Environmental Technologies in Western Balkan Countries Report and Recommendations

Montenegro

Croatia sustainability Baden-Württemberg

river GIZ

Bosnia

Serbia transport

Donaubüro Southeast Europe

Environmental Technologies in Western Balkan Countries Report and Recommendations

Katharina Fallmann Ilse Schindler Publisher:

Danube Competence Center Contact: Boris Čamernik Čika Ljubina 8 11000 Belgrade Tel.: +381 (0) 11 / 655 7114 Fax: +381 (0) 11 / 263 0399 Mail: [email protected] www.danubecc.org

Project management

Gordana Plavšić, Danube Competence Center Katharina Fallmann, Umweltbundesamt

Authors

Katharina Fallmann, Umweltbundesamt Ilse Schindler, Umweltbundesamt

Questionnaires and research

Tomislav Panenić (Croatia – Ilok, Vukovar, Osijek), SeConS Snežana Marković (Serbia – Pančevo), SeConS Vesna Vandić (Serbia – Golubac, Majdanpek), SeConS Jasmin Jašarević (Bosnia and Herzegovina – Bijeljina, Tuzla), SeConS Milena Jovetić (Montenegro – Kolašin, Plužine), SeConS Olivera Vuković (research), SeConS Ksenija Rakić (research), SeConS Tomislav Novović (research), SeConS

Study conducted in 2013 and published in 2014. Environmental Technologies in Western Balkan Countries

CONTENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 7

1 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ...... 11 1.1 Recommendations for Bosnia and Herzegovina ...... 11 1.2 Municipality of Bijeljina ...... 15 1.2.1 General information ...... 15 1.2.2 Waste management ...... 16 1.2.3 Waste water management ...... 17 1.2.4 Air pollution ...... 17 1.2.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 18 1.2.6 Industry ...... 19 1.2.7 Transportation ...... 19 1.2.8 Tourism ...... 20 1.2.9 References ...... 21 1.3 Municipality of Tuzla ...... 22 1.3.1 General information ...... 22 1.3.2 Waste management ...... 22 1.3.3 Waste water management ...... 23 1.3.4 Air pollution ...... 24 1.3.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 25 1.3.6 Industry and power plants ...... 25 1.3.7 Transportation ...... 26 1.3.8 Tourism ...... 26 1.3.9 References ...... 27

2 CROATIA ...... 29 2.1 National recommendations ...... 29 2.2 Municipality of Osijek ...... 34 2.2.1 General information ...... 34 2.2.2 Waste management ...... 34 2.2.3 Waste water management ...... 35 2.2.4 Air pollution ...... 35 2.2.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 36 2.2.6 Industry ...... 36 2.2.7 Transportation ...... 37 2.2.8 Tourism ...... 37 2.2.9 References ...... 38 2.3 Municipality of Ilok ...... 39 2.3.1 General information ...... 39

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2.3.2 Waste management ...... 39 2.3.3 Waste water management ...... 40 2.3.4 Air pollution ...... 40 2.3.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 40 2.3.6 Industry ...... 41 2.3.7 Transportation ...... 42 2.3.8 Tourism ...... 43 2.3.9 References ...... 43 2.4 Municipality of Vukovar ...... 45 2.4.1 General information ...... 45 2.4.2 Waste management ...... 45 2.4.3 Waste water management ...... 46 2.4.4 Air pollution ...... 46 2.4.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 47 2.4.6 Industry ...... 48 2.4.7 Transportation ...... 48 2.4.8 Tourism ...... 49 2.4.9 References ...... 49

3 MONTENEGRO ...... 51 3.1 Recommendations for Montenegro ...... 51 3.2 National Environmental Legislation ...... 55 3.1 Municipality of Kolašin ...... 57 3.1.1 General information ...... 57 3.1.2 Waste management ...... 57 3.1.3 Waste water management ...... 58 3.1.4 Air pollution ...... 59 3.1.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 60 3.1.6 Industry and power plants ...... 60 3.1.7 Transportation ...... 61 3.1.8 Tourism ...... 62 3.1.9 References ...... 64 3.2 Municipality of Plužine ...... 66 3.2.1 General information ...... 66 3.2.2 Waste management ...... 66 3.2.3 Waste water management ...... 67 3.2.4 Air pollution ...... 68 3.2.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 68 3.2.6 Industry and power plants ...... 69 3.2.7 Transportation ...... 70 3.2.8 Tourism ...... 71 3.2.9 References ...... 72

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4 SERBIA ...... 73 4.1 Recommendations for Serbia ...... 73 4.2 National Environmental Legislation ...... 77 4.1 Municipality of Pančevo ...... 80 4.1.1 General information ...... 80 4.1.2 Waste management ...... 81 4.1.3 Waste water management ...... 83 4.1.4 Air pollution ...... 84 4.1.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 85 4.1.6 Industry and power plants ...... 86 4.1.7 Transportation ...... 88 4.1.8 Tourism ...... 88 4.1.9 References ...... 89 4.2 Municipality of Golubac ...... 90 4.2.1 General information ...... 90 4.2.2 Waste management ...... 91 4.2.3 Waste water management ...... 92 4.2.4 Air pollution ...... 92 4.2.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 92 4.2.6 Industry and power plants ...... 93 4.2.7 Transportation ...... 93 4.2.8 Tourism ...... 94 4.2.9 References ...... 95 4.3 Municipality of Majdanpek ...... 96 4.3.1 General information ...... 96 4.3.2 Waste management ...... 97 4.3.3 Waste water management ...... 98 4.3.4 Air pollution ...... 99 4.3.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy ...... 100 4.3.6 Industry ...... 101 4.3.7 Transportation ...... 102 4.3.8 Tourism ...... 103 4.3.9 References ...... 104

5 ABBREVIATIONS ...... 105

Environmental Technologies in Western Balkan Countries

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report contains findings about ten municipalities in the four Western Balkan Municipalities countries Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia, all located on the Danube or tributary rivers of the Danube. The size of the municipalities ranges from 3,000 to 130,000 inhabitants and the economic structure varies between industry, service, trade and agriculture. The following topics were reviewed: Scope  overall waste management (waste treatment and disposal, air pollution abatement and waste water treatment),  energy efficiency including assessment of energy efficiency in buildings program,  heating systems and greening opportunities  industry sector and the impact of industry on green economy  transport sector and its potentials for greening,  tourism sector In general a high level of awareness for environmental problems and for greening potential was found to be present among the interview partners in the municipalities.

Several challenges as well as developments in progress were found in the field Waste management of waste management. With the exception of large industry plants, in many municipalities hazardous waste is not collected and treated separately from municipal waste. State-of-the-art landfills are partly available, under construction or planned. The previous disposals sites, and in some cases also illegal dumps, require remediation. There are different stages of waste separation. Especially PET or plastic waste is collected in several municipalities, the situation for metals, glass, paper, waste tyres, electric devices, bulky waste and construction and demolition waste varies, and only in two municipalities bio- waste is collected separately. Municipal waste is collected from the households in most cases, although sometimes not all settlements are serviced. Paper or bio-waste has to be taken to collection points (if collected separately). Although there were reports of problems with mixed waste in the containers or low collection rates, the response of the population to the introduction of waste separation is generally positive. Information and education and stepwise introduction of new waste categories is recommended. Sorting of municipal waste, treatment of selected waste fractions and recycling exists in some municipalities and for some categories of waste. In most cases, municipal waste is disposed of without sorting or treatment. Incineration of municipal waste to reduce the amount for landfilling is currently not practised. The quantity of municipal waste differs and is very high in some cases, so education and campaigning to reduce the amount of generated waste are recommended. Waste water management

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The situation regarding waste water management was found to be similar in most municipalities. Usually a part of the territory, mainly the urban area, has a sewerage system, but not all of the households are connected. Households which are not connected to the sewerage system typically use septic tanks. In most municipalities the waste water from the sewerage system is discharged into the Danube or other freshwater bodies without treatment. Industry and SME waste waters are either discharged into the sewerage system (partially pretreatment active or under construction) or discharged separately, in most cases without treatment. Facilities for the treatment of communal waste water are in the planning stage in several municipalities. The costs for the development of waste water management infrastructure are an obstacle in several municipalities, and in most cases the improvement of the sewerage system is given priority over a treatment facility. Air pollution The emission of pollutants to air from combustion plants and other industries and SMEs are significant in a number of cases, and household heating contributes to this. Particularly the utilisation of fuel with a high sulphur concentration, of lignite and hard coal as well as outdated or absent air pollution abatement systems lead to high emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust. Control points for air quality exist in five of the ten municipalities, including all municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. The legal immission limit values are mostly but not everywhere similar to the values of the EU Directive on Air Quality. The available measured values are partly below the limit values, but in two municipalities some of the limit values were reached or exceeded (for particulate matter and dust, ozone, carbon monoxide, and benzene). Energy efficiency The Energy Performance Certificate is only in use in the one out of six municipalities for which information is available. In one municipality the introduction is planned for 2014. Obligatory minimum standards for the energy efficiency of buildings exist partly. In most municipalities the buildings have no insulation or ca. 5–7 cm of styrofoam, particularly if built in the last few years. The consumption of heating energy is mostly high (available data or estimates from two municipalities in kWh/(m² a): 70, 150, 177 and 288). Improvements on insulation, windows and prevention of thermal bridges are recommended, including information and training for professionals in the building sector and the population, and publicity and awards for positive examples of buildings. Energy consulting Energy consulting is partly available. Energy audits have been conducted in a and audits small number of municipalities. Heating systems District heating is very common, and some municipalities plan to extend the net- and renewable work and connect additional buildings. The fuels for the district heating plants are energy oil, gas and coal (hard coal or lignite). One of the plants has combined heat and power generation (CHP), and one system is run by waste heat from a large thermal power plant. Renewable energy is partly used, mainly in the form of heating with wood and electricity from large hydropower plants, but rarely or not as solar thermal or geothermal energy, pellets, chips, photovoltaics, small hydropower or biogas. Wind power and mini hydropower plants were identified as technologies with high potential in some municipalities, and there are plans to construct plants. Combined heat and power generation and small-scale production of electricity are rare.

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In most municipalities Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is carried out for Industry and power large new plants. In half of the municipalities information from EU Best Available plants Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) is used for the assessment of new installations. The competent authorities for the licensing process are often at other administrative levels than the municipality. Measured concentrations or other available information indicates that in some existing installations the emissions to air and water are high and require emission reduction systems. There was indication that existing legislation is only partly en- forced. It is recommended to support the implementation of the existing legislation and to establish exchange of experience and collaboration between authorities. Financial incentives for technical improvements are also important instruments, as well as the conditions set for the permits for new or enlarged plants. Public transport is available in all municipalities, with varying number of depar- Transportation tures per day. Bus lines run everywhere, and sometimes there are also tram lines, trains or metropolitan trains and minibuses or taxis. The fares differ, and compared to the fuel prices, public transport ranges from half to twice as expensive as one person going by car. Except in one municipality, regional public transportation networks with tickets valid for all means of transportation are not established, and the constitution of such networks is recommended to promote public transport. Nearly in all municipalities 60% to 80% of the population live in walking distance of basic services. Pedestrian and cycling infrastructure (pavements, bicycle lanes and stands etc.) is available to a varying extent and is recommended to be improved in some areas. Where information was available, the rate of motorisation is low and 60% to 80% of the cars are more than seven or ten years old. Leaded fuel is hardly used any more. In most municipalities located on the Danube or another navigable river, ports are available and river transport of goods is in use. Tourism in the reviewed municipalities is largely based on natural resources: Tourism landscape, mountains and valleys, boat trips on the Danube, rivers and lakes, hiking, cycling and ethno-villages and special restaurants; in some areas also skiing, city tourism, cultural sights and events, spa or conference tourism. There are both domestic and international guests. Currently the tourism intensity is medium to low, with increasing trend. Typically 30% arrive by bus or other public transport, and in areas with biking tourism 5% or 10% arrive by bicycle. Several municipalities have considerable natural resources for eco-friendly tourism (hiking, cycling etc.), so prevention and remediation of waste dumps, littering and discharge of untreated waste water is recommended to preserve the resources. In several municipalities subsidies are available for tourism-related investments, but the submission criteria do not include environmental requirements. A number of environmental aspects in tourism have improvement potential, like saving water and electricity, separate collection of waste or energy efficiency of hotels and accommodations. Ecolabels are not in use. It is recommended to cre- ate or promote international or national tourism ecolabels among accommodations and other tourist facilities to initiate and intensify greening in the tourism sector.

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Financial sources A possible source of financing environmental measures are existing subsidies, for environmental like for tourism or in the building sector, which can be coupled to environmental investments criteria, or projects for greening can be prioritised in the distribution of available funds. Some measures are available at very low cost, like request signs to guests and customers to re-use towels for more than one day or o switch off the light when leaving the room in hotels and gastronomy. Especially investment in energy efficiency results in savings in the future and can therefore be promoted by low- or zero-interest loans. Examples of how various incentive and support schemes can be organised are the German institution Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) and the Austrian institution Kommunalkredit Public Consulting. This are a state- owned banks which are responsible for the allocation of long-term loans, for the management of different environmental subsidies and for consulting on projects regarding energy supply, energy efficiency, water, remediation of contaminated sites, traffic, air, noise, waste and climate measures. Customers are municipalities, businesses and private persons.

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1 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

1.1 Recommendations for Bosnia and Herzegovina

The presented recommendations are based on the review of two municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, one in the entity Republika Srpska (Bijeljina) and one in the entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Tuzla). Key recommendations concern the waste and waste water management, sources for heating energy, industry emissions, transportation networks and greening in tourism. Several recommended measures are connected to investment costs. As to the Financing question of funding, existing subsidies (e.g. for tourism) can be coupled to envi- approaches ronmental criteria, or projects for greening can be prioritised in the allocation of funds. Another financing model that has been successfully applied in Austria is a combination of public subsidies (up to 35% of investment costs), consulting and long-term loans for environmental investment, all of which is managed by a state- owned specialist bank, the Kommunalkredit Public Consulting. It has been in charge of the support schemes of the Republic of Austria since the early 1990s and the customers are municipalities, businesses and private persons who want to invest in energy supply, energy efficiency, water, remediation of contaminated sites, traffic, air, noise, waste and climate measures (KPC 2012). In Germany the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) offers similar financing models.

Waste management It is recommended to conduct information, education and campaigning on waste Waste prevention prevention. The amount of municipal waste was found to be quite high, and waste prevention reduces effort and costs at all stages of waste management. This can involve education in kindergartens and schools, TV spots, advertisement, information leaflets as well as economic incentives, guidelines or legislation, regarding for example:  Packaging (avoidance of products with multiple packaging, reusable bags for shopping etc.)  Design and purchase of durable products  Design and purchase of re-usable and recyclable products  Attractiveness of re-usage, recycling and waste prevention for businesses and households (costs for waste management, taxes and charges)  Usage of rechargeable batteries  Minimisation of cuttings in production Hazardous waste should always be collected separately and treated and dis- Hazardous waste posed of accordingly. This requires adequate management and technical facilities on the one hand, and information and education of the population why and how to conduct hazardous waste collection on the other hand. To enable appropriate treatment and recycling it is advisable to introduce the Waste separation separate collection of glass, metals, bio-waste, paper and construction and demolition waste everywhere, with a dense network of collection points (i.e. “green islands”), accompanied by information for the population.

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Collection at The collection of waste from all households, also in small settlements, by public households utility or other companies is recommended. It should also be considered to collect paper and bio-waste at the households instead of collection points because these two waste categories occur in large quantities. Sorting, treatment It is advisable to continue the development of sorting, treatment and recycling of and recycling both municipal waste and special waste fractions to reduce the amount of waste to be landfilled. Incineration Waste incineration is recommended prior to landfilling. Waste incineration plants can be operated by several municipalities together, and the waste heat can be utilised for heating or in industrial processes. If some collected or sorted fractions are suitable they can be used for co-incineration.

Waste water management Sewerage systems The continuation of construction of sewerage systems is recommended, starting with the most densely populated areas but subsequently also covering the other settlements. Treatment Along with waste water collection networks, the introduction or capacity enlargement of waste water treatment facilities is recommended, in order to avoid discharge of untreated waste water into freshwater bodies and pollution of the groundwater. Decentralised For scarcely populated areas, decentralised waste water treatment (e.g. con- treatment structed wetlands) can be used.

Air quality Emission data The available data from the reviewed municipalities suggest that emissions of availability dust and probably also other pollutants from SME and industry plants are sometimes quite high and should be reduced by prevention and abatement. However, the emission data basis shows low availability of measured data and values that are more than 20 years old, so it is recommended to perform emission measurements to obtain current data and to improve the data filing systems for keeping the records.

Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy District heating In both reviewed municipalities large-scale district heating systems (in one case plants a thermal power plant) are fuelled by coal. District heating plants should be equipped with air pollution abatement dependent on the used fuel (filters, flue gas scrubbing, denitrification unit) and emission prevention systems (containment of dusty operations, optimised operational conditions). Heating energy It is recommended to replace particularly lignite, but also hard coal and electricity, sources as sources for individual heating systems of buildings. Alternative sources are district heating, geothermal and solar energy, low-emission biomass boilers for pellets or chips and natural gas. Energy efficiency in buildings

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The promotion of appropriate insulation (ceiling / roof, walls, floor / cellar) and sealing of windows to improve the energy efficiency of buildings is also recommended. This applies to both renovated and new, to public and to private buildings. Information and education should be provided for the population on the one hand and to professionals in the building sector on the other hand. The measures might include publicity in campaigns and media with information about energy efficient construction, the energy performance certificate, progressive energy standards for buildings, positive examples of public buildings and other best-practice projects (apartment houses etc.) and national architecture awards for energy efficient building (including controlled air ventilation, blinds etc. to prevent heat loss or excessive air conditioning). Energy efficient building should be the prerequisite for any building subsidies and for public building projects.

Industry and power plants It is recommended to carry out measurements of the emissions from the industry Current emission and power plants to air and water, as the available data of most plants were da- data ting back to 1984–1990 and more recent data unavailable. It is likely that the production and processes have changed significantly in the meanwhile. The available industry data indicate relevant emissions particularly of dust from Improvement different plants, and the absence of abatement systems for most pollutants sug- strategies gest there are also important emissions of pollutants other than dust. If this as- sumption is substantiated by measured current data, it is recommended to develop target-oriented, feasible improvement strategies in a step-by-step manner with the public authorities, inspectors, experts and operators. Beside applicable laws and permits for installations, EU Best Available Techniques Reference Doc- uments (BREFs) provide information on achievable emission levels (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2013). Starting points for improvement are to require environmental conditions for permits of installations in case of modifications and financial incentives for existing installations.

Transportation It is suggested to consider the establishment of regional or of a national transpor- Transportation tation network, where tickets (especially monthly or annual tickets) are offered network that are valid in all participating means of transportation (train, different bus operators). Walking and cycling instead of driving short distances are also part of eco-friendly Pedestrian transportation and can be promoted in regard to both health and environment infrastructure (campaigns: media, schools, workplaces and work councils etc.). It is also recommended to ensure promote optimal conditions for convenient and safe walking (pavements, layout of crossroads, zebra crossings, pedestrian zones etc.) by construction regulations or by raising the awareness among the responsible planning commissions.

Tourism Introduction of ecolabel

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It is recommended to introduce a national ecolabel, for example with criteria in the style of the EU Ecolabel (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2010) or to promote international ecolabels among tourist accommodations and other facilities and tourism organisations. This can trigger beneficial development in several fields that are recommended to address, like saving water, energy efficiency and waste management. There are two advantages for environment: the direct effects at the destination, and the indirect effect of raising environmental awareness among the guests. For the hotels, the positive effects are cost savings (especially for energy) and an image benefit. Subsidies Subsidies for tourism which are already available can be coupled to the fulfilment of environmental criteria to offer financial incentives for greening in the tourist sector.

References

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2010): The EU Ecolabel for Tourist Accommodations. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/documents/hotels.pdf

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2013): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Ref- erence Documents on Best Available Techniques. http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/

KPC - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting (2012): Activity Report 2011. http://www.publicconsulting.at/uploads/kpc_leistungsber- icht_2011_online.pdf

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1.2 Municipality of Bijeljina

1.2.1 General information

Bijeljina is located in the northeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the entity Re- Location and publika Srpska. The region is in the fertile plain of Semberija. The rivers Sava resources and Drina form the border to Serbia and support rich flora and fauna. There is geothermal water available with 75 °C to 85 °C. Bijeljina is located at the intersection of main roads to Sarajevo, Zagreb and Serbia, and there is a railway to the Serbian town Šid with further connection to Belgrade and Zagreb. Population estimates range between 110,000 and 153,000 inhabitants (96,796 at Population and the last census in 1991). Bijeljina is one of the most densely populated munici- infrastructure palities in the Republika Srpska and has got characteristics of an immigration area. About 40% of the population live in the city of Bijeljina. About 70% of the population are supplied with drinking water by the supply network, the rest of the population is provided with water individually.

Figure 1: Municipality of Bijeljina including demographic information

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Economy The economy is oriented towards trade (50% of entrepreneurs) and handicrafts, and companies are mainly small-sized. Industry and production are not significant nowadays. Agriculture is dominated by cereals crops (81%), and most agricultural land is privately owned.

1.2.2 Waste management

Organisation In Bijeljina waste management is organised by the joint-stock company Komu- nalac and other private companies (three on the territory of the town) which collect municipal waste in the city and a number of surrounding villages. Generated amount The quantity of municipal waste generated was 58,000 tonnes in 2010 (fraction of waste managed by Komunalac), or 450 kg per capita (assuming 130,000 inhabitants; if assuming only 80,000 inhabitants served by Komunalac, it is 725 kg per capita; average for BiH ca. 400 kg, EU 27 ca. 500 kg, EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2012). Financing Waste management is financed by the public company Eko-Dep which operates the regional landfill, and by fees. Households pay 0.48 KM (0.24 €) without VAT per m² of residential space and businesses 10 to 450 KM (5 to 230 €) on a flat rate depending on space and type of enterprise. Collection and The municipality has a Waste Management Plan. So far certain types of waste recycling are commonly separated in enterprises but not yet in the households. This applies to construction and demolition waste (1,000 tonnes per year) which is used for the construction of roads within the landfill, and paper and plastic waste (220 and 14 tonnes) which are collected and partially sent to third parties for recycling. Waste tyres are partially collected, together with end-of-life vehicles and spare parts, and used for the encasement of the slopes between the units of the sanitary landfill. Waste electric devices are partially collected, as is biodegradable waste (500 tonnes per year). The latter is disposed of in large excavated pits and covered with lime and soil. Metals are frequently gathered by individuals (quantity unknown). Hazardous waste is not collected separately. Treatment The municipal waste is subjected to mechanical-biological treatment (58,000 tonnes in 2010); chemical-physical treatment is conducted on 480 tonnes. Waste treatment is performed by the public company Eko-Dep. Landfill The company running the regional landfill Eko-Dep for non-hazardous waste was founded by the municipalities Bijeljina, Ugljevik, Lopare, Teočak and Čelić. The landfill is located in the municipality of Bijeljina. It was opened in 2010 and there is no requirement for adaptation. Improvement Improvement potential is seen in the construction of a waste selection plant, build- potential ing of “green islands” for separated collection of waste, education of the population, construction of a waste incineration plant and development and improvement of the recycling process. Recommendations  Hazardous waste: separate collection, appropriate treatment and disposal at a landfill equipped for this purpose  Extension of waste collection to all settlements

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 Actions for waste prevention (reduction of packaging materials by producers and distributors of consumer goods; education in kindergartens and schools, information campaigns for adults)  Introduction of “green islands” for separate collection of special waste categories from households  Consideration of collecting paper and bio-waste in houses instead of public collection points, and pickup at houses by waste management companies (because large quantities of waste occur in these categories)  Stepwise introduction of separate collection also for glass and metal waste  Education and information when new categories are introduced  Recycling of biodegradable waste (composting)  Waste selection plant to enable appropriate treatment and recycling of different municipal waste fractions  Waste incineration to reduce waste to be landfilled: analysis if the amount of residual fraction of municipal waste (after sorting) is enough to utilise the capacity of a waste incineration plant; if not: transfer to another plant, or cooperation with other municipalities to achieve sufficient capacity for economic operation of a waste incineration plant. Utilisation of the waste heat is also recommended.

