Geo log i cal Quar terly, 2018, 62 (3): 620–630 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7306/gq.1426

Evo lu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine- cross-bor der ar eas based on geo log i cal and malacological prox ies

Leszek LINDNER1 and Marcin SZYMANEK1, *

1 Uni ver sity of War saw, Fac ulty of Geol ogy , ¯wirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

Lindner, L., Szymanek, M., 2018. Evo lu tion of Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas based on geo log i cal and malacological prox ies. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 62 (3): 620–630, doi: 10.7306/gq.1426

As so ci ate ed i tor: Wojciech Granoszewski

The geo log i cal set ting of the –Pripyat interfluve and the close prox im ity of the source of the Pripyat River to the well-de- veloped Middle Bug River val ley sug gest that these rivers may have been con nected in the past. Anal y sis of geo log i cal cross-sec tions around the Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas to gether with study of as so ci ated Pleis to cene palaeoflora shows that bur ied al lu vial de pos its of the proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat clearly rep re sent the Preglacial (MIS 103-23), Podlasian/Turskian-Donian/Brest Inter gla cial (Cromerian I-II; MIS 21-17) and the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (Holsteinian; MIS 11c). Their el e vated po si tion in mid-east ern Po land sug gests the pos si bil ity of ac cu mu la tion by proto-Bug wa ters flow ing eastwards, which de ter mined the for ma tion and de vel op ment of the lower-ly ing proto-Pripyat val ley system in northwest ern Ukraine at those times. The oc cur rence of the Ponto-Cas pian spe cies Lithoglyphus naticoides (C. Pfeif fer, 1828), Borysthenia naticina (Menke, 1845) and Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) in the mol lusc as sem blages of the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial im plies that the main wa ter shed be tween the Bal tic Sea and the Black Sea drain age bas ins might have been sit u ated in the north ern part of the area stud ied. Pre sum ably its main part was drained by the wa ters of the proto-Bug catch ment con nected with the proto-Pripyat and flow ing far ther to the east to wards the Dnie - per River en ter ing the Black Sea.

Key words: Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene, bur ied river val leys, Bug–Pripyat interfluve, Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas, molluscs.

INTRODUCTION have been pos tu lated for mid-east ern Po land and west ern Belarus, where flow to the south-west and west has been sug - gested (e.g., Mander, 1973; Pavlovskaya, 1998; Marks and Be cause the near-sur face oc cur rence of inter gla cial flu vial Pavlovskaya, 2003; Marks, 2005). More over, Marks and de pos its is extremely rare (e.g., Terpi³owski et al., 2014; Pavlovskaya (2003) showed the west ward po si tion of the wa ter - Zieliñski et al., 2016), palaeogeographic anal y sis of the main shed be tween the Bal tic and the Black See drain age bas ins river val leys in the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene has been com pared to the pres ent one. How ever, this re con struc tion did mostly based on re search bore holes and re gional geo log i cal not en com pass the Polesie re gion. cross-sec tions. There has been much fo cus on the Mazovian Our stud ies on the Qua ter nary of the Pol ish-Ukraine- river net work. The drain age systems of the proto-Warta/Odra, Belarus cross-bor der ar eas were ini ti ated in the 1980s and proto-Noteæ, proto- and proto-Neman were as so ci ated 1990s. Fruit ful co op er a tion with col leagues from Ukrai nian, with deglaciation fol low ing the Sanian 2/Okian/Berezinian Gla- Belarusian and Lublin sci en tific cen tres has re sulted in many ci ation (Elsterian; MIS 12) and changes in the level of the pub li ca tions, which were mostly devoted to Pleis to cene stra tig - Holsteinian Sea in the Bal tic Ba sin, re sem bling (es pe cially in ra phy and Scan di na vian gla cial lim its (e.g., Szo³koplyas et al., cen tral Po land) the pres ent river pat tern (e.g., Straszewska, 1985; Lindner, 1988; Lindner et al., 1985, 1991b, 1998; Lindner 1968; Baraniecka et al., 1978; Lindner et al., 1982; Karabanov, and Yelovicheva, 1998). It was also a time when the first views 1987; Pavlovskaya, 1998; Marks and Pavlovskaya, 2003; emerged of the pos si bil ity of palaeogeographic re con struc tion Marks, 2005). Some sub stan tial dif fer ences in Mazovian run off of this re gion in the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene, the de vel op - ment and course of the inter gla cial river and gla cial tun nel val - leys (Boguckij et al., 2002) as well as the run off of proglacial and extraglacial wa ters (Lindner et al., 2004). These re search di rec - * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] tions have con tin ued in the last decade (e.g., Gozhik et al., 2012; Lindner, 2009, 2016). Received: February 21, 2018; accepted: April 11, 2018; first published online: August 24, 2018 Evolu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas... 621

