jela/ fir decomposition phase appear (Figure 2).

Stock/ 40 Bukva/ beech 30 20

10 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Diameter classes/ debljinske klase (cm)

Graphic 2. Distribution of stock per diameter classes and tree species in virgin forest “Ravna vala” Clearing-gap phase/ faza progale Grafik 2. Raspodjela zalihe po debljinskim klasama za sve vrste u prašumi “Ravna vala Rejuvenation phase/ faza podmlađivanja Development phases and texture diversity Optimum phase/ optimalna faza Table 2 presents participation, in percentage, of individual development Evenness phase/ faza izjednačavanja phases on examined plots within virgin forest. Participation of individual development

phases on examined plots varies, but domination of the same development phases on Regeneration phase/ faza regeneracije all three plots is noticeable. Therefore one can see that rejuvenation phase participates with 21.3%, evenness phase with 24.9% and optimum phase with 28.7%, and these Terminal phase/ terminalna faza value vary a little on all three plots. Clearing/gap phase participates with 12% while Decomposition phase/ faza raspadanja percentage participation of remaining development phases is significantly smaller. Regeneration phase participates on 6.4% of the area, terminal phase on approximately Figure 2. Development phases of the virgin forest on small areas with 12.5 m edge length 3.6%, while decomposition phase participates on only 2.7% of virgin forest area. Slika 2. Prostorni raspored razvojnih faza unutar prašume, na plohama dužine stranice 12,5 m. Presence of all 7 development phases in virgin forest and approximately the same participation of three dominant development phases on examined plots, as well

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Structural characteristics, dynamics and texture development of virgin forest Ravna vala on Ćemal Višnjić, Besim Balić, Sead Vojniković, Faruk Mekić, Amir Uzunović Bjelašnica

80 Javor/ sycamore Larger groups build rejuvenation phase, optimum phase and evenness phase. These 70 groups are mutually connected into groups and make more-less large groups, while zaliha

Smrča/ spruce 60 individually, on whole area on examined plots, regeneration phase, terminal phase and 50 Jela/ fir decomposition phase appear (Figure 2).

Stock/ 40 Bukva/ beech 30 20

10 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Diameter classes/ debljinske klase (cm)

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Structural characteristics, dynamics and texture development of virgin forest Ravna vala on Ćemal Višnjić, Besim Balić, Sead Vojniković, Faruk Mekić, Amir Uzunović Bjelašnica as uniform participation of other phases, although with smaller participation, point out Increase in number of trees of beech is particularly visible in diameter class of the high texture diversity (1.69) which is depicted through relatively high evenness 20 cm. (Graphic 3). Number of trees in that diameter class in period 1978-2008 nearly index with mean of 0.86. (Table 3). tripled. Also, in diameter class of 21-40 cm, there was increase in number of trees of Table 3. Texture diversity of virgin forest calculated on the basis of development phases beech but not in such large ratio. Decrease in number of trees of fir is mostly Tabela 3. Teksturni diverzitet prašume izračunat na osnovu broja i zastupljenosti razvojnih noticeable in lower diameter classes of fewer than 40 cm. In larger diameter classes faza (41-60 cm and > 60 cm) number of trees of beech remained almost the same, but in fir Index it has mildly increased, particularly in diameter class > 60 cm and in period 1978- Plots/ plohe Shannon Evenness 1988. Such trend clearly point out the shift of tree species within virgin forest, i.e. it is visible that fir is being suppressed by the beech. Plot 1/ ploha 1 1,52 0,85 Plot 2/ ploha 2 1,68 0,86 Beech/ bukva Fir/ jela 180 180 Plot 3/ ploha 3 1,65 0,92 160 1978 160 1978 140 140 Mean/ sredina 1,69 0,86 120 1988 120 1988 100 2008 100 2008 80 80 N/ha Dynamics 60 N/ha 60 Transition of number of trees of certain tree species in function of time in the 40 40 20 20 virgin forest can be seen through comparison of the share/participation of individual 0 0 tree species in three surveys in years 1978, 1988 and 2008. Total number of trees of all < 20 21-40 41-60 > 60 < 20 21-40 41-60 > 60 Diameter classes (cm) Diameter classes (cm) tree species with diameter larger than 10 cm on 1.3 m height is shown in Table 4.

From the table is visible that in year 1978 permanent plot within virgin forest had 346 Graphic 3. Dynamics of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and fir (Abies alba) diameter structure, 1978 trees and that their number is increasing. In 1988 there were 387, while number of to 2008 trees in 2008 was 478. In the process it is visible that ratio of number of trees of beech Grafik 3. Dinamika debljinske strukture bukve (Fagus sylvatica) i jele (Abies alba) od 1978 do and fir in mentioned time interval (1978-2008) has completely changed. In 1978 fir 2008 was dominant species with 210 trees, while beech had a share of 102 trees, while in the measurement in 2008 on the plot there was 224 trees of beech and 172 trees of fir. DISCUSSION – Diskusija Similarly, but in smaller volume, we have had a behavior of spruce and maple. While Structure (diameter and stock) number of trees of spruce gradually decreased, number of trees of maple has In virgin forest “Ravna vala” we have determined average of 638 trees per increased. hectare, whereby beech dominates with 77% while fir participates in only 18% of the Table 4. Development of the total number of trees of individual species on permanent plot total number of trees. In research in virgin forest “Plješevica” in north-western Bosnia (1ha) in the virgin forest (1978-2008) the determined number of trees per hectare was 652 (VIŠNJIĆ et al. 2009). There also Tabela 4. Izmjena broja stabala glavnih vrsta drveća između 1978-2008. godine na trajnoj plohi u prašumi dominates beech with participation of 64%. Almost the double smaller number of trees per hectare where recorded by ANIĆ et al. (2008) in beech-fir virgin forest Species/ vrste 1978 1988 2008 “Ćorkova uvala” in Croatia (440 st/ha) with participation of beech of 49% and fir of Beech/ bukva 102 144 224 45%. Fir/ jela 210 209 172 All these researches talk about recent domination of beech in Dinaric virgin Spruce/ smrča 20 19 14 forests especially in lower diameter classes, while fir is dominant if higher diameter classes. This clearly says that beech takes over domination and gradually suppresses Sycamore/ javor 14 15 23 fir (DUBRAVEC et al. 2006, 2007, DIACI, et al. 2008, ANIĆ, 2008, VIŠNJIĆ 2009). Total/ ukupno 346 387 478 In respect of stock, there is in average of 701 m3/ha of live wood mass in virgin forest “Ravna vala”. If these results are compared with researches in virgin forests of beech and fir in the region; north Bosnia 772 m3/ha (VIŠNJIĆ et al. 2009),

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Structural characteristics, dynamics and texture development of virgin forest Ravna vala on ĆemalĆemal Višnji Višnjić, Besimć, Besim Bali Balić, ćSead, Sead Vojnikovi Vojniković,ć Faruk, Faruk Meki Mekić,ć Amir, Amir Uzunovi Uzunovićć Bjelašnica

