Flooding in the South East Bangladesh Needs Assessment Report, August 2012 (Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’S Bazar Districts)

Flooding in the South East Bangladesh Needs Assessment Report, August 2012 (Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar Districts)

Assessment conducted jointly by the members of WASH Cluster Shelter Cluster Early Recovery Cluster

In collaboration with The Government of Bangladesh

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... 7 Recommended Interventions ...... 9 Background ...... 13 Assessment Methodology ...... 14 Key Findings ...... 18 CHITTAGONG ...... 21 Priorities identified by Upazila Ofiicials ...... 21 Community Priorities ...... 22 Detailed Assessment Findings ...... 23 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ...... 24 Shelter ...... 26 Livelihoods and Community Infrastructure ...... 27 Cross-cutting Issues ...... 31 Completed and Planned Interventions ...... 32 Response Challenges ...... 33 Returning Home ...... 33 BANDARBAN ...... 34 Priorities identified by Upazila Officials ...... 34 Community Priorities ...... 35 Detailed Assessment Findings ...... 36 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ...... 37 Shelter ...... 40 Livelihoods and Community Infrastructure ...... 41 Cross-cutting Issues ...... 43 Completed and Planned Interventions ...... 44 Response Challenges ...... 45 Returning Home ...... 45 COX’S BAZAR ...... 46 Priorities identified by Upazila Officials ...... 46 Community priorities ...... 47 Detailed Assessment Findings ...... 48 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ...... 49 Shelter ...... 52 Livelihoods and Community Infrastructure ...... 53 Cross-cutting Issues ...... 57 Completed and Planned Interventions ...... 57 Response Challenges ...... 58 Returning home ...... 58 ANNEXES ...... 59 List of Agencies supporting the assessment ...... 59 Community Group Discussion Checklist - Female Community Group Discussion Checklist - Male Direct Observation Checklist Key Informant Interview Checklist

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Tables & Figures

Chittagong

Table 1: Priorities under Immediate intervention Table 2: Site Accessibility Table 3: Seasonal Calendar Table 4: Income Variation Table 5: Relief Support

Picture 1: Eroded banks of river, Anowara, Chittagong Picture 2: Damaged tube well, Anowara, Chittagong Picture 3: Livestock kept on roadsides due to flooding of house, Anowara, Chittagong

Fig 1: Community Priorities (Male & Female) Fig 2: Main Sources of Drinking Water Fig 3: where did women and girls defecate Fig 4: Sanitary Access Fig 5: Main Priorities for Water & Sanitation (Female) Fig 6: Main Priorities for Water & Sanitation (Male) Fig 7: Different Types of Migration Fig 8: Coping Strategies in 3 districts Fig 9: Coping Strategy in Chittagong

Bandarban

Table 1: Priorities for Immediate Intervention Table 2: Site accessibility Table 3: Seasonal Calendar Table 4: Income Variation Table 5: Interventions

Fig 1: Community Priorities (Male & Female) Fig 2: Major Sources of Drinking Water Fig 3: Where did Women and Girls defecate Fig 4: Sanitary Access Fig 5: Main Priorities for Water and Sanitation (Female) Fig 6: Main Priorities for Water and Sanitation (Male) Fig 7: Different Types of Migration Fig 8: Main Source of Income Fig 9: Main Coping Strategies

Cox’s Bazar

Table 1: Priorities under Immediate intervention Table 2: Site Accessibility Table 3: Seasonal Calendar Table 4: Income Variation Table 5: Relief Support

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Picture 1: Roads damaged, Cox’s Bazar

Fig 1: Community Priorities (Male & Female) Fig 2: Main Source of Drinking Water Fig 3: where did Women and Girls defecate Fig 4: Sanitary Access Fig 5: Priorities for Water & Sanitation (Female) Fig 6: Priorities for Water & Sanitation (Male) Fig 7: Different Type of Migration Fig 8: Coping Strategy in all 3 districts Fig 9: Coping Strategy

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Acknowledgements

On behalf of the WASH, Shelter, and Early Recovery Cluster involved in this needs assessment, we would like to acknowledge the valuable support received from the Disaster Management and Relief Division, MoFDM, Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation (DRR) and Department of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE), for their support in managing the assessment and secondary information on damage statistics. This support has significantly contributed to the quality of this assessment.

Special gratitude to Deputy Commissioners (DCs) Upazila Nirbahi Officers (UNOs) in Bandarban, Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar for their cooperation on the ground in support of the needs assessment. Substantive contribution was received from the District Relief and Rehabilitation Officers (DRROs) and Project Implementation Officers (PIOs) including participation in the field level assessment.

Heart felt appreciation to District level coordination lead agencies (IFRC, UNICEF, Muslim Aid) and participating agencies: Action Aid, Concern Universal, World Vision, Bangladesh Red Crescent Society in Bandarban, UNDP/CHDTF, Caritas, UNDP/UPPR, CDMP, BRAC, CARE, IOM, Solidarities International and World Vision. Overall coordination of needs assessment and support to the district level teams was provided by UNDP and IFRC.

Finally special thanks to the Solidarities International for technical assistance with the needs assessment tool, database and analysis support.

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BDRCS Bangladesh Red Crescent Society CGD Community Group Discussions CHT Chittagong Hill Tracts DAE Department of Agricultural Extension DC Deputy Commissioner DMRD Disaster Management and Relief Division DPHE Department of Public Health and Engineering DRR Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation DRRO District Relief and Rehabilitation Officer DO Direct Observation FGD Focus Group Discussions GoB Government of Bangladesh GR Gracious Relief HCTT Humanitarian Coordination Task Team IFRC International Federation of Red Crescent INGO International Non-Government Organization JNA Joint Needs Assessment IOM International Organization for Migration MoFDM Ministry of Food and Disaster Management NGO Non-Government Organization PIO Project Implementation Officer UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children Fund UNO Upazila Nirbahi Officer UP Union Parishad USO Upazila Statistical Officer VGF Vulnerable Group Feeding WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WFP World Food Programme

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Executive Summary This year monsoon started with unprecedented rainfall in the southeast, northeast and northwest parts of the country. The southeast region, Chittagong, Bandarban, and Cox’s Bazaar, was greatly affected by the rains experiencing severe flooding, water logging, landslides and in some instances flash flooding. Death toll in the three districts of Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar stood at 122 from 26th June to 5th July. According to the Meteorological Department this was the worst flood and landslide in the Chittagong region in the last 60 years, and in terms of rainfall in short span of time. The immediate impact of the flooding and land slide was initial displacement of the population who moved to temporary makeshift shelters, host families and community shelters. While, majority of families have returned to their dwellings, the disaster has impacted the residences’ livelihoods, water and sanitation facilities, and has damaged or destroyed their houses. Under the coordination of the Humanitarian Coordination Task Team (HCTT), an initial rapid Joint Needs Assessment (JNA) was conducted on 1st July 2012 to assess the damages and inform an immediate emergency response. As the residents moved from temporary makeshift shelters and host families back to their primary residences, relief goods were provided by the Government as well as the NGO and INGO community.

Following the presentation of the Initial Rapid Assessment on 2nd July, a decision was taken via the HCTT coordination mechanism to carry out a further Needs Assessment in order to better understand the needs of the residents and inform the recovery response in the sectors of WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery based on the findings of the initial rapid assessment and on information from local government authorities indicating that these were the sectors on which further information was needed. The Needs Assessment was undertaken by WASH, Shelter, and Early Recovery Clusters with support of the Cluster members and in close collaboration with the Government of Bangladesh.

This report presents the findings of that need assessment jointly carried out by WASH, Shelter, and Early Recovery Clusters.

According to the Government estimates, approximately 261,232 families (1.3 million people) have been affected1 in Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar districts. Food security, shelter and livelihoods were reported as the main concerns by the residents of all 3 affected districts. According to the results of the Community Group Discussions the estimated household incomes have significantly reduced compared to the situation before the flood, in normal time. The assessment found that people in the affected areas had already resorted to detrimental coping strategies to adapt to their reduced income. The immediate coping strategy for all three districts was to reduce their meal sizes, with some families reporting that they were eating only 1or 2 meals a day. Another reported

1 Partially or fully damaged house and or/farm land

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strategy was eating less preferred food which meant a reduction in the quality of their diet and a decrease in overall nutritional value of the food that was being consumed. Community groups also reported that people were borrowing money in order to cope with their circumstances. Securing a loan meant paying high interest rates and the loan repayment requirements almost doubling the original amount borrowed.

According to the assessment, the most affected Upazilas are: Lama in Bandarban district; Chokoria in Cox’s Bazar district; and Banshkhali in Chittagong district. Damages to the houses as a result of the flooding and landslides are a priority concern for the population in all 3 districts. According to the Government estimates, 75,894 houses accounting to 17% of the houses in the surveyed area are affected. Bandarban district has the highest percentage of affected houses at 49.6%, Chittagong, 16% and Cox’s Bazaar, 11%. The affected families have lost their assets. Agricultural land is still under water or debris from the landslides, which will greatly affect family income this season’s harvest as well as future harvests. Families are without finances to rebuild their houses and to invest in agricultural inputs or purchasing new livestock.

Water supply and sanitation facilities are also destroyed as a result of recent flash flood and landslide. In Chittagong 4%, Cox’s Bazar 10% and Bandarban 31% public water points and private wells were damaged. As a result in all these three affected districts hygiene practice has been reduced. Sanitation facilities are growing concern for affected communities and risk of health hazard is increased due to increasing open defecation.

It was found that markets are functioning well and were not impacted by the flood. However, price of food items have increased in most locations in Bandarban, Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar districts. It was reported by the communities in Bandarban and Chittagong districts that flash flood combined with land slide was the major problem resulting in damage of shelter, farm land and other community assets.

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Recommended Interventions

CHITTAGONG DISTRICT

Short-term recommendations (now up to 6 months)

WASH

• Repair and rehabilitate public water points • Repair/rehabilitate deep tube wells (755) • Repair/rehabilitate latrines

SHELTER

• Repair partially damaged shelter ( 22,525) • Reconstruct shelters (10,812) for the families whose houses are fully damaged and currently living with host families and neighbours. The shelter design should incorporate disaster resilient features based on the vulnerability.

LIVELIHOODS & COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE

Long-term recommendations

RECOVERY • Rehabilitation of all the affected community infrastructure – roads and bridges/culverts • Rehabilitation of health and education facilities RISK REDUCTION • Build flood resilient communal shelters where appropriate and feasible • Repair/rehabilitate embankments • Promote disaster/climate resilient agriculture practices • Diversify livelihood options to reduce risk

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• Public awareness and education for disaster preparedness is important to protect communities from future disaster risks.

BANDARBAN DISTRICT

Short-term recommendations (now up to 6 months)

WASH

• Repair and rehabilitate public water points • Repair/rehabilitate deep tube wells (1,494) • Repair/rehabilitate latrines

SHELTER

• Repair partially damaged shelter ( 14,887) • Reconstruct shelters (6,985) for the families whose houses are fully damaged and currently living with host families and neighbours. The shelter design should incorporate disaster resilient features building on the indigenous knowledge as practised by the indigenous hill people whose houses proved to be resilient to the recent heavy rain and flash flood.

LIVELIHOODS & COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE

• Immediate cash transfer through cash for work and cash for training should be launched to inject cash to the affected families to enable them to meet their daily necessities. The markets in the affected areas are functioning normally and will enable affected community to use the cash for family recovery immediately. • Cash grants to buy agriculture inputs and livestock to resume livelihoods. Emphasis should be given to promoting disaster/climate resilient livelihood practices suitable for hilly areas. • Undertake repair/rehabilitation of essential community infrastructure – roads and bridges/culverts. Cash for work scheme should be used to repair/rehabilitate essential community infrastructure. • Launch awareness raising and capacity building parallel to the recovery and reconstruction interventions, directly connected to the related activities – environmental protection through reforestation and resilient house building techniques, sustainable livelihoods through long-term planning and use of disaster/climate resilient crops and farming practices.

Long-term recommendations

RECOVERY

• Rehabilitation of all the affected community infrastructure – roads and bridges/culverts • Rehabilitation of health and education facilities

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RISK REDUCTION

• Build flood resilient communal shelters where appropriate and feasible • Reforestation and landslide protection measures to reduce future risks • Promote sustainable agriculture practices suitable for hill areas • Diversify livelihood options to reduce risk • Enforcement of regulations to reduce de-forestation and hill cutting for house construction and other uses • Public awareness and education for disaster preparedness is important to protect communities from future disaster risks. • Relocation of communities living at vulnerable locations to prevent loss of lives and family assets

COX’S BAZAR DISTRICT

Short-term recommendations (now up to 6 months)

WASH

• Repair and rehabilitate public water points • Repair/rehabilitate deep tube wells (1050) • Repair/rehabilitate latrines

SHELTER

• Repair partially damaged shelter (14,025) • Reconstruct shelters (6,660) for the families whose houses are fully damaged and currently living with host families and neighbours. The shelter design should incorporate disaster resilient features based on the vulnerability.

LIVELIHOODS & COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE

Long-term recommendations

RECOVERY

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• Rehabilitation of all the affected community infrastructure – roads and bridges/culverts • Rehabilitation of health and education facilities RISK REDUCTION • Build flood resilient communal shelters where appropriate and feasible • Repair/rehabilitate embankments • Promote disaster/climate resilient agriculture practices • Diversify livelihood options to reduce risk • Public awareness and education for disaster preparedness is important to protect communities from future disaster risks.

