FSD1040

Presidential Elections 2000, First Round

Codebook

FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE The bibliographic citation for this codebook: Presidential Elections 2000, First Round [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [pro- ducer and distributor], 2018.

This codebook has been generated from the version 3.1 (1.8.2006) of the data.

Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIN-33014 University of Tampere

FSD User Services: asiakaspalvelu.fsd@uta.fi +358 40 190 1442

Aila Data Service Portal: https://services.fsd.uta.fi/

Finnish Social Science Data Archive http://www.fsd.uta.fi/en/

$ Koodikirjoitin.py v35 @ 2018-01-25 12:05:17.244000 $ To the reader

This codebook is part of the data FSD1040 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science Data Archive).The dataset has been described in as much detail as possible in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, variable and value labels, and missing values have been checked. If neces- sary, the data have been anonymised. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. The bibliographic citation suggested by the archive:

Gallup Finland: Presidential Elections 2000, First Round [dataset]. Version 3.1 (2006-08-01). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T- FSD1040

The user shall notify the archive of all publications where she or he has used the data. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. The codebook contains information on data content, structure and data collection, and includes a list of publications wholly or in part based on the data, according to publication informa- tion received by the FSD. The second part of the codebook contains information on variables: question texts, response options, and frequencies. The third part contains indexes. Variable distributions presented in this codebook have been generated from the SPSS files. Dis- tribution tables present variable values, frequencies (n), frequency percentages (%), and valid percentages (v. %) which take into account missing data. All distributions are unweighted. If the data contain weight variables, these will be found at the end of the variables list. In some cases frequency distributions have been substituted by descriptive statistics. Categorised responses to open-ended questions are not always included in the codebook. Distributions may contain missing data. The note "System missing (SYSMIS)" refers to missing observations (e.g. a re- spondent has not answered all questions) whereas "Missing (User missing)" refers to data the user has defined as missing. For example, the user may decide to code answer alternatives ’don’t want to say’ or ’can’t say’ as missing data. The codebook may contain attached files, the most common one being the questionnaire.

Contents

1 Study description 1 1.1 Titles ...... 1 1.2 Subject description ...... 1 1.3 Structure and collection of the data ...... 3 1.4 Use of data ...... 3

2 Variables 5

3 Indexes 57 3.1 Variables in the order of occurrence ...... 57 3.2 Variables in alphabetical order ...... 62

A Abbreviations of Finnish Political Parties 67

B Questionnaire in Finnish 69

i

Chapter 1

Study description

1.1 Titles

Titles and data version: Presidential Elections 2000, First Round Titles and data version in Finnish: Presidentinvaalit 2000, 1. kierros This codebook has been generated from the version 3.1 (1.8.2006) of the data.

1.2 Subject description

Other material

Information on the Gallup Channel research system1

Authoring entity

Gallup Finland

Copyright statement for the data

According to the agreement between FSD and the depositor.

Depositor

Gallup Finland

1http://www.fsd.uta.fi/english/data/background/gchannelge.html

1 1. Study description

Date of deposit

16.3.2000

Keywords advertising; elections; general elections; political support; presidential candidates; voting

Topic Classification

Fields of Science Classification: social sciences CESSDA Classification: elections; political behaviour and attitudes

Series description

The data belong to the series:

Individual datasets

Individual datasets that do not belong to any series.

Abstract

The survey focused on the 2000 presidential elections in Finland. The respondents were asked whether they had voted in the first round of the presidential elections in the year 2000 and for which candidate they had voted. They were also asked when they had made their voting decision and how the media, advertising, close friends, candidate selectors on the Internet, or the candi- date’s campaign websites affected their voting decision. The respondents were asked whether they had voted in the first round of the 2000 presidential elections, and for which candidate they had voted. In addition, the respondents were presented with a list of various things and asked to say which of them affected their choice of candidate in the first round of the elections. Those who had not voted in the first round were asked the reason for abstaining. All respondents were asked about their opinion of the election campaign and advertising and whether they were going to vote in the second round of the elections, and for whom. The respondents were pre- sented with statements about voting and the personality of the president, and they were asked to express their opinion about them. Finally, the respondents were asked which party they would vote for in parliamentary elections if the elections were held at that time, which party they had voted for in the previous parliamentary elections, and for which candidate they had voted in the previous presidential elections. Background variables included the respondent’s gender, mother tongue, age, marital status, composition and income of the household, education, occupation, information on work, work- ing hours, trade union membership, ownership of apartment, voting in elections, position on a left-right scale, social class, and dwelling place. The background variables have been updated in August 1999. The data also include a case id variable hl, which can be used to append this data to FSD1041.

2 1.3. Structure and collection of the data

1.3 Structure and collection of the data

Country: Finland Geographic coverage: Finland Analysis or observation unit type: Individual Universe: People aged 15 or over living in Finland, excluding the Åland Islands Collection date: 2000 Data collector(s): Gallup Finland Data producer(s): Gallup Finland Mode of data collection: Face-to-face interview: Computer-assisted (CAPI/CAMI) Type of research instrument: Structured questionnaire Time period covered: 2000 Time method of the data collection: Longitudinal: Trend/Repeated cross-section Number of variables and cases: The data contain 113 variables and 1394 cases. Sampling procedure: Probability: Multistage Three-stage stratified sample. The survey had 1,394 respondents of whom 1,229 also responded to the survey FSD1041, collected after the second round of the elections.

1.4 Use of data

Data appraisal

The variables identifying respondent postal code and municipality have been removed from the data.

Related publications

Carlson, Tom (2002). Cirkusen som icke är: personfixering i ett finländskt väljarperspektiv. I: Den personliga politiken (red. Håkan Hvitfelt & Lauri Karvonen), 56-67. Sundsvall: Mit- thögskolan. Demokratiinstitutet: Mitt i opinionen; 6. Carlson, Tom & Strandberg, Kim (2005). The 2004 European parliament Election on the Web. Finnish Actor Strategies and Voter Responses. Information Polity 10(3 & 4), 189-204. Carlson, Tom & Strandberg, Kim (2007). The European Election on the Web in a Candidate- Centered system. The Case of Finland in The Internet and National Elections. A Comparative Study of Web Campaigning (Eds. Kluver, R. & Foot, K. & Schneider, S. & Jankowski, N.). London & New York: Routledge. Carlson, Tom & Strandberg, Kim (2008). Plus ça change, plus ça reste le même? The evolution of Finnish Web campaigning 1996-2004. in Communicating Politics. Political Communication

3 1. Study description in the Nordic Countries (Eds. Strömbäck, Jesper & Ostern, Mark & Aalberg, Toril). Göteborg: Nordicom. Carlson, Tom & Strandberg, Kim (2008). Riding the Web 2.0 Wave. Candidates on YouTube in the 2007 Finnish National Elections. Journal of Information Technology and Politics 5(2). Carlson, Tom & Strandberg, Kim (2012). The Rise of Web Campaigning in Finland. in iPoli- tics. Citizens, Elections, and Governing in the New Media Era (Eds. Ramos, J. & Davies, R.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Djupsund, Göran & Carlson, Tom (2003). Catching the ’Wired Voters’? Campaigning on the Internet. Nordicom-Information 25(1-2), 39-50. Updated list of publications in the study description at

https://services.fsd.uta.fi/catalogue/FSD1040?lang=en&study_language=en

Related studies

FSD1041 Presidential Elections 2000, Second Round

Location of the data collection

Finnish Social Science Data Archive

Weighting

There are no weight variables in the data.

Restrictions

The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study.

4 Chapter 2

Variables

[FSD_NO] FSD study number

Question

FSD study number

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1394 minimum 1040.00 maximum 1040.00 mean 1040.00 standard deviation 0.00

[FSD_VR] FSD edition number

Question

FSD edition number

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1394 minimum 3.00 maximum 3.00 mean 3.00 standard deviation 0.00

5 2. Variables

[FSD_PRO] FSD processing level

Question

Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, filter vari- ables, variable and value labels, and missing values are checked. If necessary, the data are anonymised.