1.2.3 Waste water management

The construction of the city sewerage network was started in 2005. Until 2012 Construction of two of five phases have been completed and 124 km of sewage pipes for sanitary sewerage network waste water and 6.5 km of storm-water runoff collectors were built. By the end of the project (end of 2013) 5,200 households or 20,000 inhabitants are expected to be connected. Recommendations  Completion of the planned sewerage network  Introduction of waste water treatment in the city  Stepwise construction of sewerage and waste water treatment in other settlements  Consideration of decentralised waste water treatment for the smaller settlements in the municipality as an alternative (e.g. constructed wetlands)

1.2.4 Air pollution

Limit values for air quality are set by the entity Republika Srpska in the Law on Air quality Air Pollution and related regulations. Compared to the EU Directive on Air Quality regulation the limit values are generally higher (particulate matter PM10 annual limit + 25%, PM10 daily + 100%, ozone daily + 25%, nitrogen dioxide annually + 50%), except for the daily limit for carbon monoxide which is the same, and the daily limit for nitrogen dioxide which is 30% lower than in the directive.

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Control points There are three control points for air quality in Bijeljina, all located in the city area. Data of the measured annual averages are available for particulate matter PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from 2012 (location of control point unknown). The measured annual averages are below the limit values (and also below the limit values in the EU directive). Recommendations  Consideration to decrease the concentrations limit values for particulate matter, ozone and the annual limit for nitrogen dioxide together with progress in emission reduction

1.2.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Sources of heating In Bijeljina a number of different energy sources are used for heating of buildings: energy hard coal, lignite, wood and other renewable biomass, district heating system and electric heating. About half of the 36,528 households are in the urban, densely populated part of the municipality. The fuel for district heating is hard coal. The off-gas is not treated. There are no emission data available, but due to the utilisation of hard coal and from the absence of treatment it can be expected that there are significant emissions of dust, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxides and possible carbon monoxide. Renewable energy There are neither subsidies or other incentives for renewable energy in housing (thermal solar, geothermal energy etc.), nor for the generation of electricity from renewable sources (wind power, photovoltaics, hydropower, biogas etc.). Buildings Buildings are commonly insulated with 5–7 cm of styrofoam. The energy consumption of the administrative buildings (municipality, entity, state) was 19,073,871 kWh in one year, and the total area of these buildings is 107,879 m², so the energy consumption was high at 177 kWh per m² and year. The residential area of private housing is not known; the energy consumption was 1,050,554,945 kWh in 2004, and if assuming 36,528 households with 100 m², the energy consumption was very high with 288 kWh per m² and year. Standards and There are no obligatory minimum energy standards for new buildings. The Energy subsidies Performance Certificate is not in use. Subsidies for building new houses or for renovation do not exist. Energy consulting Energy consulting is available for SMEs, industry and tourist accommodations and audits but not for private housing. There have been energy audits in the municipality. As a consequence, timers have been installed in the public lighting system to save electricity. Plans In 2011 the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) was developed and adopted by the municipality. Expansion of the district heating system and connection of further households is intended. Another potential is to use geothermal energy. The development and installation of a gas distribution network has been started.

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Recommendations  District heating plant: treatment of waste air and optimisation of combustion conditions to minimise emissions (dust, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide)  Connection of further households to district heating  In case the district heating plant is enlarged:  Utilisation of renewable or low-emission energy source (biomass; geothermal energy; natural gas)  Combined heat and power generation (CHP)  Reduction of heating energy consumption of buildings:  Improvement of insulation, windows, prevention of thermal bridges  Introduction of minimum energy standards  Introduction of the Energy Performance Certificate  Provide energy consulting also for private households  Replacement of individual heating systems with lignite, hard coal and electric heating by district heating, low-emission biomass boilers (pellets, chips), geothermal and solar energy or natural gas  Analysis of biogas potential (agricultural waste) for power generation or CHP

1.2.6 Industry

Industry in Bijeljina declined after the war in 1992-1995; some factories were closed (textiles, shoes, sugar refinery), and the production in the remaining companies has decreased strongly, with the result that nowadays industry is not a relevant economic sector in the municipality of Bijeljina (data on regulation or specific plants unavailable).

1.2.7 Transportation

In the municipality of Bijeljina there are buses serving the urban area (two routes Public with a total of twelve connections per day), the suburban area (22 routes with 104 transportation connections), regional buses and minibuses or shared taxis which are operated according to the requirements and demands of the passengers. The means of public transport (apart from taxi service) have fixed time intervals between their connections. The timetables are not synchronised. The ticket prices vary. Monthly tickets are available, these price also differ and Tickets depend on the route. Reductions for certain groups of passengers exist. The tickets are valid only for one route and one type of transportation. The cycling infrastructure includes bicycle lanes and bicycle stands. About 70% Cycling and of the population live in walking distance of basic services. Pavements are avail- pedestrians able in the urban and partially in the suburban areas of the municipality, and the design of crossroads allows safe crossing without detour by pedestrians.

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Private motor There were 32,000 cars registered in Bijeljina in 2012, which means a low motor- transport isation rate of 210 to 290 cars per 1,000 inhabitants (figure dependent on the population estimate). In 2004 there were also 1,479 trucks below 14 tonnes, 557 trucks above 14 tonnes and 310 mopeds and motorbikes. There is an unofficial estimate stating that about 80% of the vehicles are more than seven years old. Fuel The price for diesel is currently 2.30 KM per litre (1.17 €) and 2.25 KM for gasoline (1.15 €). The total consumption in 2004 was 15,155,980 litres of gasoline and 18,484,163 litres of diesel. Fuel export is significant (incoming foreigners who fill up), whereas fuel import is not. Distribution of The vast majority (85%) of all trips are conducted by car and around 5% on foot passenger traffic or per bike. The contribution of public transport and mopeds is minimal. Plans and potential Development of the public transport is planned. Other potential is found in the limitation of vehicle usage in the centre of the town, usage of vehicles with EURO 3 standard or better and the promotion of biking and walking. Recommendations  Integration of means of public transport into a transportation network:  tickets valid for all public means of transport  synchronisation of timetables  Limitation of vehicle usage in the centre of the town  Promotion of cycling and walking short distances; removal of any obstacles (dangerous crossings, cars parking on bicycle lanes etc.)  Benefits for vehicles with reduced emissions

1.2.8 Tourism

Attractions The tourist attractions in Bijeljina are cultural sights and events, the ethno village Stanišić, special restaurants and spa tourism based on the geothermal water resources. Means of transport Two-thirds of the tourists arrive by car, the others come by bus. Pick-up service is not available. During their stay the guests go by car, bus and 20% use taxis. There are 812 beds available distributed between four hotels, eleven motels and others. Most tourist accommodations have their own heating system. The spa Dvorovi uses geothermal water for heating. For most tourist accommodations that are situated in town a connection to the town’s district heating system is possible. The swimming pool in the spa is heated with geothermal water. The laundry is done in the hotels. Eco-friendly practices like measures for saving electricity or water and separate collection of waste categories are not common in hotels and tourist accommodations. Incentives Subsidies for tourism-related activities exist; they are independent of environmental criteria. Ecolabels for accommodations or other tourist facilities are not in use. Greening potential Identified options for the improvement of the environmental situation of tourism in Bijeljina are the extension of geothermal heating to a larger number of tourist

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accommodations, the introduction of waste and water management and the promotion of saving electricity. Recommendations  Promotion of economical usage in accommodations of:  Water (water volume controllers for showers, usage of towels for more than one day, water-efficient washing machines etc.)  Electricity (light, air conditioning, efficient laundry dryers)  Heat (avoidance of over-heating, opening windows for short periods for fresh air instead of constantly tilted windows, reduction of temperature in rooms when not booked etc.)  Connection of additional tourist accommodations and facilities to geothermal heating  Separate collection of waste also in tourist facilities  Pick-up service for tourists arriving by public transport  Introduction of a national or international ecolabel in cooperation with local tourist organisations to promote eco-friendly development in tourist accommodations and other facilities  Coupling or prioritisation of existing subsidies with environmental criteria

1.2.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON BIJELJINA (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Bijeljina and text parts of this report, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE BIJELJINA (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Bijeljina to “En- vironmental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Municipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews, data collection and text parts of this report conducted by SeConS – Development Ini- tiative Group for this report.

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (2012): Material Resources and Waste – 2012 Update of European Environment State and Outlook 2010. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/material-resources-and-waste-2014

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1.3 Municipality of Tuzla

1.3.1 General information

Geography and The municipality of Tuzla has 120,000 inhabitants. It is located at 231 m above population the sea level and surrounded by mountains in the northwest and southwest. The climate is moderate continental. The network of rivers consists of the river Jala with some confluents. The Jala flows via Spreča, Bosna and Sava into the Dan- ube. There are mineral resources, coal and salt with several centuries history of exploitation. The municipality covers 303 km². It is estimated that 75% of the population of the municipality live in the urban area. The electrical network is satisfactory.

Figure 2: City of Tuzla

Economy In Canton Tuzla, of which the municipality is a part, 13% of employees work in the mining industry and between 4% and 5% work in each of the categories chemical industry, metal and electrical industry and textile industry. There is a large thermoelectric power plant in Tuzla.

1.3.2 Waste management

Organisation Waste management is organised by the company Komunalac which is owned by the municipality of Tuzla. There is a collect system for household waste. Quantity

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The amount of generated municipal waste is 51,936.52 tonnes per year according to the waste inventory, that is 433 kg per capita (average for Bosnia and Her- zegovina ca. 400 kg, EU 27 ca. 500 kg, EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2012). During the winter 80 tonnes of ashes and slags are produced. There are no actions for waste prevention. There are fees for households (0.09 KM/m² month, 2 KM for every household, Financing i.e. 0.46 € and 1.02 €) and businesses (1.70 KM/m² month, i.e. 0.87 €). Assuming 50,000 households with an average of 70 m², the fees amount to 3.8 million KM (1.9 million €), or 73 KM per tonne of municipal waste (37 €, excluding business fees and other types of waste). There are more than 40 containers for the collection of paper and plastic waste. Collection, sorting Bulky waste and electric devices are collected as a joint category (information and landfill about hazardous and medical waste unavailable). About half of the municipal waste is sorted (the remainder is landfilled due to shortage of personnel and capacity); the selected fractions are metals, paper and plastics. The selection plant is located in the area of the landfill of the municipality. Further development of the selection process is considered as the priority target for the improvement of the waste management in Tuzla. Recommendations  Education (schools, kindergartens), information and campaigning concerning:  Waste prevention (packaging, purchase of durable products etc.)  Waste separation  Stepwise introduction of separate collection of construction and demolition waste, glass and bio-waste  Development of recycling and treatment for different waste categories  Waste incineration to reduce waste to be landfilled: analysis if the amount of residual fraction of municipal waste (after sorting) is enough to utilise the capacity of a waste incineration plant; if not: transfer to another plant, or cooperation with other municipalities to achieve sufficient capacity for economic operation of a waste incineration plant. Utilisation of the waste heat is also recommended.

1.3.3 Waste water management

The waste water in Tuzla consists of 36% communal waste water, 45% from the Waste water Thermal Power Plant Tuzla and waste waters of the University Clinical Centre. composition Further industrial waste water streams exist but are not part of the municipal waste water management system (see section 1.3.6). Waste water management is financed by the municipality and by fees for the introduction of the sewer junction, which are 280 KM (140 €) for households and 311 KM (160 €) for enterprises. Waste water is subjected to physical treatment as well as to chemical and phys- Treatment and icochemical treatment. The thermal power plant has a pre-treatment device for discharge the separation of oil and fat, which is built but not in full operation yet, and a

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standardised biological device for the sanitary sewage. Treated water is discharged into Lake Modrac. Untreated waste water is discharged into the rivers Jala and Solina. Legal aspects Waste water treatment is generally regulated by the municipality. Emission limit values for the treatment of waste water are subject to legislation and standards of three administrative levels, the municipality, the canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity. Plans There are several plans for the development of waste water management: the construction of sewerage systems in some settlements outside the city, the construction of the central treatment plant Polja and the construction of another treatment plant for the settlements Husino, Pasci gorniji, Par selo and a small number of businesses. Recommendations  Extension of the sewerage systems  Construction of the planned waste water treatment plants  Start of operation of the pretreatment device for oil and fat separation in the thermal power plant

1.3.4 Air pollution

Sources There is a variety of sources for air pollution in the municipality of Tuzla: the power plant, district heating, industry, SMEs, household heating and traffic. Companies that are potential sources of air pollution due to the nature of their activities are the Thermal Power Plant Tuzla, the factory Dita (production of detergents), Si- porex Tuzla (production of construction materials), the Brewery Tuzla and a foundry. Emissions Emission data from SMEs are available from the brewery and the foundry, but the data are more than 20 years old (averages from measurements from 1984- 1990). For the brewery the measured average values are low (in mg/Nm³: nitrogen oxides 17.8, sulphur dioxide 0.82, dust 2.15; for reference emission values see EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2006). For the foundry the only available emission value is for dust, which is at 13.2 mg/Nm³ (for reference emission values see European Commission 2005). The current emissions might differ significantly, depending on changes in products and production processes, the presence or absence of air pollution prevention measures, abatement equipment and its maintenance status. The air emissions of the power plant and the companies Siporex and Dita are discussed in section 1.3.6. Air quality Air quality is regulated by the state, by the entity and by the canton. Immission limit values are stipulated by the relevant ministry, together with provisions on monitoring and keeping record of the measured data. There are annual limit values for particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide which are similar to the limit values in the EU Directive on Air Quality. Air quality (immission) is measured at five control points in the municipality (data unavailable).

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Recommendations  Measurement of emissions from industry and SMEs to obtain current data

1.3.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

The sources of heat for buildings in Tuzla are hard coal, district heating and waste Heating sources heat from industry. For district heating, heat from the thermal power plant is utilised which is fuelled by coal. For district heating coal is used as fuel (presumably district heating in run by waste heat from the thermal power plant). There are 300 m² of installed thermal solar panels which heat ca. 18,000 litres of Thermal solar water per day. The CO2 emissions are reduced by 147 tonnes per year, and the energy economic saving is 40,000 KM (20,000 €) per year. Recommendations  Replacement of coal-fired individual heating systems by renewable energy sources with modern low-emission combustion boilers or by district heating

1.3.6 Industry and power plants

Tuzla has a large electric power plant. It has 715 MW capacity and uses lignite Power plant and brown coal from the coal basin Kreka – Banovići in the vicinity of Tuzla (JP EPBiH 2013). The annual consumption is 3.3 million tonnes of coal. The waste heat of the plant is used for district heating in Tuzla. Equipment for monitoring the air emissions is installed on the chimneys and in Air emissions from the vicinity of the plant. According to the operator there are electrostatic precipi- thermal power plant tators which decrease the dust emissions to European standards (JP EPBiH 2013). According to the available information there is no further treatment of waste gases. The only available measured emission value, concerning emitted sulphur dioxide in 2006, is higher than technically explicable (57,249 mg/Nm³) and is therefore not considered, but as there seems to be no treatment of the flue gases, high emissions of sulphur dioxide (dependent on sulphur content of the coal) and nitrogen oxides are to be expected. The available air emission values for the construction material plant (Siporex) are Air emissions from average values from 1984-1990: nitrogen oxides 102.5 mg/Nm³, sulphur dioxide other plants 228.4 mg/Nm³, and high dust emissions of 91.8 mg/Nm³. For the detergent factory Dita, dust emissions were 75 mg/Nm³ (average concentration) in 1984-1990. The achievable level with dust filters is considerably lower. The current emissions might differ significantly, depending on changes in products and production processes, the presence or absence of air pollution prevention measures, abatement equipment and its maintenance status. Considerable quantities of waste water are generated by the industry plants: Industrial waste 59,150 m³ per day by the thermal power plant (apparently including cooling wa- waters ter), 57,700 m³ by a factory producing sodium-related products (possibly production or processing of soda or other salt products), 31,450 m³ by the public utility company of the city of Tuzla (maintenance and cleaning of public areas, maintenance of green areas and waste management), and 11,500 m³ by a polyurethane

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chemistry plant. Information about concentrations and the existence treatment is unavailable. Recommendations  Analysis and installation of flue gas reduction equipment in the thermal power plant as required  Measurement of emissions to obtain current data on industry emissions  Decrease of dust emissions by the application of techniques such as bag filters, fabric filters, cyclones, scrubbing, or wet electrostatic precipitation if necessary  Decrease of sulphur dioxide emissions  Analysis of the concentrations in waste water and introduction of treatment as required

1.3.7 Transportation

Public transport Public transport in Tuzla is operated by the city public transportation company. There are buses (urban, suburban and regional) and a metropolitan train. The time intervals between the connections vary. The timetables are partially synchronised. The price for a single trip is 2 KM (1 €), and there are monthly tickets available for 50 KM (26 €) and reductions for certain groups of passengers. The tickets are not valid for different means of transport. Cycling and walking Some streets have bicycle lanes and bicycle stands are available. Pavements for the pedestrians are not available, and the design of crossroads only partially allows safe crossing without detour. Private transport The price for one litre of diesel is currently 2.45 KM (1.25 €) and for unleaded gasoline 2.35 KM (1.20 €). Recommendations  Integration of means of public transport into a transportation network:  tickets valid for all means of transport (bus lines, train)  full synchronisation of timetables for the various public transport routes  Consideration to reduce ticket prices for public transport  Improvement of pedestrian infrastructure (e.g. pavements in roads with motor traffic, zebra crossings, layout of crossroads)

1.3.8 Tourism

Activities In Tuzla 665 beds are available in eleven hotels and six private accommodations. Attractions are the landscape with mountains and the Panonian Lake, hiking trails, skiing, spa, special restaurants and cultural sights and events. Tennis can be played, and there is a swimming pool at a hotel. Alternative indoor activities during unfavourable weather periods are not available. Means of transport

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The guests arrive by car or by bus. Pick-up service to reach accommodation when arriving by public transport is not available. During their stay, tourists use the car or the taxi. There is no separate collection of different waste categories at the hotels. The Other environmental laundry is done at the hotels. aspects There is no ecolabel for accommodations or other tourist facilities in use. Recommendations  Introduction of a national or international ecolabel in cooperation with local tourist organisations to promote eco-friendly development in tourist accommodations and other facilities  Introduction of separate collection of waste categories also in hotels  Pick-up service for tourists arriving by public transport  Skiing: development of alternative activities for unfavourable weather periods to avoid the negative consequences of the installation of snow cannons (consumption of energy and water, erosion)

1.3.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON TUZLA (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Tuzla and text parts of this report, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE TUZLA (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Tuzla to “Environ- mental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Munic- ipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews and data collection conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2010): The EU Ecolabel for Tourist Accommodations. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/documents/hotels.pdf

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2006): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Ref- erence Document on Best Available Techniques in the Food, Drink and Milk In- dustries. http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu//reference/BREF/fdm_bref_0806.pdf

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2005): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Ref- erence Document on Best Available Techniques in the Smitheries and Foundries Industry. http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu//reference/BREF/sf_bref_0505.pdf

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (2012): Material Resources and Waste – 2012 Update of European Environment State and Outlook 2010.

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http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/material-resources-and-waste-2014

JP EPBiH – JP Elektroprivreda BiH d.d.: TPP Tuzla. Retrieved on May 21st, 2013. http://www.elektroprivreda.ba/eng/page/tpp-tuzla

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2 CROATIA

2.1 National recommendations

Croatia has become a member of the European Union on July 1st, 2013, and therefore the transposition of the environmental EU legislation is very advanced. Some key aspects for greening are how to raise the financial means for necessary investments, to improve the environmental situation in existing plants, and to organise regional transportation networks and decrease the ticket prices for public transport. The recommendations are given from an environmental perspective, but they Financing of also have costs. A financing model that has been successfully applied in Austria environmental is a combination of public subsidies (up to 35% of investment costs), consulting investment and long-term loans for environmental investment, all of which is managed by a state-owned specialist bank, the Kommunalkredit Public Consulting. It has been in charge of the support schemes of the Republic of Austria since the early 1990s and the customers are municipalities, businesses and private persons who want to invest in energy supply, energy efficiency, water, remediation of contaminated sites, traffic, air, noise, waste and climate measures (KPC 2012). In Germany the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) offers similar financing models.

Waste management A greening of the economy generally requires decoupling of resource consump- Waste prevention tion and economic growth. The amount of generated waste per capita in the assessed municipalities varies strongly. It is recommended to promote waste prevention by education (kindergartens, schools), national campaigns (TV spots, advertisement, information leaflets etc.) and economic incentives, guidelines or legislation, regarding for example:  Design and purchase of durable products  Design and purchase of re-usable and recyclable products  Packaging (avoidance of products with multiple packaging, reusable bags for shopping etc.)  Usage of rechargeable batteries  Attractiveness of re-usage, recycling and waste prevention for businesses and households (costs for waste management, taxes and charges)  Minimisation of cuttings in production Waste is already collected in several categories in the reviewed municipalities. Plastic and bio- Separation of bio-waste and plastic waste (only established in one municipality) waste categories should be brought forward in municipalities to enable composting (bio-waste) and recycling (plastic) and thus reduce the amount of municipal waste. The extent of treatment and recycling of the collected waste fractions (also haz- Recycling and ardous waste) should be increased. To reduce the amount, waste should not be treatment landfilled without prior treatment and incineration, and the waste heat can be used e.g. for district heating. This applies in particular to municipal waste.

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30 Environmental Technologies in Western Balkan Countries

To avoid groundwater and air pollution, remediation and adaption of old landfills Landfills and dumpsites to the state of the art should be continued.

