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P R O A B IN IT R AS - DOCT www.unilorin.edu.ng A Weekly Publication of the Office of the Vice-Chancellor ISSN 0331 MONDAY OCTOBER 12, 2020 VOL 9 NO 57

@UniversityofIlorin @unilorinnews @unilorinofficial @TheUNILORIN

Olowoleni stresses importance of alumni associations By Abubakar Imam he Registrar of the University of Ilorin, Dr. Fola Modupe Olowoleni, has reiterated the Tsignificance of Alumni Associations to the progress and development of institutions of higher learning in developing countries. Dr. Olowoleni stated this last Tuesday (October 6, 2020) in her office while receiving the leadership of the Branch of the Alumni Association, which paid her a courtesy visit. The Registrar said that products of various institutions of higher learning in have every reason to fraternise among themselves with a view to The Registrar, Dr. Olowoleni (middle), flanked by ABU pulling resources together in order to assist their alma Kwara Alumni Chairman, Alhaji Adebowale Adedeji (left), mater in their areas of needs and influence. and Secretary, Mr. Lanre Ahmed (right), during the visit (Contd. on page 3) Unilorin Press hails Bolaji Abdullahi, others for pa. tronage By Olusola Hammed he management of the Unilorin Press has applauded the former Minister of Sports and Youth Development, Mallam Bolaji TAbdullahi, for his invaluable patronage of the printing press over the years. The Press also commended other clients, including the GNS Unit, Academic Support Services, various Departments in the University and the Directorate of Corporate Affairs, publishers of the weekly Unilorin Bulletin for their various patronages. (Contd. on page 5) Mallam Bolaji Abdullahi Thisday Editorial Board Chair donates books to Unilorin, others By Olusola Hammed he Chairman, Editorial University, A b u j a , 1 5 0 ; B o a r d o f T h i s d a y ,150; Lagos TNewspapers, Mr. Olusegun State University (LASU), 100; Adeniyi, has donated copies of his Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), new book, 'NAKED ABUSE: Sex Zaria, 100; University of Jos, 100; for Grades in African Universities', University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 150; to some universities in the country University of Maiduguri,100; including the University of Ilorin. Federal University of Technology, While the Better by far Minna, 100; University of University got 150 copies, Obafemi Calabar,150; Edo State University, Awolowo University (OAU), Ile- Iyhamuo, 100; , I f e , g o t 3 0 0 , B A Z E 100; and the , Mr. Adeniyi 150. (Contd. on page2)

Dr. L. A. Azeez (Chairman), Dr. S. B. Olajide, Dr. M. A. Adedimeji, EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. (Mrs.) F. R. Aliyu-Ibrahim, Dr. (Mrs.) R. A. Adimula, K. I. Akogun (Secretary)