Fig. 1. Location sketch of studied area, surface ice sheet limits of Early and Middle Pleistocene glaciations and Mazovian/Likhvinian/Alexandrian mollusc-bearing sites in the Polish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-border areas 1 – Ossówka, 2 – Hrud, 3 – Roskosz, 4 – Malyya Radvanichi, 5 – Izin, 6 – Ortel Królewski, 7 – Szymanowo, 8 – Szelest, 9 – Rossosz, 10 – Opole 5, 11 – Suszno, 12 – Krêpa, 13 – Syrniki, 14 – Czerniejów, 15 – Charlê¿, 16 – Ruda 5, 17 – Rohovi Somliary, 18 – Stari Koshary, 19 – Kalinovka, 20 – Dubienka, 21 – Strzy¿ów, 22 – Hrubieszów, 23 – Tatarska Góra, 24 – Micha³ówka, 25 – Czumów, 26 – Œlipcze; geological cross-sec tions: I – Turka–Berezhtsi, II – Ruda–Hniszów, III – Upper Pripyat and Tur Lake, IV – Up per Pripyat and Lower Turia, V – Bia³a Podlaska–Maloryta

The geo log i cal set ting of the interfluve of the Bug and macro-re gions, namely the South Podlasie Lowland, West ern Pripyat rivers and the prox im ity (ca. 10 km) of the Pripyat source Polesie, Volhynian Polesie and the Volhynian Up land to the well-de vel oped Mid dle Bug River val ley im ply that both (Kondracki, 2002). This area is mostly flat (only in its south ern - rivers may have been con nected in the past. One of the first re- most part is there more dis tinct top o graphic re lief), cov ered with ports in this re gard oc curred in a note about Pleis to cene de pos - marshes, mead ows, some farm land and sparse forests. It was its in the Bug val ley near Uhrusk (Wojtanowicz, 1993). This is - formed by the sev eral ad vances of the Early and Mid dle Pleis to - sue is con tin ued in the pres ent pa per. Its main goal was to an - cene Scan di na vian ice sheets as well as by flu vial, glaciofluvial swer if in deed and when the Bug and Pripyat may have con - and ae olian pro cesses. The area was cov ered or partly cov ered nected. It also sug gests a pos si ble po si tion of the main wa ter - by the ice sheets of five gla cial pe ri ods cor re spond ing to the shed of the Bal tic and Black Sea in the area stud ied dur ing the Nidanian/Turskian (Dorst; MIS 22), Sanian 1/Donian/Narevian Middle Pleis to cene. (Gla cial B?; MIS 16), Sanian 2/Okian/Berezinian (Elsterian; MIS 12), Krznanian/Dnieperian 1 (MIS 8) and Odran - ian/Dnieperian 2/Pripyatian (Saalian; MIS 6; Ta ble 1). At the REGIONAL SETTING sur face, tills and glaciofluvial sands of the Sanian 2/Okian/Berezinian and Odranian/Dnieperian 2/Pripyatian The study area is lo cated in east ern Po land, south west ern glaciations pre dom i nate. The pres ent river val leys are infilled Belarus and north west ern Ukraine (Fig. 1) and belongs to four with sands and grav els, peaty and sandy muds, and peats. 622 Leszek Lindner and Marcin Szymanek

Ta ble 1

Qua ter nary stra tig ra phy in Western Eu rope, Po land, Ukraine and Belarus (af ter Gozhik et al., 2012; Lindner et al., 2013; Marks et al., 2016a, b)

AGE [ka] MIS Stra tig ra phy WESTERN EUROPE POLAND UKRAINE BELARUS 11.7 1 Holocene Holo cene Holo cene Holo cene Holo cene 2-5d Weichselian Vistulian Valday Poozierian Up per Pleistocene 130 5e Eemian Eemian Mikulinian Muravian 6 Saalian Odranian Dnieperian 2 Pripyatian 7 Schöningen Lublinian 8 Krznanian Dnieperian 1 9 Wacken Zbójnian 10 Fuhne Liwiecian 420 11 Holsteinian Mazovian Likhvinian Al ex an drian 12 Mid dle Pleistocene Elsterian Sanian 2 Okian Berezinian 13 Cromerian IV 14 Gla cial C Ferdynandovian Belovezhian 15 Cromerian III 16 Gla cial B Sanian 1 Donian Narevian 17 Cromerian II 780 18 Gla cial A 19 Podlasian Brest 20 Cromerian I 21 22 Dorst Nidanian Turskian Leerdam Linge Lower Pleistocene Bavelian s.s. Preglacial Menapian 23-103 (Krasnystaw Waalian and Kozienice se ries) Eburonian Tiglian 2588 Praetiglian