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Background

Heavy continuous monsoon rain and high tidal water during the later part of June 2012 resulted in flooding, flash flooding and landslides in many areas of Bangladesh. The water receded but left considerable damage to Chittagong, Cox’s Bazaar, Bandarban, Sylhet and Sunamganj districts. A second wave of severe rainfall occurred in the middle of July 2012 coupled with heavy water levels from upstream causing rivers to flow above danger level inundating the region for a second time early in the monsoon season.

Under the coordination of the Humanitarian Coordination Task Team (HCTT), an initial rapid Joint Needs Assessment (JNA) was conducted on 1st July 2012 to assess the damages and inform an immediate emergency response. As the residents moved from temporary makeshift shelters and host families back to their primary residences, relief goods were provided by the government as well as the NGO and INGO community.

Following the presentation of the Initial Rapid Assessment on 2nd July, a decision was taken via the HCTT coordination mechanism to carry out a further Joint Needs Assessment in order to better understand the needs of the residents and inform the recovery response in the sectors of WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery based on the findings of the initial rapid assessment and on information from local government authorities indicating that these were the sectors on which further information was needed. The Joint Needs Assessment was undertaken by WASH, Shelter, and Early Recovery Clusters with support of the Cluster members and in close collaboration with the Government of Bangladesh.

According to the Government estimates, approximately 261,232 families (1.3 million people) have been affected2 in Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar districts. District wise affected families are: 144,550 in Chittagong; 24,594 in Bandarban; and 92,088 in Cox’s Bazar. Food security, shelter and livelihoods were reported as the main concerns by the residents of all 3 affected districts. According to the results of the Community Group Discussions the estimated household incomes have significantly reduced compared to the situation before the flood.

The Needs Assessment concluded that though the heavy rains had ceased and families were returning to work, the hazard has caused a significant disruption in their livelihoods. Residents had lost Aman seed beds, vegetables, shrimp and salt fields. A portion of the displaced population were able to return to their homes but there were still those whose homes were partially or fully damaged residing in makeshift houses, neighbours’ and family members’ residences. Water, sanitation and hygiene have also become a concern for all three districts. Toilets were washed away due to sudden onrush of upstream water and inundated hand pump wells. Damaged or non-functioning water sources as well as lack of access to proper hygiene facilities in many temporary shelters have increased the health hazard of the displaced population.

2 Partially or fully damaged house and or/farm land

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The assessment report is organized as: i) Executive Summary; ii) Recommended Interventions; iii) Assessment Methodology, iv) , District wise key findings and recommendations.

Assessment Methodology

The assessment methodology used community group discussions, key informant interviews, and the observations of assessment team members. Information was captured using assessment formats that had been developed by the WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Cluster members.

Sampling and site selection: The sampling and site selection was decided by the WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Cluster members during a meeting on 24th July 2012, based on the Initial Rapid Needs Assessment findings and the flood report from Government D- Form prepared by the Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation. The three districts viz. Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar were selected for needs assessment considering the unusual nature of flood and landslides in the region and also that the affected area was ready for recovery. A combination of worst affected Unions as per Rapid Initial Needs Assessment and one less affected Union was selected to get a comprehensive picture of the situation. Each Union has nine wards/villages, and two wards per Union was selected for the assessment.

Time spent in the field: Total of four days was spent in the field for assessment. A total of 13 teams comprising of 81 members from Government, UN Agencies, RCRC, and I/NGOs participated in the field assessment.

Data entry and compilation: District Lead Agencies taking part in the assessment was in charge of leading data collection and compilation. Data was entered by dedicated data entry members under the supervision of District Team Leader (identified for the assessment purpose) in the field on the daily basis following the data collection. Please refer to the planning timeline for details.

Data processing, analysis and interpretation: The database was developed using MS Excel and analysis was done using the same software. Analysis and interpretation was done by the WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Clusters.

The needs assessment for WASH, Shelter, and Early Recovery was led by UNICEF, IFRC and UNDP respectively as Cluster lead with the participation of the Cluster members. District level assessment was led by UNICEF for Chittagong, IFRC for Bandarban and Muslim Aid for Cox’s Bazar district. Overall coordination of the assessment was provided by UNDP/Early Recovery Facility together with Disaster Management and Relief Division, MoFDM. At the field level the assessment was supported by the field officials of the Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation and Department of Public Health and Engineering. Local Administration and Local Government representatives were closely engaged in the assessment planning and implementation. Please refer to Annex for specific information on the participating agencies.

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Assessment at a Glance Coverage Area 3 districts (Bandarban, Cox’s bazar &Chittagong) 9 Upazillas 31 Unions 62 Wards/villages Affected Upazilas covered by the Anwara, Satkhania and Bashkhali Upazilas of assessment Chittagong district Ramu, Moheshkhali and Chakoria Upazilas of Cox’s Bazar district Lama, Alikadam and Naikhongchari Upazilas of Bandarban district Number of teams 13 teams (5 team for Cox’s Bazar, 5 team for Chittagong and 3 teams for Bandarban district) Team composition Each team was composed of 5 members including male and female assessors having knowledge on needs assessment. To facilitate female Community Group Discussion, female assessors were engaged. Number of sites assessed at the 62 community level At each site, community level One female Community Group Discussion assessment consisted of One male Community Group Discussion

Number of CGD conducted 104 (50% female CGD and 50% male CGD) Number of key Informants interview 69 (23 in Chittagong; 21 in Bandarban; and 25 in Cox’s with government officials Bazar district) Number of Direct Observation formats 62 (24 in Chittagong; 16 in Bandarban; and 22 in Cox’s completed Bazar district)

OBJECTIVES

Following were the objects of the Needs Assessment:

1. To provide a shared overview of the situation in most affected unions in Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’s bazar 2. To understand sector-specific (WASH/Shelter/Early Recovery) recovery needs of affected population 3. To recommend sector-specific (WASH/Shelter/Early Recovery) interventions based on the JNA

Timeline Planning and preparation: 16.07 to 29.07 Cluster Meeting / group meetings 24.07 to 13.08 Finalize/translate assessment tools: 29.07 ToT assessment Tools (Dhaka): 30.07 Orientation assessment tools (District level): 01.08 to 02.08 Secondary data collection: 24.07 to 09.08 Field assessment: 05.08 to 08.08. Updated D-Form collection: 05.08 to 08.08

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Data entry (assessment teams): 06.08 to 09.08 Data compilation, analysis, interpretation: 09.08 to 13.08 Report writing: 14.08 to 30.08

The field assessment was carried out in four days by 81 people, comprising of staff from the Government, UN Agencies, Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS), and I/NGOs. The assessment methodology enabled the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data, as detailed below:

Quantitative Data

UNICEF, IFRC and UNDP together with other agencies involved in the assessment provided data collected from different sources. Baseline information was collected from Government sources (BBS, DAE, DPHE, DRR, and DMRD). Response related information was collected from DRR, DRRO, PIO, I/NGOs, RC/RC, and UN agencies.

Qualitative Data

In total, 104 gender-segregated Community Group Discussions (CGDs) were conducted in 31 Unions. The CGD facilitators used a checklist covering 3 sectors i.e. Wash, Shelter and Early Recovery. 69 Key Informant Interviews (KII) were carried out at Upazila level with the following respondents: UNO, PIO, Union Chairman, DPHE Officer, Statistical Officer, Agriculture Officer and the Health and Family Planning Officer. 63 Direct Observation (DO) were carried out by the assessment teams in the selected Upazilas.

Secondary Data

The collection of secondary data was completed with the following information sources: 1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 2. Department of Agricultural Extension 3. Department of Public Health Engineering 4. Disaster Management and Relief Division 5. Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation 6. Office of the Project Implementation Officer (PIO) 7. Office of the District Relief and Rehabilitation Officer (DRRO) 8. Office of the Upazila Statistical Officer 9. Office of the Sub-Assistant Engineer, DPHE 10. 3W/Response figure from I/NGOs

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GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE Figure 01: Most affected Unions and Needs Assessment Coverage

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Key Findings

Overall Disaster Impact • Torrential rain starting from 24th June 2012 and flow of upstream water since 26th and 27th June 2012 resulted in flood and landslides claiming lives and causing destruction of homestead affecting a total population of 1.3 million in the three districts of Chittagong, Bandarban, and Cox’s Bazar • According to Government D-Form, 122 people died in the 3 districts of Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar due to flood and landslide. • Population in hilly Upazilas of Bandarban Sadar, Lama, Ali Kadam, Naikhanghari and Ramu in Bandarban district were most severely impacted. • Shelter, food and safe drinking water remain the major priorities in the three districts of Chittagong, Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar.

WASH • Although the major sources of drinking water remain unchanged, access to drinking water from deep tube wells and shallow tube wells reduced, whereas use of drinking water from rainwater and other open sources increased. • Use of sanitary latrine (both household and communal) reduced and open defecation increased, increasing risk of health hazard.

Shelter • According to the Government report 24,457 houses in the three districts are fully damaged. 51,437 houses are partially damaged, and are vulnerable to collapsing in most areas and require repairing. • The families with partially damaged houses need material support to repair them.

Livelihood and Community Infrastructure • The agriculture sector is severely impacted in all the three districts, most severely in Bandarban district. Seed beds and fish ponds have been affected. Monthly income levels have reduced from 12% up to 57% with Lama Upazila the most impacted requiring coping mechanisms by the affected families. The immediate coping mechanisms were reduced consumption of food followed by taking loans to meet the basic needs of living. • The major constraints to restart livelihood are lack of money to buy agricultural inputs, agricultural land still under water/require cleaning debris from land slide; and lack of employment opportunities. In other areas, as in Cox’s Bazar and Chittagong, around 60-80 percent fishermen who are engaged in deep sea fishing during winter and rainy seasons lost their fishing nets and boats severely affecting their income. • Poor communication and lack of flood shelters in the region make communities unable to evacuate for safe shelter during disasters. This was most evident in Bandarban district. • Communication in many areas has been disrupted during disasters and hence limiting accessibility of locals to distant water sources as well as markets. Women during the community group reported concerns related to safe access to water points, fuel collection sites, health facilities and communal bathing points.

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Vulnerability • The geographical setting of the country’s south east hilly areas and upstream rivers makes these areas naturally prone to flash flood and land slide • The magnitude of the impact of disaster is increased as a result of unplanned settlement near the mountains and hill cutting for house construction and other uses. Majority of the affected population in Bandarban are below the national poverty line, and reside in vulnerable hilly locations. • Poor livelihood options have caused communities to be dependent on forest resources such as cutting firewood and selling them in local markets, which decrease forest cover, increas environmental degradation leading to disasters of a larger scale. • According to field observation and Community Group Discussion, communities lack appropriate preparedness measures to respond to such large scale disasters

Response • Government, I/NGOs, RCRC responded immediately by providing food support and cash after the disaster for immediate relief to the affected families. • lack of local warehouse/stock and disrupted communications/infrastructure delayed response

SUMMARY OF AFFECTED POPULATION

Table 1 Summary of Affected Population

Total families # of Affected District Upazila % (Upazila) families/Upazila*

Lama 22,447 18,010 80.2 BANDARBAN Naikhongchari 12,218 4,155 34.0

Alikadam 9,422 2,429 25.8

Total 44,087 24,594 55.8

Anowara 49,966 24,550 49.1 CHITTAGONG Satkania 70,808 60,000 84.7

Bashkali 84,216 60,000 71.2

Total 204,990 144,550 70.5

COX's BAZAR Ramu 47,904 19,800 41.3

Moheshkhali 58,177 1,658 2.8

Chakaria 88,391 70,630 79.9 Total 194,472 92,088 47.4 GRAND TOTAL 443,549 261,232 58.9 Source: Population and Household Survey 2011, BBS; Households = Families *D-Form (Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation, MOFDM)

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Figure 02: 2012 Flood Affected Upazilas

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CHITTAGONG

PRIORITIES IDENTIFIED BY UPAZILA OFFICIALS

Table 1 Priorities under Immediate intervention Priorities Sector Recommendation for intervention 1 Shelter Repairing/Reconstruction of damaged housing with sanitation -Relocation of vulnerable communities to safer areas 3 Livelihood/Community -Repairing roads and communication infrastructure -Construction of embankments alongside the banks of rivers upstream -Reconstruction of community infrastructure Construction of sluice gate -Restoring livelihoods -Provide cash support to marginal farmers -Small irrigation through water reservoirs -Restoring livelihood of fishermen thorough providing fishing nets -Cash support to be provided for early recovery 4 WASH -Installation and upgrading of water (tube well, ring wells etc.) and sanitation facilities − -Installing of deep tube wells for irrigation 2 Others Environmental -Canal Re-excavation -Social forestation -To reduce cutting trees and utilizing forest resources

Priorities under Mid-term and Long-term intervention

Flood Preventive Measures o Small irrigation projects through using of rainwater reservoir o Construction of embankments and reducing river erosion o Construction of community flood /cyclone shelters o Reconstruction of community/family shelters in the context of disaster and geography o Social awareness about preparedness during disasters o Construction of Killa to protect livestock Landslide Preventive Measures o Prevent unplanned settlements in the hills o Designing of drainage system to allow smooth flow of water from upstream

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COMMUNITY PRIORITIES

Female

As the first priority, around 42% highlighted the need to return to home and repairing of existing homestead. With 50% informing temporary migration in the region, the reasons are mostly based on poor housing in waterlogged situations as communities take shelter in host families. While livelihood of most communities remain suspended and farmland affected by flood water, around 36% recognize the need of food support until resumption of previous work. 21% emphasized the need of upgrading of water and sanitation facilities. Although the baseline has not differed, disrupted road communication has increased the workload of female to collect water from distant sources. Additionally, lack of space for maintenance of personal hygiene is an obstacle and needs to be addressed. Upgrading of latrine facilities is equally important to make it more accessible to women during disaster and at normal times. With persistent rainfall and water logged situation, spread of water borne disease is on the rise as 14% stressed the need for a medical facility in the area which has become dysfunctional mainly due to inundation by flood and poor communication.