UNIVERSITY of ILORIN NEWS

P R Unilorin Bulletin O A B IN IT R AS - DOCT October 12, 2020 Unilorin Vet student named ISOHA Ambassador By Tolulope Jolayemi 600level student of the Faculty animal health, human health and to Unilorin Bulletin, the Sub-Dean of of Veterinary Medicine, environmental health. It is aimed to the Faculty, Dr Ismail Odetokun AUniversity of Ilorin, Latifah provide a platform for students to applauded the students for their Abdulkarim, has been appointed as a collaborate and share One Health attainment while expressing his joy Continental Representative for the educational and professional over their achievement. International Student One Health opportunities. The Sub-Dean stressed that Alliance (ISOHA) 2020-2021 Term. In a similar development, a there would be more of such and bigger In that capacity, M is s 500 level student of the same Faculty, achievements to come to the Faculty Abdulkarim will work on multiple Zakariya Marian, took second place in and the University as a whole as he levels to advocate for one health and an international competition organised stated that the joint efforts of all the staff grow ISOHA with the common mission by a collaboration of World of the Faculty is definitely working of connecting and supporting students Organisation of Animal Health (OIE) progressively which would help the globally. The Continent Representative and International Veterinary Students Faculty to produce more world class is to inspire and empower One Health Association (IVSA) 2019-2020. students. student groups both globally and Zakariya got the certificate of Dr Odetokun, however, locally. ISOHA representatives are a excellence for her outstanding work as encouraged all students of the grassroots team that serves as liaison an OIE/IVSA junior Ambassador University to emulate the two shining between the continent in which they are helping to raise awareness about global stars of the Faculty of Veterinary conducting their studies and ISOHA. veterinary public health challenges and Medicine, saying that “hard work and ISOHA was established to the OIE global initiatives to address clear focus pay”. connect students across the world them. interested in the connections between In a statement made available Thisday Editorial Board Chair donates books to Unilorin, others (Contd. from front page) Handing over the books to the and girls in Africa." Director of Corporate Affairs, Receiving the University of Ilorin, Mr. Kunle Akogun, books, Mr. Akogun in Lagos penultimate Monday expressed the gratitude (September 29, 2020), Mr. Adeniyi said of the University of that the book was informed by his Ilorin to the author and determination to contribute his “voice multiple award-winning and platform to the campaign to end all journalist, saying that forms of violence against women, the book would be a including sexual violence”. valuable addition to the M r. A d e n i y i , w h o w a s c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e represented by the Creative Director University Library. /Digital Publisher of ‘NAKED ABUSE’ The Director, on Amazon.com, Mr. Sunny Hughes, who was represented on disclosed that “the research for the book the occasion by the started in 2018, following the conviction Head of the University's of Prof. Richard Akindele at the Obafemi Lagos Liaison Office, Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. That was Mr. Phillip Bamidele, almost a year before the BBC r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e Documentary on the same issue was aired University has always in September 2019”. e n j o y e d a r o b u s t According to Mr. Adeniyi, "In relationship with Mr. writing the book, my main objectives Adeniyi, adding that the include: raising the profile of discourse book donation would go on sexual harassment in tertiary a long way in cementing institutions on the continent, deepening that relationship for awareness of the drivers, risks and further mutual benefits. Mr. Sunny Hughes (right) presenting the books consequences of the culture of gender- Mr. Akogun to Mr. Philip Bamidele based violence on our campuses, and disclosed that the donated books would Hub Africa,100; Save the Children,100; influencing the development and be deposited at the University Library for ActionAid,100; CDD,100; PLAN implementation of policies and systems the reading delight of students and staff of International,100; UNICEF,100; Enough to tackle the challenge ". the University. is Enough,150; Women Rights The author said, "Exposing the Apart from universities, copies Advancement and Protection Alternative culture of sex-for-marks, I believe, would of the book have also been (WRAPA),100; Women Aid Collective, not only help highlight the malaise, it donated to sundry Non-Governmental WACOL, 100; Women Inspiration could also kick-start efforts towards Organisations (NGOs) and development Development Centre, 50; CEDARSEED, curbing predatory behaviour on our agencies in the country. These include, 50; and the Shehu Musa Yar'Adua Centre, campuses. Only then can we truly begin Gender Mobile Initiative, 400; Youth 100. to make education spaces safe for women 22 NEWS October 12, 2020 Olowoleni stresses importance of alumni associations (Contd. from front page) Dr. Olowoleni, who is a Association. smoothing the progress of their former Vice-Chairman of the Kwara The veteran University distinguished alma mater". State Branch of the Association, administrator, who graduated with a