In grey are cold pe ri ods; MIS – ma rine iso tope stages

Vistulian/Valday/Poozierian (Weichselian; MIS 5d-2) loess and In ter pre ta tion of re gional cross-sec tions was sup ple mented ae olian sands also occur in the re gion stud ied (Krasnov et al., by anal y sis of 26 mol lusc as sem blages of Mazovian/Likhvin - 1975; Lindner et al., 2007; Marks and Karabanov, 2016). ian/Al ex an drian age (MIS 11c) in the area stud ied (Fig. 1) with key sec tions at Malyya Radvanichi (Karaszewski, 1972), Izin (Sanko, 1999), Szymanowo (Szymanek, 2014), Krêpa (Jesion - MATERIAL AND METHODS kiewicz, 1982), Hrubieszów (Jahn, 1956), Tatarska Góra (Prószyñski, 1952), Micha³ówka (Mojski, 1956, 1965) and Five geo log i cal cross-sec tions (Figs. 2 and 3) in the Pol ish, Rohovi Smoliary (Prószyñski, 1952; Ta ble 2). Mol lusc anal y sis Ukraine and Belarus cross-bor der ar eas were analysed. The was qual i ta tive, fo cus ing on the zoo geo graph i cal dis tri bu tion of first one was made through the Bug River val ley between Turka the mol lusc spe cies, with a crucial role played by Ponto-Cas - and Berezhtsi (Szwajgier, 1998; Fig. 2A), and the sec ond – pian taxa, which may be in dic a tive of the Black Sea drain age based on Wojtanowicz (1993, 1995) – be tween Ruda and ba sin. Ini tially these taxa were endemic to the re gions be tween Hniszów (Fig. 3). The third geo log i cal cross-sec tion shows the Black, Azov and Cas pian seas and then expanded to the Qua ter nary de pos its in the Up per Pripyat River val ley in the vi- north. In ad di tion the oc cur rence of Gyraulus albus (O.F. Müller, cin ity of Tur Lake (Lindner et al., 2007; Fig. 2B), while the fourth 1774) was high lighted, as in Belarus this snail was listed among is in the Up per Pripyat and Lower Turia river val leys (Zaleski char ac ter is tic spe cies of the Black Sea drain age re gion (Sanko, and Gozhik, 2005; Fig. 2C). The fifth cross-sec tion, cre ated be - 1999; Sanko et al., 2011). tween Bia³a Podlaska and Maloryta, crosses the Bug River val- ley in the vi cin ity of Terespol and Brest (Lindner and Astapova, 2000; Fig. 2D). The strati graphic po si tion of the de pos its is con - RESULTS strained by palaeobotanical and fau nal ev i dence (e.g., Jan - czyk- Kopikowa, 1991; Skompski, 1996) and sup ported by TL GEOLOGICAL DATA dates cited in the source pub li ca tions (Wojtanowicz, 1993, 1995; Szwajgier, 1998). The old est flu vial de pos its in the area stud ied, as signed to the Preglacial (MIS 103-23) and Podlasian/Turskian-Donian Evo lu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas... 623

Inter gla cial (MIS 21-17) (Szwajgier, 1998), were drilled in the up per part of the Bug River val ley between Turka and Berezhtsi (Fig. 2A). They are com posed of fine- and coarse-grained sands, com pletely devoid of Scan di na vian ma te rial, ly ing on Up per Cre ta ceous marls (Harasimiuk et al., 1989), and a suc- ces sion of silts and fine- and me dium-grained sands dated by TL at 720 ka (Szwajgier, 1998). The base of the al lu vial suc ces - sion was de ter mined at 148–142 m a.s.l. and its top at ~158 m a.s.l., be ing sit u ated slightly to the east of the con tem po rary Bug River val ley (Fig. 2A). In the vi cin ity of Berezhtsi it is over - lain by glaciolacustrine silts (TL = 193 ka) of the Odranian (Krznanian?)/Dnieperian 2 (1?) Gla ci ation [MIS 6 (8?)] and allu - via of overflood (II) and floodplain (I) terraces of the Bug River sit u ated at 170 m a.s.l. In the west ern part of this geo log i cal cross-sec tion the Early Pleis to cene al lu via are over lain by silts as signed to the Sanian 1/Donian Gla ci ation (MIS 16) (Szwajgier, 1998; Fig. 2A). Far ther to the north, in the Ruda–Hniszów cross-section, Preglacial and Podlasian bur ied river de pos its oc cur within the Bug val ley west wards to its con tem po rary river bed (Fig. 3). They are rep re sented by thick sands and grav els free of Scan- di na vian ma te rial oc cur ring at an al ti tude of 124–117 m a.s.l. and un der lain by Cre ta ceous marls. They are over lain by two units of till (the up per dated by TL at 438 ± 66 ka) sep a rated by a sandy-gravel suc ces sion. Both till units appear to rep re sent the Sanian 1 (?) Gla ci ation (or San ac cord ing to Wojtanowicz, 1995), whereas sandy silts which lie above rep re sent the Ferdynandovian/Donian-Okian/Beloviezhian Inter gla cial (Cro - mer ian III-IV; MIS 15-13; Fig. 3). Above those de pos its there is a youn ger suc ces sion of flu- vial sands and grav els (TL = 348 ± 52 ka). This suc ces sion is over lain by 15 m of gyttja with plant and mol lusc re mains as - signed to the Mazovian Inter gla cial (Janczyk-Kopikowa, 1991; Skompski, 1996) and de pos ited in part of the proto-Bug val ley of that age. Ac cord ing to Wojtanowicz (1995), the over ly ing sands and silts (TL = 230 ± 34 ka and 197 ± 29 ka) rep re sent the Odranian Gla ci ation (MIS 6) and in our opin ion the de pos its of the higher ter race (II) be long to the Vistulian Gla ci ation (MIS 5d-2; Fig. 3). A fur ther part of this inter gla cial val ley was sam- pled by two bore holes in nearby Hniszów, these de pos its be ing rep re sented by sands pre served above a boul der clay formed pre sum ably on the till of the Sanian 2 Gla ci ation (MIS 12). The flu vial de pos its are over lain by clay with mol lusc re mains that are as yet un stud ied. Based on TL dates, these clays (TL = 114 ± 17 ka to 90 ±15 ka) and un der ly ing till (TL = 225 ± 36 ka) were as cribed to the Eemian/Mikulinian/Muravian Inter gla cial (MIS 5e) and the Odranian Gla ci ation, re spec tively (Wojtanowicz,

