Derivational and Inflectional : A Morphological Analisis

Rugaiyah Islamic University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia email : [email protected] Abstract

This study was intended to describe the category of inflectional and derivational morphemes found in Reading Texts of 2013 Curriculum English Textbook for the X Grade of Senior High Schools Published by Ministry of Education and Culture. is used to refer to the smallest unit that has meaning or serves a grammatical function in a language. The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative. The results of this study show that Derivational consist of inter-, eco-, un-, ar-, pre-, re-, pro-, be-, de-, in-, dis-, a-, ex-, auto-, mis-, agri-, em-, ap-, im- and al-. While, Derivational consist of four categories. Thus are nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial suffixes. First, nominal suffixes, namely –ism, -ation, -al, -ing, -ist, -or, -ity, -er, -ance, -ment, -ion, -ess, -ium, -ature, -ry, -ant, -ce, -ive, -cy, -y, -r, -ge, and -ness. Second, Verbal suffixes, namely –n and –ize. Third, Adjectival suffixes, namely –al, -ly, -ous, -ing, -able, -ic, -ish, -ive, -ian, -ny, -less, -ed, -ary, -nese, -y, and –ful and the last is adverbial –ly. Otherwise, the categories of inflectional morphemes that found in texts consist of Noun suffixes (plural) such as; –s, -ies, and –es, Noun suffixes (possessive) e.g; –s’ and -’s, Verb suffixes (3rd person singular) are –s and –es, Verb suffixes (past tense) are –ed and –d, Verb suffixes (past participle) such as; –n, -d, and -ed, Adjective suffixes (comparative) are –er, - r, and –ier and Adjective suffixes (superlative) are –st and –est. Therefore, based on the result of finding verb suffixes are not found.

Key Words: Morphemes,Derivational, Inflectional, Reading Texts, English Textbook

Derivasional dan Infleksional Morfem : Sebuah Analisis Morfologi

Abstrak

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mendeskripsikan kategori morfem infleksional dan derivasional yang ditemukan dalam Buku Teks Bahasa Inggris Kurikulum 2013 Kelas X Sekolah Menengah Atas yang diterbitkan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Morfem adalah merujuk ke unit terkecil yang memiliki makna dan fungsi gramatikal dalam bahasa. Morfem-morfem yang dapat secara bermakna berdiri sendiri disebut morfem bebas sementara morfem seperti –er dan –s, yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri disebut morfem terikat. Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa prefiks Derivasional terdiri dari inter-, eco-, un-, ar-, pre-, re-, pro-, be-, de-, in-,

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dis-, a-, ex-, auto-, mis-, agri-, em-, ap-, im- dan al-. Sedangkan, Sufiks Derivasional terdiri dari empat kategori. Dengan demikian adalah sufiks nominal, verbal, adjectival, dan adverbial. Pertama, sufiks nominal, yaitu –isme, -asi, -al, -ing, -ist, -atau -ity, -er, -ance, -ment, -ion, -ess, -ium, -ature, -ry , -I, -ce, -ive, -cy, -y, -r, -ge, and -ness. Kedua, sufiks Verbal, yaitu –n dan –ize. Ketiga, sufiks Adjectival, yaitu –al, -ly, -ous, -ing, -able, -ic, -ish, -ive, -ian, -ny, -less, -ed, -ary, -nese, -y , dan –ful dan yang terakhir adverbial suffix –ly. Adapun kategori morfem infleksional yang ditemukan dalam teks terdiri atas sufiks Noun (jamak) seperti; –s, -ies, dan –es, Noun suffixes (posesif) misalnya; –s 'dan -s, suffix Verb (orang ketiga tunggal) adalah –s dan –es, suffix Verb (bentuk lampau) adalah –ed dan –d, suffix Verb (past participle) seperti; -n, -d, dan -ed, sufiks kata sifat (komparatif) adalah sufiks -er, - r, dan –ier dan kata sifat (superlatif) adalah –st dan –est. Oleh karena itu, berdasarkan temuan penelitian ini ternyata kata kerja, sufiks tidak ditemukan.