Male

Likewise the female FGD, 28% of the male prioritized return to home/repair of homestead as the first. While many have returned to own houses, communities are living in poor housing conditions as the monsoon does not support the complete reconstruction of homestead. While access to water and sanitation facilities is poor, 24% stressed the need for attention in this sector. With disrupted communication, communities strive to collect safe drinking water from distant sources. While in terms of latrine facilities, although the baseline has not differed much, upgrading of these facilities is important to make them accessible to all groups of people. Around 19% prioritized the need for livelihood supports most of which is currently suspended since the flood started. Hence with reduced work options and income sources, capacities to purchase food have reduced which had been highlighted when 18% responded in this regard.

Fig 1 Community Priorities (Male & Female)

45 42

40 36 35

30 28 24 25 21 19 20 18 14 15 12 13 12 11 9 10 7 7 6 5 3 2 1 0

for

term Care

Food

Clean about

Water and Others

Recover to Feed

Support Illness Livestock

Financial Short houses Health Activities Security Livelihood Safety from Resumption Return/Rebuild Drinking Access Concerns

Children Male Female

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DETAILED ASSESSMENT FINDINGS

Site Accessibility Table 2 Site Accessibility All sites visited were accessible by cars and motorbike although Transport No. of site additional 10-15 KM has to be driven due to poor communication and Car 19 damaged infrastructure. 1 site only could be visited by foot which may affect relief distribution reaching out the most affected and 4 x 4 5 needy people living in the remotest corner of the area. Boat 3 Lorry 5 Assessment of the Vulnerability of People at the Sites Foot It is evident from the assessment that the communities affected at other 19 the sites were the most vulnerable requiring relief and recovery Rickshaw 8 support.so that they are able to restart their lives and livelihood. The situation is likely to worsen in case the heavy rainfall persist. The assessment findings discovered that few of the affected families in Chittagong are still living either at host

families or in makeshift and are enforced to move around in search of livelihood.

Picture 1 Eroded banks of river, Anowara, Chittagong;

It was noted that affected people living in the low lying areas were found to be dependent on agriculture, fishing, trading and manual labour. In the course of the assessment, it was well-read that due to absence of job opportunities a certain workforce still remained unwaged creating impediment in the normal flow of local economy. Almost 60 % fishermen who engaged in deep sea fishing during winter and rainy seasons lost fishing nets and boats. Besides, women who were involved with dry fish processing have been uncalled-for. WASH problem to be found more or less common in most of the areas assessed resulting concern for the outbreak of diseases. It was revealed that, preparedness at the community level to cope with flood was not prominent. Wrecked communication system and heavy rainfall jeopardised the whole of communication outreach and caused

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people to hasten to different places in search of work. Apart from this, price hike is impacting purchase capacity of the poor.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Fig 2 Main Sources of Drinking Water

As stated in the assessment findings, the major sources of drinking water for the community affected were functional shallow tube well, functional deep tube well and ponds. Out of these, pond and river water were considered as the dominant source which have now been affected by debris from landslide coupled with wastes rendering the water quality in ponds and rivers. A large number of the tube well after flood has been found dysfunctional. While most of the functional shallow tube wells have been damaged, use of water from deep tube wells have increased at distant sources which takes more time for females to fetch water from increasing burden on her workload.

Additionally, access to the water points was hard to find for certain portion of the community, to some extent due to fragile communication. Water purification tablets had been distributed among a small number of the affected communities by the government after the disaster which had lasted not more than two days.

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Picture 2 Damaged tube well, Anowara, Chittagong Fig 3 where did women and girls defecate

Previously, communities used functional sanitary latrine for defecation whereas after flood open defecation is high due to lack of appropriate latrine facilities as women encounter the hardest of hurdles. Others use hanging latrines and share at neighbouring homes. The problems resulting from reduced accessibility to latrine are risks of spread of disease and feeling of insecurity. As per FGD, need for safe and private place for defecation and quantity of safe drinking water was identified. Hence although the baseline of water and sanitation points have not differed much, increasing the baseline and upgrading of water and latrine facilities is urgent to make them more accessible during disaster period.

Fig 4 Sanitary Access

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It was observed that, communities do not maintain proper hygiene at critical periods due to lack of awareness and inability to make hygienic kits available. Women find difficulties in maintaining personal hygiene due to lack of space and adequate and nontoxic cloth.

Fig 5 Main Priorities for Water & Sanitation (Female)

Fig 6 Main Priorities for Water & Sanitation (Male)

Shelter It is apparent that, flood affected total 28,585 families in the 3 Upazilas of Chittagong district. At present, most of the displaced communities in the 3 upazilas have returned to their own places while few have still taken shelter in neighbouring homes and schools. The housing of affected communities was built of mud which was not suitable in the

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context of hilly areas as in Chittagong and is easily damaged in flood and landslides. While communities have repaired their housing, the homes are still vulnerable to collapsing and the floor and premises of homestead remain muddy and difficult to walk through. With lack of flood shelters, communities during flood took refuge in neighbouring homes and

temples higher up in the mountains.

Fig 7 Different Types of Migration

Women continue to suffer from a lack of privacy, compromising their health and hygiene. Many aid agencies have tried to complement government efforts by targeting the most vulnerable families. At present, communities with suspended livelihood lack capacities to purchase reconstruction materials. Although local markets are in function, they are distant from affected communities. Additionally, the persistent rain is impeding the repairing of house which may not be possible until end of monsoon. What is urgently required, therefore, is for shelter assistance to be extended on the basis of actual need, supported by the international community with sufficient resources.

Livelihoods & Community Infrastructure

It is evident that, most of the affected families depended on agriculture; fishing and casual labour who have now lost both their incomes and assets as a result of the flood. The early restoration of livelihoods and productive assets is an essential step towards the recovery of disaster-affected communities. This has been particularly important and urgent for an affected population that is heavily dependent on farming and fishing at a time of soaring food prices in Bangladesh and around the world. Unfortunately, relatively few affected households were able to restore their livelihoods and sources of income quickly. Most fishermen were found to be unable to return to sea safely at the start of the fishing season, while farmers struggled to acquire seeds, tools and other essential materials to resume vital agricultural production. These failures aggravated the severe food security situation, prolonged vulnerable families dependency on external support, and deepened levels of debt. Significantly, markets were found to be non-functional soon after flood, and food was on sale, which are currently functional, albeit at very high prices. This indicates that cash-based support (rather than food-as-aid) would not only have helped to feed affected families but also boosted local commerce-based livelihoods.

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Table 4 Income Variation

Income (Male CGD) Income (Female CGD) District/Upazila Before After % Variation Before After % Variation

CHITTAGONG

Anowara 4,300 3,000 -30.23 4,000 3,400 -15.00

Satkania 4,400 3,200 -27.27 3,400 3,000 -11.76

Bashkali 5,400 3,000 -44.44 4,700 2,100 -55.32

District average 4,700 3,067 -33.98 4,033 2,833 -27.36

The assessment findings outlined that, a large number of livestock have been injured from falling trees and collapsing sheds and most of these large animals are visibly weak and susceptible to diseases. Most of the crop residues are non-edible, due to inundation and the spread of a fungus following the disaster. The fodder and fresh water crisis will further negatively impact on the remaining livestock. As emerged from the assessment that, the major cultivation in the area is paddy/Aman crop and vegetable, and rubber in the forest. Flood damaged seed beds and most of the paddy land were to be found under the flood water leaving uncertainty to kick off plantation for the next season.

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Table 3 Seasonal Calendar

Types of Month Cultivatio

t r y y n g Comment p p Jan Oct Jun A Feb Dec Mar Jul Nov Au Ma Se

Aush Seedling-Plantation- Harvest, is grown and is not the dominant crop in the region. The crop is more or less affected by flood/heavy downpour.

Aman Seedling-Plantation-Harvest, as it grows during monsoon most of which have been submerged under flood water this year. Communities living in low lying areas do not depend much on this cultivation due to damage to flood.

Boro Seedling-Plantation-Harvest, This is mostly grown in the low lying areas and production is much higher than other crops. It is more suitable to be grown in the winter and is less affected by flood/cyclone/other hazards.

Robi While production cost is higher, crop production is also high. It is suitable to be grown in the winter and is less affected by hazards

Vegetable Different varieties of vegetables are grown year round. s However, quantity of production varies due to impact of adverse weather coupled with flood wand water surge during monsoon.

Additionally, farmers affected are experiencing inadequate resource to procure seeds and other agricultural inputs to resume farming. Besides, huge loss of livestock put the

marginal farmers at risk to complement the cultivation process.

Picture 3 Livestock kept on roadsides due to flooding of house, Anowara, Chittagong 29 | Page

It is recommended that, the quick restoration of livelihoods would help the affected people to restore dignity as well as their means of income. This reduces the risk of deeper debt and enables people to tackle their own vulnerabilities, thus contributing to a wider strengthening of their communities through revived economic activity.

The assessment finding showed, small irrigation, canals, local educational facilities, religious institutes, women’s association infrastructures, culverts, wooden and bamboo made bridges and rural hat-bazars are affected and damaged in the areas assessed. In addition to that, some supporting and related structures were also damaged during the flood in the coastal areas of Cox’s Bazar. While communities have returned to their own residence, communication in terms of road system is poor as communities can mostly be reached through kacha roads and boats across rivers. Bridges and culverts in many areas have broken down which have disrupted connection between communities as well. While the need for reconstruction/repairing of roads and bridges has been signified, resources as local labour and materials are available.

Coping Mechanisms

The disaster have severely affected cultivation as most workers are currently jobless from their previous work, families of which have been coping through less consumption of quality meals and depending on taking loans on market goods. Many are sending off children to host families to reduce family expenditures.

Fig 8 Coping Strategies in 3 districts

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Fig 9 Coping Strategy in Chittagong

Cross-cutting Issues

Social forestry sector has experienced a huge loss due to the uprooting of timber and fruit trees, damaged tree nurseries, erosion of lands and embankments with planted trees on the slobs and barns. Flood destroyed the biodiversity in many of the hit areas. It was found that some of the species i.e. rain tree, Chambal and Mahogany planted around the houses, along roads, railways and embankments caused significant damage to lives and assets. It is estimated that 70 per cent of these species, found in the five worst affected districts, have been completely broken or uprooted. The damage to embankments and roads has limited the mobility of disaster-affected communities and reduced their recovery potential. Most of the roads damaged during the flood are either on the embankment or behind the embankment. Embankments are crucial in the protection of roads. Thus, the embankments need to be rebuilt, particularly given the tidal surge during the flooding.

Communities at large are found to be vulnerable in terms of reduced food support, WASH and health services. While livelihood remains suspended, communities are unable to purchase food from local markets from remote locations. While accessibility to markets is reduced, communities cannot purchase fuel for running stove and hence are cutting trees in the forest for firewood. Women collecting drinking water from distant water sources feel insecure as it takes longer to fetch water now. The risks of children getting injured in the heap of debris from landslide are high which has not been yet cleaned. The health services in remote regions are not available mainly due to poor communication and road

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systems. Hence with reduced living conditions, communities may encounter disease spread if appropriate measures are not taken in this regard.

COMPLETED AND PLANNED INTERVENTIONS

Table 5 Relief Support

Sector Intervention

Government Humanitarian Actors

Food Completed Completed Security / • 12577families provided • BDRCS have provided 2000Tk for supplementary food package to 600 families Livelihood with GR rice Planned Planned • BDRCS/IFRC has plans to provide livelihood support • Planning is considered • UNDP will immediately (starting September) implement livelihood recovery to launch CFW as part programme comprising of cash for work and cash grants to re-start livelihoods for of social safety net the most vulnerable families programme WASH No intervention or official Completed plan so far • Water distribution had been carried to support families in remote location by volunteers in certain regions from BDRCS • 10500 families covered with WASH support by UNICEF. UNICEF in partnership with DPHE has propositioned to provide WASH support to 1500 families

Planned • BDRCS/IFRC has planned to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation Shelter Completed Completed • 1535 families are • Bangladesh Red Crescent Society have provided shelter support through covered with shelter distribution of tarpaulin to 600 families assistance support. Planned Planned • BDRCS/IFRC has plans to provide temporary shelter to families without houses or No official plan so far living in damaged houses • UNDP has plans to commence shelter rehabilitation program with a provision of shelter materials and cash support Health Completed No intervention or official • BDRCS deployed mobile medical team was deployed for two weeks in affected plan so far areas to address the health concerns.

Planned No official plan so far Others Completed Completed • 486 families provided • Red Crescent Youth (RCY) volunteers together with troops and fire personnel were with utensils on the ground for rescue operation of those trapped in the landslides and giving first aid, food and clean water.