Croatia 671.23 m3/ha (ANIĆ and MIKAC. 2008) and Slovenia approximately 800 directdirect impact, impact, all all says says that that transition transition of of main main tree tree species species is is basically basically reaction reaction to to actual actual m3/ha (DIACI et al. 2008), we cannot find larger differences. Unlike beech climateclimate changes. changes. domination in diameter class per number of trees, here in total stock dominates fir which is similar in the other researches. Domination of fir in the stock is explained in CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS - Zaklju- Zaključcičci larger participation of fir per number of trees in diameter classes above 40 cm. NumberNumber of oftrees trees per per hectare hectare and and woodwood massmass stockstock gainedgained withwith thesethese Texture diversity researchesresearches match match similar similar researches researches in in the the region, region, which which points points toto conclusionconclusion thatthat Analysis of texture diversity spots the transition of individual development DinaricDinaric virgin virgin forests forests of ofbeech beech and and fir fir are are st stableable forest forest communities. communities. In In them them therethere isis phases of virgin forest on small area, whereby the most representation is of optimum no nostronger stronger disturbance disturbance of ofthe the status, status, and and expressed expressed Dinaric Dinaric relief relief provides provides them them withwith phase (28.7%), evenness phase (24.9%) and rejuvenation phase 22%. In researches of protectionprotection from from storm storm winds. winds. Trees Trees die die individually individually on on whole whole area area and and their their position position isis development phases of Albanian virgin forests conducted by TABAKU (1999) terminal abundantlyabundantly regenerated regenerated by by young young growth growth of of the the same same or or othe other rtree tree species species whichwhich fillfill phase dominated with 50%. Researches conducted by LEINBUNDGUT (1993) in outout the the gaps. gaps. That That way, way, number number of of trees trees inside inside virgin virgin forests forests significantly significantly doesdoes notnot beech-fir virgin forest Perućica, also show domination of terminal phase and initial changechange as aswell well as asvirgin virgin forest forest stock. stock. In In virgin virgin forest forest “Ravna“Ravna vala”vala” currentlycurrently isis decomposition phase with the share of 40%. Larger share of terminal phase of 60% ongoingongoing transition transition process process of of main main tree tree species. species. Beech Beech in in lowerlower diameterdiameter classesclasses replacesreplaces fir firand and slowly slowly suppresses suppresses it. it. This This tre trendnd shall shall continue continue inin thethe futurefuture whenwhen were found by ANIĆ AND MIKAC (2008) in their researches. Dominance of terminal phase is typical characteristic of Dinaric beech-fir virgin forests. Expressed relief of beechbeech will will take take a maina main role role also also in in larger larger diameter diameter classes. classes. Transition Transition of of main main species species Dinaric Mountains gives protection to these forests from the wind. Because of that is underis under influence influence of ofnatural natural factors, factors, and and la largestrgest influence influence represen representsts climate climate changes. changes. there is large number of old living and dying standing trees that characterize terminal ThatThat virgin virgin forest forest “Ravna “Ravna vala” vala” is isstable stable forest forest community community is is shown shown by by its its texture texture andand texturetexture diversity. diversity. Virgin Virgin forest forest has has all all 7 7development development phases. phases. Development Development phases phases areare phase (ANIĆ AND MIKAC 2008). However, in virgin forest “Ravna vala” already appeared the transition of old trees and rejuvenation is abundant on whole area which notnot grouped, grouped, but but appear appear on on smaller smaller areas areas in in whole whole virgin virgin forest forest which which additionallyadditionally is visible from the share of rejuvenation phase which is in the third place with 22% of increasesincreases stability stability of ofvirgin virgin forest forest and and en enablesables more more uniform uniform transition transition from from one one phase phase participation. Larger bare areas were not spotted, but there is presence of dying of old intointo another another without without expressed expressed turbulences turbulences on on larger larger area area of of the the virginvirgin forest.forest. TheThe trees on whole area which opens up possibility for growth of young trees especially of mostmost present present are are optimum optimum development development phase, phase, rejuvenation rejuvenation phase phase and and evenness evenness phase phase beech. eacheach with with over over 20% 20% of ofshare share in inthe the area area of of virgin virgin forest. forest. Texture Texture diversity diversity as as indicator indicator Average texture diversity of virgin forest “Ravna vala” shows Shannon index of ofstructural structural diversity diversity has has value value of of 1.69 1.69 which which concurs concurs with with researches researches in in the the region,region, of 1.69 while evenness index is 0.86. Tabak (1999) in researches on texture diversity whilewhile evenness evenness index index is isvery very high high and and has has value value of of 0.86. 0.86. These These indexesindexes confirmconfirm of Albanian virgin forests gained similar values. Shannon index had a value between mentionedmentioned statements statements that that virgin virgin forest forest “Ravna “Ravna vala”, vala”, even even beside beside muchmuch expressedexpressed 1.5-1.7 while evenness index varied between 0.7 and 0.8. dynamicdynamic changes, changes, is isvery very stable stable and and divergent divergent forest forest ecosystem. ecosystem. Dynamics

Analysis of dynamics of diameter structure development per number of trees REFERENCESREFERENCES - Literatura- Literatura of specific tree species showed that in 30-year period number of beech trees in diameter classes up to 20 cm nearly tripled, while number of fir trees in the same ANIANIĆ, ĆI.,, MIKAC,I., MIKAC, S., S., ORŠANI ORŠANIĆ,Ć M.,, M., DRVODELI DRVODELIĆĆ, D., D. (2006) (2006): Structural: Structural relations relations between between diameter classes was halved. Researches of DIACI et al. (2008) inside Slovenian virgin virginvirgin and and management management beech-fir beech-fir stands stands (Omphalodo-Fagetum (Omphalodo-Fagetum MarinMarinččekek etet al.al. forests showed that share of fir in virgin forests is decreasing, and share of beech is 1992)1992) in inforests forests of ofthe the Croatians Croatians Dinari Dinaric cKarst. Karst. Periodicum Periodicum Biologorum, Biologorum, 108108 (6),(6), increasing, while in largest diameter classes fir still dominates. Similarly in researches 663-669.663-669. of LEIBUNDGUT (1993), KORPEL (1995), BONČINA et al. (2003), SEBASTIA et al. ANIANIĆ, ĆI.,, I.,MIKAC, MIKAC, S. S.(2008) (2008): Struktura,: Struktura, tekstura tekstura i ipomla pomlađivanjeđivanje dinarske dinarske bukovo bukovo jelovejelove (2005) and DUBRAVEC et al. (2007) show expressed domination of beech in young paršumeparšume Čorkova Čorkova Uvala. Uvala. Šumarski Šumarski list list br. br. 11-12, 11-12, 505-515. 505-515. trees and lower diameter classes. This points-out the fact that we have ongoing ALBRECHT,ALBRECHT, L. L. (1991)(1991): : DieDie BedeutungBedeutung desdes totentoten HolzesHolzes imim Wald.Wald. transition of tree species, where in future beech will take over a role of dominant ForstwissenschaftlichesForstwissenschaftliches Cent Centralblattralblatt 110, 110, 106-113. 106-113. species inside Dinaric virgin forests of beech and fir with spruce. Since impact of man AMMER,AMMER, U. U.(1991) (1991): Konsequenzen: Konsequenzen aus aus den den Ergebnissen Ergebnissen der der Totholzforschung Totholzforschung fuerfuer diedie in virgin forests is excluded, and emission of harmful gases does not have expressed forstlicheforstliche Praxis. Praxis. Forstwissenschaf Forstwissenschaftlichestliches Centralblatt Centralblatt, 110,, 110, 149-157. 149-157.