Kata Kunci : Morfem, Derivasional, Infleksional, Teks Bacaan, Buku Teks Bahasa Inggris

1. INTRODUCTION come to pass in EFL education in Learning English requires, Indonesia? That question is naturally fundamentally, not only far too massive to be answered by a understanding the rules of the single study. Nevertheless, there language as a system (the grammar), exists a very solid set of tools that is but acquiring a great deal of uniformly employed in Indonesia vocabulary. This is something that EFL education, and it is one that can can be can attested by personally, be readily and reliably examined, yet after learning English as a foreign rather rarely is: the textbooks. language (EFL) for many years. It In Indonesia, textbooks are would seem that to become a uniformly structures around the competent user of the English national curriculum, which is called language, one should be given tools – 13 curriculum, and thus follow the the ability to derive new word forms structure of the course system in place – and knowledge to use those tools. on the secondary school and upper This would enable one to create at secondary school levels. Textbooks least some of the necessary words are nevertheless the main set of tools from smaller lexical units, thus available to foreign language acquiring a similar level of teachers. As such, investigating them vocabulary knowledge in a more easy provides one view of what is expected and adaptable manner. to happen in foreign language Comprehension of English would education. Furthermore, there is also be facilitated, since learners evidence that their usage is would be able to better guess the particularly high among foreign meanings of unfamiliar words that language teachers. contain familiar pieces, such as Graves (2000: 175) defines . This seems very logical from textbook as a “Stimulus or instrument the learners’ point of view, but does it for teaching and learning. In other

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words, textbook is a standard book or Morphology is the study of media in particular branch of study word formation in language. Many defined by the curriculum to the words in a changeable language. The students and teachers in teaching and shape can be partially changed, even learning process. This is like whole. One word has many or only textbook for producing an idea, tool one meaning based on the form of for achieve education’s goal. change. As long as those changes Moreover, Chambliss & Calfee create many powerful new words or (1998: 7) cited by Mahmood (2011: new forms in the language. Besides, 171) state that textbooks are morphology reviews the combined considered at the heart of educational variation of the word/ morpheme in a activities, as they provide students “A language. Nida (1952: 1) inferred that rich array of new and potentially morphology is the study of interesting facts, and open the door to morphemes and their arrangements in a world of fantastic experience.” forming words. Morphology is the Textbook plays an important role in type of exercise we have just the classroom system, it has various performed is an example of components and also certain investigating forms in language information that add more knowledge (Yule, 1996:75) Haspelmath and D. to the students. Sims (2010: 2-3) state that there are Therefore, textbook includes two definitions of morphology. Thus the four skills of English that should are morphology is the study of be studied by students. Based on 2013 systematic covariation in the form and curriculum, reading is the main point meaning of words and study of the of four skills above. It requires combination of morphemes to yield students to read and get the idea based words. The first definition refers to on the text that they read. It does not how the word can be formed and how only read the text, but engage students the meaning of words itself. Then, the to be active in the classroom and second definition refers to how to demonstrate what they think. produce the words from morphemes. Morever, in reading text, students Language is an essential have to pay attention to the word communication tool for human life. form, vocabulary, meaning and the Therefore, one must be able to master function of word. Therefore, students the language and its elements such as need a good skill in understanding the vocabulary, sentence, and structure. process of forming a new word. Based The language itself consists of two on the explanation above, this aspects namely form and meaning. In research was aimed at describing the relation to meaning is grammar and inflectional and derivational the smallest unit in language is morphemes based on the function morpheme. words found in Reading Texts of English Textbook for Senior High Morpheme Schools Published by Ministry of A morpheme is a minimal Education and Culture. element of form with specific meaning (Lehmann, 1972:127). Morphology Further, Wardhaugh (1977:83)