Alhaji Adedeji, who was saluted the courage and resilience of Bachelor of Science degree in accompanied on the visit by Mr. Lanre the leadership of the Association for Business Administration from the Ahmed, told Dr. Olowoleni that the keeping its flags flying despite institution in 1982, assured the Association had embarked on several repeated challenges they have Association of her support at all times. vigorous and continuous mobilisation encountered over the years. Dr. Olowoleni used the of members across the state, adding The Registrar added that opportunity of the visit to call on the that the response received so far has mobilising of members for such striking universities workers across been "very stimulating and most Association is always a difficult Nigeria to have a rethink on the encouraging". venture in view of the several industrial action they recently He also informed the commitments of alumni, saying that embarked upon, explaining that Registrar that the Association is the fact that they have shouldered the experiences over the years have working on the production and responsibilities for so long is a shown that strike has proved to be publication of a compendium, which confirmation of their tirelessness. She outdated and ineffective. will parade the profiles of most of the noted that experience has shown that She advised labour unions to alumni of the University based in only a handful of committed and device other efficacious means of Kwara State to promote interactions resourceful members always manage expressing their grievances with their among them. the affairs and ensure the progress of employers and management instead Alhaji Adedeji, who is the non-political and non-profit making of embarking on strikes at the slightest immediate past General Manager of organisations in climes like ours. provocation, lamenting that it is the Radio Kwara, Ilorin, sought the Dr. Olowoleni urged the innocent that always pay the prices of cooperation and support of the leadership of the Association not to such industrial disharmonies. Registrar for the Association at the relent in its efforts as she advised them Earlier, the Chairman of the state and national levels. to take advantage of the various Association, Alhaji Abdulateef The highlight of the visit was modern means of communication to Adebowale Adedeji, said that his the decoration of Dr. Olowoleni with mobilise more members and stimulate Association was on the visit to brief a ceremonial rope of the Association their interests towards the realisation the Registrar on what he called "the to the delight of those who witnessed of the objectives and activities of the journey so far in the processes of the event. Every shelf deserves Akanbi's memoir --- Adedimeji By Mubarak Oladosu former Director of the Centre account of the multidimentional that Dr. Akanbi is a wonderful for Peace and Strategic outlook of the book. personality who has remained close to AStudies (CPSS), University of According to the book him even after their lecturer-student Ilorin, Dr. Mahfouz Adedimeji, has reviewer, the quest to find one's voice relationship was over. described a book written by a lecturer and feet in a world populated by 7.8 In his own remarks, the Vice- in the Department of Agricultural billion people is a daunting task that Chancellor of , Economics and Farm Management, transcends schooling and achieves Malete, who is also the immediate Dr. Usman Oladipo Akanbi, entitled balanced education which is the younger brother of the author, Prof. “Connecting with my Past: Midlife combination of traditional, Islamic Muhammed Mustapha Akanbi Memoirs”, as "an Autobiography Plus and Western education. (SAN), stated that he was not given that it goes beyond just Dr. Adedimeji who is the surprised that the author started and narrating the experiences of the author author of "Right Writing Wrong completed a book during the COVID- to discussing history and politics of Writing", further noted that Prof. Ali 19 pandemic given his personality as a his city of origin and country". Mazrui described balanced education thoroughbred intellectual who always Dr. Adedimeji made this as African's triple heritage and reflected their parents' legacies of remark penultimate Thursday "Usman Akanbi's "Reconnecting with scholarship and integrity. (October 1, 2020) while reviewing my Past" is evident of the desideratum Prof. Akanbi noted that his the book during its public presentation of this balanced education in the parents wanted to build a scholarly at the Mustapha Akanbi Library and making of a Total Man who the author and religious home and his brother, Resource Centre, Ilorin. is, a conclusion that would be easy to who epitomises these virtues, is Describing the author as reach by every keen reader of the carrying the flag in the right manner. multi-talented, Dr. Adedimeji, a book". In his own remarks, the author former head of the Durectorate of In his own remarks, the acknowledged his late parents, friends Corporate Affairs, University of Chairman of the occasion and former and associates for the influences they Ilorin, noted that an encounter with Director of Academic Planning at the have had on him which led to his latest the book would prove that it belongs University of Ilorin, Prof. O.A publication. among books to be read with Omotesho, described his relationship (Contd. on page 5 ) diligence, attention and retention on with the author as wonderful, noting 3 SPICE October 12, 2020