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Croatia 671.23 m3/ha (ANIĆ and MIKAC. 2008) and Slovenia approximately 800 directdirect impact, impact, all all says says that that transition transition of of main main tree tree species species is is basically basically reaction reaction to to actual actual m3/ha (DIACI et al. 2008), we cannot find larger differences. Unlike beech climateclimate changes. changes. domination in diameter class per number of trees, here in total stock dominates fir which is similar in the other researches. Domination of fir in the stock is explained in CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS - Zaklju- Zaključcičci larger participation of fir per number of trees in diameter classes above 40 cm. NumberNumber of oftrees trees per per hectare hectare and and woodwood massmass stockstock gainedgained withwith thesethese Texture diversity researchesresearches match match similar similar researches researches in in the the region, region, which which points points toto conclusionconclusion thatthat Analysis of texture diversity spots the transition of individual development DinaricDinaric virgin virgin forests forests of ofbeech beech and and fir fir are are st stableable forest forest communities. communities. In In them them therethere isis phases of virgin forest on small area, whereby the most representation is of optimum no nostronger stronger disturbance disturbance of ofthe the status, status, and and expressed expressed Dinaric Dinaric relief relief provides provides them them withwith phase (28.7%), evenness phase (24.9%) and rejuvenation phase 22%. In researches of protectionprotection from from storm storm winds. winds. Trees Trees die die individually individually on on whole whole area area and and their their position position isis development phases of Albanian virgin forests conducted by TABAKU (1999) terminal abundantlyabundantly regenerated regenerated by by young young growth growth of of the the same same or or othe other rtree tree species species which which fillfill phase dominated with 50%. Researches conducted by LEINBUNDGUT (1993) in outout the the gaps. gaps. That That way, way, number number of of trees trees inside inside virgin virgin forests forests significantly significantly doesdoes notnot beech-fir virgin forest Perućica, also show domination of terminal phase and initial changechange as aswell well as asvirgin virgin forest forest stock. stock. In In virgin virgin forest forest “Ravna“Ravna vala”vala” currentlycurrently isis decomposition phase with the share of 40%. Larger share of terminal phase of 60% ongoingongoing transition transition process process of of main main tree tree species. species. Beech Beech in in lowerlower diameterdiameter classesclasses replacesreplaces fir firand and slowly slowly suppresses suppresses it. it. This This tre trendnd shall shall continue continue inin thethe futurefuture whenwhen were found by ANIĆ AND MIKAC (2008) in their researches. Dominance of terminal phase is typical characteristic of Dinaric beech-fir virgin forests. Expressed relief of beechbeech will will take take a maina main role role also also in in larger larger diameter diameter classes. classes. Transition Transition of of main main species species Dinaric Mountains gives protection to these forests from the wind. Because of that is underis under influence influence of ofnatural natural factors, factors, and and la largestrgest influence influence represen representsts climate climate changes. changes. there is large number of old living and dying standing trees that characterize terminal ThatThat virgin virgin forest forest “Ravna “Ravna vala” vala” is isstable stable forest forest community community is is shown shown by by its its texture texture andand texturetexture diversity. diversity. Virgin Virgin forest forest has has all all 7 7development development phases. phases. Development Development phases phases areare phase (ANIĆ AND MIKAC 2008). However, in virgin forest “Ravna vala” already appeared the transition of old trees and rejuvenation is abundant on whole area which notnot grouped, grouped, but but appear appear on on smaller smaller areas areas in in whole whole virgin virgin forest forest which which additionallyadditionally is visible from the share of rejuvenation phase which is in the third place with 22% of increasesincreases stability stability of ofvirgin virgin forest forest and and en enablesables more more uniform uniform transition transition from from one one phase phase participation. Larger bare areas were not spotted, but there is presence of dying of old intointo another another without without expressed expressed turbulences turbulences on on larger larger area area of of the the virginvirgin forest.forest. TheThe trees on whole area which opens up possibility for growth of young trees especially of mostmost present present are are optimum optimum development development phase, phase, rejuvenation rejuvenation phase phase and and evenness evenness phase phase beech. eacheach with with over over 20% 20% of ofshare share in inthe the area area of of virgin virgin forest. forest. Texture Texture diversity diversity as as indicator indicator Average texture diversity of virgin forest “Ravna vala” shows Shannon index of ofstructural structural diversity diversity has has value value of of 1.69 1.69 which which concurs concurs with with researches researches in in the the region,region, of 1.69 while evenness index is 0.86. Tabak (1999) in researches on texture diversity whilewhile evenness evenness index index is isvery very high high and and has has value value of of 0.86. 0.86. These These indexesindexes confirmconfirm of Albanian virgin forests gained similar values. Shannon index had a value between mentionedmentioned statements statements that that virgin virgin forest forest “Ravna “Ravna vala”, vala”, even even beside beside muchmuch expressedexpressed 1.5-1.7 while evenness index varied between 0.7 and 0.8. dynamicdynamic changes, changes, is isvery very stable stable and and divergent divergent forest forest ecosystem. ecosystem. Dynamics

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StructuralStructural characteristics, characteristics, dynamics dynamics and and textur texture edevelopment development of of virgin virgin forest forest Ravna Ravna vala vala on on ĆemalĆemal Višnji Višnjić, Besimć, Besim Bali Balić, ćSead, Sead Vojnikovi Vojniković,ć Faruk, Faruk Meki Mekić,ć Amir, Amir Uzunovi Uzunovićć BjelašnicaBjelašnica