Waste water management In all three municipalities that were assessed for this report, waste water treat- Treatment and ment facilities are in the planning or construction stage. The importance of pro- sewerage systems moting treatment of communal waste water in Croatia for the water quality of the Danube is highlighted in the Joint Danube Survey 2 (ICPDR 2008): The highest contamination levels of the Danube with faecal bacteria were found in the stretch between Budapest and Belgrade, and also the tributary Drava had critical pollution with faecal bacteria. A prerequisite for waste water treatment is the development of the sewerage system in urban, suburban areas and other close settlements, which is progressing, and maintenance to prevent leakage. The location of treatment plants should allow the waste water to flow in by gravitation to avoid energy consumption for pumping. Co-financing, low-interest loans as well as technical consulting can help munici- Financing palities to be able to construct waste water plants. Depending on the sector and the load, industry and SME waste water can often be treated together with communal waste water, so business contributions can be a part of financing for plant construction. For sparsely populated areas, decentralised waste water treatment (like con- Decentralised structed wetlands) can be more ecologically sensible. Where septic tanks are treatment used, regular maintenance should be ensured to avoid spilling through leakages.

Air quality The sulphur dioxide emissions of large combustion plants fuelled by oil can be Combustion plants reduced by using oil with a low concentration of sulphur, and by retrofitting systems for emission reduction (for details, see EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2006). This can be achieved by imposing conditions for permits of installations to be newly built or modified, and by financial incentives for existing installations. An extension of the air quality control point network might be useful to improve Air quality control the level of information and transparency for the citizens and to find out about areas with elevated air pollution.

Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy It is recommended to promote appropriate insulation (ceiling / roof, walls, floor / Insulation and cellar) and sealing of windows to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. This energy efficient applies to both renovation and new, to public and to private buildings. Information buildings and education should be provided for the population on the one hand and to professionals in the building sector on the other hand. The measures might include publicity in campaigns and media with information about energy efficient construction, the energy performance certificate, progressive energy standards for buildings, positive examples of public buildings and other best-practice projects (apartment houses etc.), national architecture awards for energy efficient building

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(including controlled air ventilation, blinds etc. to prevent heat loss or excessive air conditioning) etc. Energy efficient building should be the prerequisite for any building subsidies and for public building projects.

Industry Improvement of The review of selected municipalities showed that Environmental Impact Assess- existing plants ment (EIA) and application of EU Best Available Techniques Reference Docu- ments (BREFs) by the authorities are common. However, in existing plants there were indications of substantial improvement potential. Options to achieve such changes are to require environmental conditions for permits of installations in case of modifications and financial incentives for existing installations.

Transportation Transportation The promotion of transportation networks could raise the attractiveness of public networks transport, by offering tickets which are valid for all means of transport in a region, and synchronisation of timetables to reduce transfer times. Lowering the prices can make public transport more attractive in comparison to cars and thus decrease private transport and air pollution. Fixed time intervals between the connections are user-friendly because they make it easier to remember the timeta- ble. Healthy cycling and Cycling and walking instead of driving short distances are also part of eco-friendly walking transportation and can be promoted in regard to both health and environment (campaigns: media, schools, workplaces and work councils etc.).

Tourism Ecolabel It is recommended to introduce an ecolabel for tourist accommodations, either a Croatian label or the EU Ecolabel (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2010). This can trigger greening of tourism in several fields, like saving water, energy efficiency and waste management. There are two advantages for environment: the direct effects at the destination, and the indirect effect of raising environmental awareness among the guests. For the hotels, the positive effects are cost savings (especially for energy) and an image benefit. Eco-tourism Eco-theme trails for hiking are another way of raising awareness for nature and environment, especially for young visitors. Biking tourism is both healthy and eco- friendly. The introduction of such offers can be promoted together with hotel and tourism associations. Subsidies When subsidies for tourism projects are awarded, environmentally friendly investments should be given priority.

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References

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2006): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Ref- erence Document on Best Available Techniques for Large Combustion Plants. http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/BREF/lcp_bref_0706.pdf

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2010): The EU Ecolabel for Tourist Accommodations. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/documents/hotels.pdf

ICPDR – International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (2008): Joint Danube Survey 2, Final Scientific Report. http://www.icpdr.org/jds/files/ICPDR_Technical_Report_for_web_low_corr ected.pdf

KPC - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting (2012): Activity Report 2011. http://www.publicconsulting.at/uploads/kpc_leistungsber- icht_2011_online.pdf

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2.2 Municipality of Osijek

2.2.1 General information

Centre of Slavonia Osijek is the fourth largest city of Croatia with 114,616 inhabitants (2011), located on the river Drava, 25 km upstream its confluence with the Danube. It is the economic, cultural and administrative centre of the region Slavonia in eastern Croatia and has a large university. Osijek is a popular destination of domestic city tourism. It benefits from transport connections to motorways, railway, Croatia’s largest inland port on river Drava and an international airport. Production The largest factory is a detergent producer, and there are several other branches such food and beverages production and processing, synthetic material, agricultural machinery, metal furniture, wood and timber, textiles etc. There are also some regional offices of international companies. There are supporting institutions and dedicated business zones for further economic development of Osijek.

2.2.2 Waste management

Organisation Waste management in Osijek is organized by the municipality. There is a collect system, financed by the municipality and fixed fees from households and companies. Household fees amount to an estimated 16 million HRK (2.1 million €), which makes about 510 HRK (66 €) per tonne of municipal waste (not including other types of waste and business fees or other sources of financial means). Waste categories Separate collection different of waste categories is very advanced, and it is accepted by the population. There are recycling centres and eco islands in Osijek, and all eleven waste categories listed in the questionnaire are established. Waste tyres, electric devices, glass, metals, paper, plastic and hazardous waste are collected at a transfer station in Osijek and recycled or treated prior to disposal outside the municipality. Municipal, organic, bulky waste and construction and demolition are collected separately but currently disposed of without treatment. Quantity The amount of municipal waste per capita (279 kg) is moderate lower than the average in Croatia (369 kg) or the EU 27 (502 kg) (EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2013). Waste prevention is promoted in kindergartens, schools and ed- ucational campaigns. Landfills There are designated landfills for non-hazardous waste and inert waste within the municipality. There are also landfills and other disposal sites, including illegal dump sites, which require different kinds of adaptation or remediation, which is co-financed by the state. Waste management The Waste Management Plan of the city, which is part of the waste disposal pro- plan ject in the Osijek-Baranja County, has several objectives: additional collection points, sorting, recycling activities (also for bio-waste and construction waste) and remediation, closure, rehabilitation or legalization of different landfill or other disposal sites in the municipality. Recommendations  Realisation of the Waste Management Plan (collection, sorting, recycling, landfills)

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 Waste incineration (to reduce waste to be landfilled): analysis if the amount of residual fraction of municipal waste (after sorting) is enough to utilise the capacity of a waste incineration plant; if not: transfer to another plant, or cooperation with other municipalities to achieve sufficient capacity for economic operation of a waste incineration plant. Utilisation of the waste heat is also recommended.  Co-incineration of waste: quality analysis of separated, collected or sorted fractions regarding suitability for co-incineration (industry)

2.2.3 Waste water management

Approximately two-thirds of waste water in Osijek is communal waste water, the Sources and amount other third originates from industry and SMEs. There is a public waste water sewerage system, which collects both kinds of waste water, but there is no waste water treatment. The collected waste water (ca. 30,000 m³ / day) is discharged into the river Drava. Emission limit values for treated waste waters stipulated by the state or local authorities exist and correspond to the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC), but are not applicable as there is no treatment. A part of the households is not connected to the sewerage system but uses septic tanks instead. Waste water management is financed by the municipality and other public insti- Financing tutions, as well as by household and enterprise fees which are calculated per m³. Taking into account the available information, the fees add up to an estimated 90,000 HRK (12,000 €) per year. It is intended to construct a waste water treatment plant for Osijek and some other Future plans municipalities with two stages of treatment and a third stage (chemical treatment) if required for the sufficient removal of phosphorus. Recommendations  Realisation of the planned waste water treatment plant  Consider separate treatment of certain industry waste waters (food production, detergent factory etc.).

2.2.4 Air pollution

Most common sources of air pollution are present in Osijek (heating of buildings, Sources traffic, industry and SMEs, district heating). Major industrial sources are: the detergent factory (Saponia); the combined heat and power (CHP) plant of HEP- Proizvodnja and district heating plants; and PLINACRO, the Croatian gas transmission system operator, also active in district heating in Osijek. Emission data from 2011 are available for district heating plants for two fuels, Emissions heating oil and natural gas. For heating oil, the emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), are extremely high and indicate there is no or insufficient desulphurisation in use. The emissions and of dust and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are also elevated. For natural gas it should be checked if NOx can be improved. Air quality

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Air quality (Immission) data are available for a control point located at a crossroad of two large streets close to river Drava, at the edge of the densely populated area, from 2011. All measured values were below the limit values which are stipulated by the state, largely based on the EU Directive on Air Quality. Recommendations  Improvement or installation of waste gas treatment and / or usage of fuel oil with a lower concentration of sulphur in the district heating plants  Air quality monitoring: additional control points, especially in residential areas

2.2.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Sources of heat The settlement structure in the municipality of Osijek is urban, with more than 80% of households in the city area. This favours district heating, which is used by 30% or 12,000 households (connected load: 301 megawatts). Other important sources of heat energy for buildings are natural gas and wood and other renewable biomass. District heating is provided by heat supply stations as well as combined heat and power (CHP) installations. The conduction losses of 25% are quite high. Insulation and Heating energy demand is raised by the fact that most buildings do not have consulting insulation. For new buildings minimum energy standards have been introduced. Energy consulting is available for industry and SMEs, private housing and tourist accommodations. An energy audit in the municipality has been performed in the frame of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Promotion of Photovoltaics is utilized by the energy industry and supported by an incentive photovoltaics purchase price. Recommendations  Promotion of insulation for buildings and windows to be refurbished (information and consulting, public buildings as examples, subsidies etc.)  Raising of awareness for heating energy demand among house builders  Connection of additional households to district heating  Analysis of reasons for high conduction losses of district heating  Usage of renewable energy sources in case of expansion of district heating

2.2.6 Industry

Permits New industry plants require a permit by a national agency. Best Available Tech- niques Reference Documents (BREFs) of the European Union are used for assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required where relevant according to law. Production and In Osijek there is a variety of production: detergents, food production and pro- emissions cessing, beverages, synthetic material, agricultural machinery, metal furniture, wood and timber, textiles etc. The answer to the question on improvement potential of the environmental situation and priorities concerning industry suggests

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there is some need for action in waste water and / or exhaust gas emission treatment of plants in Osijek. The emissions to the air from the detergent factory (Saponia) were stated to fulfil the national regulations in Croatia; some of the available measured concentrations of anionic surfactants in the waste water are above the emission limit values for discharge into municipal collecting systems in Italy1 (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2003). For emissions from energy industry see section 2.2.4. Recommendations  Analysis if the amount of anionic surfactants released by the detergent factory might impair proper functioning of the planned waste water treatment plant

2.2.7 Transportation

Osijek has a network of tram lines and buses serving the urban, suburban and Trams and buses regional area. There are fixed intervals between the connections, and the timetables are partially synchronized to minimize transfer time. Single trip and monthly tickets are offered and are rather expensive (tram: single 10 HRK / 1.30 €, month 230 HRK / 30 €, bus: single 20 HRK / 2.60 €, month: 450-550 HRK / 60-70 €). Reductions are available for certain groups of population. Tickets are valid on more than one route, but there are different tickets for buses and the tram. There are plans to further develop public transport in Osijek. Cycling is supported by bicycle lanes in some streets, whereas bicycle stands are Cycling and walking not available. For pedestrians, there are some obstacles concerning safe crossing of crossroads without detour, but pavements exist in the urban and suburban areas of the municipality and 70-80% of the population live in walking distance of basic services. Recommendations  Tickets valid for both bus and tram (transport network)  Reduction of ticket prices  Enhancing attractiveness of walking and cycling: bicycle stands, pedestrian zones, zebra crossings etc.  Full synchronization of timetables for the various public transport routes

2.2.8 Tourism

Tourism in Osijek is based on cultural sites in the city, cultural events and culinary Current situation art as well as hiking and some sports. Tourists arrive by car, bus, train or other means, with pick-up service available, and use these means of transport and bicycles during their stay.

1 Information about legal emission limit values for discharge of surfactant-containing waste waters in other EU countries is not available, but presumably the limit values for this very special type of waste water are set individually in the installation permit. In Austria, for example, there is no emission limit value set by law, ordinance or by-law, but it is stipulated that the sum of anionic and non- ionic tensides must not impair the public waste water treatment plant.

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There are 970 beds. In hotels and other accommodations, the same energy sources for heating are used as in general in the municipality. There seems to be no focus yet on environmental topics like waste, saving water or energy efficiency and consumption, and there is no eco-label for tourist accommodation in use. Subsidies for tourism projects are granted independent of environmental criteria. Recommendations  Thermal insulation of hotels and tourist accommodations  Saving water (water volume controllers for showers, reuse of towels etc.)  Efficient use of electricity (light, air conditioning)  Separate collection of waste in tourist accommodations  Subsidies for environmental measures in tourist enterprises  Introduction of a Croatian or the EU Ecolabel for Tourist Accommodations

2.2.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON OSIJEK (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Osijek, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE OSIJEK (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Osijek to “Environ- mental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Munic- ipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews and data collection conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2003): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Ref- erence Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management Systems in the Chemical Sector. http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/BREF/cww_bref_0203.pdf

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (2013): Municipal waste generated per capita in 2001 and 2010. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/municipal-waste-generated-per-capita/municipal-waste-generated-per-capita-1/at_download/file

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2.3 Municipality of Ilok

2.3.1 General information

Ilok is a municipality with 6,750 inhabitants in the very east of Croatia, located on Wine production the hills of the right bank of the Danube at the border to Serbia. Apart from Ilok, and tourism the settlements Bapska, Mohova and Šarengrad are part of the municipality. Ilok produces quality wines and is a centre of Croatian countryside tourism. Several renovation and infrastructure projects for the development of tourism have been carried out with participation of the United Nations Development Programme UNDP. Beside winegrowing, wineries and tourism, farming and textile industry shape the Economy economy of Ilok, and there is a company for metal constructions and one for brick production (Opeka). Development of business is supported by institutions and the plan to establish a business zone as well as an inland port with terminals for bricks and petroleum products. There is also a project for the irrigation of horti- cultural and fruit crops.

2.3.2 Waste management

The total annual amount of generated municipal waste is 1457 tonnes, or 221 kg Waste generation per capita, which ranges below the Croatian (369 kg) and the EU 27 average per capita (502 kg, EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2013). There are no actions for waste prevention in the municipality, but reduction of the quantity of municipal waste is considered a priority. Waste is collected and organized by the municipality. For households there is a Waste collection fixed fee, the price for companies depends on the size of the garbage bin. There and financing are 3,000 households in the municipality, so the household fees add up to an estimated 1.1 million HRK per year (150,000 €). This makes 770 HRK (100 €) per tonne municipal waste (excluding other types of waste and business fees). Several different categories of waste are collected (bulky waste, tyres, electric devices, glass, metals, paper and hazardous waste), whereas organic and plastic waste are not collected separately. The prospects of success for further categories are rated high if additional education for population and enterprises is provided. Municipal, bulky waste and paper are not treated whereas there is treatment of hazardous waste before disposal. There is a landfill for non-hazardous waste in the municipality and no requirement Landfill for technical adaption to state of the art. Recommendations  Treatment of municipal waste to reduce the amount for landfilling (mechanical- biological treatment, incineration)  State-of-the-art treatment and recycling of the other waste categories  Introduction of the categories bio-waste and plastic waste in households and treatment  Waste prevention actions (education, information)

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2.3.3 Waste water management

Sources and fees 521 m³ of waste water per day are collected in the municipality, 417 m³ are communal waste water and 104 m³ originate from industry and SMEs. Taking into account the available information about household and enterprise fees for waste water, the annual revenue is ca. 290,000 HRK (38,000 €). Discharge Currently waste water is discharged to the Danube without treatment, but waste water pre-treatment and treatment devices for industry and SME are at the final stage of construction. There are no further plans for waste water treatment. Con- structed wetlands are not in use. Regulation Emission limit values for temperature, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus in treated waste water stipulated by the state or local authority are in force and largely in line with the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). Measured data of water temperature, BOD and chemical oxygen demand from August 2012 are below the respective emission limit values. Recommendations  Completion of the pretreatment and treatment devices for industry / SMEs  Measurement of important waste water parameters at different daytimes and times of the year, and compare with emission limit values  Introduction of a small waste water treatment plant also for communal waste water in order to reduce contribution to Danube pollution (see section 2.1)  Consideration of decentralised waste water treatment for the smaller settlements in the municipality as an alternative

2.3.4 Air pollution

Sources Ilok has a typical mix of sources for air pollution: traffic, industry and SMEs, heating of buildings and tertiary sector. The brick production is a stationary source of dust (no quantitative data available). Immission Air quality and immission limit values are regulated by the state (largely based on the EU Directive on Air Quality), but there are no control points located in Ilok. Recommendations  Quantification of the dust and gaseous emissions from the brick factory. If exceedance of limits from legislation or the installation permit occurs or if dust emissions cause problems in the area, measures for reduction of dust emissions are recommended (enclosure of dusty operations and storage, filters, reduction of air leakage and spillage points etc., for a comprehensive list and description see chapter 5.1.3 in EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2007)

2.3.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Heating energy The energy requirement of all public buildings in Ilok has been analysed, and energy consumption is continuously monitored and managed. Administrative

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buildings have moderate to high heating energy requirements between 70 kWh/(m² a) and 150 kWh/(m² a). Walls are typically constructed of 25 cm blocks or bricks with 5 cm styrofoam insulation. Energy consulting is available for private persons, tourist accommodations and industry and SMEs. There are minimum energy standards for new buildings, and Energy Performance Certificates are used. Subsidies for building of new houses do not exist. District heating is currently not available in Ilok, but there are plans to introduce Energy sources it. The current sources for heating energy are natural gas and wood or other renewable biomass, whereas other renewable sources (thermal solar energy, geothermal energy) are neither used nor subsidised. Besides Ilok, where a third of the households are located, three more settlements about 10 km away from Ilok are part of the municipality. Recommendations  Promotion of better insulation of buildings and sealing of windows (information and consulting, public buildings as examples, subsidies etc.)  Realisation of the plans for district heating in Ilok, optionally also separate district heating networks in the other settlements, preferably using renewable energy sources and appropriate treatment of exhaust air. The degree of connections and the length of the network should be observed in order to keep the conduction losses low (example: more than 900 kWh per metre of network and a maximum of 20% connection losses must be achieved to qualify for environmental subsidy for district heating with biomass in Austria; KPC 2012)  Promotion of renewable energy sources (private persons and enterprises)  Promotion of modern low-emission wood / biomass boilers  Promotion of regular service and measurement of exhaust emissions for household gas boilers

2.3.6 Industry

The county (Vukovar-Srijem) is in charge of issuing permits for plants, which re- Permits and the quires energy certificates, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and environment measures for environmental protection. EU Best Available Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) are not used for the assessment. A concept for solid waste management exists. Non-hazardous waste from indus- Industry waste try includes paper, cardboard, mixed package materials, wood, municipal waste and bio-waste from cafeterias, and waste plant materials from agriculture. Re- garding hazardous waste, lube oil for engines and gear is produced and it is disposed on site. Greening potential is seen in the agricultural sector concerning the protection of agricultural land and usage of bio-waste. Recommendations  Recommendations for waste management (treatment, recycling) also apply to waste from industry

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 Farming industry: soil and groundwater protection (substitution of mineral fer- tilizers by compost from bio-waste, varieties with efficient nutrient uptake, economical usage of plant protection agents, organic farming)

2.3.7 Transportation

Public transport There are bus connections within the municipality and in the region, operated by Čazmatrans, a bus company serving several regions in Croatia and international routes. Tickets are between 13 HRK per kilometre (for longer distances, 1.70 €) and 1.2 HRK (short distance, 0.15 €), resulting in rather expensive fares for short distances. There is a 10% discount for holders of a monthly ticket, and 10%-15% reduction for certain passengers (children etc.). The intervals between the connections vary, and timetables for the routes are not synchronized. Information about the number of connections per day is not available. Expansion of public transport in the municipality is not intended. Pedestrians and Despite the rural settlement structure, about 80% of the population live in walking cycling distance of basic services, and the streets in the inhabited areas have pavements, whereas save crossing of roads without detour is a problem. There does not seem to be specific infrastructure for cycling (e.g. bicycle stands). Commuting and Out of a population of 6,750, ca. 200 persons are commuters who work in a dif- private transport ferent municipality, and 70% travel by car. The number of incoming commuters, who all go by car, is much lower (ca. 30 persons). Fuel Diesel and unleaded gasoline are each used by 50% of cars and are ca. 10 HRK and 11 HRK per litre (ca. 1.30 € to 1.40 €). Leaded gasoline is not in use any more. Comparing the price of fuel and public transport, public transport is about twice as expensive per kilometre (excluding vehicle purchase and maintenance cost). Recommendations  Improvement of pedestrian infrastructure (e.g. zebra crossings, layout of crossroads)  Higher discounts for regular users of public transport (e.g. sale of a travel pass which entitles the holder to 50% ticket price reduction for one year etc.)  Establishment of biking infrastructure (particularly for tourists)  Consideration to introduce constant time intervals between connections and synchronisation of the different routes to reduce transfer time

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2.3.8 Tourism

Ilok is a destination for wine and landscape tourism with sports activity options. Attractions There are 180 beds available. Guests arrive mostly by car, 30% come by bus and can make use of pick-up service to reach their accommodation. Heating systems in tourist accommodations use natural gas as energy source. Accommodations Eco-friendly practices like measures for saving electricity or water and separate collection of waste categories are not common in hotels and tourist accommodations. The laundry is done in the accommodations. Subsidies (from the Ministry of Tourism or the EU) for tourist infrastructure or (re)construction of buildings exist and are independent of environmental criteria. Tourist eco-labels are not in use. Waste prevention and saving energy are perceived as areas with environmental improvement potential in tourism in the municipality. Recommendations  Application of sufficient insulation also in tourist infrastructure buildings, possibly also improvement of windows  Promotion of economical usage in accommodations of:  Water (water volume controllers for showers, usage of towels for more than one day, water-efficient washing machines etc.)  Electricity (light, air conditioning, efficient laundry dryers)  Heat (avoidance of over-heating, opening windows for short periods for fresh air instead of constantly tilted windows, reduction of temperature in rooms when not booked etc.)  Waste reduction: reusable (or rechargeable) instead of single-use articles, pre- cise planning of food buying, print leaflets only in required numbers etc.  Separate collection of waste also in tourist facilities  Exploration of the potential for eco-friendly biking tourism (hills, along Danube; trails, rental opportunity, safe storage place for bicycles in accommodation etc.)  Establishment of nature trails to promote ecological awareness  Introduction of a Croatian or the EU ecolabel for tourist accommodation to promote greening in the tourist sector

2.3.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON ILOK (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Ilok, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE ILOK (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Ilok to “Environmental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Municipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews and data collection conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2007): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Ref- erence Document on Best Available Techniques in the Ceramic Manufacturing Industry. http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/BREF/cer_bref_0807.pdf

KPC - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting (2012): Nahwärmeversorgung auf Ba- sis erneuerbarer Energieträger [District Heating Based on Renewable Energy Sources]. http://www.umweltfoerderung.at/uploads/ufi_standardfall_infoblatt_bio- fern.pdf

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2.4 Municipality of Vukovar

2.4.1 General information

Vukovar is a municipality of 27,683 inhabitants (2011) located in northeastern Population and Croatia on the Danube, which forms the border to Serbia. There are four settle- transport ments in the municipality. The city has been rebuilt after war destructions but still connections suffers from depopulation. Vukovar is in a good geographic position for traffic, with the Danube port (and starting point of the planned Danube-Sava channel, which is supposed to be part of the combined river / railway Transdanubia-Adri- atic traffic corridor), 15 km to the largest railway intersection in Croatia and connection to motorway (40 km). An upgrade and reconstruction of the port is in preparation. Economy in Vukovar includes trade, food production (farming, viticulture, live- Economy stock breeding) and processing, textile and footwear industry and tourism. To attract investors, a variety of incentives is offered, including customs and tax benefits, co-financing with significant non-returnable aids, dedicated business zones and supporting institutions. Tourism is based on historical sites, such as a significant eneolithic archaeological site, and the Danube scenery.