Frequencies

label value n % v. % A (see codebook) 1 1394 100.0 100.0 B (see codebook) 2 0 0.0 0.0 C (data have not been checked at FSD) 3 0 0.0 0.0 1394 100.0 100.0

[FSD_ID] FSD case id

Question

FSD case id

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1394 minimum 1.00 maximum 1394.00 mean 697.50 standard deviation 402.56

[HL] Case id

Question

Case id No valid values

[Q1] Did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections

Question

Did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections

6 Q3

Frequencies

label value n % v. % voted in advance 1 535 38.4 38.4 on the actual election day 2 734 52.7 52.7 didn’t vote 3 117 8.4 8.4 don’t want to say 4 8 0.6 0.6 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q2] For whom did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections

Question

For whom did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Esko Aho 1 304 21.8 24.0 Ilkka Hakalehto 2 17 1.2 1.3 Tarja Halonen 3 509 36.5 40.1 Heidi Hautala 4 61 4.4 4.8 Risto Kuisma 5 5 0.4 0.4 Elisabeth Rehn 6 92 6.6 7.2 Riitta Uosukainen 7 205 14.7 16.2 don’t want to say 8 76 5.5 6.0 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q3] When did you finally decide for whom to vote in the first round of the presidential elections

Question

When did you finally decide for whom to vote in the first round of the presidential elections

Frequencies

label value n % v. % on the same day I voted 1 131 9.4 10.3 few days before voting 2 183 13.1 14.4 a week or two before voting 3 199 14.3 15.7

(continued on next page)

7 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % a month or two before voting 4 227 16.3 17.9 early in the autumn 5 407 29.2 32.1 years ago 6 113 8.1 8.9 can’t say 7 9 0.6 0.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5A] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: newspapers

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: newspapers

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 63 4.5 5.0 quite a lot 2 196 14.1 15.4 not very much 3 573 41.1 45.2 not at all 4 391 28.0 30.8 can’t say 5 46 3.3 3.6 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5B] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: magazines

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: magazines

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 13 0.9 1.0 quite a lot 2 57 4.1 4.5

(continued on next page)

8 Q5D

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % not very much 3 377 27.0 29.7 not at all 4 775 55.6 61.1 can’t say 5 47 3.4 3.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5C] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: radio pro- grammes

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: radio programmes

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 14 1.0 1.1 quite a lot 2 73 5.2 5.8 not very much 3 380 27.3 29.9 not at all 4 772 55.4 60.8 can’t say 5 30 2.2 2.4 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5D] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: election debates on TV

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: election debates on TV

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 218 15.6 17.2

(continued on next page) 9 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % quite a lot 2 349 25.0 27.5 not very much 3 423 30.3 33.3 not at all 4 262 18.8 20.6 can’t say 5 17 1.2 1.3 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5E] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: news and current affairs programmes on TV

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: news and current affairs programmes on TV

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 159 11.4 12.5 quite a lot 2 371 26.6 29.2 not very much 3 504 36.2 39.7 not at all 4 217 15.6 17.1 can’t say 5 18 1.3 1.4 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5F] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: political advertising in newspapers

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: political advertising in newspapers

Frequencies

10 Q5H

label value n % v. % very much 1 10 0.7 0.8 quite a lot 2 65 4.7 5.1 not very much 3 385 27.6 30.3 not at all 4 765 54.9 60.3 can’t say 5 44 3.2 3.5 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5G] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: political advertising on TV

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: political advertising on TV

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 33 2.4 2.6 quite a lot 2 76 5.5 6.0 not very much 3 406 29.1 32.0 not at all 4 721 51.7 56.8 can’t say 5 33 2.4 2.6 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5H] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidates’ campaign meetings

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidates’ campaign meetings

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 25 1.8 2.0

(continued on next page) 11 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % quite a lot 2 45 3.2 3.5 not very much 3 89 6.4 7.0 not at all 4 1088 78.0 85.7 can’t say 5 22 1.6 1.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5I] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: friends, col- leagues, relatives

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: friends, colleagues, relatives

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 16 1.1 1.3 quite a lot 2 56 4.0 4.4 not very much 3 355 25.5 28.0 not at all 4 813 58.3 64.1 can’t say 5 29 2.1 2.3 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5J] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: entertainment programmes on TV

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: entertainment programmes on TV

Frequencies

12 Q5L

label value n % v. % very much 1 12 0.9 0.9 quite a lot 2 35 2.5 2.8 not very much 3 268 19.2 21.1 not at all 4 920 66.0 72.5 can’t say 5 34 2.4 2.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5K] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidate selectors on the Internet

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidate selectors on the Internet

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 8 0.6 0.6 quite a lot 2 46 3.3 3.6 not very much 3 164 11.8 12.9 not at all 4 1039 74.5 81.9 can’t say 5 12 0.9 0.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q5L] How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidates’ web pages

Question

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidates’ web pages

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very much 1 3 0.2 0.2

(continued on next page) 13 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % quite a lot 2 15 1.1 1.2 not very much 3 87 6.2 6.9 not at all 4 1149 82.4 90.5 can’t say 5 15 1.1 1.2 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6A] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s appearance on TV

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s appearance on TV

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 101 7.2 8.0 strong influence 2 304 21.8 24.0 some influence 3 469 33.6 37.0 no influence at all 4 369 26.5 29.1 can’t say 5 26 1.9 2.0 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6C] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s sex

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s sex

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 145 10.4 11.4 strong influence 2 170 12.2 13.4 some influence 3 269 19.3 21.2

(continued on next page)

14 Q6E

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % no influence at all 4 674 48.4 53.1 can’t say 5 11 0.8 0.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6D] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s native language

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s native lan- guage

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 147 10.5 11.6 strong influence 2 142 10.2 11.2 some influence 3 222 15.9 17.5 no influence at all 4 745 53.4 58.7 can’t say 5 13 0.9 1.0 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6E] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate promotes interests of respondent’s reference group

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate promotes inter- ests of respondent’s reference group

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 158 11.3 12.5 strong influence 2 231 16.6 18.2 some influence 3 329 23.6 25.9 no influence at all 4 514 36.9 40.5

(continued on next page)

15 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % can’t say 5 37 2.7 2.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6G] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate has pursued a good policy on recent issues

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate has pursued a good policy on recent issues

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 333 23.9 26.2 strong influence 2 474 34.0 37.4 some influence 3 326 23.4 25.7 no influence at all 4 102 7.3 8.0 can’t say 5 34 2.4 2.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6H] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate is competent to deal with important issues

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate is competent to deal with important issues

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 643 46.1 50.7 strong influence 2 427 30.6 33.6 some influence 3 153 11.0 12.1 no influence at all 4 29 2.1 2.3 can’t say 5 17 1.2 1.3

(continued on next page)

16 Q6J

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6I] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s expertise in foreign policy

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s expertise in foreign policy

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 457 32.8 36.0 strong influence 2 402 28.8 31.7 some influence 3 257 18.4 20.3 no influence at all 4 116 8.3 9.1 can’t say 5 37 2.7 2.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6J] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s experience and performance in international circles

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s experience and performance in international circles

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 367 26.3 28.9 strong influence 2 424 30.4 33.4 some influence 3 300 21.5 23.6 no influence at all 4 144 10.3 11.3 can’t say 5 34 2.4 2.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 –

(continued on next page)

17 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6K] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s ideological views are similar to respondent’s views

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s ideological views are similar to respondent’s views

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 350 25.1 27.6 strong influence 2 322 23.1 25.4 some influence 3 279 20.0 22.0 no influence at all 4 266 19.1 21.0 can’t say 5 52 3.7 4.1 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6L] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on refugees

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on refugees

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 64 4.6 5.0 strong influence 2 116 8.3 9.1 some influence 3 357 25.6 28.1 no influence at all 4 573 41.1 45.2 can’t say 5 159 11.4 12.5 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

18 Q6N

[Q6M] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on economic issues

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on economic issues

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 117 8.4 9.2 strong influence 2 395 28.3 31.1 some influence 3 465 33.4 36.6 no influence at all 4 197 14.1 15.5 can’t say 5 95 6.8 7.5 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6N] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on social policy

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on social policy

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 179 12.8 14.1 strong influence 2 395 28.3 31.1 some influence 3 459 32.9 36.2 no influence at all 4 166 11.9 13.1 can’t say 5 70 5.0 5.5 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

19 2. Variables

[Q6O] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on regional policy

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on regional policy

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 133 9.5 10.5 strong influence 2 242 17.4 19.1 some influence 3 408 29.3 32.2 no influence at all 4 362 26.0 28.5 can’t say 5 124 8.9 9.8 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6P] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on issues related to families with children

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on issues related to families with children

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 158 11.3 12.5 strong influence 2 266 19.1 21.0 some influence 3 376 27.0 29.6 no influence at all 4 351 25.2 27.7 can’t say 5 118 8.5 9.3 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6Q] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s political party

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s political party

20 Q6DD

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 256 18.4 20.2 strong influence 2 236 16.9 18.6 some influence 3 303 21.7 23.9 no influence at all 4 453 32.5 35.7 can’t say 5 21 1.5 1.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6CC] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on Finland’s potential Nato membership

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Finland’s potential Nato membership

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 99 7.1 7.8 strong influence 2 220 15.8 17.3 some influence 3 354 25.4 27.9 no influence at all 4 498 35.7 39.2 can’t say 5 98 7.0 7.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6DD] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on Finland’s policies in the EU

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Finland’s policies in the EU

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 127 9.1 10.0

(continued on next page) 21 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % strong influence 2 333 23.9 26.2 some influence 3 407 29.2 32.1 no influence at all 4 300 21.5 23.6 can’t say 5 102 7.3 8.0 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6EE] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on Russia

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Russia

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 98 7.0 7.7 strong influence 2 277 19.9 21.8 some influence 3 397 28.5 31.3 no influence at all 4 371 26.6 29.2 can’t say 5 126 9.0 9.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6FF] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on how to improve employment situation