BEUS,BEUS, V., V., VOJNIKOVI VOJNIKOVIĆ,Ć ,S. S. (2002) (2002): :Floristical Floristical characteristics characteristics ofof thethe virginvirgin forestforest ofof MEYER,MEYER, P., P., TABAKU, TABAKU, V., V., und und LUEPKE, LUEPKE, v.v. B.B. (2003)(2003): : DieDie StrukturStruktur albanischeralbanischer beechbeech and and fir fir in in Ravna Ravna Vala Vala on on mountain mountain Bjelašnica. Bjelašnica. Razp.Razp. IV.IV. razredarazreda SAZU.SAZU. Rotbuchen-UrwälderRotbuchen-Urwälder – –Ableitungen Ableitungen für für eine eine naturnahe naturnahe Buchenwirtschaft. Buchenwirtschaft. Forstw.Forstw. XLIII,XLIII, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 63-78. 63-78. Cbl.Cbl. 122 122, 47-58., 47-58. BEUS,BEUS, V., V., VOJNIKOVI VOJNIKOVIĆ,Ć S., S. (2006) (2006): Floristi: Florističkički diverzitet diverzitet prašume prašume i igospodarske gospodarske šumešume uu MEYER,MEYER, P., P., BARTSCH, BARTSCH, N., N., WOLF, WOLF, B. B. (2003) (2003): Methoden: Methoden der der Totholzerfassung Totholzerfassung im im Wald.Wald. RavnojRavnoj vali vali na na Bjelašnici; Bjelašnici; Zbornik Zbornik radova radova: : GazdovanjeGazdovanje šumskimšumskim ekosistemimaekosistemima ForstarchivForstarchiv 74, 74, 263-274. 263-274. nacionalnihnacionalnih parkova parkova i drugihi drugih zašti zaštićenihćenih podru područja,čja, Jahorina Jahorina – – Tjentište, Tjentište, str. str. 55-66. 55-66. MÜLLER,MÜLLER, J. (2005)J. (2005): Waldstrukturen: Waldstrukturen als als Steuergröße Steuergröße für für Artengemeinschaften Artengemeinschaften in in kollinen kollinen BONBONČINA,ČINA, A., A., GAŠPERŠIC, GAŠPERŠIC, F., F., A ndAnd DIACI, DIACI, J. J. (2003) (2003): :Long-term Long-term changes changes in in tree tree speciesspecies bisbis submontanen submontanen Buchenwäldern. Buchenwäldern. Dissertation, Dissertation, München. München. compositioncomposition in inthe the Dinaric Dinaric mountain mountain forests forests of of Slovenia. Slovenia. The The Forestry Forestry Chronicle Chronicle 7979 PİNTARPİNTARİĆ,İĆ ,K. K.(1978) (1978): :Urwald Urwald PeruPerućicaćica alsals natürlichesnatürliches Forschungslaboratorium.Forschungslaboratorium. (2),(2), 227-232. 227-232. AllgemeineAllgemeine Forst- Forst- und und Waldzeitung Waldzeitung 33 33 (24), (24), 702-707. 702-707. DIACI,DIACI, J., J., ROŽENBERGAR, ROŽENBERGAR, D., D., MIKAC, MIKAC, S., S., ANI ANIĆĆ, ,I., I., HARTMAN,HARTMAN, T.,T., BONBONČČINA,INA, A.A. PİNTARPİNTARİĆ,İĆ K., K.(1991) (1991): Uzgajanje: Uzgajanje šuma, šuma, II IIdio, dio, Tehnika Tehnika obnove obnove i injege njege sastojine. sastojine. Šumarski Šumarski (2008)(2008): Long-term: Long-term changes changes in in tree tree species species composition composition in in old- old- growth growth dinaric dinaric beechbeech- fakultetfakultet Univerziteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu,u Sarajevu, 246 246 S. S. firfir forest. forest. Glasnik Glasnik za za šumarske šumarske pokuse, pokuse, Vol. Vol. 42, 42, 13-27, 13-27, Zagreb. Zagreb. SHANNON,SHANNON, C. C.E. E.and and WEAVER, WEAVER, W.W. (1976)(1976): : MathematischeMathematische GrundlagenGrundlagen derder DIACI,DIACI, J., J., ROŽENBERGAR, ROŽENBERGAR, D., D., ANI ANIĆĆ, I.,, I., MIKAC, MIKAC, S., S., SANIGA, SANIGA, S., S., KUCBEL, KUCBEL, M., M., VIŠNJIC, VIŠNJIC, Informationstheorie.Informationstheorie. München, München, Wien, Wien, Oldenburg. Oldenburg. Ć.,Ć and., and BALLIAN, BALLIAN, D. D. (2011) (2011): Structural: Structural dynamics dynamics and and synchronous synchronous silver silver firfir declinedecline STESTEİNER,İNER, H., H., FRANK, FRANK, G. G. (2013) (2013): Stand: Stand dynamics dynamics in in the the VirginVirgin ForestForest "Neuwald"."Neuwald". in inmixed mixed old-growth old-growth mountain mountain forests forests in in astern astern and and Southeastern Southeastern Europe. Europe. Forestry,Forestry, th th 84.84. 479.491. 479.491. 5 Symposium5 Symposium for for Research Research in inprot protectedected Areas, Areas, Mittersill, Mittersill, 739-742. 739-742. TABAKU,TABAKU, V. V.(1999) (1999): Struktur: Struktur von von Buchen-Urwäldern Buchen-Urwäldern in in Albanien Albanien imim VergleichVergleich mitmit DZWONKO,DZWONKO, Z., Z., LOSTER, LOSTER, S., S., DUBIEL, DUBIEL, E. E. AND AND DRENKOVSKI, DRENKOVSKI, R. R. (1999) (1999): :Syntaxonomic Syntaxonomic analysisanalysis ofof beechwoodsbeechwoods inin MacedoniaMacedonia (former(former RepublicRepublic ofof Yugoslavia).Yugoslavia). deutschendeutschen Buchen-Naturwaldreservaten Buchen-Naturwaldreservaten undund Wirtschaftswäldern.Wirtschaftswäldern. Dissertation,Dissertation, PhytocoenologiaPhytocoenologia 29, 29, 153 153 – –175. 175. CuvillierCuvillier Verlag Verlag Göttingen. Göttingen. SEBASTIA,SEBASTIA, M.-T., M.-T., CASALAS, CASALAS, P., P., VOJNIKOVI VOJNIKOVIĆĆ, ,S., S., BOGUNI BOGUNIĆĆ, ,F., F., BEUS,BEUS, V.V. (2005)(2005) DRÖDRÖßLER,ßLER, L.(2006) L.(2006): Struktur: Struktur und und Dynamik Dynamik von von zwei zwei Buchenurwäldern Buchenurwäldern in in der der Slowakei. Slowakei. :: Dissertation,Dissertation, Göttingen. Göttingen. PlantPlant diversity diversity and and soil soil properties properties in in pr pristineistine and and managed managed stands stands fromfrom BosnianBosnian mixedmixed forests. forests. Forestry, Forestry, Oxfo Oxfordrd University University Press, Press, Oxford, Oxford, 78 78(3),(3), 297-303. 297-303. DUBRAVEC,DUBRAVEC, T., T., Č AVLOVČAVLOVİĆİĆ, J.,, J., ROTH, ROTH, V., V., VRBEK, VRBEK, B., B., NOVOTNY, NOVOTNY, V., V., DEKAN DEKANİĆİĆ,, S.S. (2006)(2006): The: The structure structure and and possibility possibility of of na naturaltural regeneration regeneration in in managedmanaged andand non-non- VİŠNJVİŠNJİĆ,İĆ Ć,, ĆVOJN, VOJNİKOVİKOVİĆ,İĆ S.,, S., IORAS, IORAS, F., F., DAUTBAŠ DAUTBAŠİĆİĆ, M.,, M., ABRUDAN, ABRUDAN, I. I. V., V., GUREAN, GUREAN, D.,D., managedmanaged beech beech and and fir fir forests forests in in Croatia. Croatia. Periodicum Periodicum Biologorum, Biologorum, Vol. Vol. 108, 108, No No 6.6. LOJO,LOJO, A., A., TREŠT TREŠTİĆ,İĆ T.,, T., BALL BALLİAN,İAN, D., D., und und BAJR BAJRİĆİĆ, M., M. (2009) (2009): :Virgin Virgin Status Status Assessment Assessment of Plješevicaof Plješevica Forest Forest in inBosnia- Bosnia- Herzegovina. Herzegovina. Not. Not. Bot. Bot. Agrobot. Agrobot. Cluj, Cluj, 37 37(2),(2), 22-27. 22-27. DUBRAVEC,DUBRAVEC, T., T., DEKAN DEKANİĆİĆ, S., S.(2007)(2007): :Utjecaj Utjecaj strukture strukture sastojine sastojine na na dinamikudinamiku razvojarazvoja mladogamladoga naraštaja naraštaja i ipotrajnost potrajnost šume šume bukve bukve i ijele jele uu nacionalnomnacionalnom parkuparku Risnjak.Risnjak. VİŠNJVİŠNJİĆ,İĆ Ć,., Ć SOLAKOV., SOLAKOVİĆİĆ, S.,, S., MEK MEKİĆİĆ, F.,, F., BAL BALİĆİĆ, B.,, B., VOJN VOJNİKOVİKOVİĆİĆ, ,S., S., DAUTBAŠ DAUTBAŠİĆİĆ, ,M., M., GURDA,GURDA, S., S., IORAS, IORAS, F., F., RATNAS RATNASİNGAM,İNGAM, J., J., ABRUDAN, ABRUDAN, I. I. V., V., (2013) (2013): :Comparison Comparison ŠumarskiŠumarski list, list, Zagreb, Zagreb, br. br. 11-12. 11-12. of ofstructure, structure, regeneration regeneration and and dead dead wood wood in in virgin virgin forest forest remnant remnant andand managedmanaged KORPEL,KORPEL, Š Š. (1995) . (1995): Die: Die Urwälder Urwälder der der Westkarpaten. Westkarpaten. 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MEYER,MEYER, P. P. (1999) (1999): Bestimmung: Bestimmung der der Waldentwicklungph Waldentwicklungphasenasen und und der der Strukturdiversität Strukturdiversität in inNaturwäldern Naturwäldern . Allg. . Allg. Forst-u.J.-Ztg., Forst-u.J.-Ztg., 170 170. Jg.. Jg. (10-11), (10-11), 203-211. 203-211. MEYER,MEYER, P., P., und und POGODA, POGODA, P. P. (2001) (2001): Entwicklung: Entwicklung der der räumliche räumlichenn Strukturdiversität Strukturdiversität inin nordwestdeutschennordwestdeutschen Naturwäldern. Naturwäldern. Allg. Allg. Forst- Forst- u.J.-Ztg., u.J.-Ztg., 172 172. .Jg. Jg. (12), (12), 213-220. 213-220.