2.4.2 Waste management

The municipality is in charge of waste management in Vukovar, and a collect Organisation system is established. Sources of financing are fees from households and business as well as the municipality. Several fractions of waste are collected separately (glass, metals, paper, electric Collection devices, tyres and hazardous waste). Organic, plastic, bulky waste or construction and demolition waste is collected together with the municipal waste, but there is no treatment before disposal. Neither are there any treatment activities of the separately collected fractions in the municipality of Vukovar. It is estimated that separating municipal and bulky waste could be introduced successfully. Improve- ments in primary waste separation are intended. Ca. 37,000 tonnes of household and similar commercial and institutional waste High amount of are generated waste per year. This is 1349 kg per capita, which is remarkably municipal waste high (average for Croatia: 369 kg, EU 27: 502 kg, EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2013). In contrast, the amount of industrial and SME waste seems rather low, but even if half of the municipal waste actually originated from industry and SMEs, the amount of municipal waste per capita would remain high. The waste is landfilled within the municipality. There is a disposal site which requires adaptation to the state of the art. Recommendations  Actions for waste prevention (education in kindergartens and schools, information campaigns for adults; reduction of packaging materials by producers of consumer goods)  Organic and plastic waste: separation (collect system) and treatment / recycling  Separate collection of bulky waste and of construction and demolition waste

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 Treatment of hazardous waste before disposal  Incineration of municipal waste before disposal, optionally together with other municipalities to reach sufficient capacity for economic operation

2.4.3 Waste water management

Types of waste About 70% of waste water in Vukovar originates from households (4000-6000 m³ water / day), a quarter results from industry and SMEs, and the remainder comes from a drinking water treatment plant. Waste water management is financed by household and enterprise fees. Discharge Communal waste water collected by the public sewerage system is made up of household and pretreated industry and SME waste water. It is currently discharged to the Danube without treatment. Waste water from industry and SMEs is discharged to the public sewerage system if after pretreatment it fulfils the legal requirements; otherwise it is disposed of by legal entities that are registered for the treatment of such waste waters. Households without connection to the public sewerage system use septic tanks. Sewerage network The sewerage network will be improved by recovery and reconstruction of the improvement and existing sewerage system as well as extension of the network in the frame of an extension IPA project (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance) of the EU. This construction project is considered to have priority because of the involved improvement of the quality of life and attractiveness of the municipality. Future treatment of A waste water treatment plant for the City of Vukovar is in the planning stage, waste water construction works are expected to start in 2014. Waste water treatment is regulated at state level by the Water Law and the Rulebook on the Limitation of Emis- sions of Waste Water NN (87/10). The stipulated emission limit values correspond in large part to the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). It is also intended to connect the suburb of Sotin to the sewerage system and treatment (project documentation in preparation). Recommendations  Realisation of plans to extend and improve sewerage network  Construction of planned waste water treatment plant

2.4.4 Air pollution

Pollution sources Air pollution in Vukovar arises from several common sources: industry and SMEs, household and tertiary sector heating, traffic and district heating plant. District heating uses the low-emission fuels natural gas and fuel oil extra light (heating oil). The dust emissions for oil are unusually high. For emissions from the shoe factory see section 2.4.6. Air quality For air quality (immission), national regulations based on the EU Directive on Air Quality apply. There is no control point located in Vukovar, so implementation of air quality measurement is considered the priority for air quality improvement in the municipality.

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Recommendations  Installation of a control point for measurement of air quality  Examination of reason for high amount of dust emissions from district heating (fuel oil extra light)

2.4.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Buildings in Vukovar are heated with natural gas or fuel oil. 3664 households Energy sources for (35%) and 53 businesses and offices are connected to district heating for which heating the same fuels are used. The total connected load is 24 MW, and the conduction losses of 8% are low. The connection of additional households is intended. Renewable energy sources of heat or electricity do not seem to be common. Residential buildings before 2005 are generally not isolated (brick walls of 30 cm), Insulation recently build or renovated houses are equipped with 5-10 cm styrofoam insulation. Obligatory minimum energy standards for new buildings do not apply, and at the moment there are no subsidies offered for energy efficient building or renovation. Energy consulting is available, and for the customers of district heating the heat Consumption and consumption is regularly read from common or separate measuring devices, giv- feedback ing feedback about the recent consumption. The following actions are considered promising for saving energy and costs: investment in thermal insulation, substitution of manual regulation by thermoregulation devices, investment in window improvement, education of the population regarding energy saving. Recommendations  Promotion of appropriate insulation and windows in new buildings and renovation (information, consulting)  Information and education of young and adult population regarding efficient use of energy (heating, electricity)  Connection of further buildings in densely populated area to district heating  Modernisation of domestic heating regulation devices (thermoregulation instead of manual)  Promotion of renewable energy sources for heating (thermal solar, geothermal) especially in areas where district heating is not available  Coupling of existing subsidies, co-financing for new businesses etc., which are awarded for building activities, to greening criteria (energy efficient construction of new buildings etc.)

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2.4.6 Industry

Plants The most important producing companies in Vukovar are Vupik d.d. (agriculture) and Borovo d.d. (shoe factory). Besides, there is food-processing and textile industry. Permits Permits for industry installations are issued by the state, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required, and EU Best Available Techniques Reference Documents (BREF) are used for assessment. Power plants need an approval based on the Rulebook on the Use of Renewable Energy and Cogeneration. Waste, emissions Solid waste management in industry is based on a waste concept. Non-hazardous waste is produced, whereas hazardous waste is not. The shoe factory of the company Borovo emits dust and smoke (no treatment, information on quantity of emissions unavailable). Recommendations  Quantification of the dust and emissions from the shoe factory. If exceedance of limits from legislation or the installation permit occurs, or if dust emissions cause problems in the area, measures for reduction of dust emissions are recommended (enclosure of dusty operations, filters, reduction of air leakage and spillage points etc.)

2.4.7 Transportation

Public transport Public transport in Vukovar consists of buses serving urban, suburban and regional routes, operated by the Croatian bus line Čazmatrans, as well as a metropolitan train. Further development is not intended. The intervals between the connections are fixed. The timetables of different routes are not synchronized. The price depends on mileage and lies between 1.2 and 13 HRK per kilometre (0.15 to 1.7 €), which makes short trips quite expensive. There is a 10% discount for holders of a monthly discount pass and 10-15% discount for certain groups. The tickets are not valid on routes operated by different companies. Cycling and walking Two-thirds of the population live in walking distance of basic services. Pavements and crossroad design that allows safe crossing without detour serve the needs of pedestrians. Cyclists are provided with bicycle lanes in some streets, whereas bicycle stands are not available. Private transport The price of gasoline and diesel is around 10 respectively 11 HRK (1.3 to 1.4 €) per litre, which makes driving half as expensive as public transport when taking only fuel costs into consideration. Recommendations  Integration of public transport into a transportation network:  tickets valid for all means of transport (bus lines, train)  synchronisation of timetables  Further development of biking infrastructure and promotion of cycling  Higher discounts for regular users of public transport (e.g. sale of a travel pass which entitles the holder to 50% ticket price reduction for one year etc.)

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2.4.8 Tourism

Tourism in Vukovar comprises landscape attractions and hiking trails as well as Sights cultural sights (eneolithic archaeological site at Vučedol) and special restaurants. In addition, conference tourism has recently started to develop. The Danube is a major tourism factor not only by shaping the landscape but also Means of transport because 18,000 tourists per year arrive by cruise ship in Vukovar. Most guests travel by car and bus (40% each), and the others come by bicycle or train. Pick- up service to reach accommodation is offered. Car, bus and bicycle are also used by tourists during their stay. Vukovar has 409 beds, and hotels are connected to the city district heating net- Potential for work. Measures for saving electricity and water or collection of different catego- greening ries of waste are not common in the accommodations. Laundry is done at the hotels. There is no established ecolabel. Tourism-related activities such as renovation, restoration or joint advertising are subsidised independent of environmental criteria; improvement potential for the environmental situation related to tourism is seen in all fields. Recommendations  Check buildings for efficient use of heating energy (insulation, windows)  Efficient use of electricity in accommodations (light, air conditioning)  Water saving measures in hotels (water volume controllers for showers, reuse of towels etc.)  Separate collection of waste also in hotels  Coupling or prioritisation of existing subsidies with environmental criteria  Optimisation of biking infrastructure also for tourists (trails, rental opportunity, safe storage place for bicycles in accommodation etc.)  Establishment of nature trails to promote ecological awareness  Introduction of an ecolabel for Croatia or the EU ecolabel for tourist accommodations

2.4.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON VUKOVAR (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Vukovar, conducted by SeConS – Development Initia- tive Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE VUKOVAR (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Vukovar to “En- vironmental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Municipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews and data collection conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

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50 Environmental Technologies in Western Balkan Countries

3 MONTENEGRO

3.1 Recommendations for Montenegro

The presented recommendations for Montenegro are based on an overview of the national environmental legislation in selected areas and on the review of two municipalities with rural character and low population density located in the northern mountainous region. Especially in the energy sector several on-going activities and projects were observed. In several cases the shortage of available funds was found to be the reason why Financing technical improvements for environmental benefits have not been implemented so far although there is awareness of the importance of such measures. One possibility is to implement criteria of positive environmental impact as a prerequisite for the award of existing public subsidies or other financial aids. Invest- ments especially in energy efficiency measures will already pay for themselves after a few years, so interest free loans can replace subsidies. Another financing model that has been successfully applied in Austria is a combination of public subsidies (up to 35% of investment costs), consulting and long-term loans for environmental investment, all of which is managed by a state-owned specialist bank, the Kommunalkredit Public Consulting. It has been in charge of the support schemes of the Republic of Austria since the early 1990s and the customers are municipalities, businesses and private persons who want to invest in energy supply, energy efficiency, water, remediation of contaminated sites, traffic, air, noise, waste and climate measures (KPC 2012). In Germany the Kreditanstalt für Wied- eraufbau (KfW) offers similar financing models.

Waste management It is recommended to continue and support the cooperation of municipalities in Landfills the development of shared waste treatment and landfill solutions. After the construction of state-of-the-art landfills, measures of protection or remediation should be carried out at the previous disposal sites if necessary. The introduction of waste incineration would help to reduce the required space Incineration for landfilling and gain heat energy for other purposes from the process. Hazardous waste should be collected separately from other waste in all munici- Hazardous waste palities and treated adequately. It is recommended to promote the separate collection of waste categories by ed- Information and ucation (kindergartens, schools) and national campaigns (TV spots, advertise- education ment, information leaflets etc.). In the same way, refraining from illegal waste dumping in rural areas can be promoted. The relevance not only for the protection of the environment but also for the development of tourism might be emphasised. The introduction of recycling activities is recommended, for example for bio- Recycling waste, metals, paper, glass and plastic waste, which requires separate collection (leading to higher quality) or sorting of municipal waste.

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Waste water management Sewerage systems The further development of sewerage systems for waste water is recommended in order to achieve full coverage in urban and suburban areas and other settlements from where waste water can gravitate to urban areas. Treatment The introduction of waste water treatment projects should be supported by the adoption of the respective EU-harmonised legislation and by financing schemes in order to quit the discharge of waste water into rivers and lakes. Decentralised For rural areas with low population density the expertise for improved decentral- treatement ised waste water treatment such as constructed wetlands is recommended to be built up by information, training and study trips.

Air quality Heating The emissions from domestic single-house heating systems can be reduced by the introduction of district heating systems with modern furnaces and air pollution abatement and by the promotion of modern low-emission pellets or wood chip boilers for individual heating systems. Production For SMEs and industry it is recommended to promote the treatment of waste processes gases and the organisation and management of technological processes in a suitable way to reduce the formation and emission of air pollutants by offering training, consulting and on-site measurement of emitted the concentrations.

Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy Insulation and In both reviewed municipalities the buildings were found to have no insulation at energy standards all. It is recommended to continue the development and adoption of minimum for buildings energy standards for buildings and to work towards a successful implementation of the Energy Performance Certificate for buildings. Promotion of appropriate insulation (ceiling / roof, walls, floor / cellar), sealing of windows and prevention of thermal barriers to improve the energy efficiency of buildings is also advisable. This applies to both renovation and new, to public and to private buildings. Information and education should be provided for the population on the one hand and to professionals in the building sector on the other hand. The measures might include publicity in campaigns and media with information about energy efficient construction, positive examples of public buildings and other best-practice projects (single-family or apartment houses, schools etc.), national architecture awards for energy efficient building (including controlled air ventilation, blinds etc. to prevent heat loss or excessive air conditioning) etc. Energy efficient construction should be the prerequisite for all public building projects. District heating The construction of district heating plants is recommended. The connection density and the length of the networks should be observed to keep the conduction losses low. Renewable energy There is a considerable potential of renewable energy sources in Montenegro, in sources particular hydropower, wind power and biomass (wood). It is recommended to

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give particular attention to the exploitation of this potential in national development programmes like the ten-year work programme for the implementation of renewable energy usage (section 3.2), including measures like supported feed- in tariffs for electricity from renewable energy sources.

Industry It is recommended to escort the implementation of the existing legislation on in- Current and future tegrated pollution prevention and control concerning the impact of industry on standards for environment step by step. The next development stage for large installations installations should be the transposition of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED, 2010/75/EC), part of which is the enhanced role of the Best Available Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) for the issuance of the permit (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2013). Information, establishment of contacts and collaboration and exchange of expe- Authorities rience between national and local public authorities involved in industry policies can be valuable for the development of integrated environmental protection policies at all competent levels.

Transportation It is suggested to consider the establishment of regional or of a national transpor- Transportation tation network in Montenegro, where tickets (especially monthly or annual tickets) network are available that are valid in all participating means of transportation (train, bus operators). The review and adjustment of the public transport to the requirements of com- Customer groups of muters and of tourists is recommended as a strategy to enhance the usage of public transport public transport. Likewise more connections per day can increase the number of passengers.

Tourism The introduction and promotions of ecolabels in the tourist accommodations and Ecolabel other tourist facilities of Montenegro is recommended, for example the EU Eco- label (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2010). This can prompt the greening of tourism in several fields, like saving water, energy efficiency and waste management. There are two advantages for environment: the direct effects at the destination, and the indirect effect of raising environmental awareness among the guests. For the enterprises the positive effects are cost savings (especially for energy) and an image benefit. It is also recommended to raise the awareness for the importance of intact nature Intact nature in tourist areas (see previous section on waste management). Promotion and support of the further development of eco-friendly tourism is ad- Eco-friendly forms visable. This includes e.g. the promotion of low-resource forms of tourism like of tourism camping, hiking and biking, ethno-villages; restrictive licensing of snow cannons (to avoid the erosion of land) and the promotion of alternative activities during unfavourable weather periods (ski touring which is more flexible concerning routes, cultural events, optionally also spa areas).

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References

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2013): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Ref- erence Documents on Best Available Techniques. http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/

KPC - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting (2012): Activity Report 2011. http://www.publicconsulting.at/uploads/kpc_leistungsber- icht_2011_online.pdf

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3.2 National Environmental Legislation

Waste management The legislation in Montenegro regarding waste management is approaching EU standards with the new Law on Waste Management (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

Water Concerning water quality, legislation in accordance with the legal framework and standards of the EU is yet to be developed and adopted (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

Air quality The National Emission Ceilings Directive (2001/81/EC, NEC) has partly been transposed into the Decree on Maximum National Emissions of Certain Pollu- tants. Air quality standards concerning suspended particulate matter have been harmonized with the EU standards. Types of pollutants and threshold values for air quality and details about monitoring are defined by legislation (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

Industry Montenegro has a Law on Integrated Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, and implementation of the law is in progress. For this purpose, a programme for bringing a set of industries in line with the law was adopted (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

Energy Efficiency The legislation on energy efficiency in Montenegro is under revision in order to match EU legislation, and a plan to promote progress in energy efficiency in the state administration has been adopted (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

Energy Efficiency in Buildings The Law on Energy Efficiency (adopted in 2010) and secondary regulation (scheduled for adoption in the first half of 2013) constitute a simplified transposition of the Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (recast 2010/31/EU, EPBD). Additional legislation necessary to meet all requirements of the EPBD remains to be established (ENERGY COMMUNITY 2013). Obligatory minimum energy efficiency standards will be defined on a national level through rulebooks on energy efficiency of apartments building based on the Law on Energy Efficiency. Adaptation of ordinances is expected in the third quarter of 2013. The actual issuance of Energy Performance Certificate is postponed for 2014 on account of the fact that there is currently no national software for calculating energy characteristics (QUESTIONNAIRE PLUŽINE 2013).

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Renewable Energy Montenegro promotes the production of electricity from renewable sources in accordance with the EU Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Re- newable Sources (2009/28/EC) by way of additional implementation legislation for the Energy Law. It includes differentiated feed-in tariffs for various sources of energy. The next step is the adoption of a ten-year work programme for the implementation of renewable energy usage (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

References

ENERGY COMMUNITY (2013): Report on the implementation of the Energy Perfor- mance of Buildings Directive Montenegro. http://www.energy-community.org/pls/portal/docs/1938185.PDF

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2012): Montenegro 2012 Progress Report. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2012/package/mn_rapport_2012_en.pdf

QUESTIONNAIRE PLUŽINE (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Plužine to “Envi- ronmental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Mu- nicipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews, data collection and text parts of this report conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

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3.1 Municipality of Kolašin

3.1.1 General information

Kolašin is a municipality of 897 km² in the mountains of northern Montenegro. Location, population The river Morača and the upper and middle reaches of the river Tara, which later and infrastructure joins the river Piva to form river Drina (which flows into river Save and thus into the Danube), are located on the territory of the municipality. There is the National Park Biograd with its rainforest and lake, glacial lakes, karst landforms, and protected areas for mountain flora and the Tara watershed. The municipality has 8,379 inhabitants and is afflicted with strong depopulation. The urban area has a city water supply system with worn out pipes of asbestos cement and large loss of water, while the rural areas have local water supply. The electric supply system is fragile; improvement is envisaged in the national energy development strategy but depends on the availability of funds. The railway connection between Serbia and the Adriatic see, the Belgrade–Bar railway, goes through Kolašin. There are 134 enterprises registered in Kolašin, out of which 127 are micro-en- Economy terprises. Half of the SMEs belong to trade, 43 are hotels and restaurants, 25 deal with real estate and renting and 30 produce goods. More than half of the surface of the municipality is covered with forests, of which two-thirds are state- owned. There are five sawmills in the municipality. Agriculture is primarily characterised by livestock breeding (cows, sheep and goats). Tourist infrastructure is well developed, and the nights spent in Kolašin have risen by more than 40% between 2007 and 2011, with 70% of guests coming from abroad in 2011.