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RESPONSE CHALLENGES

While taking key informant interviews with the selected officials of the local administration along with elected representatives of the local government; the following challenges are come across in responding to the flood: • Inadequate resource for reconstruction of damaged family homes • Interrupted community infrastructure was an hindrance for relief distribution • Inadequate funding • Political pressure in selection of beneficiaries and distribution of relief • Partial GoB allocation for undertaking response and recovery • Lack of appropriate equipment for relief operation • Due to lack of local warehouse/stock, fast support was fairly incredible • Procurement of relief was bit late as it had to be made available from distant markets • Continued rainfall endangered selection of the most deserving people affected by the flood

RETURNING HOME

The assessment findings show that, most of the families who were displaced by flood have returned to their own home stead and arranged their breathing at the makeshift. This arrangement rendered them implausibility as downpour was continued during the assessment period. Some of the families rendered homeless found to repair their houses with self-support. Since certain portion in the areas affected are still under water or water is still residing, a number of families are not returned to home stead rather they were to be reported staying at the host families or on the embankment or on the community ground in makeshift.

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BANDARBAN

PRIORITIES IDENTIFIED BY UPAZILA OFFICIALS

Table 1Priorities for Immediate Intervention

Priorities Sector Recommendation for intervention 1 Shelter − Repairing/Reconstruction of damaged housing with sanitation

2 Livelihood/ − Restoring immediate livelihoods (cash for work, food for work) Community − Distribution of agricultural inputs/cash support to marginal farmers infrastructure − Reconstruction of community infrastructure ( Roads, educational institute, religious centre, market places, recreational playground, community shelter centres) − Construction of embankments alongside the banks of rivers from upstream to prevent flood

3 WASH − Installation and upgrading of water (tube well, ring wells etc.) and sanitation facilities

4 Others − Canal Re-excavation − Social forestation − To reduce cutting of trees and dependency on forest resources

Priorities for Medium and Long-term Intervention

Flood Preventive measures • Reconstruction of community/family shelters in the context of disaster and geography • Community awareness about preparedness before and during disasters • Ensure effective baseline survey and access to information • Ensure coordination within government departments at local levels

Landslide Preventive Measures • Prevent unplanned settlements in the hills • Relocation of vulnerable communities to safer areas • Enact law in preventing human settlement on the hills • Designing of drainage system to allow smooth flow of water upstream • Ensure proper monitoring of forest by concerned/local forest department • To stop cutting hills and prevent landslide • Re-plantation/re-forestation is important to prevent soil erosion in the area • Avoid unplanned settlements in vulnerable locations and producing obstacles such as in the river banks and hilly areas where flood and landslide are persistent • Sustainable (alternative) livelihood support in Bandarban context which is environmentally and economically viable • Dredging of river beds to increase river depth and prevent possible chances of flood occurring

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• Designing of houses more adapted to the hilly context should be done with participation of the locals • Early warning systems should be initiated to alert communities to move to safe evacuation and additionally strengthen local school infrastructures where communities can take shelter in disaster situation • Relocation of vulnerable settlements should be made to prevent risks to human lives and assets by future disaster

COMMUNITY PRIORITIES

Female

• According to the assessment, 37% ranked food support as the utmost priority in the affected areas. While the paddy cultivation has been severely affected and cannot be started until next 3 months, food support has become necessary till recovery period is reached. • Although many have returned home and temporarily repaired the housing, 56% responded that a few communities remain displaced temporarily mainly as a result of loss of harvest due to flood. Additionally, those returned are living in poor housing conditions as the monsoon does not support the complete reconstruction of homestead. Hence 22% in the FGD prioritized returning home/rebuilding homes as the second. • At least 15% emphasized in resumption of livelihood which remains suspended since the flood started. While most of the cultivable seed beds have been damaged and with more people dependent in farming activities and serving day labour, alternative livelihood support is urgent as dependency on forest resources is increasing. During this flood situation, it was convinced that livelihood options such as cash for work in the construction of roads and bridges may be relevant to support affected families with a income that can be utilized in other necessities of the family • In terms of WASH, 11 % highlighted the need for upgrading water and sanitation facilities to increase accessibility during and after disasters. Through the assessment, findings show that although the baseline has not differed, this sector needs to be attended to reduce communities, especially women’s workload in collecting water from distant sources, which is more difficult now as communication has been disrupted and prevent spread of water borne disease and other health hazards. Through the discussion, women emphasized need for a bathing space, which is important for her to maintain her personal hygiene. Also, drive on cleansing during critical periods is necessary to prevent spread and contamination of disease • Around 8% stressed on access to health facilities and services, which is urgent at this stage as many communities and particularly children are suffering from water borne disease such as typhoid and diarrhoea. With deteriorated communication, communities cannot reach the existing health facilities available at distant areas.

Male

• Likewise the female group, 26% prioritized the need for food support as the first.

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• With loss of livelihood and reduced income options, 18% male recognized the necessity for resumption of livelihood and 17% stressed on short term financial support to use in other necessities of the family • Due to lack of resource, 13% emphasized the need for return to homes as many still remain displaced and repair of homestead while 11% highlighted the need for upgrading water points and latrine facilities for similar reasons.

Fig. 1 Community Priorities (Male & Female) 40 37

30 26 25 22

20 18 17 15 15 13 11 10 10 8 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 0 of

Food Care

Clean and about

Water

Water Return

term to Markets Support

to School for

to Houses Security

Health activities to livelihood Safety Short Resumption Drinking Access Concerns Return/Rebuild Children Access Washing/Bathing Financial Access Male Female

DETAILED ASSESSMENT FINDINGS

Site Accessibility

9 out of 16 sites, from the direct observation, visited were Table 2 Site accessibility accessible by cars and 4 wheelers although 7 areas had to be No. of crossed by boat due to poor communication and damaged Vehicles Site infrastructure. As was the case in Baishari union, where one of the Car 9 bridges had been carried away by flood water. Lorries may only be 4 x 4 8 accessible in 3 sites which may affect relief distribution and it may not be possible to set distribution spots at close locations. Boat 7 Although all areas were accessible by foot, due to continuous Lorry 3 downpour, the roads in the hills were muddy and were difficult to Foot 14 walk through. The situation may prevail until end of monsoon in Motorbike 8 October. Rickshaw 6

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Assessment of the Vulnerability of People at the Sites

As per direct observation, the communities at the site are ranked vulnerable and require external assistance in several sectors of life and livelihood. The conditions may deteriorate further in case such weather conditions persist and limited support is provided to affected communities.

While the geographical setting of the country’s south east hilly areas and upstream rivers makes these areas naturally prone to flash flood and land slide, the magnitude of the impact of such disaster is increased as a result of unplanned settlement near the mountains and hill cutting through abiding laws.

In the assessment, it was found that majority of the affected population in Bandarban are currently living below poverty line and are forced to reside in vulnerable mountainous locations. It was noted that many of those affected by landslide were inhabitants who were traditionally not familiar in the living ways in hilly areas and resided at the base of mountains where they cut hills to make space for living. Through the assessment, it was learned lack of work opportunities have lead poor communities to make unplanned settlements in vulnerable locations where landslide and flood are persistent. These settlements obstruct the natural flow of water inducing intensification of natural hazards. Poor livelihood options have caused communities to be dependent on forest resources such as cutting firewood and selling them in local markets, which increases environmental degradation leading to disasters of a larger scale. According to the locals, the flood this year was unusually high which the communities are not accustomed to and hence did not know appropriate preparedness measures in this regard. Also it is reported that large amounts of sediments is lowering the river depth and increasing the chances of flood in the region. Poor communication and lack of flood shelters in the region makes communities unable to evacuate for safe shelter. Local markets are distant from affected communities and hence cannot purchase necessary components. Additionally, market syndicate is also reducing accessibility to these people.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

As per the assessment, the major sources of drinking water ranked were functional shallow tube well, functional deep tube well and ponds which have now changed to opposite order of ranking, in which pond and river water is the primary source while shallow and deep tube well is then opted. Much of the tube well after flood has been out of order and the infrastructure damaged increasing risks of water borne disease through consumption of contaminated water. Additionally, poor road conditions have obstructed access to much of the previous water points. This has added to the workload of women who now take more time, sometimes as long as 1 hour, to collect water from same distant sources. Although time taken to fetch water now has increased, in certain locations, communities are collecting water from nearby water bodies which takes less time. The quantity of water collected has slightly reduced and this indicated the need of safe drinking water in the region. In limited locations, communities received water purification tablets right after the disaster which they received from local authorities while now most have been consuming water directly after collection. In many locations, use of rainwater has increased although the means of collection may not be hygenic and can increase chances of spread of diseases.

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Fig 2 Major Sources of Drinking Water

Earlier, communities used functional sanitary latrine, and hanging/open latrines for defecation. After flood use of sanitary latrines reduced and open defecation increased high due to lack of appropriate latrine facilities as women encounter the hardest of hurdles. Others use hanging latrines and share at neighbouring homes. The problems resulting from reduced accessibility to latrine are risks of spread of disease and feeling of insecurity. As per FGD, need for safe and private place for defecation and quantity of safe drinking water was identified. Hence increasing the baseline and upgrading of water and latrine facilities is urgent to make them more accessible during disaster period.

Fig 3 where did Women and Girls defecate

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Communities do not maintain proper hygiene at critical periods due to lack of awareness and affordability to buy soaps for cleansing. Women find difficulties in maintaining personal hygiene due to lack of space and adequate cloth.

Fig 4 Sanitary Access

Fig 5 Main Priorities for Women and Sanitation (female)

According to the community group discussion, water quantity available has not been severely affected, but the concern is more on the quality and the time to fetch water.

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Fig 6 Main Priorities for Water and Sanitation (Male)

Shelter

Although the displaced communities in the 3 upazilas have returned to their own places, many have still taken shelter in neighbouring homes and schools. The housing of affected communities was built of mud which was not suitable in the context of hilly areas as in Bandarban and is easily damaged in flood and landslides.

Fig 7 Different Types of Migration

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While communities have repaired their housing, the homes are still vulnerable to collapsing and the floor and premises of homestead remain muddy and difficult to walk through. With lack of flood shelters, communities during flood took refuge in neighbouring homes and temples higher up in the mountains.

At present, communities with suspended livelihood lack capacities to purchase reconstruction materials. Although local markets are in function, they are distant from affected communities. Additionally, the persistent rain is impeding the repairing of house which may not be possible until end of monsoon.

It was noted that many of those affected by landslide were inhabitants who were traditionally not familiar in the living ways in hilly areas and resided at the base of mountains where they cut hills to make space for living. Through the assessment, it was learned lack of work opportunities have lead poor communities to make unplanned settlements in vulnerable locations where landslide and flood are persistent. These settlements obstruct the natural flow of water inducing intensification of natural hazards. Hence in terms of durable shelter solution, communities realized the need to settle in safer locations and build housing that is more sustainable and suitable in the hilly context of Bandarban.

Livelihoods and Community Infrastructure

The major livelihood in the region is Jhum, paddy and vegetable, tobacco and rubber cultivation in the forest as most communities serve labour in cultivable lands. Others raise livestock and depend on forest resources for living. With suspended livelihood, communities make most investment on food and health, as various water borne disease has been reported during the assessment. Although both paddy on plain lands and Jhum cultivation in the hilly areas have been affected by flood and landslide, it was informed that paddy cultivation was only possible in the next planting season after 3 months while Jhum cultivation may be started in a months’ time. The seed beds have been damaged and while rain seems to persist longer, the farm lands cannot be prepared until the next planting season. Additionally, farmers do not have adequate resource to buy seeds and other agricultural input to restart cultivation. At present, majority of the affected people are engaged in alternative livelihood, mostly as day labours, while others have become more dependent on forest resources causing exploitation.

Fig 8 Main Source of Income

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Table 3 Seasonal Calendar

Month

Types of Cultivation Comment

t r y y g p p Jan Oct Jun A Feb Dec Mar Jul Nov Au Ma Se

Aush Seedling-Plantation- Harvest, is grown and is not the dominant crop in the region. The crop is more or less affected by flood/heavy downpour.

Aman/Jhum Seedling-Plantation- Harvest, is grown during the monsoon much of which have been affected by flood water and mud debris from landslide.

Boro Seedling-Plantation- Harvest, is grown lesser in comparison to Jhum and Aman since plain lands are less available and is less affected by any hazards

Robi It is less grown in the area due to lack of plain low lying lands. While production cost is higher, crop production is also high. It is suitable to be grown in the winter and is less affected by hazards

Vegetables Different varieties of vegetables are grown year round. However, quantity of production varies due to impact of adverse weather coupled with flood wand water surge during monsoon.

Table 4 Income Variation

Income (Male CGD) Income (Female CGD) District/Upazila Before After % Variation Before After % Variation

BANDARBAN

Lama 5,800 1,600 -72.41 4,200 1,800 -57.14

Naikhongchari 5,100 3,100 -39.22 7,400 5,500 -25.68

Alikadam 6,200 3,500 -43.55 5,200 3,000 -42.31

District average 5,700 2,733 -51.73 5,600 3,433 -41.71

The income levels in affected Upazilas in Bandaban district has reduced significantly (average of 41% to 52%) as reported by the communities. The income reduction is most significant in Lama Upazila. During the assessment, communities reported loss of livestock due flood and hence have prioritized the need of resource to buy livestock.