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Structural characteristics, dynamics and texture development of virgin forest Ravna vala on Works of the Faculty of Forestry Bjelašnica University of Sarajevo No. 2, 2015 (113-125) SAŽETAK U radu su prezentirani rezultati istraživanja strukturnog sastava, dinamike, teksture i diverziteta UDK 582.282.16:712.2(1-751.2) (497.6 Sutjeska) razvojnih faza prašume "Ravna vala" na Bjelašnici. Prašuma "Ravna vala" se nalazi u centralnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine, oko 20 km jugozapadno od Sarajeva na planini SOME PEZIZOMYCETES COLLECTED ON THE TERRITORY OF THE SUTJESKA Bjelašnici, na nadmorskoj visini od 1280 do 1450 m. Prvi put je opisana 1978. godine. Zbog NATIONAL PARK svoje izuzetne vrijednosti i posebne dinamike rasta i razvoja često je bila predmetom Neki pripadnici razreda Pezizomycetes prikupljeni na području Nacionalnog parka istraživačkih projekata, što je i rezultiralo postavljanjem trajne eksperimentalne plohe Sutjeska kvadratnog oblika površine 1. ha. Istraživanja su provedena na trajnoj plohi u tri navrata: 1978, 1 1 1988 i 2008 godine, i na 46 privremenih sistematski postavljenih kružnih ploha radijusa 12,6 Nihad Omerbegović , Nedim Jukić metara, od kojih svaka reprezentuje po 1 ha površine prašume. U prašumi "Ravna vala" je utvrđeno prosječno 638 stabala po hektaru, pri čemu dominira Abstract bukva sa 77%, dok jela učestvuje sa svega 18% u ukupnom broju stabala. U pogledu zalihe 3 In August 2014, a short mycological research was carried out in the Sutjeska National žive drvne mase u prašumi „Ravna vala” je utvrđeno prosječno 701 m /ha. Park, Bosnia and Herzegovina, at several localities along the rivers Sutjeska and Analizom teksturnog diverziteta uočava se smjena pojedinih razvojnih faza prašume na malom prostoru, pri čemu su najzastupljenije optimalna faza (28,7%), faza izjednačavanja (24,9 %) i Hrčavka. The main objective of this research was to start documenting presence of faza podmlađivanja 22%. Prosječni teksturni diverzitet prašume „Ravna vala“ pokazuje fungal species in this area so that a provisional list of potentially rare and endangered Shannonn-indeks od 1,69 dok je indeks izjednačenosti Evenness 0,86. species could be proposed in the future. Over 20 species, members of the phylum Analiza dinamike razvoja debljinske strukture po broju stabala pojedinih vrsta drveća je Ascomycota, were collected and examined (families Pyronemataceae, Pezizaceae, pokazala da se u vremenskom periodu od 30 godina broj stabala bukve u debljinskim klasama Ascobolaceae and Helotiaceae), some of which were recorded for the first time for do 20 cm skoro utrostručio, dok je broj stabala jele u istim debljinskim klasama opao za Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a first step towards the aforementioned goal, three polovinu. identified species - Peziza polarispinosa J. MORAVEC, Parascutellinia U prašumi "Ravna vala" u toku je proces smjene glavnih vrsta drveća. Bukva u nižim carneosanguinea (FUCKEL) T. SCHUMACH., Marcelleina brevicostatispora J. debljinskim klasama zamjenjuje jelu i postepeno je potiskuje. Ovaj trend će se nastaviti i u MORAVEC were selected to be presented in this paper. budućnosti kada će bukva preuzeti glavnu ulogu i u većim debljinskim klasama. Smjena glavnih vrsta je pod uticajem prirodnih faktora a najveći značaj imaju klimatske promjene. Da Key words: Peziza polarispinosa, Parascutellinia carneosanguinea, Marcelleina je prašuma "Ravna vala" stabilna šumska zajednica pokazuje i njena tekstura i teksturni brevicostatispora, Pyronemataceae, NP Sutjeska, Tjentište diverzitet. U prašumi je prisutno svih 7 razvojnih faza. Razvojne faze nisu grupisane već se javljaju na manjim površinama u čitavoj prašumi što dodatno povećava stabilnost prašume i omogućava ujednačeniji prelazak iz jedne faze u drugu bez izraženih turbulencija na većoj INTRODUCTION - Uvod površini prašume. The mycological research conducted in August 2014 in the Sutjeska National 2 Park was a part of the CfE’s campaign „Bitka za Sutjesku“ that was aimed to provide evidence against construction of small hydroelectric power plants within the territory of the National Park, by collecting biodiversity and ecological data and evaluating potential impact from the announced construction. The main objective of the mycological research was to produce a list of currently present fungal species, to discover potentially rare and endangered species within protected area and to assess the environmental impact from the habitat alterations. Since the fungal data for this area are deficient and the species checklist does not exist, the results of this research can be considered as a starting point for the