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to improve employment situation

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 114 8.2 9.0 strong influence 2 320 23.0 25.2

(continued on next page)

22 Q6HH

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % some influence 3 439 31.5 34.6 no influence at all 4 294 21.1 23.2 can’t say 5 102 7.3 8.0 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6GG] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on Finland’s security and defence policy

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Finland’s security and defence policy

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 178 12.8 14.0 strong influence 2 388 27.8 30.6 some influence 3 434 31.1 34.2 no influence at all 4 182 13.1 14.3 can’t say 5 87 6.2 6.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6HH] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on equality between men and women

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on equality between men and women

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 110 7.9 8.7 strong influence 2 247 17.7 19.5 some influence 3 361 25.9 28.4

(continued on next page)

23 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % no influence at all 4 457 32.8 36.0 can’t say 5 94 6.7 7.4 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6II] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on how to reduce poverty and prevent people from alienating themselves from the society

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to reduce poverty and prevent people from alienating themselves from the society

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 174 12.5 13.7 strong influence 2 312 22.4 24.6 some influence 3 417 29.9 32.9 no influence at all 4 253 18.1 19.9 can’t say 5 113 8.1 8.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6KK] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on how to reduce criminality

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to reduce criminality

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 95 6.8 7.5 strong influence 2 242 17.4 19.1 some influence 3 397 28.5 31.3

(continued on next page)

24 Q6MM

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % no influence at all 4 349 25.0 27.5 can’t say 5 186 13.3 14.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6LL] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s effect on Finland’s image abroad

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s effect on Finland’s image abroad

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 315 22.6 24.8 strong influence 2 372 26.7 29.3 some influence 3 327 23.5 25.8 no influence at all 4 189 13.6 14.9 can’t say 5 66 4.7 5.2 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6MM] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s views on environmental issues

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on environmental issues

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 96 6.9 7.6 strong influence 2 221 15.9 17.4 some influence 3 478 34.3 37.7 no influence at all 4 338 24.2 26.6

(continued on next page)

25 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % can’t say 5 136 9.8 10.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6OO] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s success in opinion polls

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s success in opinion polls

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 29 2.1 2.3 strong influence 2 49 3.5 3.9 some influence 3 144 10.3 11.3 no influence at all 4 1014 72.7 79.9 can’t say 5 33 2.4 2.6 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6U] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s ability as a public performer

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s ability as a public performer

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 339 24.3 26.7 strong influence 2 464 33.3 36.6 some influence 3 328 23.5 25.8 no influence at all 4 118 8.5 9.3 can’t say 5 20 1.4 1.6

(continued on next page)

26 Q6AA

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6X] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s elegant appearance and stylishness

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s elegant ap- pearance and stylishness

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 241 17.3 19.0 strong influence 2 275 19.7 21.7 some influence 3 368 26.4 29.0 no influence at all 4 355 25.5 28.0 can’t say 5 30 2.2 2.4 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6AA] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s determination and assertiveness

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s determination and assertiveness

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 378 27.1 29.8 strong influence 2 492 35.3 38.8 some influence 3 309 22.2 24.3 no influence at all 4 67 4.8 5.3 can’t say 5 23 1.6 1.8 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 –

(continued on next page)

27 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q6BB] Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elec- tions: candidate’s irreproachable private life

Question

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s irreproachable private life

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 130 9.3 10.2 strong influence 2 180 12.9 14.2 some influence 3 215 15.4 16.9 no influence at all 4 685 49.1 54.0 can’t say 5 59 4.2 4.6 System missing (SYSMIS) . 125 9.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q7B] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: hard to find a suitable candidate

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: hard to find a suitable candidate

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 20 1.4 17.1 strong influence 2 10 0.7 8.5 some influence 3 23 1.6 19.7 no influence at all 4 58 4.2 49.6 can’t say 5 6 0.4 5.1 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

28 Q7E

[Q7C] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: force majeure

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: force majeure

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 27 1.9 23.1 strong influence 2 5 0.4 4.3 some influence 3 11 0.8 9.4 no influence at all 4 71 5.1 60.7 can’t say 5 3 0.2 2.6 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q7D] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: did not remem- ber to vote

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: did not remember to vote

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 0 0.0 0.0 strong influence 2 0 0.0 0.0 some influence 3 7 0.5 6.0 no influence at all 4 108 7.7 92.3 can’t say 5 2 0.1 1.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q7E] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: did not bother to vote

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: did not bother to vote

Frequencies

29 2. Variables

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 20 1.4 17.1 strong influence 2 19 1.4 16.2 some influence 3 18 1.3 15.4 no influence at all 4 55 3.9 47.0 can’t say 5 5 0.4 4.3 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q7F] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: one vote makes no difference

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: one vote makes no difference

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 11 0.8 9.4 strong influence 2 8 0.6 6.8 some influence 3 16 1.1 13.7 no influence at all 4 70 5.0 59.8 can’t say 5 12 0.9 10.3 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q7G] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: mistrusts politi- cians and politics

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: mistrusts politicians and politics

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 29 2.1 24.8 strong influence 2 15 1.1 12.8 some influence 3 22 1.6 18.8 no influence at all 4 48 3.4 41.0 can’t say 5 3 0.2 2.6

(continued on next page)

30 Q7I

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q7H] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: wanted to protest against politicians and politics

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: wanted to protest against politicians and politics

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 12 0.9 10.3 strong influence 2 11 0.8 9.4 some influence 3 9 0.6 7.7 no influence at all 4 81 5.8 69.2 can’t say 5 4 0.3 3.4 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q7I] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: hard to find a suitable candidate

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: hard to find a suitable candidate

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 18 1.3 15.4 strong influence 2 15 1.1 12.8 some influence 3 22 1.6 18.8 no influence at all 4 58 4.2 49.6 can’t say 5 4 0.3 3.4 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

31 2. Variables

[Q7J] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: the result was predictable, no need to vote

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: the result was predictable, no need to vote

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 13 0.9 11.1 strong influence 2 13 0.9 11.1 some influence 3 20 1.4 17.1 no influence at all 4 65 4.7 55.6 can’t say 5 6 0.4 5.1 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q7K] Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: bad weather on the election day

Question

Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: bad weather on the election day

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very strong influence, deciding factor 1 0 0.0 0.0 strong influence 2 2 0.1 1.7 some influence 3 3 0.2 2.6 no influence at all 4 110 7.9 94.0 can’t say 5 2 0.1 1.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1277 91.6 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q8] Did the campaign in the first round of the elections concentrate more on images or issues?

Question

Did the campaign in the first round of the elections concentrate more on images or issues?

32 Q9_2

Frequencies

label value n % v. % more on issues 1 471 33.8 33.8 more on image 2 642 46.1 46.1 can’t say 3 281 20.2 20.2 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q9_1] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Esko Aho

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Esko Aho

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no 0 235 16.9 16.9 yes 1 1159 83.1 83.1 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q9_2] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Ilkka Hakalehto.

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Ilkka Hakalehto.

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no 0 1313 94.2 94.2 yes 1 81 5.8 5.8 1394 100.0 100.0

33 2. Variables

[Q9_3] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Tarja Halonen.

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Tarja Halonen.

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no 0 331 23.7 23.7 yes 1 1063 76.3 76.3 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q9_4] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Heidi Hautala.

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Heidi Hautala.

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no 0 1185 85.0 85.0 yes 1 209 15.0 15.0 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q9_5] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Risto Kuisma.

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Risto Kuisma.

Frequencies

34 Q9_8

label value n % v. % no 0 1303 93.5 93.5 yes 1 91 6.5 6.5 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q9_6] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Elisabeth Rehn.

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Elisabeth Rehn.

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no 0 651 46.7 46.7 yes 1 743 53.3 53.3 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q9_7] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Riitta Uosukainen.

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Riitta Uosukainen.