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In total, 794.1 km of the roads and 4.405 km of embankment have been affected by the disaster some of which have been recovered afterwards. While communities have returned to their own residence, communication in terms of road system is poor as communities can mostly be reached through kacha roads and boats across rivers. Bridges and culverts in many areas have broken down which have disrupted connection between communities as well. While the need for reconstruction/repairing of roads and bridges has been signified, resources as local labour and materials are available.

Coping Mechanisms

The disaster have severely affected cultivation as most workers are currently jobless from their previous work, families of which have been coping through less consumption of quality meals and depending and taking loans on market goods. According to assessment the monthly income levels have reduced to 52% for male and 42% for female.

Fig 9 Main Coping Strategies

Cross-cutting Issues

According to many communities the traditional Jhum and paddy cultivation is being replaced with tobacco where companies provide the inputs for cultivation leading to environmental degradation. The debris of the cultivation is disposed in the rivers polluting river water and reducing fodder of livestock. Hence sustainable livelihood is to be adopted without disrupting environment and economic conditions of communities.

Communities are vulnerable in terms of reduced food support, WASH and health services. While livelihood remains suspended, communities are unable to purchase food from local markets from remote locations. While accessibility to markets is reduced, communities cannot purchase fuel for running stove and hence are cutting trees in the forest for firewood. Women collecting drinking water from distant water sources feel insecure as it takes longer to fetch water now. The risks of children getting injured in the heap of debris from landslide are high which has not been yet cleaned. The health services in remote

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regions are not available mainly due to poor communication and road systems. Hence with reduced living conditions, communities may encounter disease spread if appropriate measures are not taken in this regard.

COMPLETED AND PLANNED INTERVENTIONS

Table 5 Interventions

Sector Intervention

Government Humanitarian Actors

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RESPONSE CHALLENGES • Inadequate resource for reconstruction of damaged homes • Disrupted communications/infrastructure was an obstacle for relief distribution • Inadequate resource/funding • Political pressure in selection of beneficiaries and distribution of relief • Limited GoB allocation for response and recovery • Lack of appropriate equipment for relief operation • Immediate support following disaster was not possible due to lack of local warehouse/stock • Procurement of relief had to be made from distant markets • Demand of relief goods was greater than supply • Heavy rain is obstructing new cultivation

RETURNING HOME

Most of the displaced communities have returned to their own residence. However, with damaged shelter conditions and suspended livelihood, many of the affected communities have still not been able to return to regular living conditions.

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Cox’s Bazar

PRIORITIES IDENTIFIED BY UPAZILA OFFICIALS

Table 1 Priorities under Immediate intervention

Priorities Sector Recommendation for intervention 1 Repairing/Reconstruction of damaged Shelter reconstruction housing with sanitation

1 Livelihood/Community − Repairing roads infrastructure − Construction of embankments alongside the banks of rivers upstream − Reconstruction of community infrastructure − Canal Re-excavation − Construction of sluice gate − Restoring livelihoods − Small irrigation through water reservoirs − Restoring livelihood of fishermen thorough providing fishing nets − Provide cash support to marginal farmers − Cash support to be provided for early recovery − Distribution of agricultural inputs to marginal farmers

3 WASH − Installation and upgrading of water (tube well, ring wells etc.) and sanitation facilities − Installing deep tube wells for irrigation 2 Others − Social forestation − To reduce cutting trees and utilizing forest resources

Priorities for Medium and Long-term Intervention

Flood Preventive Measures • Small irrigation projects through using of rainwater reservoir • Construction of embankments and reducing river erosion • Community flood /cyclone shelters • Reconstruction of community/family shelters in the context of disaster and geography

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• Social awareness about preparedness during disasters • Construction of ‘’Killa’’ to protect livestock • Relocation of vulnerable communities to safer areas • Stop cutting hills and prevent landslide • Re-plantation/Forestation • Enact law in preventing human settlement on the hills • Ensure effective baseline survey and access to information • Ensure coordination within government departments at local level • Provide subsidy to agricultural sectors • Sustainable livelihood support

Landslide Preventive Measures • Prevent unplanned settlements in the hills • Designing of drainage system to allow smooth flow of water upstream • Ensure proper monitoring of forest by concerned/local forest department

COMMUNITY PRIORITIES

Female

According to the assessment, women prioritized return to homes or rebuild housing as the first as 46% in the female FGD supported the temporary displacement of communities in other areas. With reduced income and farming activities, 37% prioritized need for food support until previous livelihood is restored. 16% female in the assessment identified need for clean drinking water as most of the water points cannot be reached due to poor communication and distant sources.

Male

According to the assessment, 39% of the men ranked returning homes or rebuild housing as the first priority since 59% in the male FGD supported the temporary displacement of the communities in other areas. While traditional livelihood remains suspended since flood and reduced income options, 34% male in the assessment prioritized food support until recovery period is reached. 16% identified need for livelihood support as many are now shifting to alternative work as mostly day labour.

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Fig 1 Community Priorities (Male & Female)

50 46 45 39 40 37 34 35 30 25 20 16 16 16 15 10 10 10 10 8 5 3 5 11 1 1 0

Care Food Clean about

and

Water Others Return

Water

term to Support

Livestock

to School for

Houses

Health Activities Security Livelihood to for Safety

Short Resumption Return/Rebuild Drinking Access

Children Concerns Access Washing/Bathing Feed Financial Men Female

DETAILED ASSESSMENT FINDINGS Table 2 Site Accessibility Site Accessibility

Transport No of Site All sites visited were accessible by country boat/water way communication as well as car. 21 sites are accessible by foot. Car 22 4 x 4 15 Assessment of the Vulnerability of People at the sites Boat 22 Lorry 21 It is apparent from Direct Observation; the communities at the Foot 21 site are found to be the most vulnerable requiring assistance in Motorbike 22 different forms in order to enable them to resume their lives Rickshaw 22 and livelihood. It was also enumerated from the assessment that, due to persistent rainfall the prevailing situation may turn into a serious concern in the days ahead. Coxesbazar is a low-lying, riverine area located in Chittagong region surrounded by the Bay of Bengal. Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by heavy seasonal rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity; the degree of the impact is increased resulting sufferings of the communities affected. The assessment findings revealed that majority of the affected population in Coxesbazar are currently living either at the host families or at the makeshift and are forced to migrate in search of livelihood.

It was noted that most of the affected people living in the low laying areas were depend on agriculture and fishing as the dominant sources of livelihood. Through the assessment, it was learned that in absence of job opportunities following flood affected people were

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found to be sitting idle. In general, fishing was found to be the largest profession and employment for the area surveyed. Almost 80% fishermen who engaged in deep sea fishing during winter and rainy seasons lost their fishing nets and boats. The unemployment tempo is also intensified as the rest 30% who were involved with dry fish

processing have been redundant.

WASH problem to be found more or less frequent in most of the areas assessed resulting serious concern for the outbreak of diseases. It was revealed that, preparedness at the community level to cope with flood was not prominent that caused huge damage. There is a possible future flood risk as large amount of sediments is noticed to be lowering the river depth.

Serious gaps in coverage remained two months after the disaster, with several affected areas seeing little or less shelter assistance. Emergency shelter distributions were not found to be provided by any agencies except a little in number from the government may trigger the misery due to heavy monsoon rains. Fragile communication coupled with heavy rainfall added setback for the people affected to rush different places in search of work or in collection of daily commodities. Apart from this, price hike is bit increased that seriously impacted on poor by restraining their purchase capacity.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

As reflected from the assessment, the major sources of drinking water ranked were functional shallow tube well, functional deep tube well and ponds which have now changed to opposite order of ranking, in which pond and river water is the primary source while shallow and deep tube well is then opted. Much of the tube well after flood has been out of order and the infrastructure damaged increasing risks of water borne disease through consumption of contaminated water. Additionally, poor road conditions have obstructed access to much of the previous water points. This has added to the workload of women who now take more time, sometimes as long as 1 hour, to collect water from same distant sources. Although time taken to fetch water now has increased, in certain locations, communities are collecting water from nearby water bodies which takes less time. The quantity of water collected has slightly reduced and this indicated the need of safe drinking water in the region. In limited locations, communities received water purification tablets right after the disaster which they received from local authorities while now most have been consuming water directly after collection.

Fig 2 Main Source of Drinking Water

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Earlier, communities used functional sanitary latrine for defecation whereas after flood open defecation is high due to lack of appropriate latrine facilities as women encounter the hardest of hurdles. Others use hanging latrines and share at neighbouring homes. The problems resulting from reduced accessibility to latrine are risks of spread of disease and feeling of insecurity. As per FGD, need for safe and private place for defecation and quantity of safe drinking water was identified. Hence increasing the baseline and upgrading of water and latrine facilities is urgent to make them more accessible during

disaster period.

It was observed that, communities do not maintain proper hygiene at critical periods due to lack of awareness and affordability to buy soaps for cleansing. Women find difficulties in maintaining personal hygiene due to lack of space and adequate cloth.

Fig 3 where did Women and Girls defecate

Fig 4 Sanitary Access

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Fig 5 Priorities for Water & Sanitation (Female)

Fig 6 Priorities for Water & Sanitation (Male)

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Shelter

Most of the displaced communities in the 3 upazilas have returned to their own places while few have still taken shelter in neighbouring homes and schools. The housing of affected communities was built of mud which was not suitable in the context of hilly areas in Bandarban and is easily damaged in flood and landslides. While communities have repaired their housing, the homes are still vulnerable to collapsing and the floor and premises of homestead remain muddy and difficult to walk through. With lack of flood shelters, communities during flood took refuge in neighbouring homes and temples higher up in the mountains. At present, communities with suspended livelihood lack capacities to purchase reconstruction materials. Although local markets are in function, they are distant from affected communities. Additionally, the persistent rain is impeding

the repairing of house which may not be possible until end of monsoon.

Fig 7 Different Type of Migration

It was noticed that many of those affected by landslide were inhabitants who were traditionally not familiar in the living ways in hilly areas and resided at the base of mountains where they cut hills to make space for living. Through the assessment, it was learned lack of work opportunities have lead poor communities to make unplanned settlements in vulnerable locations where landslide and flood are persistent. These settlements obstruct the natural flow of water inducing intensification of natural hazards. Hence in terms of durable shelter solution, communities realized the need to settle in safer locations and build housing that is more sustainable and suitable in the hilly context of Bandarban.

Based on recommendations from the assessment, what is urgently required, therefore, is for shelter assistance to be extended on the basis of actual need, supported by the international community with sufficient resources. This would realize families’ rights to safe, adequate housing, as well as fulfil national and international commitments to enhance the resilience of vulnerable communities at risk of disaster event.

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Livelihoods & Community Infrastructure

It is evident that, most of the affected families depended on agriculture; fishing and casual labour have lost both their incomes and assets as a result of the flood. The early restoration of livelihoods and productive assets is an essential step towards the recovery of disaster-affected communities. This has been particularly important and urgent for an affected population that is heavily dependent on farming and fishing at a time of soaring food prices in Bangladesh and around the world. Unfortunately, relatively few affected households were able to restore their livelihoods and sources of income quickly. Most fishermen were found to be unable to return to sea safely at the start of the fishing season, while farmers struggled for months to acquire seeds, tools and other essential materials to resume vital agricultural production. These failures aggravated the severe food security situation, prolonged vulnerable families dependency on external support, and deepened levels of debt. Significantly, markets were found to be non-functional soon after flood, and food was on sale, albeit at very high prices. This indicates that cash-based support (rather than food-as-aid) would not only have helped to feed affected families but also boosted local commerce-based livelihoods.

Table 3 Seasonal Calendar

Types of Month Comment

Cultivation t r y y g p p Oct Oct Jan Jun A Feb Dec Mar Mar Jul Nov Au Ma Se

Aman Seedling-Plantation-Harvest. As it grows during monsoon most of which have been submerged under flood water this year. Communities living in low lying areas do not depend much on this cultivation due to damage to flood. While investment (fertilizers and pesticide) is low, production is lower than Boro.

Robi Robi is grown in the low lying areas and production is high. It is suitable to be grown in winter and is less affected by flood

Vegetables Different varieties of vegetables are grown year round. However, quantity of production varies due to impact of adverse weather coupled with flood and water surge during monsoon.

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Table 4 Income Variation

Income (Male CGD) Income (Female CGD) District/Upazila Before After % Variation Before After % Variation

COX's BAZAR

Ramu 3,800 2,000 -47.37 4,900 2,800 -42.86

Moheshkhali 4,700 2,600 -44.68 4,500 3,200 -28.89

Chakaria 4,900 3,300 -32.65 2,100 1,500 -28.57

District average 4,467 2,633 -41.57 3,833 2,500 -33.44

The assessment findings suggests that, a large number of livestock have been injured from falling trees and collapsing sheds and most of these large animals are visibly weak and susceptible to diseases. Most of the crop residues are non-edible, due to inundation and the spread of a fungus following the cyclone. The fodder and fresh water crisis will further negatively impact on the remaining livestock. The death of cattle and buffalo has also reduced the amount of draught power for the coming seasons of cropping. There may result in an increase in the use of chemical fertilizer, due to the lack of cow dung, which will lead to further degradation, and potential protein deficiency. As emerged from the assessment that, the major cultivation in the area is paddy/Aman crop and vegetable, and rubber in the forest. Flood damaged seed beds and most of the paddy land were to be found under the flood water leaving uncertainty to kick off plantation for the next season.