1 Center for Environment, Banja Luka

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1 Center for Environment, Banja Luka

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Some pezizomycetes collected on the territory of the Sutjeska National park Nihad Omerbegović, Nedim Jukić

prospective systematic inventory of fungi in this protected area and represent significant contribution to the mycology of Bosnia and Herzegovina in general. Results are compared and combined with available official data (USČUPLIĆ 2012). This research was carried out at several selected localities at riverbanks of Sutjeska and its confluent Hrčavka. The samples were collected and the ecological data were recorded. Three species are selected and documented in detail in this paper: Peziza polarispinosa J. MORAVEC, Parascutellinia carneosanguinea (FUCKEL) T. SCHUMACH., Marcelleina brevicostatispora J. MORAVEC. Considering the environmental conditions, size and the area status protection, the results of this research indicate high level of fungal diversity. However, it should be noted that the results are obtained in time-limited research. In order to obtain more relevant data, further mycological exploration has to be undertaken.

Table 1. A list of localities where mycological research have been conducted with dates, geographic coordinates and elevation (projection in WGS 84, format Decimal Degrees). Tabela 1.Lista lokaliteta na kojima su provedena mikološka istraživanja sa datumima, geografskim koordinatama i nadmorskom visinom (projekcija u WGS 84 sistemu, format pozicije decimalni stepen).

No. Location Date X Y Elevation Sutjeska (near camp 14.08.2014 18.68979E 43.35393N 572m 1. Tjentište) Hrčavka, Radilište (under 31.08.2014 18.63785E 43.35081N 886m 2. the bridge) Figure 1. Localities within the territory of NP „Sutjeska“ where mycological research was Mouth of Perućica (right conducted. tributary of the Sutjeska 31.08.2014 18.68421E 43.32695N 578m Slika 1. Lokaliteti na teritoriju NP „Sutjeska“ u okviru kojih je provedeno mikološko 3. river) istraživanje.

MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS – Materijal i metode istraživanja All three sampling localities represent alpine riverbanks habitats with a lot of plant remnants. Concerning dendroflora, predominance of the Salix (S. alba, S. All registered species were photographed in situ. The specimens were caprea, S. eleagnos) and Alnus (A. glutinosa) communities has been registered. collected and preserved in plastic boxes together with the substrate, as necessary for further treatment and application of vital taxonomy methods (BARAL 1992). Basic morphological characteristics and ecological parameters were registered on site. The species collections were subsequently microscopically analysed on compound light microscope. Immersion oil lens with the magnification 1000x was used. Collections were first analysed in tap water in order to observe their vital characteristics (different measurements, spores and paraphyses content). Further analyses were performed using the following chemical reagents: IKI – Lugol's solution (amyloidity), CB – Cotton blue (ornamentation staining), CR – Congo red (observing the excipulum structure, ascogenous tissue, etc).

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Ascospores were measured without polar and lateral ornamentation, using poles up to 10 (12) µm long, multiapiculate and spinulosapiculate type (HÄFFNER customised software Piximètre3. 1986). All specimens were properly preserved by drying (exsiccata) and adequately Habitat: riverbank, on sandy soil, under Salix sp., Alnus sp., and Petasites sp., in small stored in private herbariums (N.J. – Nedim Jukić, N.O. – Nihad Omerović) and data groups. registered in Amateur mycological association electronic database (FAMU). All the Peziza polarispinosa from this locality is the first finding of this species for the specimens were labeled and assigned unique codes so as the other information territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. necessary for the adequate usage in the GIS system. Notes: Ascospores dimensions recorded by other authors - 19-24,5-27,8 x 8-9,5-10 µm (MORAVEC 1985); 22-27 x 9-10,5 µm (GRADDON 1960).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Rezultati i diskusija

After field research and laboratory analysis, a number of species from the phylum Ascomycota were determined, mainly members of the families Pyronemataceae, Pezizaceae, Ascobolaceae and Helotiaceae. Beside the species presented in this paper (Peziza polarispinosa J. MORAVEC, Parascutellinia carneosanguinea (FUCKEL) T. SCHUMACH. and Marcelleina brevicostatispora J. MORAVEC), the following records are also worth mentioning: Miladina lecithina (COOKE) Svrček from a soaked beech log on the riverbank of Perućica stream (near the confluence with river Sutjeska), Peziza gerardii COOKE from the sandy riverbank of Sutjeska and Peziza limnaea MAAS GEEST. from the similar habitats. The genus Scutellinia was presented with five different taxa from several localities on Sutjeska and Hrčavka rivers and Pulvinula convexella (P. KARST.) PFISTER was observed in a number of colonies. Peziza polarispinosa J. MORAVEC, Agarica 6(12): 59 (1985) Locality: Sutjeska, camp Tjentište – 14 August 2014 Exsiccata: N.J./140814-07, N.O./140814-06 (duplex)

Description and ecology Apothecia 0,5-1,3 cm in diam., first cup shaped, less convexed later. Hymenium surface olive brown, slightly darker towards the centre. Margin is conspicuous; excipulum is darker, brownish, with small granules almost all over the surface. Outer excipulum (ectal excipulum) is composed of subglobose or globose cells, 14,1- Figure 2. Peziza polarispinosa ascospores in different stages of development treated with 35,1 µm wide. Medullary excipulum (medulla) is composed of elongated septate cells, Cotton blue. Photo: N. Jukić. 15,9-29,7 µm wide. Paraphyses cylindrical, bifurcate, septate, of the same length as Slika 2. Peziza polarispinosa, askospore različitog stadija razvijenosti bojene pamučno plavim. Foto: N. Jukić. the asci or some protruding above asci; enlarged at the apex, up to 4,6-5,8 µm. Asci 360-400 x 14 µm, cylindrical, 8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoid, hyaline. Ascospores from two apothecia of the same collection have been observed and measured in tap water: 24,1-26,4 x 10,7-13,2 µm (n = 20) and 18,9-23,3 x 9,5-12,4 µm (n = 40) and in CB: 20,7-22,2 x 8,7-9,7 µm (n = 20). Ascospores ornamented; ornamentation units isolated, individual warts 0,3-1,6 µm thick, with very conspicuous spiny apiculi on