3.1.2 Waste management

In Kolašin the public utility company (founded by the municipality) is in charge of Organisation waste management. Funding is provided by the municipality. There is a collect system for household waste. The estimated total quantity of municipal waste generated per year is 1,735 Waste quantity and tonnes, or 211 kg per capita, which is low compared to the average of about categories 500 kg in the EU 27 (data for Montenegro not available, Serbia: ca. 350 kg; EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2012). There is separate collection of construction and demolition waste (100 tonnes per year), metals (200 tonnes) and waste tyres. Hazardous waste exists (from households, batteries, car batteries, waste oil from car repair shops, from health centre and veterinary centre), but it is not a separate collection category. Currently the separate collection of waste paper is introduced in households and offices, and a positive reaction is also expected in case of the implementation of collecting further waste categories. None of the waste is subjected to treatment before disposal, and there are no recycling activities. The sites for waste disposal, located in the municipality, are classified as dumps. Disposal sites There are no plans for the remediation of disposal sites. A particular issue is the disposal at illegal dumps commonly in rivers of rural areas, from where the waste is brought down to the Tara canyon; removal of such dumps has been carried out. The intended long-term solution is a regional landfill for seven municipalities

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in northern Montenegro; on the territory of Kolašin a transfer station and recycling centre are planned. Targets Priorities for the development of the waste management are seen in collection of separate waste categories and construction of the foreseen transfer station. Recommendations  Hazardous waste: separate collection, appropriate treatment and disposal at a landfill equipped for this purpose  Stepwise introduction of separate collection for bulky waste, bio-waste, electric waste, glass and plastic  Education and information when new categories are introduced  Construction of the planned transfer station  Waste treatment  Recycling (e.g. metal)  Termination of illegal dumping:  Solution of any technical problems that could be reasons for illegal dumping (frequency of waste collection, availability of containers etc.)  Information, education and campaigning to prevent population from dispos- ing waste at illegal dumps  Remediation of dumps

3.1.3 Waste water management

Sources 95% of the waste water in Kolašin is communal waste water. The remainder originates from industry and SMEs. Waste water management is financed by the municipality and with funds from the Ministry of Tourism and Sustainable Develop- ment. Sewerage system One third of the urban area (12% of the residential area) is covered by a sewerage system. Around 50% of the waste water is discharged into the river Tara without treatment. The rest is collected in septic tanks. Industry and SME waste water is transferred to lagoons (UNEP DTIE 2000). Constructed wetlands are not used. Regulation Waste water treatment is regulated by state law. Plans A feasibility study about a waste water treatment facility and a detailed report regarding the possible influence on the environment have been generated. It is intended to extend the sewerage grid and collectors (highest priority) and treatment facilities. Recommendations  Extension of sewerage system as planned  Introduction of waste water treatment in the municipality, with facilities in groups of settlements from where the waste water can gravitate to the plant

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 Analyse feasibility of treatment of SME and industry waste water together with communal waste water; if possible, include in treatment of communal waste water  Improvement of decentralised waste water treatment for the smaller settlements in the municipality as an alternative (e.g. constructed wetlands)

3.1.4 Air pollution

Sources of air pollution in the municipality of Kolašin are household heating and Sources of air traffic (for details about heating and private transport, see sections 3.1.5 and pollution 3.1.7). It was stated that there are no SMEs that are potential sources of air pollution; there are five sawmills for which information on the existence of air pollution abatement is unavailable. Legal limit values for air quality are set by the state of Montenegro. The daily and Air quality limit annual limit or target values for particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), carbon mon- values oxide and lead in PM10 are the same as in the EU Air Quality Directive (recast 2008/50/EC). The annual limit for benzene in Montenegro (5 µg/m³) is the same concentration as was valid in the directive before a stepwise decrease started in 2006. For nitrogen dioxide, there is a limit range instead of one limit value (32- 100 µg/m³, directive: 40 µg/m³). For benzo(a)pyren the stipulated value in Mon- tenegro (0.4 ng/m³) is lower than the EU annual target value of 1 ng/m³ (Directive 2004/107/EC relating to Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Nickel and Polycyclic Aro- matic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air). There is a control point for air quality in Kolašin, located in the centre of the town Control point near the municipality building. The available measured values for the year 2012 are very high. Particulate matter PM10 (50 µg/m³) is 20% above the limit value. Nitrogen dioxide (80 µg/m³) is in the upper area of the limit range. The measured average for benzene (5 µg/m³) reaches the limit values The annual averages of ozone and carbon monoxide equal to their daily limit values (no annual limits stipulated). The removal of individual furnaces for household and hotel heating or their equip- Improvement ment with filters, and the construction by a district heating plant are considered potential as potential to improve the air quality in Kolašin. Recommendations  Construction of a district heating system with low emissions (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides) and dust filters  Usage of modern low-emission wood, pellets or wood chip boiler where individual heating systems remain in operation  Filters for heating system of large (apartment, public etc.) buildings

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3.1.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Settlement structure There are 2,900 households in the municipality. 90% of them are single-family houses. Heating Buildings in Kolašin are heated with wood or other renewable biomass, fuel oil or electricity. District heating is currently not available. Interest-free loans For wood pellet heating boilers with 20 kW per household, interest-free loans are for renewables available, as well as for thermal solar energy systems, of which 100 m² total col- lector surface are installed in the town of Kolašin. Construction of The outer walls of buildings are usually made of brick block (20x25 cm) with mor- Buildings tar and fasadeks (painting), but without insulation. There are no minimum energy standards for new buildings, and the Energy Performance Certificate is not in use. The building of new houses or the renovation of existing buildings is not subsidised. Energy consulting Energy consulting is available for industry and SMEs and for agriculture. Improvement of The light bulbs of the city lighting system have been replaced by energy saving energy efficiency light bulbs. Plans It is intended to construct a district heating plant fuelled by biomass, for which a feasibility study has already been made. Recommendations  Construction of district heating system, using wood chips or pellets; the number of connections and the length of the network should be observed in order to keep the conduction losses low (example: more than 900 kWh per metre of network and a maximum of 20% connection losses must be achieved to qualify for environmental subsidy for district heating with biomass in Austria; KPC 2012)  Energy consulting for private households  Promotion of appropriate insulation, windows and prevention of thermal bridges in new buildings and renovation (information, consulting)

3.1.6 Industry and power plants

Sawmills There are five sawmills in the municipality of Kolašin with a production capacity of 15,000 tonnes per year and a total electric energy consumption of 50,000 kWh per year. Information about the dust emissions of the sawmills is not available. Water processing There are four plants for water processing with a production capacity of 13 million litres per year. The total electric energy consumption is 600,000 kWh per year, which gives 50 kWh electric energy per m³ of water. This is high compared to 0.5–4 kWh/m³ for water supply and treatment in Europe (WSSTP 2011), or the estimated energy consumption of 0.84 kWh/m³ in US drinking water treatment plants (converted from 1,500 kWh per million gallons of water, EPA 2009), although these figures include also large plants which can be operated more efficiently. Hydropower

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There are two hydropower plants in Kolašin. One has a capacity of 6 MW and is public, the second is private with 250 kW capacity. There is a “build-operate- transfer” arrangement: the operator is allowed to use the public water ways for the plant, and in return the state becomes the owner after 30 years. The licensing process for new plants that require a permit is handled by the state Licensing and the municipality. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required, and the assessed fields include water, soil, air, biodiversity and noise. EU Best Avail- able Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) are not considered in the process.

According to study on the feasibility of hydropower utilisation, the municipality of Potential and targets Kolašin has a considerable potential for mini power plants. The estimated possible annual production is 30 GWh with 10 MW capacity using small plants. It is planned to build 10 mini hydropower plants in the rivers Morača and Tara. In case there is a development of agricultural industry, a specialised waste water treatment facility is considered another improvement potential. Recommendations  Construction of the planned mini hydropower plants

 Analysis of electricity saving potential in drinking water plants (see WSSTP 2011 and EPA 2009)  Quantification of the dust emissions from the saw mills. Immission data indicate that dust emissions cause problems in the area, therefore measures for reduction of dust emissions are recommended (enclosure of dusty operations, filters, reduction of air leakage and spillage points etc.)  Consideration of the feasibility of wood pellets production in the sawmills (if not established yet)  Treatment facility for agricultural industry waste water in case the industry is developed in the municipality

3.1.7 Transportation

Public transport in Kolašin is based on buses and trains. There is a regional bus Public transport network of 300 km, with five routes departing between four and ten times per day. There is also a 30 km school bus network with three routes served twice per day. Kolašin is located on the Belgrade-Bar railway route. 200 km of railroad are on the territory of the municipality, and each direction is served up to four times per day. The timetables of the connections are synchronised. The fare is 0.06 EUR/km. Reductions for certain passenger groups exist. Season tickets are solely available for the transportation to school. 60% of the inhabitants live in walking distance of basic services. In the urban and Pedestrians and suburban areas there are pavements in the streets. The design of crossroads cycling only partially allows safe crossing without detour for pedestrians. Bicycle stands do not exist.

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Private transport In 2012 there were 1,540 registered cars in Kolašin, so the motorisation rate is low with 184 cars per 1,000 inhabitants. 80% of the cars are older than 15 years, whereas 1% is less than two years old. There are ten mopeds and motorbikes. Two-thirds of the cars run on diesel (1.30 € per litre), 20% on unleaded (1.42 €) and 10% on leaded gasoline (1.40 €). Distribution of The car is used most (70% of trips), and a quarter of all trips are undertaken by passenger traffic bus or train. Taking the prices for tickets and fuel into account, going by car is almost twice as expensive per kilometre as public transport (without consideration of the purchase cost for the car). Commuting There is little commuting to and from other municipalities; about 30 persons are outgoing and 10 are incoming commuters. Half of the commuters go by car. Transport of goods There are 21 registered trucks (19 below 14 tonnes), of which 90% are more than 15 years old. 90% of the load is transported using trucks below 3.5 tonnes, and another 9% with 3.5–14 tonnes trucks. Fuel consumption The annual fuel consumption in the municipality is 730 tonnes of gasoline and 1460 tonnes of diesel. Fuel export is a relevant factor (incoming foreigners who fill up), whereas fuel import is not. Outlook There are no plans for further development of public transport, and the environment is not considered to be endangered by traffic. The issue of land erosion (so far not a problem) is important regarding the construction of roads. Recommendations  Introduction of monthly and annual tickets and seven-day tickets (also relevant for tourists) for public transport  Consideration of a regional or national transportation network where tickets are valid for all means of transport (especially season tickets)  Optimisation of pedestrian infrastructure (e.g. zebra crossings, layout of crossroads)

3.1.8 Tourism

Tourist activities Kolašin has winter and summer tourism. Attractions are the mountains and valleys, hiking trails, outdoor climbing, kayaking, skiing, spa, cultural sights and events, special restaurants and eco-villages. Besides downhill skiing, ski touring and Nordic skiing are organised a couple of times in the winter season. During periods with unfavourable weather periods alternatives for skiing are available: sometimes cultural and sport-recreational events (performances, sport events, gatherings) are organized and two large hotels (Bjanka and Lipka) organize their own programmes (usually concerts and parties). There is a spa in one of the hotels, together with a Turkish bath and a swimming pool. There are about 1,300 beds available in six hotels and several dozens of private accommodations. In 2011 there were 20,209 tourists (14,914 from abroad) who spent 40,539 nights in Kolašin (4.84 nights per inhabitant). Transport 60% of the guests arrive by car, 20% by airplane (and then take a car from the airport, which is 80 km away) and 20% come by train and bus. Pick-up service

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(from station etc.) is offered. During their stay, 64% of tourists use the car, 30% the bus, 5% ride bicycles and 1% scooters. Tourist accommodations are mainly heated with wood, some use electricity or Heating of fuel oil. Connection to the planned district heating would be possible, but the nec- accommodations essary funds are not available. The estimated consumption of electricity, heating energy and water per overnight Resource stay is available for two hotels, Bjanka (270 beds) and Lipka (150 beds). The consumption in consumption of all three resources is higher in hotel Bjanka. hotels The consumed electricity is ca. 18 kWh and 11 kWh per overnight stay respec- Energy tively. Both hotels have automatic light switch-off using room key cards, and time- delay switches for electric light in the hallways and toilets. The consumption level of electricity is in the same range as for German hotels where in a study an average consumption of 12 kWh per overnight stay was calculated (BERNARD & VOSS 2012). Considering the sea level (954 m) and the fact that many tourists are present in Kolašin in the winter, the consumption of heating energy, 60 kWh and 35 kWh per overnight stay, is higher but comparable to the average heating energy of 28 kWh in the mentioned study German hotels (predominantly city hotels). The sums of heat and electric energy consumption, 78 kWh and 46 kWh per overnight stay respectively, are also in the area of the average 77.2 kWh which was calculated in a survey on hotels in 15 European countries (ECOTRANS 2006). There is a swimming pool with heated water in one of the hotels. The energy for heating is not yielded from renewable sources. The estimated water consumption is 1,200 l and 800 l per overnight stay. This is Water considerably higher than the average of 394 l in European hotels (highest consumption found in 5-star rated hotels: 594 l per overnight stay, ECOTRANS 2006). There are no measures for saving water in the tourist accommodations in Kolašin. The estimated water consumption of laundry, which is done at the hotels, is low with 5 l per kg linen. There is no separation of waste in different categories in the hotels. Waste The municipality provides subsidies not directly for tourist-related investments but Subsidies for instead for maintaining the local tourist organisation, so any environmental effect tourism and of the public subsidy is dependent on the activities of the tourist organisation. ecolabel No ecolabel is in use at the tourist facilities in Kolašin. The priority target for the environmental situation in tourism is the appreciation Greening potential and protection of the mountains, lakes and rivers. This refers in particular to waste dump sites and the sewerage system in town. Illegal dumpsites that represented a big problem in both a touristic and ecological sense have already been removed. Recommendations  Introduction of a national or international ecolabel in cooperation with local tourist organisation to promote eco-friendly development in tourist accommodations and other facilities

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 Measures for saving water in the hotels (water volume controllers for showers and toilets, reuse of towels for more than one day, economical usage of water for swimming pool etc.)  Separate collection of waste categories  Remediation of waste dumps and management of waste water (see sections 3.1.2 and 3.1.3)

3.1.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON KOLAŠIN (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Kolašin and text parts of this report, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE KOLAŠIN (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Kolašin to “Envi- ronmental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Mu- nicipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews, data collection and text parts of this report conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

BERNARD, S. & VOSS, K. (2012): Energieverbrauch in der Hotellerie [Energy consumption in Hotel Business]. In: DBZ SPEZIAL, 10/2012, pp. 39-42. http://www.enob.info/fileadmin/media/Publikationen/EnOB/Fachartikel/DB Z_Voss_Energieverbrauch_Hotels_pdf.pdf

ECOTRANS (2006): Environmental initiatives by European tourism businesses – Instruments, indicators and practical examples. http://sutour.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/englisch/downloads/sutour_lores_en.pdf

EPA’S CLEAN ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT TECH FORUM (2009): Clean Energy Opportu- nities in Water & Wastewater Treatment Facilities – Background and Resources. http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/documents/pdf/background_pa- per_wastewater_1-15-2009.pdf

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UMWELTBUNDESAMT (2008): Business to Business Relations in der öster- reichischen Holzwirtschaft [Business to Business Relations in the Austrian Tim- ber Industry] http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0165.pdf

UNEP DTIE – UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, DIVISION OF TECHNO- LOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMICS (2000): Environmentally Sound Technologies in wastewater treatment for the implementation of the UNEP Global Programme of Action (GPA) “Guidance on Municipal Wastewater” in collaboration with Murdoch University Environmental Technology Centre. http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Freshwater/SB_summary/8.asp

WINENERGY (1997): Energiekennzahlen und –sparpotenziale in der Sägeindus- trie [Energy Performance Figures and Saving Potentials in the Sawmill Industry]. http://www.win.steiermark.at/cms/doku- mente/11263987_52485981/2f678050/Energiekennzahlen%20und%20Spar- potenziale%20in%20der%20S%C3%A4geindustrie.pdf

WSSTP – EUROPEAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM (2011): Water and Energy – Strategic vision and research needs. http://www.wsstp.eu/files/WSSTPX0001/communication%20tools/scientific %20publication/WssTP%20Water%20and%20Energy%20Scien- tific%20Publication%2009_2011.pdf

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3.2 Municipality of Plužine

3.2.1 General information

Geography and Plužine is a municipality with 3,246 inhabitants in the northwest of Montenegro population on the border to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The lake Piva, which was formed by the construction of a hydropower plant on river Piva, and the river Tara are on the territory of the municipality. There is a number of endemic plant species, and most plants endangered in Montenegro can still be found in Plužine. 60% of the population live in rural areas of the municipality. The population decreased by 25% between 2003 and 2011. Plužine is connected to the highway M-18 between the capitals Podgorica and Sarajevo. A water supply system exists in the central part of the town but requires repairs due to significant water losses. The electric power supply system requires new transmission lines because it is affected by frequent blackouts.

Figure 3: Location of the municipality of Plužine (dark yellow) in Montenegro

Economic structure Most employees work for public organisations: the municipal administration, the public utility companies, education, health and other public services. Another important employer is the hydropower station Piva. There are 31 SMEs in the municipality, of which 22 are micro-enterprises. Plužine has an electrode factory, companies for timber and wood processing, agriculture, trade and catering and tourism. There are 865 farm households. The focus in agriculture is on livestock (sheep and goats), fruit and honey; fishery is increasing. The natural resources provide the basis for tourism, and there are ethno-villages and touristic households which provide an alternative kind of experience to the visitors.

3.2.2 Waste management

Organisation The public utility company is in charge of waste management in the municipality of Plužine. Financing is shared between the municipality, the public utility company, and fees of which 15% come from households and 85% from businesses. For household waste there is a bring system.

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The estimated quantity of municipal waste is 645 tonnes per year, or 199 kg per Quantity capita, which is low compared to the average of about 500 kg in the EU 27 (data for Montenegro not available, Serbia: ca. 350 kg; EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2012). Waste is collected in several separate categories: municipal waste, construction Collection and demolition waste, bulky waste, waste tyres, electric devices, metals (largest category except municipal waste: 15 tonnes per year) and hazardous waste. Cit- izens and companies show an interest in waste separation, and therefore additional categories for paper (298 tonnes per year), glass (39 tonnes), and plastic (16 tonnes) are considered feasible. Of the collected categories, construction and demolition waste, bulky waste, met- Waste treatment als and hazardous waste undergo treatment before disposal. 96 t of waste are activities subjected to mechanical treatment per year. There is also treatment of 1 t of hazardous waste per year. The disposal site for waste is characterised as dump. The location is in the neigh- Disposal bouring municipality of Nikšić. The construction of a landfill for solid waste from the municipalities Nikšić, Šavnik and Plužine is foreseen in the Strategic Devel- opment Plan for the municipality of Nikšić. Waste management is considered to have improvement potential by the introduc- Potential tion of recycling. Recommendations  Introduction of the waste collection categories paper, glass, plastic and at least in town also bio-waste, which is typically a large part of municipal waste and can be treated and recycled well  Recycling of waste together with other municipalities  Treatment of municipal waste to reduce the amount for landfilling (mechanical- biological treatment, incineration) together with other municipalities  Construction of the planned landfill in Nikšić and remediation of the current disposal site

3.2.3 Waste water management

About 70% of the waste water in the municipality is communal waste water and Organisation the rest comes from industry and SMEs. Waste water management is financed to 70% by the municipality, 20% by the public utility company and 10% from other sources. There is a sewerage system which collects 1,288 m³ per day including the SME Sewerage and and industry waste waters. There is no treatment. The waste water is discharged discharge deep into the lake Piva. In the rural areas the waste water is delivered to septic tanks. The project documentation for the construction of sewage collectors and a waste Plans and priorities water treatment plan is currently prepared. The priority is seen in the construction of the treatment plant, after which the degree of connection to the system should be increased. Ideally all urbanised parts of the municipality should be connected to a sewerage system.

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Recommendations  Realisation of the planned waste water treatment plant  Completion of the sewerage system  Consideration of constructed wetlands as an alternative to septic tanks for the sparsely populated areas of the municipality

3.2.4 Air pollution

Sources Industry and SMEs, household heating and traffic are the contributors to air pollution in Plužine. Concerning SMEs there are the electrode factory Plužine and the sawmill and wood processing plant Brezna where chemical processes are potential sources of air pollution. There is no treatment of the air emissions. There are no emission data available, but from the nature of the activities and from the absence of treatment it can be expected that there are emissions of dust, metals and volatile organic compounds. Air quality Air quality is regulated at state level, but there is no control point located in the municipality. Improvement Potential to improve the environmental situation concerning emissions to the air is seen in the usage of eco-fuel and the treatment of waste gases from the electrode plant and the sawmill. Recommendations  Quantification of the dust and gaseous emissions from the SMEs  Management of processes to reduce formation of air pollutants (containment of dusty operations, filters, reduction of air leakage and spillage points etc.)  Appropriate treatment of waste gases of the electrode plant and the saw mill  Eco-fuels are a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

3.2.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Heating systems Buildings in Plužine are heated with wood stoves or electricity. District heating is not available. About half of the households in the municipality are in the central settlement area. Construction and Buildings for housing commonly have outer walls made of 5 cm concrete (no in- energy standards sulation). National legislation for the introduction of minimum energy standards is in progress, and the competent authorities for enforcement will be the state (Min- istries of Economy and Sustainable Development and Tourism) as well as the Secretariat for Urbanism and Planning on the local level. Energy Performance Certificates will be introduced in 2014. Energy consulting is available for private housing as well as for industry and SMEs and tourist accommodations. Subsidies and Subsidies exist both for building of new houses and for renovation, but criteria of audits energy efficiency are not part of the requirements.

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Subsidies or supported feed-in tariffs for electricity from renewable energy sources do not exist at the moment. There have not been any energy audits in the municipality of Plužine. A programme for increasing the energy efficiency and promotion of the utilisation Potential of renewable energy sources in SMEs is considered a possibility for greening regarding energy. It would give the SMEs the opportunity to improve their profit- ability by reducing energy costs. The addressed fields for energy efficiency might include modern equipment and heating systems, insulation and doors, light bulbs etc., and the local self-government could give support regarding documentation (technical, business plans), selection and promotion of projects and coordination. Recommendations  Energy audits in public institutions, SMEs and tourist accommodations to iden- tify potentials for increasing energy efficiency  Promotion of renovation of buildings with low energy efficiency, especially appropriate insulation, windows and prevention of thermal bridges  Introduction of energy efficiency as a criterion for subsidies in the building sector (insulation etc.)  Consideration of the feasibility of district heating for the town of Plužine  Promotion of modern low-emission wood, pellets and chips boilers

3.2.6 Industry and power plants

In Plužine there is the large hydropower plant Piva with a capacity of 342 MW. Plants A project to construct a wind power plant has been initiated at Krnovo on the territory of the municipalities Nikšić, Šavnik and Plužine. The issuance of the building permit is in progress. There is an electrode factory in the municipality. The waste water is discharged to the sewerage system without treatment, from where is goes directly into the lake Piva (data on concentrations unavailable). The state is in charge of the licensing process for plants that require a permit. In Permits for power addition to general technical, juridical and economic prerequisites, Environmental plants Impact Assessment (EIA) is necessary. The information from EU Best Available Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) is applied in the assessment. It is considered necessary to establish the principal of integration for the protec- Improvement tion of the environment at the bodies of the local self-government in all sectors of potential policies. This includes the principles of prevention and precaution, sustainable development and responsibility of the polluter, and it should be implemented through permits, technical and other standards. Recommendations  Construction of the planned wind power plant  Analysis if the waste water from the electrode factory will impair proper functioning of the planned waste water treatment plant; if yes: pre-treatment or treatment as required before discharge into the sewerage system

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 Appropriate management of operation and air emission reduction measures in electrode production factory  Development of integrated environmental protection policy in the local self- government by raising awareness for interdependencies, establishment of collaboration, exchange of experience with other authorities etc.