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defines that morphemes can be andul, t-in-andur (in Javanese)). A classified into free and bound suffix is attached to the end of its morphemes. A free morpheme is a base. morpheme which can occur alone as Futhermore, Carstairs- an independent word; for example, McCarthy (2002:16), Plag, 2003:10 cat, man, go, like, and quite. A free and Katamba (2005:20) define that form to which other morpheme may the term morpheme is used to refer to be attached is called base (or root). All the smallest unit that has meaning or the words in the list just given are serves a grammatical function in a bases. A base is not always a free language. The morphemes which can form. A bound morpheme can not meaningfully stand alone are called occur alone. Likewise, the s of books. free morphemes while the It represents the “plural”, a bound morphemes such as –er and –s, which morpheme in English. On the other cannot meaningfully stand alone are hand, bound morphemes need not called bound morphemes. Bound always be attached to free forms, for morphemes must be attached to free they may be attached to other bound morphemes. Bound morphemes are morphemes: receive is ”re” and also called affixes which can be “ceive” and “sub” and “mit”. Types of classified into , , and morpheme consists of root and base. suffix. English only has two kinds of Srijono (2010:48) infers that a bound morphemes namely prefixes root is a part of a word structure which and suffixes. There are not in is left when all the affixes have been English. Prefix is placed at the removed”. similarly, Katamba beginning of a word to modify or (1993:45) defines that base is any unit changes its meaning such as re, un, whatsoever to which affixes of any dis, re, un. A suffix is an kind can be added. The affixes attached after a root (or stem or base) attached to a base may be inflectional like –ly, -er,-or, -ist, -s, -ing and -ed. affixes selected for syntactic reasons For example: kind-ly, wait-er, book-s, or derivational affixes which alter the walk-ed (Katamba, 1994:44). meaning or grammatical category of In addition, Katamba the base. Further, Srijono (2010:51) (2005:26) classifies morphemes in claims that affixation is terms of where they are allowed to morphological process in which an appear, they fall into two major affix or affixes are added to one or groupings. Some morphemes are more free morphemes. In addition, capable of occuring on their own as Yule (2006:57) states that words, while other morphemes are derivational is process of word only allowed to occur in combination formation to be found in the wirh some other morpheme(s) but production of new English words. they cannot be used by themselves as Affixes are divided into three types: independent words. Morphemes that prefixes, infixes and suffixes. A are allowed to occur on their own in prefix is attached in front of the base sentences as words are called free (re-play, de-activate, il-legal, in- morphemes, examples sing (verb), cat accurate). An infix is attached in the (noun), clear (adjective) and early middle of its base (c-em-olong, g-em- (adverb). All are content words that

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can function as roots. However, not all morphemes that combine to the all free morphemes are content words. root that create new words. Some are employed to indicate grammatical functions and logical Types of Affixes relationship rather than to convey lexical or cognitive meaning in a 1. Prefixes sentence instead. While morphemes Katamba (2005:39) states that that can not stand on their own are prefix is an affix that goes before the called bound morpheme. Carstairs- base. To make it clear, here are some McCarthy (2002:18) and Katamba examples of using prefixes,: (2005:27) Im-polite Un-happy Affixes Im-possible Affixation is a process of Re-play attaching an affix to the root either to The italics above are prefixes that the left side or right side of the root. are attached to the root. Based on When an affix is attached to the end defenition and examples above, the of the root or to the right side of the researcher concludes that prefix is a root, it is called a suffix. For example, morpheme that is attached before the utter + {- ance} = utterance. When an root. affix is attached to the front of the root 2. Suffixes or the left side of the root, it is called Again Katamba (2005:39) a prefix. For example, {in-}+ direct = defines that an affix that is appended indirect. Prefixes and suffixes are after the base is called suffix. For affixes attached to the bases or to examples : various combinations of the 3. Kick-s morphemes (Wardhaugh, 1977: 84). Teach-er Wardhaugh further states that English Happi-ness does not use infixes, the nearest Fear-less equivalent being the kind of situation that occurs in the plural of man is 2. METHOD men. In general, suffix changes the category of the word, except those of The data in the present study inflectional morphemes. Whereas consists of English Textbook for the hardly any prefix changes the X Grade of Senior High Schools category of the word. Published by Pusat Kurikulum dan . According to Katamba Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemendikbud (2005:38) any morphemes that are (Kementerian Pendidikan dan appended to the root are called affixes. Kebudayaan) written by Utami Affixes can be attached before or after Widiati, Zuliati Rohmah, and the base. In addition, Plag (2003:10) Furaidah. The textbook is the 3rd, also states that affixes are all bound revised edition of 2017, which morphemes that are attached to roots. consists of fifteen chapters, and 224 Based on definition above, the pages. Three kinds of texts (Genres), researcher concludes that affixes are and ten of English reading texts are analyzed. It must be noted that the