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Rezultati i diskusija

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Parascutellinia carneosanguinea (FUCKEL) T. SCHUMACH., Norwegian Journal of Botany 26: 62 (1979) Basionym: Humaria carneosanguinea FUCKEL, Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 23-24: 323 (1870) Localities: Sutjeska, camp Tjentište – 14 August 2014; Hrčavka (Radilište) – 31 August 2014 Exsiccata: N.J./ 140814-27; N.J./ 310814-07

Description and ecology Apothecia cupuliform, less than 1 cm in diam., usually 0,4-0,8 cm, carmine red, with a tinge of violet. Usually found in small groups or less often as single apothecia. Parascutellinia carneosanguinea has almost smooth ascospores, ellipsoid and with two large lipid bodies often unequal in size, always with several smaller ones, indistinctly ornamented, finely punctate in Cotton blue, noted also when observing dry specimen, dimensions in tap water 23,9-28,3 x 12,7-15,4 µm (n = 20). Paraphyses red due to the presence of carotenoid pigments, enlarged at the apex (4-6 µm), almost always protrude above the asci; in IKI become olive green. Marginal hairs and pseudo-hairs usually with simple (unforked) base, with much thinner walls and with less pointed ends in comparison to the hairs of the genus Scutellinia. Hairs up to 750 µm in length. Excipulum is composed of textura globulosa. Habitat: Parascutellinia carneosanguinea was found on Sutjeska and Hrčavka riverbanks in several small groups on both sites. On all mentioned localities species was found under the mixed willow population (Salix sp.). Notes: I - On this site as well as on the previously mentioned sites, presence of Peziza limnaea MAAS GEEST. 1967 was noticed in vicinity of Parascutellinia carneosanguinea, possibly sharing same fruiting conditions. II - Only previous record of this species in Bosnia and Herzegovina is from the banks of Tušilački creek (25 August 2011, mountain Visočica, near Sarajevo, unpublished data). III - Ascospores dimensions recorded by other authors - 24-29,5 x 12,5-14,5 µm (DONADINI 1986). IV - Genus Parascutellinia was described by SVRČEK (1975). Parascutellinia arctespora (COOKE & W. PHILLIPS) T. SCHUMACH. is correct name to utilize by Figure 3. Peziza polarispinosa - a) vertical section of apothecium margin; b) and c) ascomata SCHUMACHER (1988). found on Sutjeska riverbank; d) asci with ascospores and operculum; e) ectal excipulum. Scale bars: a = 100 µm, b = 10 mm, c = 10 mm, d = 10 µm, e = 100 µm. Photo: a,b,d,e - N. Omerović; e - N. Jukić. Slika 3. Peziza polarispinosa - a) marginalni dio apotecija na vertikalnom presjeku; b) i c) plodna tijela pronađena uz obalu rijeke Sutjeske; d) askusi, askospore i operkulum; e) ectal excipulum. Mjerne skale: a = 100 µm, b = 10 mm, c = 10 mm, d = 10 µm, e = 100 µm. Foto: a,b,d,e - N. Omerović; e - N. Jukić.

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Figure 4. Parascutellinia carneosanguinea - A) mature ascospore; B) apical part of ascus with ascospores; C) paraphyses; D) marginal hairs and pseudo-hairs. Drawing: N. Jukić. Slika 4. Parascutellinia carneosanguinea - A) zrela askospora; B) vršni dio askusa sa askosporama; C) parafize; D) marginalne dlačice. Crtež: N. Jukić.

Figure 5. Parascutellinia carneosanguinea - a) and c) groups of ascomata found on Hrčavka and Sutjeska riverbanks; b) asci, ascospores and paraphyses; d) marginal hairs; e) vertical section; f) ascospores ornamentation in Cotton blue. Scale bars: a = 1 cm, b = 25 µm, c = 1 cm, d = 50 µm, e = 500 µm, f = 20 µm. Photos: N. Jukić. Slika 5. Parascutellinia carneosanguinea - a) i c) skupine ascomata pronađene na obalama Hrčavke i Sutjeske; b) askusi, askospore i parafize; d) marginalne dlačice; e) poprečni presjek plodišta; f) ornamentacija askospora posmatranih u pamučno plavom.Mjerne skale: a = 1 cm, b = 25 µm, c = 1 cm, d = 50 µm, e = 500 µm, f = 20 µm. Foto: N. Jukić.

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Marcelleina brevicostatispora J. MORAVEC, Ceská Mykologie 25(4): 198 (1971) Locality: Sutjeska, camp Tjentište – 14 August 2014 Exsiccata: N.O./ 140814-14 Description and ecology: Hymenium dark violet or with the tinge of blue, margin conspicuously darker4, surface not completely smooth but slightly granulated. Asci 8-spored, average dimension 240 x 16(-17) µm. Ascospores globose, 9,5-10,8 µm in diam. (in tap water, n=20), with conspicuous and irregular warts and ribs. Ornamentation units isolated, less often barely connected. Paraphyses septate, straight or sometimes strongly curved in apex, with violet pigment in the upper part; of same length as asci, in apex 3-5 µm wide, not enlarged like those of Marcellina georgii. Habitat: Marcelleina brevicostatispora was found on Sutjeska riverbank, beneath Petasites sp5, upstream from the camp Tjentište (only one apothecium observed and determined). Notes: Holotype of M. brevicostatispora was originally found and described by Czech mycologist JIŘÍ MORAVEC in the public park near Ilidža, Sarajevo, beneath Platanus sp. (MORAVEC 1971).

Figure 7. Marcelleina brevicostatispora - a) ascoma in situ, Sutjeska riverbank; b) ascospores, asci and paraphyses; c) and d) ascospores and distinctive ornamentation. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b = 50 µm, c = 10 µm, d = 10 µm. Photo: N. Omerović. Slika 7. Marcelleina brevicostatispora - a) plodno tijelo na pjeskovitom tlu, obala rijeke Sutjeske; b) askospore, askusi i parafize; c) i d) askospore i karakteristična ornamentacija. Mjerne skale: a = 5 mm, b = 50 µm, c = 10 µm, d = 10 µm. Foto: N. Omerović.

CONCLUSIONS - Zaključci

Figure 6. Marcelleina brevicostatispora – A) mature ascospore; B) ascus base; C) paraphyses. The mycological research carried out in August 2014 in the Sutjeska National Scale bar: 10 µm Drawing: N. Omerović. Slika 6. Marcelleina brevicostatispora – A) zrela askospora; B) baza askusa; C) parafize. Park resulted in identifying significant number of rare species of the phylum Mjerna skala: 10 µm. Crtež: N. Omerović. Ascomycota. These results represent very important and valuable contribution to the knowledge on mycobiota of NP Sutjeska and for mycology of Bosnia and Herzegovina in general. These findings support the claim that Hrčavka and Sutjeska riverbanks are some of the most valuable natural habitats in Bosnia and Herzegovina and as such require extensive mycological research in the future. This will provide 4 MORAVEC (1987) describes margin paler. 5 much better picture of fungal diversity and could result in further measures for MORAVEC (1987) also noted association with Petasites sp. protection and conservation of the area and its mycobiota.