Fig. 2. Schematic geological cross-sections of the Bug–Pripyat interfluve A – fragment of the Bug River valley near Turka and Berezhtsi (after Szwajgier, 1998, mod i fied); B – Qua ter nary de pos its in the Upper Pripyat River valley in the vi cin ity of Tur Lake (after Lindner et al., 2007, mod i fied); C – Qua ter nary de pos its in the Upper Pripyat and Lower Turia river val leys (after Zaleski and Gozhik, 2005, mod i fied); D – the Bug River valley in the vi cin ity of Terespol and Brest (Lindner and Astapova, 2000, mod i fied); stra tig ra phy: Cr – Creta ceous, Pg – Paleogene, EP – Early Pleis to cene, Pr – Preglacial, N – Nidanian Gla ci ation, P – Podlasian Inter gla cial, S1 – Sanian 1 Gla ci ation, S2 – Sanian 2 Gla ci ation, M – Mazovian Inter gla cial, O – Odranian Gla - ci ation, E – Eemian Inter gla cial, V – Vistulian Gla ci ation; D/O – Donian-Okian Inter gla cial, Ok – Okian Gla ci ation, Lh – Likhvinian Inter gla cial, Dn1+2 – Dnieperian 1+2 Gla ci ation, Pri – Pripyatian Gla ci ation, Mi – Mikulinian Inter gla cial, Vl – Valday Gla ci ation; H – Ho lo cene; po si tion of the cross-sections is presented on Fig ure 1 624 Leszek Lindner and Marcin Szymanek

Fig. 3. Geological cross-section through Quaternary deposits in the Bug River valley between Ruda and Hniszów (after Wojtanowicz, 1993, 1995, modified) In brackets stratig ra phy after J. Wojtanowicz; Cr – Creta ceous, Pr+P – Preglacial + Podlasian Inter gla cial, S1 – Sanian 1 Gla ci ation, S – Sanian Gla ci ation, F – Ferdynandovian Inter gla cial, S2 – Sanian 2 Gla ci ation, M – Mazovian Inter gla cial, O – Odranian Gla ci ation, E – Eemian Inter gla cial, V – Vistulian Gla ci ation, H – Holo cene; I – floodplain terrace, II – overflood terrace; posi tion of the cross-section is pre- sented on Fig ure 1

1993). Above, there are silts and sands of the Vistulian Gla ci - lated from the Mikulinian Inter gla cial (MIS 5e), through the ation (TL = 30 ± 4 ka) and a Ho lo cene ter race (I) of the Bug Valday Gla ci ation (MIS 5d-2) to the Ho lo cene (Fig. 2B). River (Fig. 3). Far ther to the east, the part of the Pripyat–Turia valley sys- In Ukraine, to the east of the mod ern Bug River val ley, Early tem stud ied lacks un equiv o cal ev i dence of the Early Pleis to - Pleis to cene flu vial de pos its were noted in the geo log i cal cene al lu vial suc ces sion (Fig. 2C). However, a well-de vel oped cross-sec tion through the Pripyat valley sys tem made in the vi- bur ied tun nel val leys of the Okian Gla ci ation filled with sands cin ity of Tur Lake (Zalesski and Mielniczuk, 1975). The bur ied with grav els and boul ders oc cur. Lo cally they are un der lain by al lu via are com posed of sands with clasts of lo cal rocks (mostly de pos its of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial or lie di rectly on Cre - Cre ta ceous marls), de void of Scan di na vian ma te rial and pre - ta ceous marls. Above the de pos its of Okian Gla ci ation, at an al - served at an al ti tude of 95–82 m a.s.l. (Fig. 2B). They are up to ti tude of 125–115 m a.s.l., 5 to 13 m thick flu vial sands with plant 10 m thick, lie on Cre ta ceous marls and are over lain by silts, re mains of the Likhvinian Inter gla cial have been re corded clayey silts, sands and peats of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial (Fig. 2C). In the interfluve of Pripyat and Turia these are partly (MIS 15-13) (Lindner et al., 2007). over lain by a till of the Dnieperian 1 and Dnieperian 2 Above the de pos its of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial, a till of glaciations, glaciofluvial sands of those ages lying above as well the Okian Gla ci ation (MIS 12) oc curs, be ing un der lain by a thick as youn ger val ley de pos its be long ing to the Mikulinian Inter gla - sandy-gravel suc ces sion fill ing the bur ied gla cial tun nel val ley cial, the Valday Gla ci ation and the Ho lo cene (Zaleski and of that age (Fig. 2B). This till is over lain by silts, sands and peats Gozhik, 2005; Lindner et al., 2007). of the Likhvinian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). To the south of the In the area of Brest and Terespol, flu vial de pos its com prise Pripyat they are over lain by a till of the Dnieperian 1 and a 5 to 20 m thick sandy-gravel Eemian/Muravian (MIS 5e) suc- Dnieperian 2 glaciations (MIS 8 and 6, re spec tively). The axial ces sion, with the base ap prox i mately at 110 m a.s.l., i.e. part of the Pripyat val ley is filled by flu vial sands that ac cu mu - ~20–15 m be neath the bot tom of the con tem po rary Bug River Evolu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas... 625