Additionally, farmers affected are experiencing with inadequate resource to procure seeds and other agricultural inputs to resume farming. Besides, huge loss of livestock put the marginal farmers at risk to supplement the cultivation.

It is suggested that, the quick restoration of livelihoods would help the affected people to help themselves, thereby restoring their dignity as well as their means of income. This reduces the risk of deeper debt and enables people to tackle their own vulnerabilities, thus contributing to a wider strengthening of their communities through revived economic activity.

In accordance with assessment findings; small irrigation, canals, local educational facilities, religious institutes, women’s association infrastructures, culverts, wooden and bamboo made bridges and rural hat-bazars are affected and damaged in the areas assessed. In addition to that, some supporting and related structures were also damaged during the flood in the coastal areas of Coxesbazar. While communities have returned to their own residence, communication in terms of road system is poor as communities can mostly be reached through ‘’kacha’’ roads and boats across rivers. Bridges and culverts in many areas have broken down which have disrupted connection between communities as well. While

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the need for reconstruction/repairing of roads and bridges has been signified, resources as

local labour and materials are available.

Picture 1: Roads damaged, Cox’s Bazar

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Coping Mechanisms

Fig 8 Coping Strategy in all 3 districts

Fig 9 Coping Strategy in Cox’s Bazar district

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Cross-cutting Issues

It was deliberately come into view from the community level discussion that, debris of tobacco cultivation is disposed in the rivers polluting river water and reducing fodder of livestock. Social forestry sector has experienced a huge loss due to the uprooting of thousands of timber and fruit trees, damaged tree nurseries, erosion of hundreds of hundreds of kilometres of roads and embankments with planted trees on the slobs and barns. Flood destroyed the biodiversity in many of the hit areas. It is suspected that recovery efforts may take decades. During the joint needs assessment, it was found that some of the alien species i.e. rain tree, Chambal and mahogany planted around the houses, along roads, railways and embankments caused significant damage to lives and assets. It is estimated that 70 % of these alien species, found in the five worst affected districts, have been completely broken or uprooted. The damage to embankments and roads has limited the mobility of disaster-affected communities and reduced their recovery potential. Most of the roads damaged during the flood are either on the embankment or behind the embankment. Embankments are crucial in the protection of roads. Thus, the embankments need to be rebuilt, particularly given the tidal surge during the flooding.

COMPLETED AND PLANNED INTERVENTIONS Table 5 Relief Support

Sector Intervention Government Humanitarian Actors Food Completed Completed Security / • 91248 families provided with GR rice • BDRCS have provided 2000Tk for supplementary food package to 1000families Livelihood support • 2000 families covered by Plan International • 13250 families covered with livelihood • 12850 families covered by CARE support in the form of cash Planned distribution • BDRCS/IFRC has planned to provide livelihood support Planned • WFP has plans to provide livelihood support in the form of cash for work and cash • Proposals made to the concerned for training authorities to allocate resources for • UNDP will immediately (starting September) implement livelihood recovery providing necessary livelihood programme comprising of cash for work and cash grants to re-start recovery support livelihoods for the most vulnerable families WaSH No intervention or official plan so far Completed • Water distribution had been carried to support families in remote location by volunteers in certain regions from BDRCS • 9000 families covered with WASH support by UNICEF. UNICEF in partnership with DPHE has propositioned to provide WASH support to 1500 families Planned • BDRCS/IFRC has planned to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation Shelter Completed Completed • 1535 families are covered with shelter • Bangladesh Red Crescent Society have provided shelter support through assistance support. distribution of tarpaulin to 1000 families Planned Planned • BDRCS/IFRC has plans to provide temporary shelter to families without No official plan so far houses or living in damaged houses • UNDP has plans to commence shelter rehabilitation program with a provision of shelter materials and cash support Health Completed No intervention or official plan so far • BDRCS deployed mobile medical team was deployed for two weeks in affected areas to address the health concerns.

Planned No official plan so far Others Completed Completed • 486 families provided with utensils • Red Crescent Youth (RCY) volunteers together with troops and fire personnel were on the ground for rescue operation of those trapped in the landslides and giving first aid, food and clean water. 57 | Page

RESPONSE CHALLENGES

• While taking key informant interviews with the selected officials of the local administration along with elected representatives of the local government; the following challenges came across in responding to the flood: • Inadequate resource for repairing and reconstruction of the damaged family homes • Disrupted communications/infrastructure generated hindrance towards smooth distribution of relief items at the remotest corner of the affected areas • Political influence in terms of selection of beneficiaries and distribution of relief items • Insufficient equipment facilities for relief operation • Huge gap between demand of relief goods and the supply made available by the government and other actors

RETURNING HOME

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ANNEXES

List of Agencies supporting the assessment

Agency Name Coordination Sector lead District lead Field Technical Provided Expressed assessment assistance resources solidarity

DMRD (MoFDM) X

DRR X X

DPHE X X

Local X Administration Local Government X

UNDP X Early X X X Recovery & Shelter IFRC X Shelter X X X X

UNICEF WASH X X X X

Solidarities Int. X X

IOM X

Concern Universal X

World Vision X

Bangladesh Red X Crescent Society Caritas X

UNDP/CHTDF X X

UNDP/UPPR X

UNDP/CDMP X

BRAC X

Muslim Aid X X X

CARE X X

OXFAM X

ACF X

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Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format This template should be used to guide discussion with a group of male community members. An ideal group size is between 8-15 people however controlling the group size in affected communities is likely to be difficult and no women should be excluded from the group. Try to get a group that reflects the age/diversity/disability in the community.

The options provided are listed here to aid recording information; they should not be read out as a list of potential answers although mentioning some of them as examples may help with discussion.

Assessment teams should try to involve as many people in the discussion as possible and try to get consensus on answers by asking the group, “do you agree?”, “is this what you all think?”.

Ideally the focus group discussion should be managed by two male assessors; one will lead the discussion while the other will record the information.

General Information Assessment identification Location of assessment Date of assessment # District # Assessment team number# Upazilla # Name(s) of assessors # Union Parashad # 1 Urban/rural # 2 Village # 3 Geo-code # 4 5

Page 1 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format

Introduction of the Assessment Team and Informed consent My name is ______I am working with ______. On behalf of a group of agencies working on development and relief in this area, we are conducting an assessment of the situation in relation to the June/July flood. Other colleagues are carrying out the same assessment as this in other villages and Unions, but not all affected villages will be covered. We would like to ask you some questions about the impact of the flood here. We do not need to record your name and the information you give us will be confidential. Your participation is voluntary and you can choose not to answer all of the questions. We hope you will agree to participate because your views are important as we try to understand how the flood has affected people here. Please feel free to ask us any questions about the assessment. Background information about this site and the people staying here 1 Details on living conditions, etc.

(follow Field Assessment guide)

2 Total number in group

3 Age range in the group

4 Average size of the HH in the group

Page 2 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format

Page 3 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format Community Priorities No Question Options/checklist Other responses C1 For men in this community, what are □ resumption of livelihood activities the top priorities right now? (select □ feed for livestock st nd three, number 1 , 2 , 3rd) □ return/rebuild houses □ children return to school □ children recover from illness □ health care □ food □ access to clean drinking water □ access to water for washing/bathing □ access to markets □ short term financial support □ concerns about safety and security □ other No Question BEFORE THE FLOOD NOW Comments C2 Did you have electricity at this site □ yes □ yes □ no □ no C3 What were the main cooking fuels ? □ Nothing □ Nothing (tick all that apply) □ Kerosene □ Kerosene □ Cow dung □ Cow dung □ Gas □ Gas □ Wood □ Wood □ Jute stick □ Jute stick □ Do not know □ Do not know □ other □ other

WASH No Question Options/checklist Other responses W1 Is there a serious problem in your □ yes community because people do not □ no have enough water that is safe for □ don’t know drinking and cooking? W2 If yes, what are those problems? □ Diarrhea

Page 4 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format □ Time to reach the water point □ Less water for hygiene practice □ W3 Do most people here treat the □ do nothing/no treatment water used for cooking or □ Boil drinking? □ water purification tablets (chlorine) (select the most popular 1 option) □ Bio sand filter □ Alum □ other No Question BEFORE THE FLOOD NOW Comments W4 What was the main source of water □ Functional Deep tube wells □ Functional Deep tube wells for drinking before the □ Damaged Deep tube wells □ Damaged Deep tube wells flooding/water-logging? □ Functional Shallow tube wells □ Functional Shallow tube wells (select up to 3 if needed, if there was □ Damaged Shallow tube wells □ Damaged Shallow tube wells clearly 1 main source, select only 1) □ PSF □ PSF □ RWHS □ RWHS □ ponds, rivers, canals □ ponds, rivers, canals □ others, list □ others, list W5 Approximately how much time □ Less than 30 minutes □ Less than 30 minutes the people took per day to fetch □ Between 30 and 1 hour □ Between 30 and 1 hour water? □ More than 1 hour □ More than 1 hour W6 Is there a serious problem in your □ yes community because people do □ no not have easy and safe access to □ don’t know clean toilets? W7 If yes, Why? □ You don’t feel secure when you □ sanitary latrines (household) have to go to toilets □ Damage latrines (household) □ Diseases □ sanitary latrines (communal) □ Too far □ Damage latrines (communal) □ Other □ hanging/open latrine □ open defecation □ other

Page 5 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format W8 Where do men and boys mostly □ sanitary latrines (household) □ sanitary latrines (household) defecate? □ Damage latrines (household) (rank the first 3) □ Sanitary latrines (communal) □ Damage latrines (household) □ Damage latrines (communal) □ hanging/open latrine □ Sanitary latrines (communal) □ open defecation □ Damage latrines (communal)

□ hanging/open latrine

□ open defecation W9 Which proportion of families has □ <= 25% soap anywhere in the house? □ 50% □ 75% □ >= 75% W10 What are your main priorities in □ safe/secure/private place for regard to water and sanitation? defecation (number 1st, 2nd, 3rd) □ quantity of water □ quality of water □ safe/secure/private place to bath □ hygiene supplies (soap, sanitary napkins) □ water collection vessels □ water storage vessels □ other

Shelter No Question Options/checklist Other responses S1 What are the main problems with □ no shelter

Page 6 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format meeting shelter needs here? (select □ communal shelters are overcrowded all that are mentioned by the group) □ homes uninhabitable □ materials for repair are not available □ skills/labour for repair not available □ potential grievances on land issues □ people lack basic household items □ shelters do not offer privacy □ shelters do not offer protection from weather/elements □ other S2 What are the top 3 immediate □ to acquire shelter/presently without shelter at all shelter priorities for the male group □ to move out of cyclone/flood/school/others/ shelters in relation to shelter? □ return home (rank the first three, number them □ materials for repair of house st nd r 1 , 2 , 3 ) □ skills/labour for repair □ basic household items □ shelter to give more privacy □ shelter to give protection from weather/elements □ other S3 What are the top 3 shelter priorities □ to be in safe location for durable shelter solutions? □ to acquire shelter (number 1st, 2nd, 3rd ) □ to have access/ allocation of land to build house □ support and guidance to build a permanent shelter □ materials for repair of house □ skills/labour for repair □ basic household items □ Others S4 What are your top three priorities □ NA (nothing) items in term of NFI? □ cooking sets (rank the first three, number them □ clothes 1st, 2nd, 3r ) □ Plastic sheeting □ Shelter tool kit □ other

Page 7 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format S5 Have there been any distributions of □ yes non-food items (NFI) at this place □ no since the floods? □ don’t know S6 What was distributed? □ NA (nothing distributed) (Tick as many as apply) □ cooking sets □ clothes □ Plastic sheeting □ Shelter tool kit □ something but don’t know what □ other S7 Did the distribution include all the □ NA (no distribution) households staying here? □ no □ yes □ don’t know/not sure S8 What are the main reasons why □ NA (people are at home) people here are not returning □ Houses still water-logged/ inaccessible (landslide, etc.) home? □ continued rain/flooding □ Houses too damaged □ other S9 Have any shelter materials been □ yes distributed here since the flooding? □ no □ don’t know S10 What was distributed? □ tarpaulin □ rope □ poles □ tent □ plastic sheeting □ other S11 Did the distribution include all the □ NA (no distribution) households? □ yes □ no □ don’t know/not sure

Page 8 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format S12 What kind of houses did most □ mud with tin roof people here stay in BEFORE the □ brick with tin roof floods? □ bamboo with straw (select up to the 2 most common) □ bamboo with tin roof □ other S13 What do you need most to be able □ money to repair/re-build your house? □ materials (Tick the 1 most common response) □ shelter toolkit □ labour □ don’t know □ other

Livelihood No Question BEFORE NOW L1 What are the main usual sources of □ Farming □ Farming income for the people residing at □ Livestock □ Livestock this site? □ Fishing (boat owner) □ Fishing (boat owner) (rank the first five, number them 1st, □ Fishing (labour) □ Fishing (labour) nd rd th th 2 , 3 , 4 ,5 ) □ Small traders □ Small traders “what are your top priorities” □ Forest dependent □ Forest dependent □ Private service □ Private service □ Govt service □ Govt service □ Day labourer □ Day labourer □ Fully dependent (no income) □ Fully dependent (no income) □ domestic labour □ domestic labour □ agricultural labour □ agricultural labour □ non-agricultural daily labour □ non-agricultural daily labour □ Van/rickshaw puller □ Van/rickshaw puller □ other □ other L2 What is your average monthly income? (Only one amount in BDT)