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copyright of this book is currently The prefix re- is the derivational held by Pusat Kurikulum dan bound morpheme is attached to verbs Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemendikbud to form new verbs. The meaning of (Kementerian Pendidikan dan the prefix re- is ‘again’. Kebudayaan) . Since it was published 1. (28) represent by major companies in a country the size of Indonesia, it seems reasonable [16] The traveling in the boat offers to assume that it as, or possibly in the an unforgettable experience. case of English United, have been, in (1) Unforgettable) widespread use. Unforgettable is a word that Techniques of Collecting the Data consists of five morphemes: un-, for-, Data were collected by using get, forget and –able, of which get decomentation method. and forget can function on their own Documentation method is looking for and thus constitutes the stem of the data from book, newspapers, words, while un-, for-, and –able act magazines, inscriptions (Arikunto, as affixes in this instance, despite 1998:9), (Rugaiyah 2016). It means some having a similar written form writer chooses the documentation as with a word of different meaning. Un- data to be analyzed. The data of this modifies the word by giving it a research were analyzed by using negative meaning, for- carries the “metode bagi unsur langsung” meaning of declining to (in an (directly divided element method) abstract sense) get, while –able is an was used which is proposed by affix that changes the word into an Sudaryatno (1993:13). adjective. In function, both roots and stems may be either free, meaning 3. FINDING AND DISCUSSION that they can occur alone, or bound, in Prefix is a letter or a group of letters which case they cannot (Jackson and that appears at the beginning of a Amvela 2007: 81). Affixes, by word and changes the word’s original contrast, are always bound since they meaning. are used for adding meaning to the stem (ibid.); they do not carry any 1. Prefix –un meaning by themselves. There are two kinds of the prefix un- in English. The first is attached to The forms of adjectives derived from adjectives to form new adjectives, and adjectives un- (e.g. unlike) by the second is attached to verbs to form Carstairs & McCarthy, 2002: 52): new verbs. The prefix un- do not change the part of speech. The prefix [3] This is called a park, but unlike un- that is attached to adjectives any park that you have seen in your called derivational antonym or city, this is a jungle! It is a real jungle, negative. which is home to the most interesting 1. (291) unlike animal in the world: orangutans. 2. (16) unforgetable (1) Unlike Unlike is constructed by two 3. Prefix re- morphemes, they are like (free

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morpheme), and -un (bound word of different meaning. sign is morpheme). Morpheme like is an verb category means mark object to adjective category, and –un is a prefix represent something, de- is a that changes the meaning of word. un- derivational prefix forming a noun, + like are derivational morphemes while the suffix –s attached to the when they are combined since unlike noun to indicate plural form. When has changed the meaning. That (like: they are combined (de + sign +s = similar) changes into negative designs) since it has changed meaning (unlike:not similar/ different meaning. That is designs: drawing or from). outline from which something may be made. (28) Represents [28] Taj Mahal represents the finest architectural and [59] Audience members are given the artistic achievement. priviledge to discover the thundering Represents is constructed by three Falls from a completely new and morphemes, they are present (free exhilarating perspective, and plunge morpheme), re- and -s (bound over them. morphemes). Morpheme present is a verb category, and re- is a prefix., Discover is constructed by two while –s is a suffix. re + present + s morphemes, they are cover (free are derivational morphemes when morpheme), and -dis (bound they are combined since represents morpheme). Morpheme cover is a has changed the meaning. That is noun category, and dis- is a prefix. (present: give something to dis- + cover are derivational (someone) formally or ceremonially.) morphemes when they are combined changes into again meaning since discover has changed the (represents: an action to deputizes). meaning. That is (cover: something that can be used to protect). (30) The white marble is inlaid with Therefore, discover means find out, semi-precious stones (including jade, get knowledge of. It changes the class crystal, lapis, lazuli, amethyst, and of word becomes verb. turquoise) that form the intricate designs. Suffix Verbs derived from nouns and from A suffix is a letter or a group of letters adjectives are numerous (Carstairs that is usually attached to the end of a & McCarthy, 2002: 55) word to form a new word, as well as Designs is a word that consists of alter the way it functions three morphemes: de-, sign-, and -s, grammatically. of which sign is the only one that can function on its own and thus 1. Suffix -er constitutes the root of the word. It is The suffix –er attached to a verb is a impossible to break sign into smaller derivational morpheme which change parts, also making it a root verb to a noun. The suffix creates a morpheme, while de- and –s act as new meaning ‘a person performs affixes in this instance, despite some an action’. The following are the having a similar written form with a