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no 0 404 29.0 29.0 yes 1 990 71.0 71.0 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q9_8] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: didn’t see any

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: didn’t see any

35 2. Variables

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no 0 1274 91.4 91.4 yes 1 120 8.6 8.6 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q9_9] Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: don’t want to say

Question

Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: don’t want to say

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no 0 1367 98.1 98.1 yes 1 27 1.9 1.9 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q10] Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the can- didate’s TV advertising: Esko Aho

Question

Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Esko Aho

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very convincing 1 82 5.9 7.1 rather convincing 2 319 22.9 27.5 not very convincing 3 420 30.1 36.2 not at all convincing 4 255 18.3 22.0 can’t say 5 83 6.0 7.2 System missing (SYSMIS) . 235 16.9 – 1394 100.0 100.0

36 Q12

[Q11] Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the can- didate’s TV advertising: Tarja Halonen

Question

Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Tarja Halonen

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very convincing 1 149 10.7 14.0 rather convincing 2 474 34.0 44.6 not very convincing 3 260 18.7 24.5 not at all convincing 4 107 7.7 10.1 can’t say 5 73 5.2 6.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 331 23.7 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q12] Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the can- didate’s TV advertising: Riitta Uosukainen

Question

Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Riitta Uosukainen

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very convincing 1 52 3.7 5.3 rather convincing 2 224 16.1 22.6 not very convincing 3 393 28.2 39.7 not at all convincing 4 247 17.7 24.9 can’t say 5 74 5.3 7.5 System missing (SYSMIS) . 404 29.0 – 1394 100.0 100.0

37 2. Variables

[Q13] Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the can- didate’s TV advertising: Elisabeth Rehn

Question

Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Elisabeth Rehn

Frequencies

label value n % v. % very convincing 1 25 1.8 3.4 rather convincing 2 171 12.3 23.0 not very convincing 3 290 20.8 39.0 not at all convincing 4 189 13.6 25.4 can’t say 5 68 4.9 9.2 System missing (SYSMIS) . 651 46.7 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q14] If the next round of the presidential elections were held right now, for whom would you vote

Question

If the next round of the presidential elections were held right now, for whom would you vote

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Esko Aho 1 449 32.2 32.2 Tarja Halonen 2 737 52.9 52.9 wouldn’t vote 3 68 4.9 4.9 can’t say 4 140 10.0 10.0 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q15] Are you going to vote in the second round of the presidential elections

Question

Are you going to vote in the second round of the presidential elections

Frequencies

38 Q17_1

label value n % v. % definitely yes 1 1072 76.9 76.9 probably yes 2 201 14.4 14.4 probably not 3 53 3.8 3.8 definitely not 4 48 3.4 3.4 can’t say 5 20 1.4 1.4 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q16] When are you going to make the final voting decision regarding the next round of the presidential elections

Question

When are you going to make the final voting decision regarding the next round of the presidential elections

Frequencies

label value n % v. % decided before the first round 1 641 46.0 47.6 decided immediately after the first round 2 481 34.5 35.7 week before the second round 3 34 2.4 2.5 few days before the second round 4 53 3.8 3.9 on the election day 5 81 5.8 6.0 can’t say 6 56 4.0 4.2 System missing (SYSMIS) . 48 3.4 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q17_1] Voting in the presidential elections is a civic duty

Question

Voting in the presidential elections is a civic duty

Frequencies

label value n % v. % fully agree 1 930 66.7 66.7 agree to some extent 2 292 20.9 20.9 disagree to some extent 3 83 6.0 6.0 fully disagree 4 67 4.8 4.8 can’t say 5 22 1.6 1.6

(continued on next page)

39 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q17_2] The candidate I voted for wasn’t my first choice. Instead, I voted for a candidate who had better chances to make it to the next round

Question

The candidate I voted for wasn’t my first choice. Instead, I voted for a candidate who had better chances to make it to the next round

Frequencies

label value n % v. % fully agree 1 96 6.9 6.9 agree to some extent 2 97 7.0 7.0 disagree to some extent 3 117 8.4 8.4 fully disagree 4 1001 71.8 71.8 can’t say 5 83 6.0 6.0 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q17_3] By voting in the presidential elections one can make a difference

Question

By voting in the presidential elections one can make a difference

Frequencies

label value n % v. % fully agree 1 526 37.7 37.7 agree to some extent 2 544 39.0 39.0 disagree to some extent 3 181 13.0 13.0 fully disagree 4 104 7.5 7.5 can’t say 5 39 2.8 2.8 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q17_4] I think that the president has to be a man

Question

I think that the president has to be a man

40 Q19

Frequencies

label value n % v. % fully agree 1 117 8.4 8.4 agree to some extent 2 145 10.4 10.4 disagree to some extent 3 194 13.9 13.9 fully disagree 4 858 61.5 61.5 can’t say 5 80 5.7 5.7 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q18] If parliamentary elections were held right now, which party would you vote for

Question

If parliamentary elections were held right now, which party would you vote for

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Social Democratic Party of Finland 1 247 17.7 17.7 Center Party of Finland 2 200 14.3 14.3 National Coalition Party 3 223 16.0 16.0 Left Alliance 4 68 4.9 4.9 Swedish People’s Party in Finland 5 22 1.6 1.6 Green League 6 141 10.1 10.1 Christian League of Finland 7 35 2.5 2.5 True Finns 8 15 1.1 1.1 Reform Group 9 6 0.4 0.4 other party / group 10 13 0.9 0.9 wouldn’t vote 11 64 4.6 4.6 can’t say 12 273 19.6 19.6 don’t want to say 13 87 6.2 6.2 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q19] Which party did you vote for in the parliamentary elections of March 1999

Question

Which party did you vote for in the parliamentary elections of March 1999

Frequencies

41 2. Variables

label value n % v. % Social Democratic Party of Finland 1 239 17.1 17.1 Centre Party of Finland 2 194 13.9 13.9 National Coalition Party 3 245 17.6 17.6 Left Alliance 4 96 6.9 6.9 Swedish People’s Party in Finland 5 27 1.9 1.9 Green League 6 144 10.3 10.3 Christian League of Finland 7 44 3.2 3.2 True Finns 8 15 1.1 1.1 Reform Group 9 10 0.7 0.7 Progressive Finnish Party 10 11 0.8 0.8 didn’t vote 11 183 13.1 13.1 didn’t have the right to vote (franchise) 12 16 1.1 1.1 other party 13 21 1.5 1.5 can’t say 14 51 3.7 3.7 don’t want to say 15 98 7.0 7.0 1394 100.0 100.0

[Q20] For whom did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections in 1994

Question

For whom did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections in 1994

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Martti Ahtisaari 1 380 27.3 27.3 Sulo Aittoniemi 2 7 0.5 0.5 Claes Andersson 3 43 3.1 3.1 Raimo Ilaskivi 4 84 6.0 6.0 Toimi Kankaanniemi 5 5 0.4 0.4 Keijo Korhonen 6 15 1.1 1.1 Eeva Kuuskoski 7 30 2.2 2.2 Elisabeth Rehn 8 360 25.8 25.8 Pekka Tiainen 9 1 0.1 0.1 Pertti Virtanen 10 37 2.7 2.7 Paavo Väyrynen 11 109 7.8 7.8 didn’t vote 12 74 5.3 5.3 didn’t have the right to vote (franchise) 13 61 4.4 4.4 don’t remember 14 130 9.3 9.3 don’t want to say 15 58 4.2 4.2 1394 100.0 100.0

42 BV3

[BV1] Respondent’s sex

Question

Respondent’s sex

Frequencies

label value n % v. % female 1 699 50.1 50.1 male 2 695 49.9 49.9 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV2] Respondent’s native language

Question

Respondent’s native language

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Finnish 1 1359 97.5 97.5 Swedish 2 29 2.1 2.1 other 3 6 0.4 0.4 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV3] Respondent’s year of birth

Question

Respondent’s year of birth

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1394 minimum 1900.00 maximum 1983.00 mean 1956.05 standard deviation 13.00

43 2. Variables

[BV4] Respondent’s marital status

Question

Respondent’s marital status

Frequencies

label value n % v. % single 1 175 12.6 12.6 cohabiting 2 235 16.9 16.9 married 3 863 61.9 62.0 widow 4 28 2.0 2.0 divorced 5 92 6.6 6.6 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV5] Respondent’s dwelling situation (with parents, with children...)

Question

Respondent’s dwelling situation (with parents, with children...)

Frequencies

label value n % v. % lives with parents 1 52 3.7 3.7 lives with children 2 44 3.2 3.2 own household 3 1297 93.0 93.1 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV6] Number of persons in the household

Question

Number of persons in the household

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1281

(continued on next page) 44 BV9

(cont. from previous page)

statistic value minimum 1.00 maximum 10.00 mean 2.98 standard deviation 1.44

[BV7] Number of children under 21 years

Question

Number of children under 21 years

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1132 minimum 0.00 maximum 8.00 mean 1.26 standard deviation 1.32

[BV8] Age when respondent finished studying full-time

Question

Age when respondent finished studying full-time

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1393 minimum 1.00 maximum 57.00 mean 19.10 standard deviation 7.63

[BV9] Respondent’s basic education

Question

Respondent’s basic education

45 2. Variables

Frequencies

label value n % v. % primary school or less 1 358 25.7 25.7 lower secondary school 2 601 43.1 43.1 upper secondary school 3 434 31.1 31.2 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV10] Respondent’s vocational education

Question

Respondent’s vocational education

Frequencies

label value n % v. % no vocational education 1 133 9.5 10.5 vocational course or other short vocational training 2 234 16.8 18.5 vocational/commercial school or other voc. qualifica- 3 410 29.4 32.4 tion college level vocational qualification 4 319 22.9 25.2 vocational high school (polytechnic) diploma 5 20 1.4 1.6 academic degree 6 120 8.6 9.5 other 7 30 2.2 2.4 System missing (SYSMIS) . 128 9.2 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV11] Respondent’s occupational group