Page 9 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format The comparison have to be done with the same period last year L3 What is your monthly expenditure? Before Now (this has to be translated in % by the team) Basic HH necessities (food) Health Children education Safe drinking water Fire wood/fuel Cloths Transportation Loan repayment Others

No Question Options/checklist Other responses L4 What strategies are being used by □Reduced meal size the community here to cope with □Eat less preferred food loss of livelihoods? □Eat wild food like roadside/forest vegetables (rank the first five, number them 1st, etc. 2nd, 3rd, 4th,5th) □Male adults restrict food consumption to feed “what are your top priorities” the children □Male adults restrict food consumption to feed the children □Send children to friend/relative’s house □Borrow money at high interest □Selling of advanced labour □Purchase food on credit □ Selling of livestock and poultry □ Selling of household utensils/utilities □Selling of land/tree □Out migration of household members □Send children to work

Page 10 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format □Others (specify) BEFORE NOW L5 How many meals you eat per day? □ 3 meal per day □ 3 meal per day □ 2 meal per day □ 2 meal per day □ 1 meal per day □ 1 meal per day □ I don’t know □ I don’t know L6 What is your main food source? □Agriculture produced locally □Agriculture produced locally (rank the first three, number them □Purchase from market □Purchase from market 1st, 2nd, 3rdh) □Livestock production □Livestock production □Dependent of Govt ration □Dependent of Govt ration □Dependent on relatives □Dependent on relatives □Dependent on NGO’s relief □Dependent on NGO’s relief □Gifts/Loan /Charity □Gifts/Loan /Charity BEFORE NOW No Question Options/checklist Other responses/explanations L7 Are there some people in your □ Yes village who migrate after the □ No flood/land slide? □I don’t know

L8 If, yes □Temporally □Permanently □I don’t know L9 What are the mains reasons for □Usual migration migration? □No daily work available due to flood (rank the first 3th, number them 1st, □Lost the harvest due to flood 2nd, 3rd) □Lost productive tools □Lost productive lands □No migration □Other (specify) L10 When do you expect to restart your □ Already restart main previous livelihood activity? □ within one month (rank the first 2, number them 1st, □ before three months 2nd) □ In more than three months

Page 11 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format □ I don’t know L11 What are your mains constraints to □ Agricultural land still under water restart your main livelihood □ Too much pressure on daily labor market activity? □no enough money to buy agricultural input (rank the first five, number them 1st, (tools, seed, …) 2nd, 3rd, 4th,5th) □no enough money to buy new livestock □other (specify) L12 What crops are usually produced in □ Rice this area? □ Pulse □ Vegetables □Others L13 Do the local farmers manage to □Yes start Aman production? □No □I don’t know L14 If No what is the mains constraints? □Agricultural land still under water (rank the first two, number them 1st, □Not enough money to buy seed 2nd) □Not enough money to pay daily worker □Others (specify) COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE No Question Options/checklist CI1 Which community infrastructures □ Bridge/culvert – fully damaged, partially have been worst affected? damaged □ Embankment (km) □ Earthen roads □ Electricity line □ Telephone communication □ Schools or other community institutions □ Hat/Bazar not functioning □ Clinic/Health facility □ Others

CI2 What Community Infrastructure □ Bridge/culvert

Page 12 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format needs to be immediately □ Embankment (km) rehabilitated or reconstructed? □ Earthen roads □ Electricity line (top 3 priorities) □ Telephone communication □ Schools or other community institutions □ Hat/Bazar not functioning □ Clinic/Health facility □ Others CI3 What particular community □ unskilled labour resources are currently available to □ skilled labour rehabilitate/reconstruct the □ Materials community infrastructure? □ community fund □ Others

Cross cutting issues (Environment, Gender/Protection) No Question Options/checklist E1 Has flood/flashflood caused □ Landslide environmental damage in your □ Deforestation village? □ Others No Question Options/checklist Other responses G1 Are Female Headed Households □ yes accounted for in the allocation of □ no shelter plots? □ do not know P1 Is child labour being used in the □ yes construction of shelters? □ no □ do not know P1 Is there safe access from the shelter Fuel collection points (wood, market, etc) sites to/from: □ yes □ no If no, Why? Health facilities □ yes

Page 13 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Male Community Group Discussion Format □ no If no, Why?

Food distribution points □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Water access points (pumps/ponds, etc.) □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Education centers □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Safe Common-spaces (eg. childhood activities, playground, community meetings area) □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Communal bathing points □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Page 14 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format This template should be used to guide discussion with a group of female community members. An ideal group size is between 8-15 people however controlling the group size in affected communities is likely to be difficult and no women should be excluded from the group. Try to get a group that reflects the ages/diversity/disability in the community.

The options provided are listed here to aid recording information; they should not be read out as a list of potential answers although mentioning some of them as examples may help with discussion.

Assessment teams should try to involve as many people in the discussion as possible and try to get consensus on answers by asking the group, “do you agree?”, “is this what you all think?”.

Ideally the focus group discussion should be managed by two female assessors; one will lead the discussion while the other will record the information.

Page 1 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format

2 Total number in group

3 Age range in the group

4 Average size of the HH in the group

Page 2 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format

Community Priorities No Question Options/checklist Other responses C1 For women in this community, what □ resumption of livelihood activities is the top priority right now? (select □ feed for livestock three only, number them 1st, 2nd, □ return/rebuild houses 3rd) □ children return to school □ children recover from illness “what are your top priorities” □ health care □ food □ access to clean drinking water □ access to water for washing/bathing □ access to markets □ short term financial support □ concerns about safety and security □ other No Question BEFORE THE FLOOD NOW Comments C2 Did you have electricity at this site □ yes □ yes □ no □ no C3 What were the main cooking fuels ? □ Nothing □ Nothing (tick all that apply) □ Kerosene □ Kerosene □ Cow dung □ Cow dung □ Gas □ Gas □ Wood □ Wood □ Jute stick □ Jute stick □ Do not know □ Do not know □ other □ other

WASH No Question Options/checklist Other responses W1 Is there a serious problem in your □ yes

Page 3 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format community because people do not □ no have enough water that is safe for □ don’t know drinking and cooking? W2 If yes, what are those problems? □ Diarrhea □ Time to reach the water point □ Less water for hygiene practice □ Please complete the list of choice W3 Do most people here treat the □ do nothing/no treatment water used for cooking or drinking? □ Boil (select the most popular 1 option) □ water purification tablets (chlorine) □ Bio sand filter □ Alum □ other No Question BEFORE THE FLOOD NOW Comments W4 What was the main source of water □ Functional Deep tube wells □ Functional Deep tube wells for drinking before the flooding? □ Damaged Deep tube wells □ Damaged Deep tube wells (select up to 3 if needed, if there was □ Functional Shallow tube wells □ Functional Shallow tube wells clearly 1 main source, select only 1) □ Damaged Shallow tube wells □ Damaged Shallow tube wells □ PSF □ PSF □ RWHS □ RWHS □ ponds, rivers, canals □ ponds, rivers, canals □ others, list □ others, list W5 Approximately how much time the □ Less than 30 minutes □ Less than 30 minutes people took per day to fetch water? □ Between 30 and 1 hour □ Between 30 and 1 hour □ More than 1 hour □ More than 1 hour W6 Which type of container (Khulsi, □ Under 5 liters □ Under 5 liters jerry can, others) do you use to □ Between 5 and 15 liters □ Between 5 and 15 liters collect water for drinking and □ Between 15 and 30 liters □ Between 15 and 30 liters cooking? □ More than 30 liters □ More than 30 liters Teams should estimate the volume of the container and also ask how many people are in the household,

Page 4 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format then extrapolate No Question Options/checklist Other responses W7 Is there a serious problem in your □ yes community because people do not □ no have easy and safe access to clean □ don’t know toilets? W8 If yes, Why? □ You don’t feel secure when you have to go to toilets □ Diseases □ No Question BEFORE THE FLOOD NOW Comments W9 Where did women and girls mostly □ sanitary latrines (household) □ sanitary latrines (household) defecate before and after the □ Damage latrines (household) □ Damage latrines (household) floods? □ Sanitary latrines (communal) □ Sanitary latrines (communal) (rank the first 3) □ Damage latrines (communal) □ Damage latrines (communal) □ hanging/open latrine □ hanging/open latrine □ open defecation □ open defecation

W10 Is there a serious problem in your □ yes community for women to keep □ no clean (e.g. not enough soap, water □ don’t know or a suitable place to wash)?

W11 Which proportion of families has □ <= 25% soap anywhere in the house? □ 50% □ 75% □ >= 75% W12 What are your main priorities in □ safe/secure/private place for defecation regard to water and sanitation? □ quantity of water (number 1st, 2nd, 3rd) □ quality of water □ safe/secure/private place to bath □ hygiene supplies (soap, sanitary napkins)

Page 5 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format □ water collection vessels □ water storage vessels □ other

Shelter No Question Options/checklist Other responses S1 What are the top 3 immediate □ to acquire shelter/presently without shelter at all shelter priorities for the female □ to move out of communal shelters group in relation to shelter? □ return home (rank the first three, number them □ materials for repair of house st nd r 1 , 2 , 3 ) □ skills/labour for repair □ basic household items □ shelter to give more privacy □ shelter to give protection from weather/elements □ other S2 What are the top 3 shelter priorities □ to be in safe location for durable shelter solutions? □ to acquire shelter (number 1st, 2nd, 3rd ) □ to have access/allocation of land to build house □support and guidance to build a permanent shelter □ materials for repair of house □ skills/labor for repair □ basic household items □ Others S3 What are your top three priorities □ NA (nothing) items in term of NFI? □ cooking sets (rank the first three, number them □ shelter tool kit 1st, 2nd, 3r ) □ clothes □ Plastic sheeting □ other S4 Have there been any distributions of □ yes non-food items (NFI) at this place □ no

Page 6 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format since the floods? □ don’t know S5 What was distributed? □ NA (nothing distributed) (Tick as many as apply) □ cooking sets □ clothes □ shelter tool kit □ Plastic sheeting □ something but don’t know what □ other S6 Did the distribution include all the □ NA (no distribution) households staying here? □ no □ yes □ don’t know/not sure S7 What are the main reasons why □ NA (people are at home) people here are not returning □ Houses still water-logged/ inaccessible (landslide, etc.) home? □ continued rain/flooding □ Houses too damaged □ other S8 Have any shelter materials been □ yes distributed here since the flooding? □ no □ don’t know S9 What was distributed? □ tarpaulin □ rope □ poles □ tent □ plastic sheeting □ other S10 Did the distribution include all the □ NA (no distribution) households? □ yes □ no □ don’t know/not sure S11 What kind of houses did most □ mud with tin roof people here stay in BEFORE the □ brick with tin roof

Page 7 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format floods? □ bamboo with straw (select up to the 2 most common) □ bamboo with tin roof □ other S12 What do you need most to be able □ money to repair/re-build your house? □ materials (Tick the 1 most common response) □ shelter tool kit □ labour □ don’t know □ other

Livelihood No Question BEFORE NOW L1 What are the main usual sources of □ Farming □ Farming income for the people residing at □ Livestock □ Livestock this site? □ Fishing (boat owner) □ Fishing (boat owner) (rank the first five, number them 1st, □ Fishing (labour) □ Fishing (labour) nd rd th th 2 , 3 , 4 ,5 ) □ Small traders □ Small traders “what are your top priorities” □ Forest dependent □ Forest dependent □ Private service □ Private service □ Govt service □ Govt service □ Day labourer □ Day labourer □ Fully dependent (no income) □ Fully dependent (no income) □ domestic labour □ domestic labour □agricultural labour □agricultural labour □non-agricultural daily labour □non-agricultural daily labour □Van/rickshaw puller □Van/rickshaw puller □ other □ other L2 What is your average monthly income? (Only one amount in BDT) The comparison have to be done with the same period last year

Page 8 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format L3 What is your monthly expenditure? Before Now (this has to be translated in % by the team) Basic HH necessities (food) Health Children education Safe drinking water Fire wood/fuel Cloths Transportation Loan repayment Others

No Question Options/checklist Other responses L4 What strategies are being used by □Reduced meal size the community here to cope with □Eat less preferred food loss of livelihoods? □Eat wild food like roadside/forest vegetables (rank the first five, number them 1st, etc. 2nd, 3rd, 4th,5th) □Male adults restrict food consumption to feed “what are your top priorities” the children □Female adults restrict food consumption to feed the children □Send children to friend/relative’s house □Borrow money at high interest □Selling of advanced labour □Purchase food on credit □ Selling of livestock and poultry □ Selling of household utensils/utilities □Selling of land/tree □Out migration of household members □Send children to work □Others (specify) BEFORE NOW