S/N Name Department Birthday 1 Okesina, Adekumle Bashir Chem. Path. & Immunology Oct 11 2 Dada, Olatunde Works: Works/Maintenance Office Oct 11 3 Olu, Florence Ifeola Unilorin Staff School Oct 11 4 Issa, Abdulwahab Olanrewaju Library & Information Sciences Oct 11 5 Olobayo, Folusho Francis Registry Oct 11 6 Olaoye, Femi Johnson Health Services Oct 11 7 Ajao, Kabiru Suleiman Materials & Metallur gical Engineering Oct 11 8 Mohammed, Aminat Sayi Registry Oct 11 9 Jimoh, Abdulrasaq Taiye Finance Oct 11 10 Salami, Omaiseye Tosan Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology Oct 11 11 Yakub, Muhammed Jamiu Works: Works/Maintenance Office Oct 11 12 Alanamu, Zubair Olayemi Portal Services Oct 11 13 Salawu, Abdullahi Enesi Works: Works/Maint enance Office Oct 12 14 Abolarin, Lawrence Oladele Registry Oct 12 15 Alabi, Jacob Oluwatoyin Centre For Archives & Documentation Oct 12 16 Ugbaja, Onyeubo Angelina Registry Oct 12 17 Yahaya, Jamiu Idowu Industrial Relations And Personnel Management Oct 12 18 Adunmo, Godwin Olawoyin Medical Biochemistry Oct 12 19 Aliyu, Ishola Nasiru Information & Communication Science Oct 12 20 Adewara, Janet Oluseyi Library Oct 12 21 Bello -Ochende, Margaret Unoiza Mechanical Engineering Oct 12 22 Johnson, Winnifred Oluwaseyi Home Economics & Food Science Oct 12 23 Ologe, Foluwasayo Emmanuel Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Oct 13 24 Agboola, Olajumoke Bolaji Registry Oct 13 25 Ezeoke, Grace Gwazachi Obstetrics & Gynaecology Oct 13 26 Adeboye, Tunde Adegbenga Unilorin Staff School Oct 13 27 Akanbi, Abdulrasaq Oladimeji Science Education Oct 13 28 Bakare, Adebola Rafiu Political Science Oct 13 29 Sadiq, Mashood Adeshina Registry Oct 13 30 Abolarin, Temitope Mary Microbiology Oct 13 31 Adesokan, Asimi Adegoke Centre For Supportive Service For The Deaf Oct 13 32 Akpata, Charles Olu Security Division Oct 14 33 Ajibade, Lanre Tajudeen Geography & Environmental Management Oct 14 34 Mohammed, Ibrahim Registry Oct 14 35 Zubair, Abdulkabir Jamiu Security Division Oct 14 36 Abdulazeez, Okene Hamza Public Law Oct 14 37 Oba, Isiaka Security Division Oct 14 38 Animasahun, Ridwan Registry Oct 14 39 Oke, Ezekiel Olusola Central Admin: Of fice Oct 15 40 Adeyemi, Jeremiah Aboljai Registry Oct 15 41 Olorunmaiye, Kehinde Stephen Plant Biology Oct 15 42 Afolayan, Thaddeaus Adeloye Electrical & Electronics Engineering Oct 15 43 Emelogu, Chukwuemeka Chima Bursary Oct 15 44 Kolawole, Israel Kayode Anaesthesia Oct 15 45 Olotu, Oluwole Registry Oct 15 46 Iyanda, Sunday Elijah Religions Oct 15 47 Mas'Ud, Saliu Ibrahim Unilorin Staff School Oct 15 48 Gbodofu, Khalil Mohammad Usman Arabic Oct 15 49 Fatoyinbo, Bosede Beatrice Health Services Oct 15 50 Odiri, Christy Iyabode Registry Oct 15 51 Idris, Babatunde Works: Mechanical Oct 15 52 Suleiman, Aliyu Dagbo Registry Oct 15 53 Awoyemi, Alfred Olatayo Counsellor Education Oct 15 54 Liadi, Muideen Tella Teaching & Research Farm Oct 15 55 Salman, Iyabo Munirat Unilorin Zoo Oct 15