Ta ble 2

An oc cur rence of Gyraulus albus and Ponto-Cas pian spe cies in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial in east ern Po land, south west ern Belarus and northwest ern Ukraine

Char ac ter is tic spe cies Sites Lithoglyphus Borysthenia naticina Gyraulus albus Corbicula fluminalis Ref er ences naticoides (Pfeif fer) (Menke) (Müller) (Müller) 1. Ossówka + Szymanek (2011) Lindner et al. (1991a) 2. Hrud + Szymanek (2012) 3. Roskosz + Szymanek (2013) 4. Malyya Radvanichi + Karaszewski (1972) 5. Izin + Sanko (1999) Albrycht et al. (1995) 6. Ortel Królewski + Szymanek (2011) Albrycht et al. (1995) 7. Szymanowo + + Szymanek (2014) 8. Szelest + Albrycht et al. (1995) 9. Rossosz + Albrycht et al. (1995) 10. Opole 5 + Skompski (1989) Mojski and 11. Suszno Trembaczowski (1975) 12. Krêpa + Jesionkiewicz (1982) Prószyñski and 13. Syrniki Karaszewski (1952) 14. Czerniejów Jahn (1956) 15. Charlê¿ Jahn (1956) 16. Ruda 5 + Skompski (1996) 17. Rohovi Somliary + Prószyñski (1952) Karaszewski and 18. Stari Koshary Rühle (1976) Dmitruk and 19. Kalinovka + Yatsyshyn (2005) 20. Dubienka Prószyñski (1952) 21. Strzy¿ów Dolecki (1977) 22. Hrubieszów + + Jahn (1956) 23. Tatarska Góra + Prószyñski (1952) 24. Micha³ówka + Mojski (1956, 1965) 25. Czumów Mojski (1956) 26. Œlipcze Mojski (1956) En vi ron ment F F, S S, F F

In grey are key sites men tioned in the text; F – flow ing wa ters, S – stag nant wa ters val ley (Lindner and Astapova, 2000; Nitychoruk et al., 2007). Valvata naticina Menke, 1845; Karaszewski, 1972), Hrubie - These de pos its are over lain by silts and sands, up to 15 m thick, szów (Jahn, 1956), and in the lake de pos its at Szymanowo rep re sent ing overflood (II) and floodplain (I) terraces of the Bug. (east ern Po land; Albrycht et al., 1995; Szymanek, 2014), Near Terespol, the latter lies at ~130 m a.s.l. (Fig. 2D). whereas C. fluminalis was pres ent at Izin (south ern Belarus; Sanko, 1999) and Rohovi Smoliary (north west ern Ukraine; MALACOLOGICAL RECORD Prószyñski, 1952). G. albus oc curred at ten lac us trine sites (Fig. 1 and Ta ble 2). In the Mazovian shell-bear ing suc ces sions of the upper part Wider fau nal com par i sons were hin dered by vari able of the Bug River val ley and ad ja cent ar eas, Ponto-Cas pian spe - malacological data avail able from the sites stud ied, in clud ing cies are rep re sented by the gas tro pods Lithoglyphus naticoides men tions of only sin gle spe cies, e.g. Syrniki (Prószyñski and and Borysthenia naticina, and the bi valve Corbicula fluminalis. Karaszewski, 1952), Tatarska Góra (Prószyñski, 1952), These were noted in 8 from 26 sites, whereas 9 sites lack any Micha³ówka (Mojski, 1956, 1965); lists of spe cies, e.g. Opole in dic a tive taxa (Fig. 1 and Table 2). L. naticoides oc curred in the (Skompski, 1989), Ruda (Skompski, 1996), Kalinovka (Dmy- al lu vial suc ces sion in east ern Po land at Krêpa near Kock truk and Yatsyshyn, 2005); or com pre hen sively de scribed suc - (Jesionkiewicz, 1982) and in the vi cin ity of Hrubieszów ces sions with abun dant molluscs, e.g. Hrud (Lindner et al., (Hrubieszów, Tatarska Góra, Micha³ówka; Prószyñski, 1952; 1991a; Szymanek, 2012), Ortel Królewski (Albrycht et al., 1995; Jahn, 1956; Mojski, 1956, 1965). B. naticina was noted at Szymanek, 2011), Roskosz (Szymanek, 2013) and Malyya Radvanichi in south west ern Belarus (de scribed as Szymanowo (Szymanek, 2014). 626 Leszek Lindner and Marcin Szymanek