3.2.7 Transportation

Public transport There is a regional bus route with three connections per day and five local routes with one departure per day. The timetables are synchronised. The fare is 0.30 € per kilometre. The tickets are valid for different routes. There are no season tickets (annual, seven-day etc.), but reductions for certain groups of the population exist. Pedestrians and The population living in Plužine town, that is 41% of the total population of the cycling municipality, lives in walking distance of basic services. Pavements exist in the urban and suburban streets with motor traffic, and at crossroads the streets can be safely crossed by pedestrians without detour. Bicycle stands are not available. Private transport The number of registered cars in the municipality is 956 (10 new ones per year), and trucks so the motorisation rate is low with 295 cars per 1,000 inhabitants. 30% of the cars are older than 15 years and another 30% older than ten years, while 10% are less than two years old. The distribution is similar for trucks, of which 20 below 14 tonnes and 15 above 14 tonnes are registered. There are ten mopeds and motorbikes. Fuel 80% of the cars run on diesel, which is 1.30 € per litre. Each 10% run on Eurosu- per 95 and 98, which is 1.40 € and 1.45 €. Leaded gasoline is not in stock any more. Distribution between Cars are used for more than 80% of all trips, 15% of trips are accomplished by means of transport local public transport, and the rest is on foot or by bike. The price per kilometre is less than half as high when going by car as compared to public transport (if only the price for tickets and fuel is considered but not the purchase of the car). Commuting There are 60 outgoing daily commuters and 50 incoming commuters. Of the latter group, 85% are estimated to travel by car. Fuel consumption The annual fuel consumption is 250 t of gasoline and 450 t diesel. Fuel export occurs to a relevant extent (foreigners who come to purchase fuel), whereas fuel import does not. Plans There are plans for the development of public transport in order to increase the number of passengers. Recommendations  Increase of the number of departures per day in public transport  Reduction of the price per kilometre for public transport  Analysis and adjustment of the public transport to the requirements of commuters (departure times, destinations etc.) and of tourists (routes from accommodation to hiking trails etc.)  Introduction of season tickets for public transport

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3.2.8 Tourism

Tourist attractions in Plužine are cruises on the lake Piva, caves, hiking and biking Attractions trails, mountain and canyon climbing, rafting on the river Tara, jeep safaris, fishing, hunting and ethno-, eco- and healthy food tourism. There is a beach on the lake Piva. Skiing has only little significance; there is a modest potential for Nordic skiing and 5 km of marked ski trail are planned. Two-thirds of the guests arrive by car. The other ones come by bus, and pick-up Transport service is possible if pre-booked. During the stay, 20% go by bicycle. There is one hotel with 40 beds and 300 beds in the six ethno-villages of the municipality as well as 200 beds in private accommodations, and there are also rafting camps. The construction of accommodation buildings and the energy sources for heating are the same as for other buildings (see section 3.2.5). There are no technical measures for saving water and electricity in the accommodations due to lack of funds, but there are plans for the hotel concerning electricity. The laundry is done at the hotel. Collection of waste in different categories does not exist. There are subsidies for financing of programme activities from the municipality, Subsidies from foreign donors for approved projects and from the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism for the preparation and marking of national cycle trails. Ecolabels are not in use by the tourist accommodations or other facilities. Ecolabels Potential for the improvement of the environmental situation concerning tourism Potential is mainly identified in the rural areas and include protection of nature and waste collection and treatment. In case of the introduction of a Local Action Plan for Ecology the priorities and activities would be part of it. Recommendations  Request the guests to help saving resources (information folders and stickers in rooms):  Heat (avoidance of over-heating, opening windows for short periods for fresh air instead of constantly tilted windows, reduction of temperature in rooms when not booked etc.)  Water (usage of towels for more than one day)  Electricity (switch of light when leaving room or bathroom)  Prevention of waste and litter deposition in the nature:  Installation of dustbins along trails, plaques which ask the hikers not to drop litter elsewhere etc.  Solution of any technical problems which could lead to dumping of waste in the rural areas by the inhabitants (distance to waste collection, availability of containers etc.) and campaigning  Introduction of a national or of international ecolabels and support for tourist facilities in the application process  Improvement of energy efficiency of buildings (investments with cost-saving effect)

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 Introduction of waste separation also in tourist facilities

3.2.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON PLUŽINE (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Plužine, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

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4 SERBIA

4.1 Recommendations for Serbia

Serbia has adopted a series of laws and regulations for environmental protection Current situation and this process is continuing. The next steps should include the implementation of the legislation in order to transfer the legal advancements into practical progress. As to the question of funding of necessary technical adjustments, existing subsi- Financing of dies (e.g. for tourism) can be coupled to environmental criteria, or projects for environmental greening could be prioritised in the allocation of funds. Another financing model measures that has been successfully applied in Austria is a combination of public subsidies (up to 35% of investment costs), consulting and long-term loans for environmental investment, all of which is managed by a state-owned specialist bank, the Kommunalkredit Public Consulting. It has been in charge of the support schemes of the Republic of Austria since the early 1990s and the customers are municipalities, businesses and private persons who want to invest in energy supply, energy efficiency, water, remediation of contaminated sites, traffic, air, noise, waste and climate measures (KPC 2012). In Germany the Kreditanstalt für Wied- eraufbau (KfW) offers similar financing models.

Waste management There are a number of aspects in waste management where measures can be Landfills recommended. The first concerns landfills and dumps: existing or new landfills should be constructed to state of the art (coverage, leachate collection, landfill gas collection). Secondly, the implementation of hazardous waste management according to the Hazardous waste legislation is suggested to be continued. Hazardous waste from both private households and enterprises should be collected separately, treated accordingly, and disposal should only take place on sites specifically equipped for the purpose. Infectious and other hazardous medical waste should also be treated in an adequate way. Furthermore it is advisable to promote a collect system for municipal waste eve- Waste collection rywhere, and to include all settlements into the waste collection system. It is also and treatment recommended to improve the collection rates of other waste categories. On the one hand this requires a sufficient number collection points (green islands etc.; for paper, collection at households is recommended) so that they can be conven- iently reached by all citizens, and on the other hand campaigns (advertisements, information, TV spots etc.) and education (kindergartens, schools) of the population on why and how to correctly conduct waste separation. Where the collection of different waste categories is well established, treatment and recycling should be started or extended as the next step. It is also recommended to complete the legislative process of adding bio-waste as a new category and implement collection and treatment because bio-waste is one of the waste streams with the highest quantity in the reviewed municipalities.

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Waste prevention Information and promotion is recommended also concerning waste prevention, for example:  Design and purchase of durable products  Design and purchase of re-usable and recyclable products  Packaging (avoidance of products with multiple packaging, reusable bags for shopping etc.)  Usage of rechargeable batteries  Attractiveness of re-usage, recycling and waste prevention for businesses and households (costs for waste management, taxes and charges)  Minimisation of cuttings in production Waste incineration The necessary regulation for waste incineration and co-incineration exists, but these practises were not found in the three reviewed municipalities; instead, municipal is disposed of without treatment. It is recommended to subject all municipal waste to incineration before disposal to reduce the quantity and possibly also use the waste heat.

Waste water management Treatment The general implementation of communal waste water treatment should be promoted, starting with large agglomerations. In the EU Urban Waste-Water Treat- ment Directive (91/271/EEC), the introduction of waste water treatment is stipulated for all agglomerations with more than 2,000 population equivalents. The location of treatment plants should allow the waste water to flow in by gravitation to avoid energy consumption for pumping. Sewerage To be able to achieve this goal, the completion of local sewerage systems is a necessary step. Financing Co-financing, low-interest loans as well as technical consulting can help municipalities to be able to construct waste water plants. Depending on the sector and the load, industry and SME waste water can often be treated together with communal waste water, so business contributions can be a part of financing for plant construction. Decentralised For sparsely populated areas, decentralised waste water treatment (like con- treatment structed wetlands) can be more ecologically sensible. Where septic tanks are used, regular maintenance should be ensured to avoid spilling through leakages.

Air quality Industry and SMEs Waste gases of SMEs and industry should be subjected to appropriate treatment. It is also advisable to modernise outdated equipment, and to optimise the operating conditions and ensure that maintenance service is carried out regularly. This can be achieved by imposing conditions for permits of installations to be newly built or modified, and by financial incentives for existing installations. Heating It is recommended promote the replacement of lignite and fuel oil for heating by district heating, low-emissions biomass boilers, geothermal or solar energy sources or natural gas.

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Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy Energy consulting for citizens and companies is a suitable way to improve energy Energy consulting efficiency because it raises awareness and helps to translate theoretical insights into practical, individual solutions. It is recommended to provide training programmes for energy consultants or for professionals in the building and energy sector. Appropriate insulation (ceiling / roof, walls, floor / cellar), sealing of windows and Buildings the prevention of thermal bridges to improve the energy efficiency of buildings should be promoted. This applies to both renovation and new, to public and to private buildings. Information and education should be provided for the population on the one hand and for professionals in the building sector on the other hand. The measures might include publicity in campaigns and media with information about energy efficient construction, positive examples of public buildings and other best-practice projects (apartment houses etc.), national architecture awards for energy efficient building (including controlled air ventilation, blinds etc. to prevent heat loss or excessive air conditioning) etc. Energy efficient building should be the prerequisite for public building projects. Another advisable measure is to start the application of the Energy Performance Energy Performance Certificate for which the legislation already exists. Certificate

Industry and power plants It is recommended to enforce and support step by step the implementation of the Current and future existing legislation and standards concerning the impact of industry on environ- standards for ment. The next development step for large installations should be the transposi- installations tion of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED, 2010/75/EC), part of which is the enhanced role of the Best Available Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) for the issuance of the permit (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2013). For the development of laws and detailed regulations it is advisable to involve all Development of stakeholders (licensing authorities, companies, inspectors etc.) and to include legislation transitional periods in order to ensure the applicability of the legislation in practice. Two of the three reviewed municipalities have significant potential for wind energy Wind energy as source of electricity. It is recommended to promote feasibility studies and the construction of wind parks in suitable areas in Serbia.

Transportation Pedestrians play an important role for the reduction of negative impacts from the Pedestrian transportation sector on the environment. In all three reviewed municipalities, infrastructure pavements exist only in a part of the urban and suburban streets with motor traffic, and at crossroads it is not everywhere possible to cross safely without detour. It is therefore recommended to ensure a favourable street layout and infrastructure for pedestrians (pavements, sufficient density of zebra-crossings etc.) by construction regulations or by raising the awareness among the responsible planning commissions.

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Tourism Protection of nature In order for tourism to benefit from the available natural resources and landscapes in the Danube region, it is necessary that they remain intact. Therefore pollution from the illegal deposition of waste or discharge of untreated waste waters should be avoided or remediated, to prevent or reduce permanent harm. Campaigns to protect nature especially in National Parks and other protected areas can be carried out to convince tourists and local inhabitants to restrain from throw away litter or dump waste. To avoid discharge of untreated waste water, the municipalities should be encouraged to establish waste water sewerage and treatment systems. Subsidies There are subsidies for numerous development activities awarded by the Tourism Department of the Ministry of Finance and Economy which can also be used to for greening projects but are generally independent of ecological criteria. It is recommended to introduce the requirement or preferential treatment of applications with positive impact on the environment, specific programmes dedicated to greening in tourism etc., using the existing instrument of subsidies. Ecolabel It is recommended to promote ecolabel for tourist accommodations and other facilities for tourists, either a national, the EU Ecolabel (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2010) or other international labels. This can trigger greening of tourism in several fields, like saving water, energy efficiency and waste management. There are two advantages for environment: the direct effects at the destination, and the indirect effect of raising environmental awareness among the guests. For the hotels, the positive effects are cost savings (especially for energy) and an image benefit.

References

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2013): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Ref- erence Documents on Best Available Techniques. http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/

KPC - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting (2012): Activity Report 2011. http://www.publicconsulting.at/uploads/kpc_leistungsber- icht_2011_online.pdf

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4.2 National Environmental Legislation

This section provides an overview on the current state of national environmental legislation in Serbia in comparison to the relevant EU legislation. A comprehensive review can be found in the report on the Legal Gap Analysis from January 2011 which was carried out in the frame of the Technical Assistance for Devel- opment of a national Environmental Approximation Strategy (TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 2011). Most of the legislation was adopted in the recent years, so efforts and support are still required for the implementation, enforcement and development of the necessary skills of the responsible authorities.

Waste The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) of the European Union has been General transposed in large part into the Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette RS, No. 36/09, 6/09 and 88/10). Examples of Directive contents which have not been transposed include the requirement for separate collection of bio-waste (in progress), the concept of “by-products” of production processes residues, which do not have to be considered as waste, or of the “end-of-waste” status – certain material that after recovery / recycling operations has turned into in a commonly used substance or object is not to be considered as waste any more. The Serbian Law on Waste Management instead establishes the concept of “secondary raw materials” which differs from the end-of-waste status (TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 2011). Concerning hazardous waste, Serbian legislation is almost fully in accordance with EU legislation, and the implementation of the adopted legislation is progressing well (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012). Incineration and co-incineration of waste is regulated in the Law on Waste Man- Incineration and co- agement and in particular in an Ordinance (Official Gazette RS, No. 102/2010 incineration and 50/2012), which transposes the Waste Incineration Directive (2000/76/EC, WID) of the European Union.

Water and Waste Water Treatment The Serbian Regulation on Emission Limit Values for Pollutants into Water and Waste water Deadlines for the Achievement of the Mentioned ELVs (Official Gazette RS, No. 67/2011 and 48/2012) transposes the Urban Waste-Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) of the European Union (as an exception, a higher emission value for biochemical oxygen demand, BOD, is accepted if it is proved that discharged waste waters will not negatively affect water course quality). The document also regulates the emission of waste waters from various technological installations which cause special waste waters differing from urban waste water. The Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) has partly been transposed Water into the Law on Waters. Aspects of the Directive not covered by the Law on Wa- ters are water pricing, groundwater from which useful mineral raw materials or geothermal energy can be extracted, the content of programmes of measures and competent authorities as well as a deadline for the achievement of good ecological status and potential for water bodies and some required definitions and clarifications (TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 2011). The Serbian part of the Danube

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River Basin Management Plan characterization work has been completed in accordance with the Water Framework Directive (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

Air quality The EU Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC) has been transposed into the Serbian Law on Air Protection. A new national calibration laboratory for air monitors was established. There is a new analytical laboratory for air pollutants at the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), but generally SEPA has severe limi- tations in capacity and budget for air quality activities (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

Large combustion plants for heating and electricity Status The EU Large Combustion Plants Directive (LCP Directive, 2001/80/EC) has been transposed into the Regulation on Emission Limit Values of Pollutants in the Air in Serbia. In 2010, the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED, 2010/75/EC) replaced the Large Combustion Plants Directive in the European Union. The IED is currently being transposed in the EU member states and the parts replacing the LCP Directive have not been transposed in Serbia so far.

Emission limit For sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and dust the same emission limit values for air values (ELV) as in the LCP Directive are stipulated in Serbia. The Regulation on pollutants Emission Limit Values of Pollutants in the Air additionally specifies emission limit values for carbon monoxide (CO) for gas fired combustion plants which correspond to the ELV in the IED. The Serbian law also stipulates CO emission limit values also for combustion plants using solid or liquid fuels.

Industry The EU Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Directive (IPPC Directive, 96/61/EC, codified version 2008/1/EC) has been transposed into the Law on In- tegrated Pollution Prevention and Pollution Control of the Environment in Serbia. In 2010, the IPPC Directive was replaced by the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED, 2010/75/EC). The IED is currently being transposed in the EU member states and the IPPC-replacing parts of the IED have not been transposed in Ser- bia so far.

Energy Efficiency A framework law on the rational use of energy is in the planning stage. The first annual programme with € 13 million for funding energy efficiency projects in the public sector was adopted in 2012 (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

Energy Efficiency in Buildings The Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (2010/31/EU) has been transposed into the Regulation on Energy Efficiency of Buildings (Official Gazette

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RS, No. 61/11) and the Regulation on Conditions, Content and Manner of Issu- ance of Certificates on Energy Performance of Buildings (Official Gazette RS, No 69/12).

Renewable Energy The Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC) has been partly transposed into the Energy Law in Serbia (Official Gazette RS, No.s 57/2011, 80/2011 corrected, 93/2012 and 124/2012). Feed-in tariffs, administrative procedures for issuing construction permits, licensing and network connections are examples where adjustment of the Energy Law is required to be in line with the directive and to serve as a regulatory basis for the encouragement of increased use of renewable energy sources (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2012).

References

UMWELTBUNDESAMT (2013): Information acquired from sector experts of the Um- weltbundesamt involved in the Twinning Projects SR/10/IB/EN/01 (Strengthening the Serbian Environmental Inspection and Relevant Stakeholders) and SR/08/IB/EN/01 (Strengthening institutional capacity in hazardous waste management).

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2012): Serbia 2012 Progress Report. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2012/package/sr_rap- port_2012_en.pdf

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE for Development of a national Environmental Approxima- tion Strategy (EAS), Partners: Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Ser- bia and EPTISA Servicios de Ingeniería S.L, PM Group (2011): Legal Gap Anal- ysis. http://www.easserbia.rs/Doc/Briefing_Note/Legal_Gap_Analysis_e.pdf

TWINNING – Strengthening Institutional Capacity in Hazardous Waste Manage- ment, Partners: Ministry of Energy, Development and Environmental Protection, Serbia and Umweltbundesamt (Environment Agency Austria), Project IPA SR 2008-IB-EN-01 (2010 – 2013), Component III: Waste Incineration Manual. http://www.twinning-hw.rs/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Manual-on-Waste- Incineration.pdf

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4.1 Municipality of Pančevo

4.1.1 General information

Location and The municipality of Pančevo is located 15 km from Belgrade in the Autonomous population Province of Vojvodina, South Banat District. The municipality is embodied by the rivers Danube and Tamiš. The city Pančevo is the centre of the political municipality and the South Banat District. The municipality has 123,414 inhabitants in ten settlements (2011 census), of which seven are rural, but 73% of the population live in the three urban settlements, mainly in Pančevo. Natural resources Beside the Danube, which has two islands on the territory of the municipality and an average width of 600-700 metres downstream Pančevo, natural resources include river Tamiš with several meanders, the archaeological area at the town Starčevo with neolithic excavations, a recreation park from the 19th century, the Nature Park Ponjavica and a natural monument area with 200-250 year old trees. Traffic and The traffic position is very advantageous with highways, the large Danube har- infrastructure bour and the railway connection to the Adriatic (Belgrade – Bar) as well as the international airport in the vicinity, and Pančevo has the function of a north-south traffic gate between the Banat region and the rest of Serbia. Roads in the municipality are equipped with modern layers, and all settlements are supplied with electricity and water either from the central or local water supply systems.

Figure 4: Pančevo in the South Banat region

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Important economic sectors are the processing industry, various private enter- Economy prises, motor vehicle sale and repair, education, health care and social protection, civil engineering, water and waste water, agriculture. Pančevo has large plants for petrochemistry, fertilizer production and a refinery. In the South Banat District there are 2,787 registered SMEs and 14 large enterprises. 84.5% of the municipal territory are used for agriculture, especially crop farming.

4.1.2 Waste management

Waste management is conducted through a collect system by local utility compa- Organisation of nies in every settlement in the municipality, with the exception of the settlement waste management Ivanovo, where the local community has to maintain public hygiene. The organisation is similar in all settlements with some aspects more advanced in Pančevo itself. For financing waste management, size-dependent fees are collected from households and businesses. Most utility companies suffer from shortage of personnel. Official waste containers exist, but the majority of waste receptacles are of improvised character. The estimated amount of municipal waste is 45,000 tonnes per year (for the set- Municipal waste per tlements Pančevo and Starčevo with 84,702 inhabitants), which makes 530 kg of capita waste per capita and year and is higher than the average in Serbia of about 350 kg or in the EU 27 of 500 kg (EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2012). There is no program or system for reducing waste at the place of its origin. The amount of bio-waste is 25,000 tonnes per year, presumably from agriculture and food industry. On about 60% of the territory of the City of Pančevo separate collection of waste Collection categories for recycling exists, i.e. for glass, metals, paper and plastic waste, but not for hazardous waste. The collected or recycled amounts are low compared to the quantity of municipal waste (each category below 1%). A problem is that the dedicated receptacles partially contain mixed waste. Unofficial gathering of secondary raw materials from the bins and containers for mixed waste by the citizens is common. The disposed municipal waste contains considerable amounts of different waste types, among them also hazardous waste. There are no sanitary landfills on the territory of the municipality. In the settle- Disposal sites ments around Pančevo there are a number of shortcomings, some of which also apply in the city: There is a lack of guidelines on how to operate disposal sites. The waste is currently deposited on dumps, in most cases without environmental protection measures. Only a small number of the dumps are partially fenced. There are problems with inadequate transport vehicles and access roads. The dumps occupy a significant portion of land in the immediate vicinity of settled areas. The waste is spread and levelled occasionally, alongside with covering the waste with inert material. Unhygienic collection of recyclable waste also occurs directly on disposal sites. In addition to waste disposal dumps, spillage of large quantities of hazardous Spillage waste from the extensive chemical and oil industry in Pančevo happened as a consequence of the NATO bombing in 1999. A new landfill for non-hazardous waste is constructed but suffers from weak- nesses such as outdated or lack of equipment, problems with leachate collection and no landfill gas collection.