56 Attah, Francis Alfred Unuagbe Pharmacognosy And Drug Development Oct 15 57 Olawoyin, Lukman Abiodun Telecommunication Science Oct 15 58 Anofi, Abdulfatai Olanrewaju Urban & Regional Planning Oct 15 59 Atanda, Lamidi Ajadi Bursary Oct 15 60 Faruk, Muritala Registry Oct 15 61 Obafemi, Oluwabunmi Olamide Directorate Of Corporate Affairs Oct 15 62 Ejieji, Chukwuemeka Joachin Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering Oct 16 63 Adeyemi, Samuel Security Division Oct 16 64 Omopariola, Felicia Dupe Registry Oct 16 65 Adegboye, Abdulrasheed Paediatric & Child Health Oct 16 66 Ajide, David Adebola Registry Oct 16 67 Iwalaiye, Docas Folashade Registry Oct 16 68 Dauda, Ramota Security Division Oct 16 69 Mahamood, Rasheedat Modupe Mechanical Engineering Oct 16 70 Oyedepo, Olumayowa Joseph Registry Oct 16 71 Moshood, Ibrahim Works: Works/Maintenance Office Oct 16 72 Mahmud, Abdullahi Centre For Counselling & Human Development Oct 16 73 Haruna, Sikirat Shitta Registry Oct 16 74 Otitoju, Johnson Idowu Works: Mechanical Oct 17 75 Olaoye, Joshua Olanrewaju Agricultural And Biosystems Engineering Oct 17 76 Jaji, Zubair Veterinary Anatomy Oct 17 77 Laba, Sunday A. Microbiology Oct 17 78 Adebayo, Sijuwade Adebukola Agricultural Extension & Rural Development Oct 17 79 Basambo, Zainab Ajibade Centre For Counselling & Human Development Oct 17 80 Obafemi, Oluwatosin Adekunle Works: Electrical/T elecom Oct 17 81 Oloyede, Lateefah Abiodun Anaesthesia Oct 17 82 Zubair , Hajarat Oyinlola Urban & Regional Planning Oct 17 83 Ibrahim, Fatima Alaba Central Research Laboratory Oct 17 84 Suleiman, Anifat Oyebola Registry Oct 17 The University Board of Health encourages you to visit the University Health Services for medical check-up on your birthday. Thanks.