Fig. 4. Position of the studied river valleys (A, B) in the Quaternary stratigraphy of Poland and Ukraine

DISCUSSION of the lower-lying val ley sys tem of the proto-Pripyat in north - west ern Ukraine (Fig. 5). Geo log i cal cross-sec tions through the Qua ter nary de pos its Based on geo log i cal cross-sec tions and palaeofloral sites of the Bug and Pripyat val leys described in this pa per doc u ment pre served in the area stud ied, the Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via of both the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via of these rivers the proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat par tic u larly well rep re sent the (Fig. 4). The Early Pleis to cene river de pos its com prise sands Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). They and grav els char ac ter ized by a lack of Scan di na vian ma te rial were observed in the Ruda-Hniszów area (155–146 m a.s.l.) that over lie Up per Cre ta ceous rocks in the Bug val ley near and far ther towards the east in the Pripyat–Turia val ley Turka and Berezhtsi, as well as sands with clasts of Cre ta ceous (125–115 m a.s.l.; Fig. 4), where they may rep re sent an older marls re corded in the vi cin ity of Tur Lake in the Pripyat val ley part of the valley sys tem of these rivers, con sti tut ing the lower sys tem. These de pos its are cor re lated with the Preglacial and sec tion of the Mazovian proto-Bug river val ley iden ti fied in the Podlasian/Turskian-Donian Inter gla cial (MIS 103-23 and MIS vi cin ity of Ruda and Hniszów (Fig. 5). Mazovian river de pos its 21-17, re spec tively). Their east ward po si tion in the vi cin ity of fill palaeovalleys cut into older tills and are rep re sented by Berezhtsi com pared to the con tem po rary Bug River val ley sands and grav els with Scan di na vian ma te rial. As in the case of (Fig. 2A) sug gests that the proto-Bug val ley was lo cated to the the Early Pleis to cene suc ces sion, their higher po si tion in east of the mod ern val ley and then moved west wards as re- mid-east ern Po land also im ply a pos si bil ity of de po si tion by corded in the Ruda–Hniszów area (Figs. 3 and 5). In the light of proto-Bug wa ters flow ing to the east and af fect ing the de vel op - a lack of un equiv o cal proof of neotectonics it ap pears that the ment of the proto-Pripyat river at a lower top o graphic level. proto-Bug was a higher sec tion of the old est part of the Pripyat The re cord of evo lu tion of the Bug and Pripyat valley sys- val ley sys tem at that time, which is in di cated by the higher el e - tems dur ing the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial va tion of the Early Pleis to cene de pos its near Berezhtsi than in (MIS 11c) may by sup ple mented by malacological data. The oc - the vi cin ity of Tur Lake (148–142 and 95–82 m a.s.l., re spec - cur rence of mol lusc taxa typ i cal of the Ponto-Cas pian prov ince tively; Fig. 4). Pre sum ably the proto-Bug waters ran to the east and as so ci ated with the Black Sea drain age basin has been at that time, which de ter mined the for ma tion and de vel op ment used here. Due to palaeohydrographic changes, their con tri bu - Evo lu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas... 627