Question

Respondent’s occupational group

Frequencies

label value n % v. % managerial position in the employ of someone else 1 39 2.8 2.8 employed professional, upper level employee 2 128 9.2 9.2 employed position, lower level employee, clerical 3 256 18.4 18.4 worker 4 399 28.6 28.6

(continued on next page)

46 BV13

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % entrepreneur or self-employed person 5 73 5.2 5.2 farmer, agricultural occupations 6 34 2.4 2.4 unemployed 7 103 7.4 7.4 student 8 97 7.0 7.0 retired 9 197 14.1 14.1 housewife 10 40 2.9 2.9 other 11 27 1.9 1.9 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV12] Respondent’s employment sector

Question

Respondent’s employment sector

Frequencies

label value n % v. % agriculture, forestry, fishing 1 26 1.9 2.8 industry and construction 2 210 15.1 22.8 trade 3 62 4.4 6.7 other private services 4 172 12.3 18.7 public services 5 329 23.6 35.7 other sector 6 90 6.5 9.8 not working 7 28 2.0 3.0 can’t say 8 5 0.4 0.5 System missing (SYSMIS) . 472 33.9 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV13] Type of respondent’s employer

Question

Type of respondent’s employer

Frequencies

label value n % v. % state 1 84 6.0 9.4

(continued on next page) 47 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % municipality, federation of municipalities 2 227 16.3 25.5 organization, association 3 32 2.3 3.6 state enterprise 4 46 3.3 5.2 private company/enterprise 5 389 27.9 43.8 church, parish 6 6 0.4 0.7 other employer 7 54 3.9 6.1 self-employed, entrepreneur or assisting 8 51 3.7 5.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 505 36.2 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV14] How many hours per week do you normally work

Question

How many hours per week do you normally work

Frequencies

label value n % v. % full-time, about 40 hours per week 1 807 57.9 87.5 part-time, less than 40 hours per week 2 115 8.2 12.5 System missing (SYSMIS) . 472 33.9 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV15] Respondent’s membership in a trade union

Question

Respondent’s membership in a trade union

Frequencies

label value n % v. % SAK (Central Organization of Finnish Trade Unions) 1 372 26.7 36.3 Akava (Confed. of Unions for Academic Profession- 2 121 8.7 11.8 als) STTK (Finnish Confederation of Salaried Employ- 3 191 13.7 18.6 ees) not a member of any trade union 4 269 19.3 26.2

(continued on next page)

48 BV17

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % can’t say 5 72 5.2 7.0 System missing (SYSMIS) . 369 26.5 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV16] Household’s annual gross income

Question

Household’s annual gross income

Frequencies

label value n % v. % < 50.000 mk 1 42 3.0 3.3 50.001 - 75.000 mk 2 56 4.0 4.4 75.001 - 100.000 mk 3 94 6.7 7.3 100.001 - 125.000 mk 4 111 8.0 8.7 125.001 - 150.000 mk 5 133 9.5 10.4 150.001 - 175.000 mk 6 132 9.5 10.3 175.001 - 200.000 mk 7 137 9.8 10.7 200.001 - 225.000 mk 8 128 9.2 10.0 225.000 - 250.000 mk 9 100 7.2 7.8 250.001 - 275.000 mk 10 97 7.0 7.6 275.001 - 300.000 mk 11 64 4.6 5.0 300.001 - 325.000 mk 12 44 3.2 3.4 325.001 - 350.000 mk 13 34 2.4 2.7 > 350.000 mk 14 81 5.8 6.3 can’t say 15 28 2.0 2.2 System missing (SYSMIS) . 113 8.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV17] Ownership of the dwelling of residence

Question

Ownership of the dwelling of residence

Frequencies

49 2. Variables

label value n % v. % own house/flat 1 844 60.5 65.9 rented 2 382 27.4 29.8 dwelling provided by the employer 3 20 1.4 1.6 other 4 35 2.5 2.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 113 8.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV18] If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party would you vote for?

Question

If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party would you vote for?

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Social Democratic Party of Finland 1 209 15.0 15.0 Centre Party of Finland 2 183 13.1 13.1 National Coalition Party 3 233 16.7 16.7 Left Alliance 4 72 5.2 5.2 Green League 5 155 11.1 11.1 Swedish People’s Party in Finland 6 24 1.7 1.7 Christian League of Finland 7 29 2.1 2.1 True Finns 8 9 0.6 0.6 other party 9 11 0.8 0.8 other group 10 7 0.5 0.5 wouldn’t vote 11 145 10.4 10.4 can’t say 12 316 22.7 22.7 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV19] Which party did you vote for in the parliamentary elections of March 1999

Question

Which party did you vote for in the parliamentary elections of March 1999

Frequencies

50 BV20

label value n % v. % Social Democratic Party of Finland 1 229 16.4 16.4 Centre Party of Finland 2 212 15.2 15.2 National Coalition Party 3 230 16.5 16.5 Left Alliance 4 95 6.8 6.8 Green League 5 145 10.4 10.4 Swedish People’s Party in Finland 6 27 1.9 1.9 Christian League of Finland 7 48 3.4 3.4 Progressive Finnish Party 8 10 0.7 0.7 True Finns 9 11 0.8 0.8 other party 10 23 1.6 1.7 other group 11 8 0.6 0.6 didn’t vote 12 236 16.9 16.9 did not have the right to vote (franchise) 13 16 1.1 1.1 can’t say 14 28 2.0 2.0 don’t want to say 15 75 5.4 5.4 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV20] Which party did you vote for in the European Parliament elections in June 1999

Question

Which party did you vote for in the European Parliament elections in June 1999

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Social Democratic Party of Finland 1 148 10.6 10.6 Centre Party of Finland 2 143 10.3 10.3 National Coalition Party 3 196 14.1 14.1 Left Alliance 4 66 4.7 4.7 Green League 5 163 11.7 11.7 Swedish People’s Party in Finland 6 19 1.4 1.4 Christian League of Finland 7 22 1.6 1.6 Progressive Finnish Party 8 1 0.1 0.1 True Finns 9 9 0.6 0.6 other party 10 16 1.1 1.1 other group 11 3 0.2 0.2 didn’t vote 12 503 36.1 36.1 did not have the right to vote (franchise) 13 14 1.0 1.0 can’t say 14 30 2.2 2.2 don’t want to say 15 60 4.3 4.3

(continued on next page)

51 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV21] Respondent’s political orientation (left-right axis)

Question

Respondent’s political orientation (left-right axis)

Frequencies

label value n % v. % left on the political map 1 95 6.8 6.8 somewhat to the left on the political map 2 318 22.8 22.8 somewhat to the right on the political map 3 421 30.2 30.2 right on the political map 4 188 13.5 13.5 can’t say 5 371 26.6 26.6 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV22] Respondent’s social class

Question

Respondent’s social class

Frequencies

label value n % v. % working class 1 413 29.6 29.6 lower middle class 2 478 34.3 34.3 higher middle class 3 348 25.0 25.0 upper class 4 7 0.5 0.5 can’t say 5 147 10.5 10.6 System missing (SYSMIS) . 1 0.1 – 1394 100.0 100.0

52 BV27

[BV25] Household size

Question

Household size

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1394 minimum 1.00 maximum 11.00 mean 2.86 standard deviation 1.55

[BV26] Respondent’s age

Question

Respondent’s age

Descriptive statistics

statistic value number of valid cases 1394 minimum 18.00 maximum 77.00 mean 42.91 standard deviation 12.91

[BV27] Respondent’s place of residence

Question

Respondent’s place of residence

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Helsinki 1 187 13.4 13.4 Turku, Tampere 2 115 8.2 8.2

(continued on next page)

53 2. Variables

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. % other city 3 448 32.1 32.1 rural municipality 4 421 30.2 30.2 Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen 5 114 8.2 8.2 city in Uusimaa region 6 46 3.3 3.3 rural municipality in Uusimaa region 7 63 4.5 4.5 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV28] Municipality group

Question

Municipality group

Frequencies

label value n % v. % urban municipality 1 846 60.7 60.7 densely populated municipality 2 215 15.4 15.4 rural municipality 3 333 23.9 23.9 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV29] Municipality group 2

Question

Municipality group 2

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Helsinki metropolitan area 1 301 21.6 21.6 urban municipality 2 545 39.1 39.1 densely populated municipality 3 215 15.4 15.4 rural municipality 4 333 23.9 23.9 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV30] Respondent’s province

Question

Respondent’s province

54 BV31

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Uusimaa 1 411 29.5 29.5 Turku and Pori 2 185 13.3 13.3 Häme 3 219 15.7 15.7 Kymi 4 82 5.9 5.9 Mikkeli 5 72 5.2 5.2 Kuopio 6 64 4.6 4.6 Keski-Suomi 7 59 4.2 4.2 Vaasa 8 118 8.5 8.5 Pohjois-Karjala 9 21 1.5 1.5 Oulu 10 117 8.4 8.4 Lappi 11 46 3.3 3.3 1394 100.0 100.0