Page 9 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format L5 How many meals do you eat per □ 3 meals per day □ 3 meals per day day? □ 2 meals per day □ 2 meals per day □ 1 meal per day □ 1 meal per day L6 What is your main food source? □Agriculture produced locally □Agriculture produced locally (rank the first three, number them □Purchase from market □Purchase from market 1st, 2nd, 3rdh) □Livestock production □Livestock production □Dependent of Govt ration □Dependent of Govt ration □Dependent on relatives □Dependent on relatives □Dependent on NGO’s relief □Dependent on NGO’s relief □Gifts/Loan /Charity □Gifts/Loan /Charity No Question Options/checklist Other responses/explanations L7 Are there some people in your □ Yes village who migrate after the flood? □ No □I don’t know L8 If, yes □Temporally □Permanently □I don’t know L9 What are the mains reasons for □Usual migration migration? □No daily work available due to flood (rank the first 3th, number them 1st, □Lost the harvest due to flood 2nd, 3rd) □Lost productive tools □Lost productive lands □No migration □Other (specify) L10 When do you expect to restart your □ Already restart main previous livelihood activity? □ within one month (rank the first 2, number them 1st, □ In next three months 2nd) □In more than three months □I don’t know L11 What are your mains constraints to □ Agricultural land still under water restart your main livelihood □ Too much pressure on daily labor market activity? □no enough money to buy agricultural input (rank the first five, number them 1st,

Page 10 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format 2nd, 3rd, 4th,5th) (tools, seed, …) □no enough money to buy new livestock □other (specify) L12 What crops are usually produced in □ Rice this area? □ Pulse □ Vegetables □ Others L13 Do the local farmers manage to □Yes start Aman production? □No □I don’t know L14 If No what is the mains constraints? □Agricultural land still under water (rank the first two, number them 1st, □Not enough money to buy seed 2nd) □Not enough money to pay daily worker □Others (specify) No Question Options/checklist Other responses L15 For women in this community, what □ resumption of livelihood activities is the top priority right now? (rank □ feed for livestock the first three, number them 1st, 2nd, □ return/rebuild houses 3rd) □ children return to school “what are your top priorities” □ health care □ food □ access to clean drinking water □ access to water for washing/bathing □ access to markets □ short term financial support □ concerns about safety and security □ other COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE No Question Options/checklist Other responses CI1 Which community infrastructures □ Bridge/culvert – fully damaged, partially have been worst affected? damaged □ Embankment (km)

Page 11 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format □ Earthen roads □ Electricity line □ Telephone communication □ Schools or other community institutions □ Hat/Bazar not functioning □ Clinic/Health facility □ Others

CI2 What Community Infrastructure □ Bridge/culvert needs to be immediately □ Embankment (km) rehabilitated or reconstructed? □ Earthen roads □ Electricity line □ Telephone communication □ Schools or other community institutions □ Hat/Bazar not functioning □ Clinic/Health facility □ Others CI3 What particular community □ unskilled labour resources are currently available to □ skilled labour rehabilitate/reconstruct the □ Materials community infrastructure? □ community funding □ Others

Cross cutting issues (Environment/Gender/Protection) No Question Options/checklist Other responses E1 Has flood/flashflood caused □ Landslide environmental damage in your □ Deforestation village? □ Others No Question Options/checklist Other responses G1 Are Female Headed Households □ yes accounted for in the allocation of □ no shelter plots? □ do not know

Page 12 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format P1 Is child labour being used in the □ yes construction of shelters? □ no □ do not know P2 Is there safe access from the shelter Fuel collection points (wood, market, etc) sites to/from: □ yes □ no If no, Why? Health facilities □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Food distribution points □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Water access points (pumps/ponds, etc.) □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Education centers □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Safe Common-spaces (eg. childhood activities, playground, community meetings area) □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Page 13 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Female Community Group Discussion Format Communal bathing points □ yes □ no If no, Why?

Page 14 of 14 Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Direct Observation Checklist

Date of Assessment: Assessor:

Site of Assessment

District: ______Upazila: ______Union : ______

Village : ______Total Households ______Total Population # ______(Male)______(Female)______

ACCESS Yes No Comments How is the site accessed? Car access 4 WD ibility Boat Lorry foot Motorbike Rickshaw Sector Specific Questions LIVELIHOOD List activities / concerns Comments What are women seen doing in the site? □ fletch water □ taking care of the children □ work in their crops □ Other (specify)

What are men seen doing in the site? □ most of them have been migrated to find job opportunity □ taking care of the children □ work in their crops □ Other (specify)

What is the condition of cultivable land? □ Flooded □ Not flooded but not prepare for the new crop □ Prepared for the new crop □ Cultivated □ Others (specify) Have you observed the major constraints to restart their □ the land still under water livelihood? □ no available daily work opportunity

□ no agricultural input available

□ Others (specify) Question Yes No Comments Is there food available in the market? Variety of food (visit the market) Quantity

Quality

Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Direct Observation Checklist

SHELTER Damage Questions List main types of shelter by type What are the main types of shelter being used in the site? □ Individual House Tick all that are observed into the site □ Emergency shelter with (rank the 5 most observed shelter) plastic sheeting □ Emergency shelter with local material □ Cyclone shelter or community centre □ School □ Others public building □ Others (specify)

Shelter Totally destroyed Partially damaged Little or no damage Walk from one end of the site to the other and tally the number of houses observed and in what condition.

Estimated # & percentage of houses

Community Infrastructure Totally destroyed Partially damaged Little or no damage Walk from one end of the site to the other and tally the percentage of infrastructure damaged buildings/ infrastructure observed and in what condition. School buildings Health centres Religious buildings

Bridges Roads Culverts Embankments Main Water Points Other…. Access, Safety and Security Yes No Comments WalkYes from one end of the site to the other and note your observationsNo on the following:

What is the status of access paths and locations of latrines e.g. are they easily accessible for children, elderly, pregnant women, and disabled? Are the areas around latrines lit at night? Can latrines be locked from inside? Are there private areas where women and girls can bathe, wash sanitary napkins, etc.? Are there common spaces available for use for community meetings, children's playground, women group meetings, etc.? Is there safe access from shelter

Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Direct Observation Checklist sites to/from service access Food distribution / market points for Education centres Water Fuel collection Environment Observations/comments Walk from one end of the site to the other and observe the prevailing condition of area affected by problematic debris due to flash flood/land slide?

Is further evacuation or relocation expected? If so, proposed relocation sites and whether it’s topographically and environmentally feasible?

Water & Sanitation Are there latrines at the site?

Are the latrines functional?

Is soap available at the latrines? If people can be observed collecting Tube wells water, where are they getting it Dug wells from? Ring wells GFS PSF RWHS Piped network ponds, rivers, others,canals specify

Do households have suitable clean covered tankered water water storage containers? supply Is stagnant water In/around shelters sites creating problems? In/around Waterm facilities In/around sanitation facilities Outside sites On roads, paths, etc. Is solid waste creating In/around shelters sites problems? In/around Waterm facilities In/around sanitation facilities Outside sites On roads, paths, etc. Which vectors are Mosquitos problematic? Flies / cockroaches / other insectsRats/other rodents

Assessment team overall ranking of the situation at this site: (tick one only)

Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Direct Observation Checklist Rank Relatively normal Vulnerable Seriously Vulnerable Extremely Vulnerable

Relatively normal Need of external Need of assistance in Need of assistance in 3 conditions, capacity to assistance in one or 2-3 sectors, even if or more sectors, self recover, prospect two sectors, situation conditions do not detrimental coping of returning home/to could deteriorate if change the situation strategies being used normal in the near conditions are will deteriorate by most people at the future unfavorable or if no without assistance, site. assistance is received people already employing some No prospect of return negative coping to homes apparent for strategies. Recovery 3 months or more not possible without external assistance.

Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: WASH, Shelter and Early Recovery Government Key Informant Interview Format

Please use the following template during the meeting local government at the conclusion of the assessment. Make sure as many as possible of government officials are present in the validation meeting (UNO, PIO, other govt official at Upazilla level, Chairmen etc)

Team number

Upazila

Team Leader

1. What is the level of affected unions in this upazilla?

AFFECTED Severely affected Moderately affected unions Not affected unions

TOTAL UNIONS

2. Government Interventions:

SECTOR Ongoing Interventions Planned Interventions Remarks

Shelter

Livelihood

Health

WASH

Community Infrastructure

Environment

Others (FFW/VGF/VGD/CFW)

3. What are the main challenges UNO/local Govt office are facing now in relation to responding to the needs?

4. SECTOR PRIORITIES

5. What are your recommendations for long term solution to the issue of flood?

6. What are your recommendations for long term solution to the issue of land slide?

General guide:

a) Please note who is present in this meeting (if possible) including designation b) Try to complete this within an hour so as not to take up officials’ time c) Acknowledge their support during this assessment, please offer THANKS for their participation d) Please tell the officials we will be happy to share overall report with them and record the key person’s correct contact details for this purpose below.

Name Designation Email and Phone Number

WASH Need Assessment KI Interview

Team number

Upazila

Team Leader

1. OVERALL VULNERABILITIES

In which areas water and sanitation have been the most affected by water logging?

Severely affected unions Affected unions Moderately affected unions Not affected unions

2. WATER

2.a- What is the extent of damages of the water infrastructures?

2.a.1- Total functioning (safe) water infrastructures before the water logging?

2.a.2- What was the coverage of safe drinking water prior to the flood (i.e. 70% of the upazilla population had access to safe drinking water before the water logging) 1

2.a.3- Total functioning (safe) water infrastructures after the water logging?

2.a.4- What is the coverage of safe drinking water after to the flood (i.e. 50% of the upazilla population have access to safe drinking water after the water logging)

2.b- Do you have the breakdown per unions of safe water infrastructures prior to the floods?

2.c- Do you have the breakdown per unions of safe water infrastructures after the floods?

2.d- Arsenic contamination: Is arsenic a major issue in your Upazilla? If so, what are the most arsenic affected unions?

Severely affected unions Affected unions Moderately affected unions Not affected unions

3. SANITATION

3.a- What is the extent of damages of the sanitation infrastructures?

3.a.1- What was the coverage of hygienic sanitation prior to the flood (i.e. 70% of the upazilla population had access to hygienic sanitation before the water logging)

3.a.2- What is the coverage of safe drinking water after the flood (i.e. 50% of the upazilla population have access to safe drinking water after the water logging)

3.b- Do you have the breakdown per union of hygienic sanitation coverage prior to the floods?

3.c- Do you have the breakdown per union of hygienic sanitation coverage after the water logging?

4. GOVERNEMENT / LOCAL AUTHORITIES RESPONSE TO THE DAMAGES CAUSED BY WATER LOGGING

4.a- How does the government plan to respond to the damages of water infrastructures?

4.b- How does the government plan to respond to the damages of sanitation infrastructures?

5- RECOMMENDATIONS

What would you recommend to NGOs in the WATER sector in terms of priority and coherency to the government response?

What would you recommend to NGOs in the SANITATION sector in terms of priority and coherency to the government response?

General guide: a) Please note who is present in this meeting (if possible) including designation b) If possible take photos c) Try to complete this within an hour so as not to take up officials’ time d) Acknowledge their support during this assessment, please offer THANKS for their participation e) Please tell the officials we will be happy to share overall report with them and record the key person’s correct contact details for this purpose below.

Name Designation email

Bangladesh Disaster Needs Assessment: AGRICULTURE: Key Informant Interview Format

Please use the following template during the meeting Agriculture Officer

Team number

Upazila

Team Leader

1. What is the level of affected unions in this upazilla?

AFFECTED Severely affected Moderately affected unions Not affected unions

TOTAL UNIONS

2- DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURE CAUSED BY THE FLOOD

2.a- Did the flood/land slide damage the crop land?

2.b- Total crop land before the flood (in Hectare)?

2.c- Total of crop land after the flood (in Hectare)?

2.d- Do you have a breakdown of damages per union?

2.e- How did the flood hamper the Aman rice cultivation?

2.f- What percentage of households managed to re-launch their aman cultivation?

2.g- What is the main constraint faced by the farmer to restart their aman cultivation?

2.h- How did the flood hamper the vegetable production? 2

2.i- What percentage of vegetable famers managed to resume their production?

2.j- What is the main constraint faced by the vegetable farmers to restart their production?

3- DAMAGE TO LIVESTOCK CAUSED BY THE FLOOD/LAND SLIDE

4.a- What is the main livestock in this area?

4.b- What is the impact of the flood/landslide on the livestock?

4.b.1- Estimation of death due to the flood/landslide

4.b.2- Estimation of livestock sold by the people as coping mechanism

4.c- Do you think that feeding the livestock is a problem in this area? 3

4.d- Do you have a breakdown per union of the livestock situation?

4.e- What are the main constraints faced by the people to restart their livestock rearing?

5- SEASONNAL CALENDAR

Seasonality analysis Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Agriculture production Aus (field preparation, plantation, harvesting) Aman (field preparation, plantation, harvesting) Boro(field preparation, plantation, harvesting) Robi (field preparation, plantation, harvesting) Vegetable

6- GOVERNEMENT / LOCAL AUTHORITIES’ RESPONSE TO THE DAMAGES CAUSED BY FLOOD

6.a- How does the government plan to support the farmer to restart their production (rice, vegetable, fish and livestock)?

7- RECOMMENDATIONS

7.a- What would you recommend to Development Partners in the agriculture sector in terms of priority and coherency to the government response?

General guide: a) Please note who is present in this meeting (if possible) including designation b) Try to complete this within an hour so as not to take up officials’ time c) Acknowledge their support during this assessment, please offer THANKS for their participation d) Please tell the officials we will be happy to share overall report with them and record the key person’s correct contact details for this purpose below.

Name Designation email