Fig. 5. Probable course of river valleys in the Polish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-border areas A – in the Preglacial and Podlasian/Turskian–Donian/Brest Inter gla cial; B – in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial with char ac - ter is tic mol lusc-bear ing sites: 1 – Ossówka, 2 – Hrud, 3 – Roskosz, 4 – Malyya Radvanichi, 6 – Ortel Królewski, 7 – Szymanowo, 8 – Szelest, 9 – Rossosz, 10 – Opole 5, 12 – Krêpa, 16 – Ruda 5, 17 – Rohovi Somliary, 19 – Kalinovka, 22 – Hrubieszów, 23 – Tatarska Góra, 24 – Micha³ówka tion in mol lusc as sem blages de creased grad u ally af ter the nu mer ous forms of Vi vipa ra (Paludina) fasciata (O.F. Müller, Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial and this method 1774) = Viviparus viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758) sim i lar to those in- was help ful in in di cat ing the Black Sea drain age in Belarus dur - hab it ing the lower Dnie per to day and re sem bling subfossil ing the Al ex an drian (MIS 11c) and Muravian (MIS 5e) forms known from the Odessa re gion should be high lighted Interglacials (Sanko, 1999; Sanko et al., 2011). Be cause the (Karaszewski, 1972). A Black Sea fauna with the first occur - dis persal of molluscs is mostly af fected by the pat tern of the rence of C. fluminalis in Belarus was also re corded at Izin near river net work, mol lusc as sem blages may in di rectly re flect the Pinsk (Fig. 1) in de pos its of Al ex an drian age within the Black inter gla cial river pat tern. Molluscs can also be trans ported by Sea drain age area (Sanko, 1999). Cor re la tion of Belarusian se- var i ous or gan isms (fish, wa ter fowl, etc.), which allows them to quences re vealed >7% of Ponto-Cas pian spe cies in the Alex - reach new places and en vi ron ments, usu ally within 10–20 km an drian Inter gla cial and their grad ual re duc tion (to <4%) in the from the orig i nal re lease site (Boag, 1986; Alexandrowicz and Muravian Inter gla cial and in the Ho lo cene (Sanko, 1999), which Alexandrowicz, 2011; Reynolds et al., 2015). may in di cate some palaeohydrographic changes in the re gion De spite in com plete doc u men ta tion, a key sec tion for re con - dur ing the Late Pleis to cene. struc tion of the wa ter shed in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an - De spite the oc cur rence of rich mol lusc as sem blages, it is drian Inter gla cial in the area stud ied is lo cated at Malyya hard to find such un equiv o cal proof of the ex pan sion of Ponto- Radvanichi in Belarus (Karaszewski, 1972). In the al lu vial suc - Cas pian spe cies in the up per course of Bug river in east ern Po - ces sion as signed to the Mindel-Riss Inter gla cial (Mazovian/Li- land. The best malacological re cord has been de rived from lake khvi n ian/Al ex an drian) that occurs in the Ryta River val ley, a left en vi ron ments (e.g., Lindner et al., 1991a; Albrycht et al., 1995; bank trib u tary of the Mukhavets River, at pres ent in the Bal tic Szymanek, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014), usu ally depleted in B. Sea drain age ba sin (Fig. 1), Polañski in the 1930s de scribed a naticina, L. naticoides and C. fluminalis which pre ferred flowing mol lusc fauna of a large river of the Polesie re gion which be - wa ters (Alexandrowicz and Alexandrowicz, 2011). In the Pol- longed to the Black Sea drain age system (Karaszewski, 1972; ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas they occur in de pos its Sanko, 1999). This in ter pre ta tion was based on the sim i lar ity of of lakes with higher en ergy con di tions, with ev i dence of flow or the inter gla cial molluscs at Radvanichi to a con tem po rary fauna wave ac tion (e.g., at Szymanowo), and in al lu vial de pos its (e.g., typ i cal of the lower courses of the rivers of the Black Sea drain - Tatarska Góra, Micha³ówka, Hrubieszów, Rohovi Smoliary). age (Karaszewski, 1972). An in com plete spe cies list hin ders Ten shells of Borysthenia naticina found in lac us trine sandy the cor re la tion of Radvanichi with Pol ish sec tions, but the oc - silts and sands at Szymanowo near Bia³a Podlaska rep re sent a cur rence of Valvata naticina = Borysthenia naticina as well as sin gle re cord of this spe cies in the up per Bug re gion in east ern 628 Leszek Lindner and Marcin Szymanek