[BV31] Region

Question

Region

Frequencies

label value n % v. % Uusimaa 1 411 29.5 29.5 Varsinais-Suomi 2 133 9.5 9.5 Satakunta 3 50 3.6 3.6 Häme 4 55 3.9 3.9 Pirkanmaa 5 89 6.4 6.4 Päijät-Häme 6 106 7.6 7.6 Kymenlaakso 7 42 3.0 3.0 Etelä-Karjala 8 34 2.4 2.4 Etelä-Savo 9 49 3.5 3.5 Pohjois-Savo 10 64 4.6 4.6 Pohjois-Karjala 11 21 1.5 1.5 Keski-Suomi 12 59 4.2 4.2 Etelä-Pohjanmaa 13 50 3.6 3.6 Vaasa coastal area 14 35 2.5 2.5 Keski-Pohjanmaa 15 33 2.4 2.4 Pohjois-Pohjanmaa 16 90 6.5 6.5 Kainuu 17 27 1.9 1.9 Lappi 18 46 3.3 3.3 1394 100.0 100.0

55

Chapter 3

Indexes

3.1 Variables in the order of occurrence

FSD study number [FSD_NO] ...... 5 FSD edition number [FSD_VR] ...... 5 FSD processing level [FSD_PRO] ...... 6 FSD case id [FSD_ID] ...... 6 Caseid[HL] ...... 6 Did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections [Q1] ...... 6 For whom did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections [Q2] ...... 7 When did you finally decide for whom to vote in the first round of the presidential elections [Q3] ...... 7 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: newspapers [Q5A] ...... 8 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: magazines [Q5B] ...... 8 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: radio programmes [Q5C] ...... 9 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: election debates on TV [Q5D] ...... 9 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: news and current affairs programmes on TV [Q5E] ...... 10 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: political advertising in newspapers [Q5F] ...... 10 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: political advertising on TV [Q5G] ...... 11 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidates’ campaign meetings [Q5H] ...... 11

57 3. Indexes

How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: friends, colleagues, relatives [Q5I] ...... 12 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: entertainment programmes on TV [Q5J] ...... 12 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidate selectors on the Internet [Q5K] ...... 13 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidates’ web pages [Q5L] ...... 13 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s appearance on TV[Q6A] ...... 14 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s sex [Q6C] 14 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s native lan- guage [Q6D] ...... 15 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate promotes inter- ests of respondent’s reference group [Q6E] ...... 15 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate has pursued a good policy on recent issues [Q6G] ...... 16 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate is competent to deal with important issues [Q6H] ...... 16 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s expertise in foreign policy [Q6I] ...... 17 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s experience and performance in international circles [Q6J] ...... 17 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s ideological views are similar to respondent’s views [Q6K] ...... 18 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on refugees [Q6L] ...... 18 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on economic issues [Q6M] ...... 19 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on social policy [Q6N] ...... 19 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on regional policy [Q6O] ...... 20 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on issues related to families with children [Q6P] ...... 20 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s political party [Q6Q] ...... 20 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Finland’s potential Nato membership [Q6CC] ...... 21 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on

58 3.1. Variables in the order of occurrence

Finland’s policies in the EU [Q6DD] ...... 21 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Russia [Q6EE] ...... 22 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to improve employment situation [Q6FF] ...... 22 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Finland’s security and defence policy [Q6GG] ...... 23 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on equality between men and women [Q6HH] ...... 23 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to reduce poverty and prevent people from alienating themselves from the society [Q6II] . . 24 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to reduce criminality [Q6KK] ...... 24 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s effect on Finland’s image abroad [Q6LL] ...... 25 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on environmental issues [Q6MM] ...... 25 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s success in opinion polls [Q6OO] ...... 26 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s ability as a public performer [Q6U] ...... 26 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s elegant ap- pearance and stylishness [Q6X] ...... 27 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s determination and assertiveness [Q6AA] ...... 27 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s irreproachable private life [Q6BB] ...... 28 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: hard to find a suitable candidate [Q7B] 28 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: force majeure [Q7C] ...... 29 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: did not remember to vote [Q7D] ...... 29 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: did not bother to vote [Q7E] ...... 29 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: one vote makes no difference [Q7F] . . . 30 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: mistrusts politicians and politics [Q7G] 30 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: wanted to protest against politicians and politics [Q7H] ...... 31 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: hard to find a suitable candidate [Q7I] . 31 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: the result was predictable, no need to vote [Q7J] ...... 32 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: bad weather on the election day [Q7K] 32

59 3. Indexes

Did the campaign in the first round of the elections concentrate more on images or issues? [Q8] 32 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Esko Aho [Q9_1] ...... 33 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Ilkka Hakalehto. [Q9_2] ...... 33 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Tarja Halonen. [Q9_3] ...... 34 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Heidi Hautala. [Q9_4] ...... 34 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Risto Kuisma. [Q9_5] ...... 34 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Elisabeth Rehn. [Q9_6] ...... 35 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Riitta Uosukainen. [Q9_7] ...... 35 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: didn’t see any [Q9_8] ...... 35 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: don’t want to say [Q9_9] ...... 36 Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Esko Aho [Q10] ...... 36 Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Tarja Halonen [Q11] ...... 37 Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Riitta Uosukainen [Q12] ...... 37 Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Elisabeth Rehn [Q13] ...... 38 If the next round of the presidential elections were held right now, for whom would you vote [Q14] ...... 38 Are you going to vote in the second round of the presidential elections [Q15] ...... 38 When are you going to make the final voting decision regarding the next round of the presiden- tial elections [Q16] ...... 39 Voting in the presidential elections is a civic duty [Q17_1] ...... 39 The candidate I voted for wasn’t my first choice. Instead, I voted for a candidate who had better chances to make it to the next round [Q17_2] ...... 40 By voting in the presidential elections one can make a difference [Q17_3] ...... 40 I think that the president has to be a man [Q17_4] ...... 40 If parliamentary elections were held right now, which party would you vote for [Q18] . . . . . 41

60 3.1. Variables in the order of occurrence

Which party did you vote for in the parliamentary elections of March 1999 [Q19] ...... 41 For whom did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections in 1994 [Q20] ...... 42 Respondent’s sex [BV1] ...... 43 Respondent’s native language [BV2] ...... 43 Respondent’s year of birth [BV3] ...... 43 Respondent’s marital status [BV4] ...... 44 Respondent’s dwelling situation (with parents, with children...) [BV5] ...... 44 Number of persons in the household [BV6] ...... 44 Number of children under 21 years [BV7] ...... 45 Age when respondent finished studying full-time [BV8] ...... 45 Respondent’s basic education [BV9] ...... 45 Respondent’s vocational education [BV10] ...... 46 Respondent’s occupational group [BV11] ...... 46 Respondent’s employment sector [BV12] ...... 47 Type of respondent’s employer [BV13] ...... 47 How many hours per week do you normally work [BV14] ...... 48 Respondent’s membership in a trade union [BV15] ...... 48 Household’s annual gross income [BV16] ...... 49 Ownership of the dwelling of residence [BV17] ...... 49 If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party would you vote for? [BV18] . . . . 50 Which party did you vote for in the parliamentary elections of March 1999 [BV19] ...... 50 Which party did you vote for in the European Parliament elections in June 1999 [BV20] . . . 51 Respondent’s political orientation (left-right axis) [BV21] ...... 52 Respondent’s social class [BV22] ...... 52 Household size [BV25] ...... 53 Respondent’s age [BV26] ...... 53 Respondent’s place of residence [BV27] ...... 53 Municipality group [BV28] ...... 54 Municipality group 2 [BV29] ...... 54 Respondent’s province [BV30] ...... 54 Region [BV31] ...... 55

61 3. Indexes

3.2 Variables in alphabetical order

Age when respondent finished studying full-time ...... 45 Are you going to vote in the second round of the presidential elections ...... 38 By voting in the presidential elections one can make a difference ...... 40 Caseid ...... 6 Did the campaign in the first round of the elections concentrate more on images or issues? . 32 Did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections ...... 6 For whom did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections ...... 7 For whom did you vote in the first round of the presidential elections in 1994 ...... 42 FSDcaseid ...... 6 FSD edition number ...... 5 FSD processing level ...... 6 FSD study number ...... 5 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: didn’t see any ...... 35 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: don’t wanttosay ...... 36 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Elisabeth Rehn...... 35 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Esko Aho ...... 33 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Heidi Hautala...... 34 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Ilkka Hakalehto...... 33 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Riitta Uosukainen...... 35 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Risto Kuisma...... 34 Has seen candidate’s political advertisements on TV before the first round of the elections: Tarja Halonen...... 34 Household size ...... 53 Household’s annual gross income ...... 49 How many hours per week do you normally work ...... 48 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidate selectors on the Internet ...... 13 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision