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Hazardous waste There are several categories of hazardous waste created in the municipality Pančevo:  Hazardous waste of municipal origin: waste oils and fat, old vehicles, car batteries, sprays, varnishes etc.  Industrial hazardous waste (industrial facilities produce over 40 types of various hazardous waste)  Medical hazardous waste, coming from ten medical centres and the Clinical Centre for south Banat, a heterogeneous mixture of classical municipal waste, infected, pathological and laboratory waste, packing waste, medicine drugs, disinfectants, and occasionally there is low radioactive and hazardous chemical waste  Hazardous agricultural agents (pesticides etc.) Record of hazardous waste of municipal origin could not be found. There is no organized collection and disposal of hazardous waste with municipal origin. Nei- ther is information available on quantities of hazardous medical waste nor on the methods for collection and final treatment. For hazardous waste of industrial origin information is incomplete (for available information see section 4.1.6 on industry). Development targets Actions concerning the landfill situation are considered to be among the priority targets for the development of waste management in Pančevo. In particular, closure, remediation and recultivation of all dump sites, removal of the illegal landfills, and equipping the new sanitary landfill with leachate and landfill gas installations as well as putting the landfill into operation are named as priority tasks. Likewise, equipping and commissioning of the centre for collecting and sorting of recyclable materials are viewed as important. For biodegradable waste, pre-treatment and reduction of the amount in accordance with upcoming legal regulations is to be organised. Recommendations  Hazardous waste of various origins: development and implementation of a concept for collection, adequate treatment and disposal  Reduction of the amount of municipal waste, by  Actions for waste prevention: education in kindergartens and schools, information campaigns for adults; reduction of packaging materials in production and sale of consumer goods  Promotion of separate collection of waste categories instead of mixing different categories in municipal waste  Equipment of the new sanitary landfill to state-of-the-art level  Remediation of dumpsites and illegal landfills  Separate collection of waste categories in the whole municipality to enable specialised treatment and recycling  Additional categories: electric devices, bio-waste, construction and demolition waste etc. to enable recycling and adequate treatment

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 Information and education on why and how to separate of waste (reduce mixing)  Increase of waste treatment and recycling activities  Waste incineration (to reduce waste to be landfilled): analysis if the amount of residual fraction of municipal waste (after sorting) is enough to utilise the capacity of a waste incineration plant; if not: transfer to another plant, or cooperation with other municipalities to achieve sufficient capacity for economic operation of a waste incineration plant. Utilisation of the waste heat is also recommended.  Co-incineration of waste: quality analysis of separated, collected or sorted fractions regarding suitability for co-incineration (industry)

4.1.3 Waste water management

Waste water management is financed by the municipality. Pančevo has commu- Sewerage system nal and industrial waste waters occur. The part of communal waste water which and discharge is collected in a sewerage system (200 km, 9,000 buildings connected) makes up approximately 16,000 m³ per day, or about 80-85% of the collected waste water. The remainder of collected waste water originates from a small number of industrial facilities in the south industrial zone, mostly without pre-treatment. After mixing with storm water from a separate collection network, the waste water is discharged into the Danube downstream the estuary Tamiš without treatment. A smaller number of households and SMEs, mainly in other settlements than Septic tanks and Pančevo, use permeable septic tanks and absorbing wells or discharge into other discharge nearby waterways and canals without treatment. systems The refinery and the petrochemistry plant have their own facilities for primary and Large factories secondary treatment of waste water. Other factories that are not connected to the sewerage system discharge the waste water to rivers and canals such as Mali rit or Nadel (untreated). Waste water is regulated by state law and at municipal level. Emission limit values Regulation for the pH value, nitrogen and phosphorus in treated water apply and correspond to the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (nitrogen, phosphorus) or Aus- trian legislation (pH). Measured values from a day in November 2012 are within the limits for pH and show low biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), whereas the nitrogen concentration is seven times the limit value and phosphorus more than twice as high (location of the measurement point unknown, the elevated nutrient concentrations might originate from the fertilizer plant). A study on the necessity of constructing a facility for waste water treatment in the Future plans city and the surrounding settlements has been made, and a treatment facility is considered to be required for the city. In the village Banatsko Novo Selo a network with treatment facility has been partially developed, and the other settlements are in different phases of project development. Recommendations  Introduction of waste water treatment in the municipality, either with a central facility or separate plants in single or groups of settlements

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 Completion of the sewerage system  Construction or retrofitting of pre-treatment for those special industry waste waters discharged into the sewerage system, which the communal waste water plant will not be able to deal with appropriately, or separate treatment facilities (on site)

4.1.4 Air pollution

Sources and data Sources of air pollution in Pančevo are mainly industry and SMEs, household availability heating and traffic. There are 14 boiler rooms in different companies, schools, a sports facility and a market centre. Other installations from which emissions originate are three mills and silos for agricultural products, an asphalt base company and a heating plant of a public utility company. Available data are average emissions from eight boiler rooms and two factories for agricultural products and feedstuff with mills and silos. The process of data collection is currently being improved by enterprises submitting the emission data for 2012 to the Local Reg- istry by themselves, instead of individual requests by the inspection authority. Boiler rooms The average data (year 2011) from eight boiler rooms show high emissions of nitrogen oxides (762.52 mg/Nm³), sulphur dioxide (1435.37 mg/Nm³) and carbon monoxide (581.37). Abatement of dust The SMEs which operate mills and silos are equipped with treatment systems to emissions reduce the emission of dust. The factories HSC Jabuka (producing starch) and JSC Ratar use bag filters, while JSC Granexport uses a central system of aspi- ration with cyclone dust separators for the silos and bag filters for the mills. De- spite this, the average dust emissions of 728.10 mg/Nm³ in 2011 are higher than achievable levels of 60 mg/Nm³ or lower in the food industry (including milling operations, EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2006a) or 10 mg/m³ for storage in silos (EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2006b). Air quality control There are ten air quality control points located across Pančevo where several parameters are measured. Beside a total of chemical and physical parameters, pollen of 24 plant species is also monitored. A selection of data for 2011 which fulfil the quality criteria (90% valid data on annual level), originating from different points, is available. The limit values are stipulated by the state, and for those pollutants which are covered by the EU Air Quality Directive the limits are mostly equal. Measured air quality All available measured values of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot as well as lead, cadmium, mercury, zinc, nickel, chromium VI and arsenic in total suspended particulate matters were below the respective limit or target values. The annual averages of particulate matter and of total suspended particulate matters were around 20% above the limit, as were the concentrations of benzene at two of five control points. Both available data points for ammonia exceeded the limit value (by 25% and 110%, respectively). Toluene, xylene and hydrogen sulphide are also measured (no annual limit values stipulated). Recommendations Improvement potential for air quality is seen in many areas by the City Secretariat for Environmental Protection:

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 Realisation of Action Plans for environmental protection that have been passed by the companies NIS (refinery), Petrohemija (petrochemistry) and Azotara (fertilizer production) in cooperation with the competent ministries to limit emissions to legally accepted levels; development of a plan for protection against accidents  Realisation of Action Plans from the Local and Regional Waste Management Plans, design and realisation of landfill improvement projects  Pollutant cadastre  Design of an Air Pollution Protection Plan  Public green areas: increase and regular maintenance; cadastre  Expansion and development of the district heating system and the gas infrastructure  Foreseen activities in the traffic sector: Traffic Management Plan in accordance with environmental requirements, traffic and parking management in the city centre, strict control of the exhaust gases from motor vehicles at registration, regular cleaning of city streets, maintenance of roads and pavements  Measures and activities to improve energy efficiency

Additional recommendations are:  Optimisation of combustion conditions and regular maintenance of SME boilers, usage of low-NOx burners  Desulphurisation for combustion units with more than 50 megawatts  Usage of fuel oil with low sulphur concentration  Improvement of dust prevention and / or abatement in mills and silos for food and feedstock: combination of cyclone with bag filter, regular maintenance, optimisation of operating conditions of dust abatement systems

4.1.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Out of 50,436 households in the municipality of Pančevo, 15,000 are connected Heating to district heating. The other households are heated with gas, solid fossil fuels or electricity. The district heating system uses gas as energy source. It has more than 700 megawatts and conduction losses of 15%. It is intended to expand the district heating system.

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Energy efficiency New buildings need to fulfil the conditions for obtaining an energy certificate (as stipulated by the Law on Energy Efficiency). The City Directorate is in charge of the process. Energy consulting is not available in Pančevo, and there has not been an energy audit in the municipality so far. Renewable Energy Renewable energy sources for heat or electric power do not seem to be used to a relevant extent at the moment, but solar power and electricity from wind energy are considered to have potential (see section 4.1.6). Recommendations  Realisation of the extension of district heating  Provide energy consulting for private persons, SMEs and industry, accommodations etc.  Promote replacement of heating systems using solid fossil fuels and electricity (e.g. subsidies for new heating systems)

4.1.6 Industry and power plants

Plants Pančevo has three major industry plants, located in the south industrial zone: Petrohemija (petrochemistry), Azotara (fertilizer) and Rafinerija nafte (refinery). In addition, there is an automobile factory (Utva) and glass, fur, starch (Jabuka) and dairy industry. Currently a large part of the industry is working with reduced capacity, with the exception of the food industry. There is no electricity power plant in the municipality of Pančevo. Hazardous waste Information about hazardous waste with industrial origin is incomplete. According to the available information, over 30 producers of hazardous industrial waste are situated on the territory of the municipality, but registration of hazardous waste only exists from the petrochemistry, fertilizer and refinery plants. Some waste oils and other materials are disposed of by other companies (outside the territory of Pančevo). A regulated landfill for hazardous waste does not exist in the municipality, but there are temporary deposit areas for hazardous waste in individual production facilities. The amounts of reported hazardous waste are as follows: Fertilizer company: 1.97 t of stored old pyralene oils and annually 4,650 t of mineral oils. Refinery: 1,500 t of waste alkali and 1,700 t of stored mud from cleaning oil-water separators and tanks. Petrochemistry plant: annually 9.5 t of waste chrome catalyser, 4.7 t of stored used oil and annually 26.3 t of mud with mercury ingredients. Industrial waste The waste waters from the petrochemistry and refinery plants are subjected to waters primary and secondary treatment, the latter being performed in a shared facility located on the petrochemistry premises, before they are discharged to the Dan- ube. The waste water from the fertilizer company is discharged without treatment. The largest amounts of waste waters are discharged by the fertilizer factory, 88% of which is cooling water that causes thermal pollution (temperature above 40°C). Data on the concentration of pollutants in the mixed waste water from the fertilizer, petrochemistry and refinery plant are available for the years 1999–2001. The pH value is around 9, particulate matter about 90 mg/L, dissolved matter 1,000 mg/L, BOD decreased from 40 mg/L to 20 mg/L, COD 100 mg/L, mercury

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decreased from 0.08 mg/L to 0.03 mg/L and total chlorinated hydrocarbons from 74 mg/L to 9 mg/L. All three factories have had more or less defined plans of further development, but the long term plans for the period from 1990 to 2000 have been only partially realised in most of the cases, on account of the economic sanctions. After the bombardment in 1999 the realization of the plans gave place to emergency inter- ventions and reconstruction of the damaged plants and facilities. Untreated waste waters are also discharged to the river Mali rit (automobile factory, glass industry and fur industry) and the canal Nadel (dairy and starch industry). In the Joint Danube Survey 2, one of the two highest (out of 78 values) of the saprobic index along the Danube was found downstream Pančevo, indicating se- rious pollution organic with organic compounds, as well as the highest concentrations of organotins in suspended particulate matter (ICPDR 2008). The city is in charge of the licensing process for new plants that require a permit. New plants In the course of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), energy efficiency and air pollution are reviewed. In the assessment, the information from EU Best Avail- able Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) is considered. In the field of industry and power plants modernisation of the existing plants as Development well as the utilisation of solar and wind energy are considered as priorities for potential and wind Pančevo. There are strong winds in the area, particularly in the winter months. power plans Pančevo has signed a contract with two companies, Velburi-Bela Anta and Vetro- elektrane Balkana, to build two wind power generators with a total power of 170 megawatts. The construction is yet to be carried out. Recommendations  Waste management concept for industrial hazardous waste, for both stored and continuously produced waste  Introduction of waste water treatment for all factories or pretreatment and connection to the sewerage system; improvement of existing treatment facilities where necessary  Lowering the temperature of cooling waste water from fertilizer factory: consider feasibility of  more efficient or alternative cooling systems to require less cooling water  usage for pre-warming of material for other processes or district heating  let the waste water cool down to 35°C before discharge  Construction of the planned wind power generators

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4.1.7 Transportation

Public transport Public transport in Pančevo is operated by the public utility company Autotrans- port Pančevo, and it represents an important form of transport in the city. There are seven to eight bus lines with 20 connections in the urban and 32 connections in the suburban area per day, running between 5 a.m. and 10:30 p.m. In addition, there are 20 connections of the metropolitan train per day. Public transport is complemented by the engagement of five registered taxi associations (ca. 100 employees). Combined transportation schemes have been developed, so there are tickets available which are valid for several routes or means of transport. The time between intervals is fixed (buses depart every 30 minutes), and the timetables of the different routes are synchronised. The price is 50 RSD for a single trip (0.45 €), and daily and monthly tickets as well as reductions for certain groups of passengers are offered. Monthly tickets are offered for three different zones which include Pančevo and the surrounding settlements Jakuba and Tamiš (zone1, 24.50 € per month, distance from Pančevo below ca. 15 km), Kačarevo and Banatsko Novo Selo (zone 2, 42,08 € per month, distance ca. 15-20 km from Pančevo) or Banatski Brestovac, Dubrava and Glogonj (zone 3, 52,89 € per month, distance more than ca. 20 km from Pančevo). A single ticket to Belgrade is 0.96 €. Pedestrians and The proportion of inhabitants who live in walking distance of basic services is cycling 80%. Only a part of the urban and suburban streets have pavements, but crossroads allow safe crossing without detour. For cyclists, there are bicycle stands and streets with bicycle lanes available. Price of fuel The average price at the nine gas stations in Pančevo is around 1.45 € per litre. compared to public Going by car or buying a monthly ticket is the same price for three return trips per transport week; for more frequent trips (like commuting five days per week), the bus is cheaper (assumptions for calculation of car costs: ten kilometres distance within zone 1, seven litres of gasoline per 100 km, one person travelling; purchase, in- surance, service and parking fees not included). For zones 2 and 3, the required travel frequency for equal cost of car and bus is also three return trips per week; when going more often, the monthly ticket for the bus is cheaper. Going to Belgrade by car (ca. 20 km, same assumptions as above) is twice as expensive as the single trip by bus. Recommendations  Provide pavements in all urban and suburban streets to allow safe walking

4.1.8 Tourism

With 389 beds in private and rural accommodations (currently no hotel) plus a campsite, and an estimated 5,600 nights in 2012 – although this is only a minimum estimate –, tourism is not pronounced in the municipality of Pančevo.

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4.1.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON PANČEVO (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Pančevo and text parts of this report, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE PANČEVO (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Pančevo to “En- vironmental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Municipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews and data collection conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

TRANSPORTATION IN CITIES PANČEVO, GOLUBAC AND DONJI MILANOVAC (2013): In- formation provided by Danube Competence Center (DCC) for this report.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2006a): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Food, Drink and Milk Industries. http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/BREF/fdm_bref_0806.pdf

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2006b): Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on Emissions from Storage. http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/BREF/esb_bref_0706.pdf

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4.2 Municipality of Golubac

4.2.1 General information

Nature and Golubac is a municipality in northeastern Serbia, located on the right side of the settlements Danube, which is the natural border to Romania, and at the beginning of the Iron Gate gorge of the Danube. Half of the municipality is occupied by the Djerdap National Park. Since the construction of a hydropower plant in 1971, the Danube forms the 6.5 km wide Djerdap Lake and then abruptly narrows near Golubac Fortress to a few hundred metres. Golubac has 10,521 inhabitants in 24 settlements, of which 83% live in the 23 settlements with rural character. Water is supplied by a system utilising groundwater and wells or individual wells and springs. All settlements are supplied with electricity.

Figure 5: The municipality of Golubac with its 24 settlements, bordered by the Danube in the north

Economic structure Out of 244 SMEs in the municipality of Golubac, 129 belong to the group of com- merce, repair of motor vehicles and items for personal use. 54 enterprises perform other communal, social and personal service activities, 29 deal with construction and 17 with transport, storage and communications. There are 711 farm households in Golubac, mainly based on livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep and poultry), some crop farming, and an increasing production of fruit and wine. About 50% of agricultural holdings are small with 1–5 ha in size. Golubac has significant tourism with an increasing proportion of foreign guests.

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4.2.2 Waste management

Waste management is organised by the Municipality Public Utility Company, Organisation which runs a collect system for waste, although ten settlements of the municipality are not serviced so that there is no organised waste collection. Waste management is financed by the municipality. Per year an estimated 3,418 tonnes of municipal waste are generated, that is Waste amount 325 kg per capita (Serbia: ca. 350 kg, EU 27: ca. 500 kg, EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2012). Another large category is bio-waste (1230 tonnes per year). PET is collected separately, with 88 containers on the territory which are dedi- Collection cated for this purpose. PET waste is compressed and sold to a company for recycling. There is also a pilot programme for “green islands”, that are five points in the town of Golubac for separate collection of paper, glass, plastic and other communal waste. The response from the population is positive. The currently used landfill was established without a permit in 2002. There is a project for reconstruction and rehabilitation; the main Project Document has been completed. Several illegal waste disposal sites in rural settlements have recently been removed. The local waste management plan of the municipality (Sustainable Waste Man- Plans and actions agement Plant for the Period 2010-2020) regulates all steps in order to establish a comprehensive waste management system which is in line with the national strategy and European requirements and standards. Priority targets are recycling and waste utilisation (also as fuel for incineration), the safe disposal of waste, increasing the coverage of the municipal waste collection system, standards for waste treatment, improvement of waste management effectiveness, raising of public awareness and generally sustainable waste management. Every year specific areas within the municipality are cleaned as part of the national project “Clean Serbia” (Ocistimo Srbiju), e.g. cleaning of the Danube shore, cleaning of dumps in villages or marking areas as prohibited for the disposal of waste. Constructing a waste transfer station and a place intermediate storage, preparation, handling and transport to a regional centre, as well as intensive campaigning and education are considered additional potential areas of environmental development in the municipality. Recommendations  Reconstruction of landfill to state of the art and prevention of waste disposal at other sites  Extension of waste collection to include all settlements  Separate collection and adequate treatment and disposal of hazardous waste from household and SMEs (waste oil, batteries etc.)  Continued development of waste separation (e.g. bio-waste), treatment and recycling of the collected waste  Incineration of municipal waste before disposal to reduce the amount; transfer to an existing plant, or regional cooperation to achieve sufficient capacity for

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economic operation of a waste incineration plant (utilisation of the waste heat is also recommended)  Education and information of adults and young population on waste collection, recycling and treatment and waste prevention

4.2.3 Waste water management

Organisation Most waste water in the municipality of Golubac is of communal origin. Almost 70% of the territory is equipped with a sewerage system, and coverage of the entire municipality is intended. Waste water management is financed by the municipality and by the hydropower plant Djerdap. Treatment Waste water treatment is regulated at state level. There are two sites of waste water treatment, in the settlements Golubac and Dobra, where the waste water is sedimented in two subsequent chambers (“Emsir” pits). The treated water is discharged to the Danube. In the other parts of the municipality, most households have their own septic pits. Constructed wetlands are not in use. Future plans There are several plans for the development of the waste water infrastructure in Golubac. The existing waste water treatment plant is Golubac is to be transferred to a location outside the town, and the facility in Dobra is to be rehabilitated. In the settlements Usije and Vinci the construction of treatment facilities is intended. The completion of the sewerage system in Golubac and its construction in the other villages, with appropriate treatment systems, are considered as further development opportunities. Recommendations  Connection of all areas of the municipality to the sewerage system and waste water treatment, or to decentralised waste water treatment solutions (especially sparsely populated areas that do not gravitate to the treatment facility but would require pumping)  Biological treatment in addition to sedimentation  Inclusion of waste waters from livestock farming into waste water management

4.2.4 Air pollution

Sources In Golubac, the only sources of air pollution are household heating and traffic and emission data for stationary and diffuse sources are unavailable, as well as data for air quality. Improvement potential is seen in decentralised heating systems using renewable energy sources, especially of public facilities (see section 4.2.5).

4.2.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Heating In Golubac buildings are heated using lignite, wood or other renewable biomass and electricity. New buildings To the construction of new buildings national regulations apply (on energy efficiency in buildings, and on conditions, content and method of issuing certificates

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for energy performance of buildings), but the Energy Performance Certificate is not in use. Energy consulting or subsidies for building and renovation do not exist, and there have not been any energy audits in the municipality. Enhancement of the energy efficiency of older buildings (windows, exterior walls Potentials etc.) and biomass heating (municipality, schools, sports facilities) are considered potentials of improvement. A feasibility study about the potential of energy from biomass on the territory of Golubac has been carried out. Recommendations  Replacement of lignite and electric heating by energy efficient, renewable heating systems (pellets, wood, combination with thermal solar energy, geothermal energy) in public and private buildings  Usage of low-emission combustion boilers for wood

4.2.6 Industry and power plants

The municipality and the ministry are in charge of the licensing process for plants Licensing that require a permit. EU Best Available Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) are not applied in the assessment. Currently there is no industry or power plant in the municipality, but the concept Plans of the Detailed Regulation Plan for a wind park in the settlement Krivaca has been adopted. For enterprises in general, social-environmental responsibility and usage of renewable energy is regarded as important, and introducing Environmental Man- agement Systems (EMS) is considered a way to achieve this. Recommendations  Pursuit of the wind park project  Introduction of Environmental Management Systems (EMS) for companies in general

4.2.7 Transportation

Bus traffic in Golubac offers long-distance (other district), mid-distance (within Public transport district) and local-distance lines. The two long-distance lines have 14 departures per day; mid-distance has three lines with four departures per day and local-distance two lines and four departures per day. Extension of the bus system is not intended. There are 36 bus stops and one bus station on territory of municipality of Golubac. Both fixed and varying time intervals between the connections exist, and the timetables of some routes are synchronised to minimise transfer time. Monthly tickets are offered, as well as reductions for students. A part of the streets in the densely populated areas of the municipality has pave- Walking and cycling ments. Some crossroads cannot be crossed safely without detour. 70% of the inhabitants live in walking distance of basic services. Fuel cost

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There are two gas stations in the municipality, and the price in the region is 1.29 € per litre. Potential for river Potential to develop eco-friendly transportation in the municipality is seen in traffic providing the conditions for river traffic in Golubac. Recommendations  Optimisation of infrastructure and safety for pedestrians (pavements, crossing)  Development of facilities on the Danube for transportation of goods (port etc.)

4.2.8 Tourism

Nature and activities Tourism in Golubac is mainly based on nature and landscape: the Danube, the Iron Gate, the Djerdap Lake, the Fortress, the Djerdap National Park with the view from Crni Vrh mountain peak and traditional farms and four nature reserves with abundant and diverse flora and fauna including fish. On the Romanian side of the Danube, the Carpathian Mountains are in sight distance. Consequently, important tourist activities are hiking, boat trips, sailing, fishing, cycling and other outdoor and indoor sports, but also special restaurants and cultural sights and events and exhibitions of traditional handicraft. In 2011 the number of nights was 8,142 (0.77 per inhabitant). Means of Two-thirds of tourists arrive by car, 30% by bus, whereas during their stay, 80% transportation use the buses. Some accommodations offer a pick-up service for persons who do not arrive by car. 5% of guests reach Golubac and get around by bicycle. Bicycle stands are not available. Energy, water, waste There is a hotel with 119 beds, and 142 beds in private accommodations. Heating energy in the hotel is gained from lignite; the private accommodations use wood, electricity or lignite. Accommodations are without insulation of the outer walls. Measures to save electricity or water, or waste separation in accommodations are not implemented. Instruments for Subsidies from the Tourism Department of the Ministry of Finance and Economy development are awarded once per year to develop and promote tourism. They are independent of environmental criteria. There is no ecolabel for tourist enterprises in use. Greening potential The potential to develop socially responsible and sustainable eco-tourism, special interest tourism and rural tourism is considered ideal because a large part of the territory of the municipality belongs to the Djerdap National Park. The tourist area of the Fortress is to be preserved and protected by the limited liability company by which it is managed. Waste management and pollution prevention, environmental awareness in the tourist sector, energy efficiency standards, ecolabels and renewable energy are considered to have priority. Recommendations  Steady attention on waste management and pollution prevention, particularly in the National Park and along the Danube  Environmental education of the stakeholders in the tourist sector

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 Introduction of energy efficiency standards  Introduction of tourism ecolabels for tourist accommodations and facilities  Utilisation of renewable energy  Review of biking infrastructure for tourists (trails, rental opportunity, bicycle stands, safe storage place for bicycles in accommodation etc.)  Development of nature trails in the protected areas to promote ecological awareness; installation of dustbins along trails, plaques which ask the hikers not to drop litter elsewhere etc.  Accommodations and other buildings: appropriate insulation as well as prevention of overheating in the summer by shading etc. (to avoid necessity of air conditioning)  Change of the source of heating energy especially in the private accommodations from lignite to a renewable source (wood chips, pellets or wood with state- of-the-art combustion boiler, geothermal, solar thermal)  Promotion of economical usage in accommodations of:  Water (water volume controllers for showers, usage of towels for more than one day, water-efficient washing machines etc.)  Electricity (light, air conditioning, efficient laundry dryers)  Heat (avoidance of over-heating, opening windows for short periods for fresh air instead of constantly tilted windows, reduction of temperature in rooms when not booked etc.)  Separate collection of waste also in tourist facilities

4.2.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON GOLUBAC (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Golubac and text parts of this report, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE GOLUBAC (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Golubac to “En- vironmental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Municipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews and data collection conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (2012): Material Resources and Waste – 2012 Update of European Environment State and Outlook 2010 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/material-resources-and-waste-2014

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4.3 Municipality of Majdanpek

4.3.1 General information

Geographic position Majdanpek is a municipality of 932 km² in the north-eastern part of central Serbia, and population on the right bank of the Danube, which constitutes the border to Romania. In the south, a part of the Carpathian Mountains is part of the territory. Majdanpek has 18,179 inhabitants (2011 census) who live in fourteen settlements. Majdanpek and the second settlement of urban character, Donji Milanovac, comprise 55% of the population. The central part of the Djerdap National Park, the exceptional landscapes Donji Milanovac Valley and part of Gorge Veliki Kazan as well as the protected Rajko’s cave system are on the territory of the municipality. Infrastructure All settlements are well supplied with electricity. The two urban centres have their own water supply systems. In Majdanpek 98% of facilities are connected to the supply system. It has two filter cells for physical and chemical treatment of water originating from the catchment areas of the rivers Mali Pek and Veliki Pek. The reservoir for the latter requires action due to overload with backfill material (soil, sand and plants), threat by sludge and unacceptably high content of organic matter which leads to large consumption of water for washing the filter and of chem- icals for treatment. Donji Milanovac and three other villages use Danube water purified by membrane technology, water from the river Porecka with slow sand filtration and chlorination, and water from the well Mosna. Four more settlements and the industrial zone of Majdanpek will be supplied with water by projects in preparation.