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THE HEALTH COLUMN October 12, 2020

(Contd. from back page) ● Meglitinideseg Repaglinide and nateglinide are non- protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor sulfonylurea secretagogues which stimulate the release of antagonists, and metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose output insulin from the beta cells, similar to sulfonylureas. are being assessed for the purpose of development of new drug ●Thiazolidinedioneseg Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone etc. These therapy for type 2 diabetic patients. are insulin sensitizers. There are concerns about peripheral Complications edema, fluid retention and fracture risk in women. Their use ●Vasculopathy (damage to blood vessels) can be limited in older adults with DM. a. Micro-angiopathy (tiny vessels) i. diabetic retinopathy- ●Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors e.g Acarbose, Voglibose and (vessels in the eye), ii. diabetic neuropathy - (vessels in the Miglitol. They are most effective for postprandial nerves),iii. diabetic nephropathy(vessels in the kidneys). hyperglycemia and should be avoided in patients with b. Macro-angiopathy (large vessels) i. heart disease ii. significant renal impairment. Their side-effects are diarrhoea peripheral vascular disease iii. stroke. and flatulence. ●Neuropathy (damage to nerves) i. sensory neuropathy ii. motor ●Incretin-Based Therapies e.g Exenatide, Liraglutide etc. neuropathy iii. autonomic neuropathy These are Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogues. They ●Immunopathy (damage to the immune system) are available for use as monotherapy, as an adjunct to diet and exercise or in combination with oral hypoglycemic agents in ●Diabetic Foot Syndrome (leg wound arising from a adults with type 2 DM. combination of vasculopathy, neuropathy, and immunopathy) ●Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors. They are effective as Conclusion monotherapy in patients inadequately controlled with diet and Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease of multiple aetiologies. exercise and as add-on therapy in combination with Type 2 DM can be prevented through lifestyle modification, diet metformin, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. control, and control of overweight and obesity. Education of the ●Insulin- Insulin is used alone or in combination with oral populace is still key to the control of this emerging epidemic. hypoglycemic agents. Insulin comes in injectable forms - Novel drugs are being developed, yet no cure is available in rapid, short, intermediate, and long acting. The long acting sight for the disease, despite new insight into the forms are less likely to cause hypoglycemia compared to the pathophysiology of the disease. Management should be tailored short acting forms. to improve the quality of life of individuals with DM ●Insulin analogues e.g. insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin Further reading glargine etc. The traditional intermediate- and long-acting 1. Olokoba AB, Obateru OA, Olokoba LB. 2012. Type 2 insulins (NPH insulin, lente insulin, and ultralente insulin) are Diabetes Mellitus – a review of current trends. Oman MedJ limited by inconsistent absorption, and peaks of action that 2012; 27(2):269-273. may result in hypoglycemia. The insulin analogues have better 2. Ahmed AM. History of diabetes mellitus. Saudi Med J 2002; pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles. 23(4):373-378. ●Future in Drugs 3. Patlak M. New weapons to combat an ancient disease: treating i. Inhaled form of rapidly acting insulin diabetes. FASEB J 2002;16(14):1853. ii.Bromocriptine 4. Maitra A, Abbas AK. Endocrine system. In: Kumar V, Fausto iii.Others such as inhibitors of the sodium-glucose co- N, Abbas AK (eds). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of transporter 2, inhibitors of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase disease (7th ed) 2005. Philadelphia, Saunders; 1156-1226. 1, Insulin-releasing glucokinase activators, pancreatic-G- *Prof. Olokoba is of the Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology unit, UITH and University of Ilorin. Unilorin Press hails Bolaji Abdullahi, others for patronage (Contd. from front page) In a memo sent to the Director of clients such as Al-Hikmah University, the (JAMB) twice. Corporate Affairs, Mr. Kunle Akogun, the Kwara State University, Malete Mr. Ogunyinka said that “this Press Manager, Unilorin Press, Mr. (KWSU); and Bayero University. had enhanced our profit level and, by Festus Ogunyinka, disclosed that while The Press Manager, however, direct implication, improved returns to reviewing the activities of the Press since noted that “in terms of volume and value, the University coffers”. inception, the management observed that Mallam Bolaji Abdullahi is the biggest The Press Manager, therefore, the business climate had never been client so far”, expressed gratitude to Mallam Abdullahi, better than it is currently. th He disclosed that the former whom he described as “a genuine In the memo dated 5 October, Minister, who was also one time Kwara Omoluabi”, saying, “The Unilorin Press, 2020, Mr. Ogunyinka pointed out that State Commissioner for Education, “had on behalf of the University, remains despite the Press' major challenge of graciously contracted the Unilorin Press grateful for Mallam Abdullahi's recapitalization, its customer base has to produce 1.7 million copies of his book, patronage”, which he said, “is a direct been improving steadily. He added that “Sweet Sixteen”, a reading material for indication of his love for his immediate apart from the clients listed above, the the Universal Tertiary Matriculation constituency/community”. Press had also enjoyed the patronage of Examination (UTME) of the Joint many external institutional and private Admissions and Matriculation Board Every shelf deserves Akanbi's memoir --- Adedimeji (Contd. from page 3) Dr. Akanbi called for a diverse Justice Sulyman Akanbi of the Kwara of the Department of Home Economics, cosmopolitan outlook among the State Judiciary; President of Federal University of Ilorin; former Acting Deans educated class towards national Government College Ilorin Old students of the Faculty of Law , University of development, which will free the society Association, Rear Admiral Ahmed Audu; Ilorin, Dr. Kayode Adam and Dr. A. from local, provincial and national the Director of National Library, Ilorin, Arowosaye, Vice- Chairman of the of prejudices . Mr. A. Olani; Prof. M.A. Belewu and A. the Kwara State Chapter of the Dignitaries at the public Tiamiyu of the Faculty of Agricultural Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) presentation included Justice Asmau Sciences, University of Ilorin; Hon. Mrs. Betty Ige ; Alh. Tijani Orisankoko; Akanbi of the Federal High Court; Hon. Segun Olawoyin; Prof. (Mrs) O.R. Karim and Alh. A. Bello, among others. 5

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October 12, 2020 www.unilorin.edu.ng November 4, 2019