62 3.2. Variables in alphabetical order in the first round of the elections: candidates’ campaign meetings ...... 11 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: candidates’ web pages ...... 13 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: election debates on TV ...... 9 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: entertainment programmes on TV ...... 12 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: friends, colleagues, relatives ...... 12 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: magazines ...... 8 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: news and current affairs programmes on TV ...... 10 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: newspapers ...... 8 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: political advertising in newspapers ...... 10 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: political advertising on TV ...... 11 How much information did you receive from the following source to help your voting decision in the first round of the elections: radio programmes ...... 9 I think that the president has to be a man ...... 40 If parliamentary elections were held right now, which party would you vote for ...... 41 If the next round of the presidential elections were held right now, for whom would you vote 38 If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party would you vote for? ...... 50 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate has pursued a good policy on recent issues ...... 16 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate is competent to deal with important issues ...... 16 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate promotes inter- ests of respondent’s reference group ...... 15 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s ability as a public performer ...... 26 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s appearance on TV ...... 14 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s determination and assertiveness ...... 27 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s effect on Finland’s image abroad ...... 25

63 3. Indexes

Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s elegant ap- pearance and stylishness ...... 27 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s experience and performance in international circles ...... 17 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s expertise in foreign policy ...... 17 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s ideological views are similar to respondent’s views ...... 18 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s irreproachable private life ...... 28 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s native lan- guage ...... 15 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s political party 20 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s sex ...... 14 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s success in opinion polls ...... 26 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on economic issues ...... 19 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on environmental issues ...... 25 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on equality between men and women ...... 23 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Finland’s policies in the EU ...... 21 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Finland’s potential Nato membership ...... 21 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Finland’s security and defence policy ...... 23 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to improve employment situation ...... 22 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to reduce criminality ...... 24 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on how to reduce poverty and prevent people from alienating themselves from the society ...... 24 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on issues related to families with children ...... 20 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on refugees ...... 18 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on

64 3.2. Variables in alphabetical order regional policy ...... 20 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on Russia ...... 22 Influence on your candidate choice in the first round of the elections: candidate’s views on social policy ...... 19 Municipality group ...... 54 Municipality group 2 ...... 54 Number of children under 21 years ...... 45 Number of persons in the household ...... 44 Ownership of the dwelling of residence ...... 49 Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Elisabeth Rehn ...... 38 Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: EskoAho ...... 36 Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Riitta Uosukainen ...... 37 Regardless of your own political views, how convincing was the candidate’s TV advertising: Tarja Halonen ...... 37 Region ...... 55 Respondent’s age ...... 53 Respondent’s basic education ...... 45 Respondent’s dwelling situation (with parents, with children...) ...... 44 Respondent’s employment sector ...... 47 Respondent’s marital status ...... 44 Respondent’s membership in a trade union ...... 48 Respondent’s native language ...... 43 Respondent’s occupational group ...... 46 Respondent’s place of residence ...... 53 Respondent’s political orientation (left-right axis) ...... 52 Respondent’s province ...... 54 Respondent’s sex ...... 43 Respondent’s social class ...... 52 Respondent’s vocational education ...... 46 Respondent’s year of birth ...... 43 The candidate I voted for wasn’t my first choice. Instead, I voted for a candidate who had better chances to make it to the next round ...... 40

65 3. Indexes

Type of respondent’s employer ...... 47 Voting in the presidential elections is a civic duty ...... 39 When are you going to make the final voting decision regarding the next round of the presiden- tial elections ...... 39 When did you finally decide for whom to vote in the first round of the presidential elections . 7 Which party did you vote for in the European Parliament elections in June 1999 ...... 51 Which party did you vote for in the parliamentary elections of March 1999 ...... 41, 50 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: bad weather on the election day ...... 32 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: did not bother to vote ...... 29 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: did not remember to vote ...... 29 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: force majeure ...... 29 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: hard to find a suitable candidate . . . 28, 31 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: mistrusts politicians and politics ...... 30 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: one vote makes no difference ...... 30 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: the result was predictable, no need to vote 32 Why did not vote in the first round of the elections: wanted to protest against politicians and politics ...... 31

66 Appendix A

Abbreviations of Finnish Political Parties

DEVA Democratic Alternative EKA Pensioners for the People EKO Ecological Party EPV Egological Party The Greens EVY Party for Pensioners and Green Mutual Responsibility IPU Humanity Party KD Christian Democrats KESK Keskustapuolue Center Party KESK Suomen Keskusta Centre Party of Finland KESK/LKP Center Party + Liberal Party KIPU Ecological Party KOK National Coalition Party KTP For Peace and Socialism-Communist Worker’s Party KVL Union for Democracy LIB Liberals LKP Liberal Party LLP Natural Law Party NAISL Womens’ Movement NAISP Womens’ Party NUORS Progressive Finnish Party NUSU Progressive Finnish Party PKP Constitutional People’s Party POP Constitutional Party of Finland PS True Finns REM Reform Group RKP Swedish People’s Party in Finland RSES Independent Pensioners of Finland SDP Social Democratic Party of Finland SEP Finnish Pensioners’ Party SKDL Democratic League of the People of Finland SKL Christian League of Finland SKP The Communist Party of Finland SKYP Unification Party of the Finnish People SMP Finnish Rural Party

67 A. Abbreviations of Finnish Political Parties

SPK Finnish Constitutional People’s Party STP Socialist Workers’ Party SYP Private Entrepreneurs’ Party in Finland TPSL Social Democratic Union of Workers and Small Farmers VAS Left Alliance VASL Left Alliance VEV Alternative Union VIHR Vihreä Liitto Green League VIHR Vihreät The Greens VSL Alliance for Free Finland YVP Joint Responsibility Party

68 Appendix B

Questionnaire in Finnish

69 KYSELYLOMAKE Tämä kyselylomake on osa Yhteiskuntatieteelliseen tietoarkistoon arkistoitua tutkimusaineistoa

FSD1040 Presidentinvaalit 2000, 1. kierros

Kyselylomaketta hyödyntävien tulee viitata siihen asianmukaisesti lähdeviitteellä. Lisätiedot: http://www.fsd.uta.fi/

QUESTIONNAIRE This questionnaire is part of the following dataset, archived at the Finnish Social Science Data Archive:

FSD1040 Presidential Elections 2000, first round

If this questionnaire is used or referred to in any publication, the source must be acknowledged by means of an appropriate bibliographic citation. More information: http://www.fsd.uta.fi/ 1 1. Äänestitkö tasavallan presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella? Vastaa kysymykseen rehellisesti.

Ennakkoon --> KYS 2. Varsinaisena vaalipäivänä --> KYS 2. En äänestänyt –> KYS 7. En halua sanoa-->KYS 8.

JOS ÄÄNESTI 2. Ketä ehdokasta äänestit presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella?

Esko Aho Ilkka Hakalehto Tarja Halonen Heidi Hautala Risto Kuisma Elisabeth Rehn Riitta Uosukainen En halua sanoa

3. Missä vaiheessa lopullisesti päätit, mille ehdokkaalle annat äänesi presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella?

Samana päivänä kun kävin äänestämässä Joitakin päiviä ennen äänestämistäni Noin viikkoa tai kahta ennen äänestämistäni Noin kuukautta tai kahta ennen äänestämistäni Päätös oli selvä jo alkusyksyllä Päätös on ollut selvä jo vuosien ajan En osaa sanoa

5a. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi vaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella? SANOMALEHTIEN KIRJOITTELU

Erittäin paljon Melko paljon Jonkin verran En lainkaan En osaa sanoa

5b. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? AIKAKAUSLEHTIEN KIRJOITTELU

5c. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? VAALEJA KÄSITELLEET RADIO-OHJELMAT

5d. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? TELEVISION VAALIKESKUSTELUT

5e. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? TELEVISION UUTIS- JA AJANKOHTAISOHJELMAT

5f. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? 2 VAALIMAINONTA SANOMALEHDISSÄ

5g. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? VAALIMAINONTA TELEVISIOSSA

5h. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? EHDOKKAIDEN VAALITILAISUUDET

5i. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? YSTÄVÄT, TUTTAVAT, TYÖTOVERIT TAI SUKULAISET

5j. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? TELEVISION VIIHDEOHJELMAT

5k. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? INTERNETIN VAALIKONEISTA TAI VASTAAVISTA

5l. Missä määrin arvioit saaneesi tietoa seuraavasta lähteestä oman äänestyspäätöksesi tueksi? EHDOKKAIDEN VAALISIVUILTA INTERNETISSÄ

6A. Kuinka paljon ao. syy vaikutti äänestämäsi ehdokkaan valintaan vaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella?