Figure 6: The municipality of Majdanpek and its location within Serbia

Economy

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Important economic activities in the municipality fall into the following sectors: forestry and agriculture, mining and stone production (company RBM: copper mine), trade, transport, storage and communication, hotels and restaurants and production of electricity. There are 96 industry enterprises and 687 SMEs and 847 farms.

4.3.2 Waste management

Waste management is organised by the municipality. There is a bring system for Organisation household waste. About 80% of the territory is equipped with waste containers. Waste management is financed by the municipality and by household and business fees which are calculated per m² and month (3.35 RSD + 20% tax for households, 8.55 RSD for businesses, i.e. 0.030 € and 0.077 €) and which were set in accordance to the costs of waste management. There are 7,357 occupied apartments and houses in the municipality and 783 enterprises (number of m² not available). Assuming 100 m² per household or enterprise, the estimated revenue is between 35,000,000 and 40,000,000 RSD per year (300,000-350,000 €). Per year, 6,345 tonnes of household and similar commercial and institutional Waste quantities waste or 350 kg per capita are generated, which corresponds to the Serbian average (EU 27: ca. 500 kg, EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 2012). With the as- sumption of 100 m² per household, this would give 4,700 RSD (40 €) per tonne of municipal waste (excluding other types of waste, business fees and funding from the municipality). Bio-waste amounts to 1,023 tonnes per year. There is a large quantity of hazardous waste, mainly from the copper mine, which is discussed in section 4.3.6 on industry. Several waste categories are collected separately: construction and demolition Separate collection waste, bulky waste, waste tyres, electric devices, paper, plastic (PET), batteries of waste and (starting 2013) and medical waste although the available data show very low col- recycling lection rates (construction / demolition 2.5% compared to municipal waste, paper and plastic each below 0.05%). The separately collected paper, plastic, batteries and glass are recycled. Based on the experience with the collection of PET, good acceptance of the other categories is expected among citizens and companies, especially for paper, glass, metals and electronic and electric waste (apparently the separate collection has been introduced recently). An increase of the available specific containers on the whole territory of the municipality is considered necessary for improvement of the collection. 15,950 tonnes of waste are subjected to mechanical treatment per year; due to Treatment the quantity (which exceeds the sum of all communal waste streams), it can be assumed that this treated waste originates from industry. There are no other waste treatment plants in the municipality. Waste is disposed of at a landfill which does not fulfil the minimum criteria of Disposal site protection and is therefore to be considered as dump. It is located in an open pit of the mine in the area of disposed tailings and has been in use since 2004 when the previous site was abandoned due to occupancy. The average amount of disposed waste is 9,500 m² per year (including industrial, construction material,

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medical, pharmaceutical, veterinary and hazardous waste). Water from the landfill does not gravitate towards the source of water supply, but towards a flotation tailing site. The dump “Saski potok” (Saski stream) requires adaptation, and a definite location for a landfill needs to be defined. Plan and aims A landfill remediation project exists. The Sustainable Waste Management Plan for the period 2010 to 2020 regulates all stages of waste management and pursues the establishment of a comprehensive waste management system in accordance with the National Strategy and EU requirements. Objectives are waste reduction, decrease of landfilled waste by separation of reusable or recyclable components, reduction of the quantity of biodegradable waste in the municipal waste, reduction of the negative impact of waste disposal on environment and human health, waste management for sustainable development, usage of waste to generate energy. Development Particular potential is seen in the construction of a waste transfer station, a col- potential lection centre for recyclable waste and permanent campaigning and education for citizens regarding waste separation. Recommendations  Reconstruction / remediation of the active and of previously used waste disposal sites  Containers for all waste categories in all settlements of the municipality  Introduction of separate collection and recycling of bio-waste  Switch to a collect instead of a bring system for household waste  Treatment of medical waste before disposal  Construction of a waste transfer station for waste which is intended for further transport to a regional waste management centre  Collection centre for recyclable waste  Campaigning and education for citizens concerning the necessity and importance of separating waste

4.3.3 Waste water management

Organisation and In the municipality of Majdanpek, 2,373 m² of communal and 1,259 m² of industry financing and SME waste water occur per day. The removal of household and tertiary sector waste water is managed by a communal company, whereas industry and SMEs waste water is organised in the respective plants. Financing is shared between the municipality and fees for households (11.37 RSD / m² and month, i.e. 0.10 €) and enterprises (34.11 RSD / m² and month, i.e. 0.31 €). If assuming 100 m² per household or enterprise, the estimated revenue is between 100,000,000 and 150,000,000 RSD per year (1,000,000-1,500,000 €). Partial sewerage There is a sewerage system of 7.5 km in the town of Majdanpek, which does not system meet the required capacity any more and suffers from slow drainage and frequent

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spills. It collects communal, industrial and waste water from the hospital and the medical centre. In the other settlements there is no sewerage system. The construction of a waste water treatment facility was started in the 1990s but discontinued due to lack of funds. Waste water treatment is regulated by state law. Waste water is discharged to the Danube or to the rivers Veliki Pek and Mali Pek Discharge without treatment. Constructed wetlands are not used; there is no information available about the usage of septic tanks. It is planned to construct central waste water treatment plants in Majdanpek and Plans and Donji Milanovac and to improve and connect additional households to the sewer- development age system to achieve an integrated waste water management system. Sewer- potential age and appropriate treatment systems in the villages are considered another field potential for greening. Recommendations  Expansion and constructional improvement of the sewerage system in Maj- danpek  Construction of sewerage systems also in other settlements of municipality  Introduction of waste water treatment to avoid discharge of untreated waste water to the rivers:  Waste water treatment plants in Majdanpek and Donji Milanovac, potentially also small plants in other settlements; plants can also process waste water gravitating from other settlements through sewage pipes (to be built)  Decentralised waste water treatment (such as constructed wetlands) for re- mote, sparsely populated areas  (Pre)treatment of industry and SME waste waters as required before discharge into the sewerage system, or treatment in specialised facilities if necessary, to avoid malfunction of the future communal waste water treatment plants

4.3.4 Air pollution

The sources of air pollution in Majdanpek are industry, district heating, household Sources heating, traffic and flue gases from traditional charcoal production. Oil is a commonly used fuel. SMEs with activities that are potential sources of air pollution are a saw mill and production plants for steamed and unsteamed wood elements (Beomark Mosna), the district heating plant PE Majdanpek, a factory for electric products (FEP), a production company for noble metal products (jewellery, coins etc., Zlatara), and emissions from fuel combustion for the heating systems of the companies “Thermal Engineering” and “Central H”. There is no treatment of waste gases used in the SMEs, and outdated technology, improper management of technological processes and the location of industrial or SME plants in the vicinity of the settlements are described as further causes of air pollution. There are no emission data available, but from the nature of the activities and from the absence of treatment it can be expected that there are emissions of dust, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), probably carbon monoxide as well as volatile organic compounds.

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Air quality Air quality control is regulated by national legislation, but in the municipality of Majdanpek, no control point is located. Development The establishment of an integrated air quality system is considered the priority potential target for improvement of air quality in Majdanpek, which would serve as a basis for addressing and solving the described causes of air pollution. The municipality has also got large forest and timber resources, therefore construction documents (technical documentation) have been worked out for the transition from fuel oil to pellets or wood chips for smaller individual, especially public facilities (schools, sports) which have their own heating systems. Further improvement potential for air quality exists in the transportation sector (see section 4.3.7). Recommendations  Technical optimisation of processes to reduce formation of air pollutants (con-

tainment of dusty operations, low-NOx burners)  Treatment of waste gases in industry  Regular maintenance of equipment for air pollution abatement  Usage of fuel oil with a low concentration of sulphur in SMEs (if applicable)  Promotion of modern low-emission wood, pellets and wood chip boilers for heating  Phase-out of traditional charcoal production and consider replacement by modern production enterprise

4.3.5 Energy efficiency including buildings, heating systems and renewable energy

Settlement structure The municipality has 7,357 inhabited accommodation units (single family homes and district heating and apartments). 3,137 units are located in the urban areas, 920 are in areas to be considered suburban, and the other 3,300 are in rural settlements. The town of Majdanpek has a district heating system with 2,697 connected households. It is fuelled by oil (without waste gas treatment; emission data not available), and the conduction losses are 18%. Insulation, For new buildings a DEMIT façade is commonly used (5-8 cm insulation on standards and bricks). Older buildings are plastered without insulation. Heating energy require- energy consulting ments are not known. For new buildings, minimum energy requirements set by state regulation apply; the Energy Performance Certificate is not yet in use. There are no subsidies for building or renovation of housing. Energy consulting is not generally offered for private housing, industry, SMEs or tourist accommodations, but consultants are engaged on demand. There have not been any energy audits in the municipality. Plans It is intended to change the fuel for the district heating system of Majdanpek from oil to renewable biomass (pellets and chips). Other development potentials are programs and projects for energy efficiency by addressing windows, exterior walls etc. of buildings and the promotion of biomass for heating. Recommendations  Provide energy consulting to promote energy efficiency

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 Usage of modern low-emission wood, pellets or wood chip boiler for district heating and individual heating systems  Promotion of renovation of buildings with low energy efficiency, especially appropriate insulation, windows and prevention of thermal bridges  Consideration of additional district heating systems in settlements (e.g. Donji Milanovac; using wood chips or pellets); the number of connections and the length of the network should be observed in order to keep the conduction losses low (example: more than 900 kWh per metre of network and a maximum of 20% connection losses must be achieved to qualify for environmental subsidy for district heating with biomass in Austria; KPC 2012)

4.3.6 Industry

The municipality of Majdanpek has a copper mine which is exploited by the com- Activities pany RBM in Majdanpek, a factory of copper tubes also located in Majdanpek and a factory for electric products (FEB) in Donji Milanovac. There is no power plant in the municipality. The licensing requirements for new plants which require a permit depend on the Regulations for type of activity. After the first part of submission it is decided by the competent permits authority (local, relevant ministry or both, depending on type of object and area – national park, tourist landscape etc.) if an impact necessity study is required for the building permit and which contents must be included. If necessary, the study and further documents have to be submitted. EU Best Available Techniques Ref- erence Documents (BREFs) are not applied in the assessment procedure. The waste generator is required to collect and temporarily store hazardous waste Regulations on in an adequate storage. Properly classified and labelled waste is to be transferred hazardous waste to a warehouse that is specially designed for the purpose. Produced non-hazardous waste from industry includes tyres, plastics and munic- Waste types and ipal waste. handling Concerning hazardous waste, the largest quantity are copper mine tailings (1,760,000 tonnes per year) which are disposed according to the national regulation. Other waste streams that are dealt with in the copper mine are waste tyres from copper mine vehicles (separate disposal area in mine), waste tyres from other industrial and private vehicles (separate disposal area in mine) and car batteries (separate labelled storage according to national criteria). Industrial waste oil occurs at both the copper mine and the copper tubes factory and is disposed by a specialised company in a separated and labelled storage (according to national criteria, total 41 tonnes per year). 250 l trichloroethylene waste per year is produced in the factory for electric products and is also disposed of in a separate and labelled storage according to national criteria.

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Greening potential Improvement potential is seen in the modernisation of the waste management system, treatment and disposal, and in the accurate implementation of standards and present legislation in order to reduce the environmental impact. In the sector of energy production, the construction of a biomass cogeneration plant is seen as greening potential in the municipality. Recommendations  Review and modernisation of the management of industrial waste as required  Examination of feasibility to construct and operate a biomass cogeneration plant for electricity and heat  Accurate implementation of standards and legislation

4.3.7 Transportation

Buses Public transport in Majdanpek is operated by different bus companies. There are eight intercity bus lines with 52 departures per day and five local bus lines with 18 departures per day. There are 83 bus stops in the municipality. Some of the timetables are synchronised, and both fixed and varying time intervals are found between the connections. The fares depend on distance and transport company; tickets are not valid for the lines of different companies. Monthly tickets as well as student reductions are offered. Motorisation The level of motorisation is low, with 3,456 registered passenger vehicles corre- sponding to 190 cars per 1,000 inhabitants. Cycling and walking In the town of Donji Milanovac there are bicycle stands available. Pavements exist in some urban and suburban streets with motor traffic; crossroads can be partially crossed safely without detour. 60% of the inhabitants of the municipality live in walking distance of basic services. Fuel price A gas station is available in Donji Milanovac, where the price of fuel is 1.29 € per litre. There are no plans for further development of public transport in the municipality. Greening potential is seen in the development of regional and local river traffic and the modernisation of the railway connection which exists on the territory of the municipality. Recommendations  Improvement of pedestrian infrastructure  Full synchronisation of the bus timetables  Consideration of the feasibility of a regional transportation network (with monthly and other tickets valid all several bus lines)  Exploitation of the river traffic potential in the municipality  Support for modernisation of the railway connection

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4.3.8 Tourism

The municipality is rich in natural attractions, such as the meanders of the Dan- Attractions ube with Donji Milanovac located at a bend, the gorge Djerdap, where the Danube narrows to 150-170 metres and up to 71 metres depth, Rajko’s cave, a bay at the Danube tributary Porec, a natural stone bridge and a tufa accumulation with a waterfall and a cave. Boat trips and hiking, fishing, rowing and sailing are important tourist activities. In the winter skiing is also possible, whereas ski touring or cross-country skiing cannot be organised in the area. Attractions further include sports halls, tennis and swimming pool as well as cultural sights and events, which are also suitable as alternative activities during unfavourable weather periods. The number of nights spent in 2011 was 55,996 (3.08 per inhabitant). 80% of the guests arrive by car, 10% by bus, 7% come by bicycle along the Euro Means of velo 6 Danube cycling route, and 3% travel by train (pick-up service is offered by transportation the accommodations). During the stay the relations are similar, but 5% also use taxis and 5% boats. In 2011 tourists spent 55,996 nights in the municipality (foreigners: 16%, 2006: Number of tourists 6%). There are 809 beds: 585 beds in two hotels in Donji Milanovac and Majdanpek Accommodation and 41 private accommodations with 186 plus 36 added beds. The hotel in Maj- danpek is connected to the district heating system of the town, whereas all other accommodations have their own heating system and have no possibility of connection to the district heating system. For heating the water of the swimming pool, no renewable source of energy is used. The laundry is done in the hotels. There are no measures to save electricity or water and no separation of waste categories in the accommodations. There are national subsidies by the Tourism Department of the Ministry of Fi- Subsidies for nance and Economy (MFP) for many tourism-related activities: entertainment and tourism recreational facilities, infrastructure of roads, electricity, public toilets, ski, bike and walking trails and paths, arrangement of squares, marinas, playgrounds, vis- itor centres, construction and equipment at lookouts, conference halls etc. and co-financing of internationally funded projects. This includes actions with environmental relevance: water supply, waste water sewerage, water treatment, measuring equipment or waste management systems (collection, sorting, transportation, processing). Ecolabels for tourist accommodations or other facilities are not in use. Cleaner production techniques in planning and operation of facilities, like building Greening targets (materials, sewage, energy sources) or waste treatment and disposal are considered important for the environmental development. The harmonisation of regulations and environmentally friendly land exploitation are regarded important to protect nature, as are management of waste water and rehabilitation of polluted river basins and wetland fields, waste management (including site rehabilitation and exchange of good practises), and generally a plan for sustainable tourism development.

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Recommendations  Rehabilitation of waste dumps and water bodies that have been polluted with waste water, especially in the areas for tourist activities  Promotion of energy efficient construction techniques for tourist facilities  Utilisation of renewable energy in tourist facilities  Ecologically sensitive land use: principle of space-saving in spatial development, minimisation of soil sealing  Promotion of economical usage in accommodations and tourist facilities of:  Water (water volume controllers for showers, usage of towels for more than one day, water-efficient washing machines etc.)  Electricity (light, air conditioning, efficient laundry dryers)  Heat (avoidance of over-heating, opening windows for short periods for fresh air instead of constantly tilted windows, reduction of temperature in rooms when not booked etc.)  Heating of water for swimming pool with renewable energy (e.g. thermal solar)  Introduction of national or international ecolabels for tourist accommodation and facilities to promote greening in the tourist sector

4.3.9 References

SECONS GENERAL FACTS ON MAJDANPEK (2013): Desk research on general facts about the Municipality of Majdanpek, and text parts of this report, conducted by SeConS – Development Initiative Group for this report.

QUESTIONNAIRE MAJDANPEK (2013): Answers for the Municipality of Majdanpek to “Environmental Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, Questionnaire for Municipalities”. Questionnaire developed by Umweltbundesamt, interviews, data collection and text parts of this report conducted by SeConS – Development Ini- tiative Group for this report.

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (2012): Material Resources and Waste – 2012 Update of European Environment State and Outlook 2010 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/material-resources-and-waste-2014

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5 ABBREVIATIONS

BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina BREF Best available techniques reference document CHP Combined heat and power EIA Environmental impact assessment ELV Emission limit value EU European Union HRK Croatian Kuna KM Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark RSD Serbian dinar SME Small and medium enterprises UNDP United Nations Development Programme VAT Value added tax

105 Ulmer Donau-Kolleg für Kulturmanagement Ulm Danube School for Arts Management ULM Project DANUBE SCHOOL Green Destination Danube Bewerbung Application FOR ARTS Research in Interessierte, die die Teil- Interested persons who fulfil the MANAGEMENT Montenegro nahmebedingungen erfüllen, requirements can apply online from 24th June to 8th July 2012 in Ulm können sich online für eine to participate in the Ulm Baden-Württemberg sustainability Teilnahme am Ulmer Donau- Danube School for Arts Croatia A pArAdise for scientific endeBaden-WürttembergAvours. Kolleg für Kulturmanagement ManagementENVIRONMENTAL 2012. TECHNOLOGIES IN 2012 bewerben. – Application forms can be found river – Die Formulare finden Sie on www.donaubuero.deWESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES GIZ unter www.donaubuero.de – Participants will be selected in – Über die Auswahl der Teil- advance by a jury. nehmenden entscheidet vorab – Closing date for applications Report and Recommendations Bosnia eine Jury. is 29th February 2012. – Bewerbungsschluss ist der Serbia 29. Februar 2012. Contact person for questions: transport Iris Mann Ansprechpartnerin für Fragen: Head of the cultural Katharina Fallmann Donaubüro Southeast Europe Iris Mann Department /city of Ulm Ilse Schindler Leiterin der Hauptabteilung Tel. 0049 (0)731 161 4701 Kultur/Stadt Ulm E-Mail: [email protected] Tel. 0049 (0)731 161 4701 E-Mail: [email protected] Who we are Project partners: Powered by:

Wer wir sind Organizer: City of Ulm,

Cultural Department _1 Veranstalter: Stadt Ulm, Directors: Prof. Dr. Armin Klein/ Partner und Förderer: Hauptabteilung Kultur Dr. Patrick S. Föhl Council of the Danube Leitung: Prof. Dr. Armin Klein/ Cities and Regions Dr. Patrick S. Föhl Partner and Supporter: donau büro ulm . neu-ulm Danube-Office Ulm/Neu-Ulm STAATSMINISTERIUM

Partner und Förderer: Robert Bosch Foundation Convinced Europeans are the basis for a strong Europe. Donaubüro Ulm/Neu-Ulm HerausgegebenThey are to von: be Stadt found Ulm, in Hauptabteilungthe Danube citiesKultur, 12/2011and regions. Bildnachweise: Stadtarchiv Ulm, Hermann Posch Robert Bosch Stiftung Gestaltung: Braun Engels Gestaltung, Ulm

POSITIONS OF THE COUNCIL OF DANUBE CITIES AND April 2010 REGIONS ON THE EU DANUBE STRATEGY

The Executive Committee of the Council of Danube Cities and Regions ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES IN - Refers to the final declaration of the Danube summit in Ulm on 6th May 2009 and in Budapest on 25th February 2010, which stressedWESTERN the particular BALKAN significance COUNTof the RIES Danube Region for European integration and territorial cooperation. - Welcomes the declaration of the CommitteeR ofI theSK Regions AReportSSESS (CoR) ofand 7th Recommendations MOctoberENT 2009,OF which stated that the cities and regions GshouldMO havePROD a central roleUC in theTS planning,IN THEreali- sation and further development of the Danube Region Strategy, due to their proximity Katharina Fallmann to the local citizens, and that their participation in later stages is of crucial importance; EUROPEAN UNIIlseON Schindler - Supports the conclusion in the "Contribution of the federal states Burgenland, Lower Austria, Upper Austria and Vienna to the EU Danube Region Strategy" of 7/12/2009, whe- Toxicity assessment, allergenicity assessment reby cooperation between cities and regions for innovation and improved European go- and substantial equivalence in practice and vernance is to be made a priority of the Danubeproposa Strategy.ls for improvement and standardisation - Welcomes the resolution of the European Parliament of 21st January 2010 on the Euro- pean Strategy for the Danube Region, which underlines the necessity of incorporating regional and local actors in the preliminary process of developing the Danube Strategy, so that we can find solutions for common challenges and so thatVienna the concrete, 20 13proposals will be realised efficiently. - Emphasises a close cooperation and regular consultation with the Working Community of Danube Regions (ARGE Donauländer). - Declares its desire and readiness to participateArm activelyin Spök in ,theHe developmentinz Hofer, P ofe trathe LEUehn Da-er, nube Strategy, because this is the best way to continueR theudo cooperationlf Valenta, and Susann joint projectse Stirn, of the Danube cities and regions successfully, and to make an effectiveH contributionelmut Gau gtoitsch European integration in the Danube Region.

The common spheres of activity of the cities and regions come from the challenges of the Danube Region, which can only be overcome in a cooperative process between the actors in the Danube Region on a local, regional and national level. Vienna, 2013 The spheres of action are listed below, alongside project proposals that already play a role in the cooperation between the Danube cities and regions thatVi ennare membersa, Graz, J oful ythe2004 Council and which should be incorporated into the Danube Strategy.