Po land. An over flow through the Szymanowo Lake has not Kondracki, 1933), kame ter races (Nitychoruk et al., 2006) or the been un equiv o cally doc u mented, but a high fre quency of lower glacifluvial plains (Nitychoruk et al., 2007). The rheophile spe cies may in di cate higher en ergy con di tions palaeo-river bed reached its max i mum depth in the re gion in the (Szymanek, 2014). Pre sum ably a lack of this spe cies in the Eemian/Mikulinian/Muravian Inter gla cial, ly ing ~20–15 m be low neigh bour ing sec tions at Ortel Królewski, Hrud, and Roskosz the pres ent one, near Terespol at 130 m a.s.l. (Lindner and re flects lo cal dif fer ences in lake con di tions and dy nam ics Astapova, 2000; Nitychoruk et al., 2007; Figs. 2D and 4). (Szymanek, 2011, 2012, 2013). However, in mollusc assem - blages of all lac us trine se quences of east ern Po land as well as in the Ukrai nian site at Kalinovka (Dmytruk and Yatsyshyn, CONCLUSIONS 2005; de spite the lack of typ i cal Ponto-Cas pian spe cies) Gyraulus albus oc curs con sis tently and abun dantly. Con sid er - In this study ar chi val geo log i cal and malacological data ing the lack of this spe cies in palaeolakes of west ern (Boczów; were used to re con struct the prob a ble course of the proto-Bug Skompski, 1989; Fig. 1) and cen tral Po land (Zwierzyniec; and proto-Pripyat river val leys in the Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus Skompski, 1989; Ba³uk et al., 1991; Fig. 1), its as so ci a tion with cross-bor der ar eas in the Early and Middle Pleis to cene. The dif fer ent palaeohydrographic con di tions dur ing the Mazovian ma jor con clu sions may be sum ma rized as fol lows: Inter gla cial (in Belarus pos tu lated for the Muravian; Sanko, 1. Geo log i cal cross-sec tions through Qua ter nary de pos its 1999; Sanko et al., 2011) ap pears highly prob a ble. in the Bug and Pripyat val leys doc u ment both the Early Drain age of the upper Bug re gion to wards the Black Sea in and Middle Pleis to cene al lu via of these rivers. the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c) 2. In the Early Pleis to cene the proto-Bug val ley likely ran may be also im plied by the pres ence of L. naticoides in east of the pres ent Bug River val ley and then mi grated fluvio-lac us trine de pos its in the vi cin ity of Kock and Hrubieszów west wards. (Figs. 1 and 5). In ves ti ga tion of most of the sites re mains in - 3. The higher el e va tion of the Early Pleis to cene flu vial de - com plete, but re cords of L. naticoides at Krêpa (Jesionkiewicz, pos its in mid-east ern Po land im plies that they ac cu mu - 1982), Tatarska Góra (Prószyñski, 1952), Micha³ówka (Mojski, lated from proto-Bug wa ters. They flowed eastwards 1956, 1965), and in the ter race of the Huczwa River near and af fected the for ma tion and de vel op ment of the Hrubieszów (also B. naticina; Prószyñski, 1952; Jahn, 1956) as lower-ly ing val ley sys tem of the proto-Pripyat in north - well as the oc cur rence of C. fluminalis at Rohovi Smoliary west ern Ukraine at that time. (Ukraine, 13 km NE of Hniszów; Prószyñski, 1952) makes 4. Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via of the proto-Bug and those sec tions com pa ra ble with the Black Sea rather than with proto-Pripyat par tic u larly well-rep re sent the Mazov - the mid-Eu ro pean re gion and ap pears sig nif i cant for palaeo - ian/Li khvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). Their geo graphi cal re con struc tion. Lo ca tion of the main wa ter shed in higher po si tion in mid-east ern Po land again sug gests north ern Belarus in the Mid dle Pleis to cene far ther to the west the pos si bil ity of ac cu mu la tion by proto-Bug wa ters flow - com pared to the mod ern one (Marks and Pavlovskaya, 2003) ing to the east and de ter min ing the de vel op ment of the may con firm the sug ges tion that the main part of the area stud - lower-ly ing proto-Pripyat. ied in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial might 5. The malacological re cord of the Mazovian/Likhvi nian/Al- have been drained by the proto-Bug wa ters as so ci ated with the ex an drian sites and the oc cur rence of the Ponto-Cas - proto-Pripyat which flowed east to wards the Dnie per River flow - pian spe cies Lithoglyphus naticoides, Borysthenia ing into the Black Sea. It seems that the Mazovian/Likhvi - naticina and Corbicula fluminalis sug gest that dur ing nian/Al ex an drian wa ter shed ran to the north of Kock, Bia³a this inter gla cial the area stud ied be longed to the Black Podlaska and Brest, but its ex act po si tion has not yet been de - Sea drain age ba sin. The wa ter shed be tween the Bal tic ter mined. For ex am ple, at Kolonia Domaszewska, in the and the Black Sea might have oc curred in its north ern Samica River val ley, a Mazovian me an der ing river flow ing to part. the north was in ves ti gated (Terpi³owski et al., 2014; Zieliñski et 6. Com bined geo log i cal and malacological data show that al., 2016), but there is no clear ev i dence of whether it drained dur ing the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial to wards the Bal tic or the Black Sea (Fig. 5). the main part of the area stud ied was drained by the It seems that the Bug River val ley in the vi cin ity of Brest and proto-Bug wa ters con nected with the proto-Pripyat run - Terespol was formed by extraglacial waters of the Warta Sta- ning eastwards to the Dnie per River en ter ing the Black dial of the Odranian Gla ci ation, which eroded through the end Sea. mo raines of this stadial near Mielnik and started to flow to the north (Terpi³owski and Dobrowolski, 2004) and then to the west Ac knowl edg ments. We are extremely grateful to A. Sanko (Straszewska, 1968). Def i nite out flow might have oc curred be - and an anon y mous re viewer for the re vi sion of, and valu able tween the Warta Stadial and Eemian Inter gla cial (MIS 6 and 5e, com ments on, the manu script. We wish to thank R. Janiszewski re spec tively), form ing sandy ter races pre served along the val- for his help in the prep a ra tion of Fig ures 3 and 4. ley sides and in ter preted as the high est river ter race (19 m high;

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