P R O A B IN IT R THE HEALTH COLUMN AS - DOCT

Diabetes Mellitus By Prof. Adulfatai Olokobba Introduction higher risk of obesity and DM later in life. The mother might need a cesarean section because of an overly Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic, metabolic disease large baby, or she might have damage to her heart, kidneys, characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood nerves, and eyes. sugar). It results from relative or absolute deficiency of Insulin Clinical Features which leads to abnormality of the metabolism of carbohydrate, Stages protein and lipids. It manifests as polyuria (excessive urination), i. Normal polydipsia (excessive water intake), polyphagia (excessive food ii. Pre-diabetes intake), and weight loss. Pre-diabetes is when the blood sugar is higher than normal but Epidemiology not high enough for the diagnosis of DM. More than a third of About 422 million people worldwide have DM, the majority people in the United States have it, but most of do not know it. living in low-and middle-income countries, and 1.6 million Pre-diabetes can pre-dispose to type 2 DM and heart disease. deaths are directly attributed to DM each year. Both the number Exercising more and losing weight, even as little as 5% to 7% of of cases and the prevalence of DM have been steadily increasing one's body weight, can lower those risks over the past few decades partly due to the increasing cases of iii. Diabetes Mellitus obesity globally. Symptoms and signs In Nigeria, the overall pooled prevalence of DM was 5.8%. The Polyuria pooled prevalences of DM in the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria were 3.0% in the north-west, 5.9% in the north-east, Polydipsia 3.8% in the north-central, 5.5% in the south-west, 4.6% in the Polyphagia south-east, and 9.8% in the south-south zone. Risk factors for the Weight loss pooled prevalence of DM were a family history of DM; urban Diagnosis dwelling; unhealthy dietary habits; cigarette smoking; older age; Screening and Diagnosis physical inactivity; and obesity. ● Tests for screening and diagnosis of DM are readily available. Pathophysiology The test recommended for screening is the same as that for There are different forms of DM namely: Type 1, Type 2 and making diagnosis, with the result that a positive screen is Gestational DM equivalent to a diagnosis of pre-diabetes or DM. Type 1 DM (lack of Insulin) - also called Insulin-dependent DM It is still based on the American Diabetic Association (ADA) or Juvenile-onset DM (because it begins in childhood) is a guidelines of 1997 or World Health Organization (WHO) chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no National diabetic group criteria of 2006, insulin. It is an autoimmune condition where the body produces ● A single raised glucose reading with symptoms (polyuria, auto antibodies that damage the pancreas. There may be genetic polydipsia, polyphagia and weight loss), OR raised glucose predisposition to this. values on two occasions of either i. fasting plasma glucose (FPG) Type 2 DM 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or ii. an oral glucose tolerance test (ineffective use of Insulin) - also called Non-insulin dependent (OGTT), two hours after the oral dose a plasma glucose 11.1 DM or adult-onset DM. It is the most common type of DM. mmol/L (200 mg/dL). About 90% of people with DM have type 2. It usually occurs in ● Theglycatedhaemoglobin (HbA1c) and fructosamine is also adults when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't still useful for determining blood sugar control over time make enough insulin. But it has become more common in ● The range of HbA1c levels of 6.0% and <6.5% to identify children and teens over the past 20 years, largely because more those at high risk of developing DM. young people are overweight or obese. Type 2 DM is often Management milder than type 1. a. Non pharmacological agents People who are obese (more than 20% over their target body ● Through lifestyle and diet modification. weight for their height) have an especially high risk of type 2 ● There is a significant reduction in the incidence of type 2 DM DM, and complications can follow. Obesity often causes insulin with a combination of resistance, so the pancreas has to work harder to make more i. maintenance of body mass index of 25 kg/m2, insulin. But it's still not enough to maintain the normal blood sugar. ii. eating high fibre, unsaturated fat, and diet low in saturated and trans-fats, and glycemic index, In the past three decades, the prevalence of type 2 DM has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. iii. regular exercise, Gestational DM iv. abstinence from smoking and alcohol This form of DM usually occurs in mid or late pregnancy. b. Pharmacological agents Pregnancy usually causes some form of insulin resistance. ● Biguanideseg Metforminis the most commonly used in Because a woman's blood sugar travels through her placenta to overweight and obese patients. the baby, it's important to control gestational DM to protect the Due to the concern of development of lactic acidosis, metformin baby's growth and development. should be used with caution in elderly diabetic individuals with Gestational DM occurs in 2% to 10% of pregnancies. It usually renal impairment. It has a low incidence of hypoglycemia resolves after birth. But up to 10% of women who have compared to sulfonylureas. gestational DM develop type 2 DM, weeks or even years later. ● Sulfonylureaseg Glibenclamide, Glyburide, Glipizide etc. Gestational DM is more of a risk to the baby than the mother. A These are generally well tolerated but because they stimulate baby might have unusual weight gain before birth which may endogenous insulin secretion, they carry a risk of necessitate a caesarian section, breathing difficulty at birth, or a hypoglycemia. contd.on page 5)

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