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examples of the suffix –er attached to 9. Suffix -s/es indicate noun plural verbs. 1. (20) candidates 1. (185) singer 10. adjective superlative 2. Suffix -ment 1. (261) highest The suffix –ment is the derivational 11. Suffix -‘s indicate noun morphemes which can be attached to possessive some verbs to form noun. This suffix 1. (155) Father’s brings the new meaning. 1. (283) agreement 12. Suffix -ing indicate present particple 3. Suffix -ion form The suffix –ion is the derivational 1. (278) working morpheme which can be attached to verb to form noun. 13. Suffix -ed indicate past form 1. (50) nomination 1. (5) packed

4. Suffix -ence [8] Camp Leakey is a rehabilitation 1. (4) independence place for ex-captive orang utans and also a preservation site. 5. Suffix –able The suffix –able is the derivational Preservation is a word that is morpheme which changes the base to constructed by three morphemes, adjective. In this case, the base can be those are serve (free morpheme) as either verb or noun. the root of the word because it is 1. (74) unforgetable impossible to break sign into smaller parts, while pre- and -tion are bound 6. Suffix -al morphems which are attached before The suffix –al is the derivational and after the root serve. The category morpheme which changes the base to of serve is verb. Therefore, suffix - adjective. In this case. tion has changed the class of word 1. (51) formal serve to noun. The category of 2. (78) architecural derivational morpheme in this sentence is prefix that occurs in a 7. Suffix -ist word preservation. “pre+serve+tion” The suffix -ist is the derivational = preservation means act of bound morpheme attached to noun to preserving. form new noun. The meaning of the suffix –ist is ‘agentive” (75) A day before the concert, there 1. (61) primatologist would be a meet-and-greet event at a 8. Suffix -ly local radio station. Adverb-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change Station is constructed by two the words or morphemes to adverbs morphemes, they are nominate (free 1. (327) ly morpheme), and -ion (bound morpheme). Morpheme nominate is a verb category, and –ion is a suffix.

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state (verb) + -ion are derivational [11] It is also a famous center for morphemes when they are combined research about orangutans which has since nomination has changed the been conducted by the famous lexical category and the meaning. primatologist Dr. Birute Galdikas That is verb (state:express in words) since 1971. changed into noun (station: a Primatologist consists of two company involved in broadcasting of morphemes those are primatology as specified kind). free morpheme and as the root of the word, while -ist as a bound [9] Camp Leakey is a rehabilitation morpheme. Even though, it changes place for ex-captive orang utans the meaning of word but it does not change the class of word. The Rehabilitation is constructed category of word is noun. by two morphemes: rehabilitate and - “primatology” (noun: a branch of tion of which rehabilitate can zoology that relates to primates). function as the root of the word, while “primatology+ist” = primatologist -tion acts as affix in this instance, means a scientist whose specialty in rehabilitate means restore and the primatology. category is a derivational suffix that changes the word (verb) into a noun. (72) Afgan has always been my rehabilitate+(a)tion” = rehabilitation favorite singer. means an activity or process to restore the situation. Singer is constructed by two morphemes, they are sing (free morpheme), and - er (bound [82] He smiled and waved to all morpheme). Morpheme sing is a verb Afganism who had been waiting category, and –er is a suffix. Singer excitedly saying, “Good morning. (noun): Sing (verb) + -er are How are you all?” The crowd went derivational morphemes when they crazy. are combined since singer has changed the lexical category and the Excitedly is a word which is meaning. That is verb (sing: makes derived from three morphemes; ex- musical sounds with the voice) and ly are bound morphanes, while changed into noun (leader: a person in cite is a free morpheme/ ( The control of a group, country or category of derivational morpheme in situation a religious leader). this word is prefix (ex-) that attached before free morpheme. Then, the root [101] It all started because of a of that word is cite. It is a verb misunderstanding between British category and the base of the word is troops in Jakarta and those in excited” (adjective). It is attached by Surabaya, under the command of a suffix –ly which change verb to Brigadier A.W.WS. Mallaby. adverb. ex+cited+ly” = excitedly means stir up the feelings of cause Based on the context, somebody to feel strongly/ a full of misunderstanding is a word that energy. consists of five morphemes (under is