Ehdokkaan esiintyminen televisiossa

Vaikutti ratkaisevasti Vaikutti melko paljon Vaikutti jonkin verran Ei vaikuttanut lainkaan En osaa sanoa

6C. Ehdokkaan sukupuoli 6D. Ehdokkaan äidinkieli 6E. Ehdokas puolustaa sen ammatti- tai muun sosiaaliryhmän etuja, johon itse kuulun 6G. Ehdokkaalla on hyvä linja monissa viime aikoina esilläolleissa kysymyksissä 6H. Ehdokas on pätevä hoitamaan maan asioita 6I. Ehdokkaan ulkopolitiikan asiantuntemus 6J. Ehdokkaan muu kokemus ja toiminta kansainvälisessä toimintaympäristössä 6K. Ehdokkaan aatteellinen linja vastaa näkemyksiäni 6L. Ehdokkaan kanta pakolaiskysymyksiin 6M. Ehdokkaan kanta talouselämän asioihin 6N. Ehdokkaan kanta sosiaalipoliittisiin asioihin 60. Ehdokkaan kanta aluepolitiikkaan 6P. Ehdokkaan kanta lapsiperheitä koskevissa asioissa 6Q. Ehdokkaan puoluetausta 6cc. Ehdokkaan kanta Suomen mahdolliseen Nato-jäsenyyteen 6dd. Ehdokkaan linjaukset Suomen toiminnasta EU:ssa 6ee. Ehdokkaan näkemykset Venäjästä 6ff. Ehdokkaan näkemykset työllisyyden parantamisesta 6gg. Ehdokkaan kanta maan turvallisuus- ja puolustuspolitiikkaan 6hh. Ehdokkaan näkemykset sukupuolten tasa-arvoa koskevissa asioissa 6ii. Ehdokkaan näkemykset köyhyyden ja syrjäytymisen vähentämiseksi 6kk. Ehdokkaan näkemykset rikollisuuden vähentämiseksi 3 6ll. Ehdokkaan imago Suomi-kuvan kannalta 6mm. Ehdokkaan näkemykset ympäristöasioista 6oo. Ehdokkaan menestyminen julkistetuissa kannatusmittauksissa 6U. Ehdokkaan julkinen esiintymiskyky ja ulosanti 6X. Ehdokkaan ulkoisen olemuksen edustavuus ja tyylikkyys 6aa. Ehdokkaan määrätietoisuus ja jämäkkyys 6bb. Ehdokkaan yksityiselämän nuhteettomuus

EI ÄÄNESTÄNYT ELI JOS KYS 1=3

7a. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

Vaikutti ratkaisevasti Vaikutti melko paljon Vaikutti jonkin verran Ei vaikuttanut lainkaan En osaa sanoa

7b. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

MINUN OLI VAIKEA LÖYTÄÄ ITSELLENI SOPIVAA EHDOKASTA

7c. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

MINULLA OLI KÄYTÄNNÖN ESTE

7d. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

EN MUISTANUT KÄYDÄ ÄÄNESTÄMÄSSÄ

7e. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

EN VIITSINYT KÄYDÄ ÄÄNESTÄMÄSSÄ

7f. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

MIELESTÄNI YKSI ÄÄNI EI OLISI MERKINNYT MITÄÄN VAALIEN LOPPUTULOKSEEN

7g. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

TUNNEN EPÄLUOTTAMUSTA POLITIIKKOJA JA YLEENSÄ POLITIIKKAA KOHTAAN

7h. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä 4 kierroksella ?

HALUSIN PROTESTOIDA POLITIIKKAA JA POLITIIKKOJA VASTAAN

7i. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

MINUN OLI VAIKEA LÖYTÄÄ ITSELLENI SOPIVAA EHDOKASTA

7j. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

VAALIN LOPPUTULOS OLI ENNAKOITAVISSA ILMAN MINUN ÄÄNTÄKIN

7k. Kuinka paljon seuraava asia vaikutti siihen, ettet äänestänyt presidentinvaalin ensimmäisellä kierroksella ?

HUONO SÄÄ VARSINAISENA VAALIPÄIVÄNÄ

KAIKILTA VASTAAJILTA 8. Oliko ensimmäisen kierroksen vaalikampanja mielestäsi enemmän asia- vai imago painotteinen?

Enemmän asiakysymys painotteinen Enemmän imago painotteinen Ei osaa sanoa

9. Kenen kaikkien ehdokkaiden poliittisia mainoksia muistat nähneesi televisiossa ennen ensimmäistä kierrosta?

Esko Aho Ilkka Hakalehto Tarja Halonen Heidi Hautala Risto Kuisma Elisabeth Rehn Riitta Uosukainen En kenenkään En halua sanoa

JOS NÄKI AHON 10. Huolimatta omasta poliittisesta näkemyksestänne, miten vakuuttava Esko Ahon TV-mainonta oli mielestäsi?

Erittäin vakuuttava Aika vakuuttava Ei kovinkaan vakuuttava Ei lainkaan vakuuttava En osaa sanoa

JOS NÄKI HALOSEN 11. Huolimatta omasta poliittisesta näkemyksestänne, miten vakuuttava Tarja Halosen TV- 5 mainonta oli mielestäsi?

Erittäin vakuuttava Aika vakuuttava Ei kovinkaan vakuuttava Ei lainkaan vakuuttava En osaa sanoa

JOS NÄKI UOSUKAISEN 12. Huolimatta omasta poliittisesta näkemyksestänne, miten vakuuttava Riitta Uosukaisen TV- mainonta oli mielestäsi?

Erittäin vakuuttava Aika vakuuttava Ei kovinkaan vakuuttava Ei lainkaan vakuuttava En osaa sanoa

JOS NÄKI REHNIN 13. Huolimatta omasta poliittisesta näkemyksestänne, miten vakuuttava Elisabeth Rehnin TV- mainonta oli mielestäsi?

Erittäin vakuuttava Aika vakuuttava Ei kovinkaan vakuuttava Ei lainkaan vakuuttava En osaa sanoa

KAIKILTA 14. Jos tasavallan presidentinvaalin toinen kierros olisi nyt, niin kumpaa ehdokasta äänestäisit?

Tarja Halosta Esko Ahoa En äänestäisi En osaa

15. Kuinka varmasti aiot käydä äänestämässä vaalien toisella kierroksella?

Täysin varmasti Melko varmasti En kovinkaan varmasti En käy äänestämässä En osaa sanoa

JOS EDELLISESSÄ KYSYMYKSESSÄ 1-3 TAI 5 16. Milloin arvelet tekeväsi lopullinen valintasi presidentinvaalien seuraavaa kierrosta ajatellen?

Olen jo ennen ensimmäistä kierrosta päättänyt ketä äänestän toisella kierroksella 6 Olen jo päättänyt, päätin heti ensimmäisen kierroksen jälkeen Noin viikko ennen vaaleja Pari päivää ennen vaaleja Vaalipäivänä En osaa sanoa

KAIKILTA

17. Mitä mieltä olet seuraavista väittämistä. Oletko täysin samaa mieltä, osittain samaa mieltä, osittain eri mieltä vai täysin eri mieltä väittämien kanssa?

Täysin samaa mieltä Osittain samaa mieltä Osittain eri mieltä Täysin eri mieltä Ei osaa sanoa

Äänestämässä käynti presidentinvaaleissa on mielestäni kansalaisvelvollisuus

Äänestämäni ehdokas ei ollut alunperin ensisijainen ehdokkaani. Sen sijaan äänestin sellaista ehdokasta, jolla katsoin olevan mahdollisuudet päästä vaalin toiselle kierrokselle

Äänestämällä presidentinvaaleissa voi vaikuttaa asioihin

Pohjimmiltani olen sitä mieltä, että presidentin tulee olla mies

18. Jos eduskuntavaalit järjestettäisiin nyt niin minkä puolueen tai muun ryhmittymän ehdokasta äänestäisit?

Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue (SDP) Suomen Keskusta (KESK) Kansallinen Kokoomus (KOK) Vasemmistoliitto (VAS) Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue (RKP) Vihreä Liitto (VIHR) Suomen Kristillinen Liitto (SKL) Perussuomalaiset (PS) Remonttiryhmä (REM) Jokin muu puolue tai ryhmittymä En äänestäisi Ei osaa sanoa En halua sanoa

19. Mitä puolueen tai muun ryhmittymän ehdokasta äänestit viime vuoden maaliskuussa järjestetyissä eduskuntavaaleissa?

Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue (SDP) Suomen Keskusta (KESK) Kansallinen Kokoomus (KOK) Vasemmistoliitto (VAS) Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue (RKP) 7 Vihreä Liitto (VIHR) Suomen Kristillinen Liitto (SKL) Perussuomalaiset (PS) Remonttiryhmä (REM) Nuorsuomalainen puolue (NUSU) En äänestänyt Ei ollut äänioikeutta Jokin muu puolue Ei osaa sanoa En halua sanoa

20. Entä ketä ehdokasta äänestit viime presidentinvaalien ensimmäisellä kierroksella viime presidentinvaaleissa vuonna 1994

Martti Ahtisaari Sulo Aittoniemi Claes Andersson Raimo Ilaskivi Toimi Kankaanniemi Keijo Korhonen Eeva Kuuskoski Elisabeth Rehn Pekka Tiainen Pertti Virtanen Paavo Väyrynen En äänestänyt Ei ollut äänioikeutta En muista Ei halua sanoa