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CONCLUSIONS - Zaključci

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However, Sutjeska National Park is facing serious ecological threat SAŽETAK manifested in planned construction of the five small hydroelectric power plants on Hrčavka and Sutjeska rivers as stated in the public study „Hidroenergetska osnova Tokom augusta 2014. godine provedeno je mikološko istraživanje i prikupljanje pritoka sliva gornjeg toka rijeke Drine”6. Implementation of this project will lead to uzoraka uz obalna područja rijeka Hrčavke i Sutjeske (područje Nacionalnog parka diverting a significant amount of river’s flow through pipelines which will result in Sutjeska), a s ciljem kontribucije poznavanju diverziteta gljiva Bosne i Hercegovine. major changes in water regime (partial or complete drainage of riverbed) causing Sve pronađene vrste su fotografisane in situ i uzorkovane radi naknadnih damaging alterations of the typical riverbank habitats. Such alterations may be mikroskopskih analiza, a za iste su zabilježene osnovne karakteristike samih staništa. especially destructive for the fungal species highly dependent on natural water regime Nakon provođenja svih neophodnih analiza eksikati vrsta su pohranjeni u privatne and riparian vegetation that require permanent presence of humidity. Finally, this herbarije. could lead to the depopulation of some species and even to their local extinction. U okviru pomenutih terenskih istraživanja na teritoriji NP Sutjeska zabilježeno je niz značajnih i izuzetno vrijednih nalaza za mikofloru Bosne i Hercegovine, a u radu su predstavljeni i ukratko opisani neki od pronađenih operkulatnih diskomiceta. REFERENCES - Literatura Izdvojene su, opisane, te makroskopski i mikroskopski prezentirane sljedeće vrste: Peziza polarispinosa (prvi put zabilježena na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine), BARAL, H.-O. (1992). Vital versus herbarium taxonomy: morphological differences Parascutellinia carneosanguinea (do sada poznata sa jednog lokaliteta na prostoru between living and dead cells of ascomycetes, and their taxonomic implications. Bosne i Hercegovine), te Marcelleina brevicostatispora (vrsta čiji je holotip pronađen Mycotaxon. 44(2): 333-390. u okolini Sarajeva prije 45 godina). DONADINI, J.C. (1986). Parascutellinia violacea (Vel.) Svrček – nom correct pour Diverzitet i ukupan broj pronađenih vrsta na predmetnim područjima ukazuju na Humaria carneo-sanguinea Fuckel – espèce commune dans les Alpes Françaises. značaj i očuvanost staništa u okviru NP Sutjeska koja bi svakako u dogledno vrijeme Bull. Féd. Myc. Dauphiné-Savoie, 100: 57-62. trebalo detaljnije istražiti. Ova staništa i pripadajuće vrste su ujedno i potencijalno ugrožene jer je na prirodnim GRADDON, W.D. (1960). British records nos. 43-49. Transactions of the British tokovima Hrčavke i Sutjeske, odnosno na teritoriji Nacionalnog parka, planirana Mycological Society. 43(4): 689-691. izgradnja pet manjih hidrocentrala, te djelomično isušivanje istoimenih rijeka. HÄFFNER, J. (1986). Die apiculaten Becherlinge. Zeitschrift für Mykologie, 52: 189- Zbog svega navedenog nužno je realizovati dodatna sistematska istraživanja 212. askomiceta ovog područja, te dati jasne preporuke i usmjerenja za dalje korake MORAVEC, J. (1971). Some operculate Discomycetes from the park in Ilidža near orijentisane ka očuvanju vrijednih staništa za gljive ovog područja. Sarajevo (Jugoslavia). Ceská Mykologie, 25(4): 197-202. MORAVEC, J. (1985). A taxonomic revision of species related to Peziza apiculata. Agarica, 6(12): 56-66.

MORAVEC, J. (1987). A taxonomic revision of the genus Marcelleina. Mycotaxon, 30: 473-499. SCHUMACHER, T. (1988). The Scutellinia battle: the lost, missing and dead. Mycotaxon 33: 149-189. SVRČEK, M. (1975). New or less known Discomycetes. II. Ceská Mykologie, 29(3): 129-131. USČUPLIĆ, M. (2012). Više gljive – Macromycetes. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Djela, knjiga LXXXV, odjeljenje prirodnih i matematičkih nauka, knjiga 8. Str. 284. ERS: http://www.ers.ba/stara/malehe.htm (viewed 10 January 2015).

6 http://www.ers.ba/stara/malehe.htm (viewed on January 10th 2015.).

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6 http://www.ers.ba/stara/malehe.htm (viewed on January 10th 2015.).

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Reviewers of Works of Faculty of Forestry in 2015 – Recenzenti Radova Šumarskog fakulteta u 2015:

1. Akademik Vladimir Beus Bosnia and Herzegovina 2. Doc. dr. Azrudin Husika Bosnia and Herzegovina 3. Doc. dr. Danijela Vidić Bosnia and Herzegovina 4. Doc. dr. Marijana Novaković Serbia 5. Doc. dr. Neđad Bašić Bosnia and Herzegovina 6. Doc. dr. Pavle Krstić Bosnia and Herzegovina 7. Doc.dr. Marko Zebec Croatia 8. Dr. Dijana Vuletić Croatia 9. Dr. Ivana Kušan Croatia 10. Dr. Ivana Živić Serbia 11. Dr. Marko Karaman Montenegro 12. Dr. Marko Miliša Croatia 13. Dr. Miroslava Marković Serbia 14. Dr. Špela Pezdevšek-Malovrh Slovenia 15. Dr. Tomislav Dubravec Croatia 16. Prof. dr. Aida Šapčanin Bosnia and Herzegovina 17. Prof. dr. Dalibor Ballian Bosnia and Herzegovina 18. Prof. dr. Dragan Nonić Serbia 19. Prof. dr. Faruk Bogunić Bosnia and Herzegovina 20. Prof. dr. Mirza Dautbašić Bosnia and Herzegovina 21. Prof. dr. Murćo Obućina Bosnia and Herzegovina 22. Prof. dr. Sabina Delić Bosnia and Herzegovina 23. Prof. dr. Sadbera Trožić-Borovac Bosnia and Herzegovina 24. Prof. dr. Vojislav Dukić Bosnia and Herzegovina 25. Prof.dr. Azra Čabaravdić Bosnia and Herzegovina 26. Prof.dr. Branko Stajić Serbia 27. Prof.dr. Fatima Pustahija Bosnia and Herzegovina 28. Prof.dr. Jasna Avdić Bosnia and Herzegovina 29. Prof.dr. Milan Hočevar Slovenia 30. Prof.dr. Milan Mataruga Bosnia and Herzegovina 31. Prof.dr. Nenad Keča Serbia 32. Prof.dr. Robert Brus Slovenia 33. Prof.dr. Tarik Treštić Bosnia and Herzegovina 34. Prof.dr. Zoran Govedar Bosnia and Herzegovina