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a function word, stand and [76] Feeling excited, I packed all my understand are content words, while Afgan’s CDs to get his signature at mis-, and -ing are affixes): mis-, - the event. under-, -stand-, -understand, and – ing, of which understand can function The category of inflectional on its own and thus constitutes the morpheme in this sentence is verb stem of the word, while mis-, and – suffix that includes past tense ing act as affixes in this instance, category in a word packed. That word understand means know the category is attached by inflectional suffix -ed is verb. Mis- modifies the word by which indicates simple past tense. It giving it a negative meaning, -ing is means that, based on simple past a derivational suffix that changes the tense, a verb has to be changed word into a noun. In function, both becomes verb 2. Pack + ed = Packed. roots and stems may be either free, meaning that they can occur alone, or [3] This is called a park, but unlike bound, in which case they cannot any park that you have seen in your (Jackson and Amvela 2007: 81). city, this is a jungle! Affixes, by contrast, are always bound since they are used for adding The category of inflectional meaning to the stem (ibid.); they do morpheme in this sentence is verb not carry any meaning by themselves. suffix that includes past participle a word understand that is attached by category in a word seen. That word is derivational prefix mis- and attached by inflectional suffix -(e)n derivational suffix -ing becomes which indicates past participle after. mis+understand+ing = misunderstanding (noun) means [19] A troop of 30 light-brown failure to understand rightly. monkeys may plunge from branches 10 meters or higher into the river and cross directly in [11] This event gives them front of the boat. opportunity to see orangutans up close. Higher is constructed by two morphemes, they are high (free Gives is constructed by two morpheme), and -er (bound morphemes, they are give (free morpheme). Morpheme high is an morpheme), and --s (bound adjective category, and –er is a suffix. morpheme). Morpheme give is verb high + -er are inflectional morphemes category, and –s is a suffix. gives when they are combined since (singular form) this suffix shows morpheme er indicates a comparative simple present tense. give (verb marker. singular) + -s are inflectional morphemes when they are combined [5] Orangutans, which literally mean since gives indicates singular marker. the man of the forest, are the largest arboreal animal on the planet.

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The category of inflectional construction of building. morpheme in this sentence is Architecture (n) art and science of adjective suffix that includes building(s). Architectural (adj) are superlative category in a word free morphemes, while ur + al is a largest. That word large is attached by suffix. The root of the word is inflectional suffix -(e)st as the marker architec. of superlative. Largest is an adjective category. The suffix –al is the derivational morpheme which changes the base to [21] At night, you can enjoy the clear adjective. In this case. sky and the amazingly bright stars as (51) formal the only lights for the night. Formal is constructed by two Based on the context, morphemes, they are form (free amazingly is a word that consists of morpheme), and -al (bound three morphemes: amaze-, - –ing-,and morpheme). Morpheme form is a -ly of which amaze can function on noun category, and –al is a suffix. its own and thus constitutes the stem Formal (adjective): form (noun) + -al of the word, while –ing- and ly act as are derivational morphemes when affixes in this instance, amaze means they are combined since formal has fill with great surprise the category is changed the lexical category and the verb. –ing- and ly are derivational meaning. That is noun (form: suffixes, in this case, morphem ly appearance of something) changed changes the word into an adverbia. In into adjective. Formal means in function, both roots and stems may be accordance with rules. either free, meaning that they can occur alone, or bound, in which case they cannot (Jackson and Amvela [37] At dawn when the first rays of the 2007: 81). Affixes, by contrast, are sun hits the dome of this epic always bound since they are used for monument, it radiates like a heavenly adding meaning to the stem (ibid.); pinkish palace. they do not carry any meaning by themselves. a word “amaze” that is The category of derivational attached by derivational suffixes ing – morpheme in this sentence is ly becomes amaze+ing+ly = adjectival suffix that occurs in a word amazingly (adjective) means pinkish which has adjectival suffix - wonderful. ish. Then, the root of that word is pink (adjective). It is attached by [28] Taj Mahal represents the finest derivational suffix -ish as seen in this architectural and artistic series pink+ish = pinkish means like achievement. rosy.

Architectural is constructed [41] Niagara Falls is the collective by five morphemes; (arch : adj curved name for three waterfalls that cross structure supporting the weight of the international border between what is above it. Architec (n) person the Canadian province of Ontario and who designs and supervises the the USA’s state of New York.

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The category of derivational of that word is depend (verb). It is morpheme in this sentence is becoming noun because added by adjectival suffix “-ive”. that attaches derivational affixes (in- (prefix) and – to the root collect (verb) Suffix “-ive” ence (suffix)) as seen in this series changes the lexical category to in+depend+ence = independence adjective. collect+ive” = collective means a freedom. means that is related as a group. 4. CONCLUSION [109] Looking at this situation, Based on the result obtained Lieutenant General Sir Philip from the study shows that Christison brought in reinforcements Derivational prefixes consist of inter- to siege the city. , eco-, un-, ar-, pre-, re-, pro-, be-, de- , in-, dis-, a-, ex-, auto-, mis-, agri-, Reinforcements is derived em-, ap-, im- and al-. While, from force (verb), prefixes re- and – Derivational suffixes are divided into in-, and suffixes –ment and –s Process four categories. They are nominal, of additional suffix –ment and -s verbal, adjectival, and adverbial create a new word and new lexical suffixes. First, nominal suffixes are – categories, (reinforcements) that is ism, -ation, -al, -ing, -ist, -or, -ity, -er, noun. Reinforcements is constructed -ance, -ment, -ion, -ess, -ium, -ature, - by five morphemes: force (free ry, -ant, -ce, -ive, -cy, -y, -r, -ge, and - morphemes). Whereas, re-, in-, -ment ness. Second, Verbal suffixes are –n and –s are bound morphemes, of and –ize. Third, Adjectival suffixes which force can function on its own are –al, -ly, -ous, -ing, -able, -ic, -ish, and thus constitutes the root of the -ive, -ian, -ny, -less, -ed, -ary, -nese, - word. In this instance, force means y, and –ful and the last is adverbial strength: power of body or mind. the suffix –ly. category is verb. -ment is a Otherwise, the categories of derivational suffix that changes the inflectional morphemes found in lexical category into a noun. texts are: (1) Noun suffixes (plural) Likewise, suffix –s which attached at such as; –s, -ies, and -es. (2) Noun the end of base reinforcement suffixes (possessive) e.g; –s’ and -’s. indicates a plural form. (3) Verb suffixes (3rd person re+in+force+ment+s = singular) are –s and –es (4) Verb reinforcements means the action of suffixes (past tense) are –ed and -d. reinforcing or being. (5) Verb suffixes (past participle) such as; –n, -d, and –ed. (6) Adjective [113] Battle of Surabaya caused suffixes (comparative) are –er, -r, and Indonesia to lose weaponry which –ier and (7) Adjective suffixes hampered the country’s independence (superlative) are –st and –est. struggle. Therefore, based on the result of Independence The category of finding verb suffixes are not found. derivational morpheme in this It seems that most of the sentence is nominal suffix that occurs derivational and inflectional in a word independence which has morphemes appear in Reading Texts nominal suffix -ence. Then, the root of English Textbook for Senior High

Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes: A Morphological Analysis. J-SHMIC, Vol 5, No 2, August 2018 85

Schools Published by Ministry of can positively influence the learners’ Education and Culture. Therefore, reading skills, especially reading English teachers are expected to comprehension (Kieffer and Lesaux consider about a variety of ways in 2008). However,Comprehension of which instruction in word formation English would also be facilitated, skills that can benefit for learners. For since learners would be able to better instance, it can aid in the recognition guess the meanings of unfamiliar of new word forms (White, Power and words that contain familiar pieces, White 1989), and by increasing the such as affixes. learners’ morphological awareness, it

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Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes: A Morphological Analysis. J-SHMIC, Vol 5, No 2, August 2018