An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815–1914 Maartje Abbenhuis Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03760-1 - An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815–1914 Maartje Abbenhuis Index More information

Index

’s Gravenhage. See The Hague arbitration treaties, 146 24-hour rule, 186, 201, 203, 204, 208, 215 Archangel, 84 armaments, 30, 75, 131, 173. See also arms Aaland˚ islands, 85 supply Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon Armenia, 211 (Earl), 77 armistice, 102, 191 Acadians Nation, 28 arms race, 178, 221 Africa, 53, 78, 167, 196, 198, 201, 242 arms supply, 24, 30, 31, 85, 89, 98, 106, scramble for, 168 107, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115–19, Agius, Christine, 11, 24 128, 130–2, 196, 197, 215, 235 Alabama, 91, 98, 115, 116–19. See also Association international pour le progres` des Geneva Arbitration 1872 sciences sociales (International Alaska, 86 Association for the Progress of the Albania, 211. See also neutralisation, of Social Sciences), 154 Albania Atlantic Ocean, 30, 31, 86, 112, 148, 169, Albrecht-Carrie,´ Rene,´ 54, 55 184 AlexanderII(Tsar),88 Australasia, 168 Alexandria, 115 Australia, 86, 105, 204 Alfonso XIII (King), 45 Austria, 9, 29, 172 Algemeen Dagblad, 74, 133 Austria-Hungary, 96, 127, 131, 134, aliens, 214 147, 175, 198, 199, 200, 220, 222, alliances, 125, 141, 142, 153, 218, 220, 231 221 Habsburg Empire, 29, 40, 41, 43, 44, Ally McBeal,5 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 57, 59, 67, 69, American Civil War. See civil war, United 70, 71, 72, 74, 93, 100, 102, 104, States 106, 123, 124, 138, 151 American Journal of International Law, 217 Austro-French War 1859, 44 American Non-Intercourse Act 1807, 34 Austro-Prussian War 1866, 122 American War of Independence 1775–83, 27, 37 Baden, 123, 125 Anderson, M. S., 55 Bahamas, 113 Anderson, Olive, 76–7, 84 Bajer, Fredrik, 189 Angell, Norman, 157, 163 balance of power, 2, 15, 18, 20, 40, 41, 46, Anglo-Dutch War 1780–4, 30 47, 62, 71, 73, 96, 102, 123, 163, Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902, 199 224, 229, 232, 239 Anti-Corn Law 1846, 68 Bale,ˆ 129 anti-militarism, 231 Balfour, Arthur (Sir), 194, 209 Antwerp, 230, 231 Balkan Wars 1912 and 1913, 235, 236 Apia, 61 Balkans, 45, 46, 60, 172, 220, 221 arbitration, 102, 116–19, 121, 144–5, 146, Baltic, 78, 82, 83, 105 148, 149, 150, 154, 157, 158, 159, Baltic Sea, 33, 46, 85, 234 160, 162, 167, 178, 179, 187, 189, Banning, Emile, 170 190–1, 193, 194, 210, 212, 236, 243 Bartlett, C. J., 42

276

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03760-1 - An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815–1914 Maartje Abbenhuis Index More information

Index 277

Bastiat, Fred´ eric,´ 159 Britain, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, Batavia, 208 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, Battle of Sedan 1870, 136 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, Battle of Trafalgar 1805, 31 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, Bauslaugh, Robert, 24 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77–88, Bavaria, 49, 107, 123, 125 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, Beaufort,W.H.de,64 107, 112, 119, 122, 123, 126, 127, Beijing, 197, 198 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, Beira, 196 141, 142, 145, 147, 149, 150, 152, Belgium, 4, 7–8, 15, 45, 51, 52, 55, 56, 154, 157, 166, 168, 171, 172, 176, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 74, 75, 98, 178, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 195, 100, 107, 110, 121, 122, 123, 124, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 207, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132–3, 135, 136, 209, 210, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 138, 151, 153, 154, 158, 163, 167, 226, 228, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 170–1, 176, 222, 224, 225, 230, 231, 242. See also neutrality, Britain and 232, 238, 242. See also neutralisation, Admiralty, 206, 228 of Belgium 1831–9 Board of Trade, 205, 206 empire, 16 Colonial Office, 183, 204 Benedetti Treaty 1867–70, 126 Committee of Imperial Defence, 228 Bentham, Jeremy, 67 empire, 2, 13, 35, 66, 67, 68, 69, 86–7, Berlin, 140 90, 92, 101, 105, 194, 229, 240, Berlin Decree 1806, 34 242 Berlin–Baghdad railway, 184 Foreign Office, 82, 174, 183, 206 Bernath, Stuart L., 119 Home Office, 116, 131 Bern, 48, 51, 151, 162, 211 House of Commons, 79, 80, 82, 194, Best, Geoffrey, 37, 145 230 Bismarck, Otto von, 129, 132, 137, 141, House of Lords, 106, 125, 229, 230 142 isolationism and, 14, 93, 95, 103, 174 Bjornson,¨ Bjornsterne,¨ 164 Law Offices, 130 Black Sea, 78, 84, 105, 128, 172 Royal Navy, 27, 29, 33, 79, 83, 86, 87, Black, Jeremy, 26 114, 130, 195, 206, 242 Blanche, 114 British Neutrality League, 157 Bloch, Ivan, 188 British Peace Society, 157 blockade, 3, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 73, Brouckere, Charles de, 170 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, Brussels, 57, 133, 137, 138, 154 92, 108–12, 114, 128, 130, 169, 179, Brussels Convention 1874, 42, 89, 123, 182, 200, 205, 212, 213, 216, 225, 138, 151, 179, 191 226, 235 buffer zone, 45, 46, 56, 63 blockade-running, 112, 113, 114, 182 Bulgaria, 60 Boers, 178, 187, 195 Bull, Hedley, 41 Bolivia, 53 Bulow,¨ Bernard von (Count), 181 Bonapartists, 137 Bunsen, Christian Charles Josias border patrols, 129, 140, 241 (Chevalier), 48 Borneo, 181 Bureau Internationale de la Paix Bosanquet, S. R. C., 121, 156 (International Peace Bureau), 211 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 211, 220 bureaucratisation, 149 Bourgeois, Leon,´ 153, 191 Burk, Kathleen, 34 Bowyer, George, 79 business as usual, 228, 236 Boxer Rebellion 1900, 178, 180, 197–9 Brazil, 118 Caledonia Mercury,72 Bremen, 75 California, 105 Brialmont, Henri Alexis (General), 170 Cambodia, 53 Bridge, Cyprian (Admiral Sir), 152 Cambridge, 150 Brierly, J. L., 13 Canada, 34, 86, 115, 117 Bright, Charles, 15 Canning, George, 54

278 Index

Canrobert, F. C. (General), 74 Congress of Berlin 1878, 174 Cape of Good Hope, 168 Congress of Laibach 1821, 42 Caribbean, 113, 181, 183 Congress of Troppau 1820, 42 Carnegie, Andrew, 212 Congress of Verona 1822, 42 Carnovale, Luigi, 11 Congress of Vienna 1814–15, 4, 12, 20, Castlereagh, Robert Stewart (Lord), 45, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 88 52, 53, 55, 88, 93, 145, 239 Casto, William, 36 Congress system, 15, 20, 39–45, 48, 49, Catherine the Great (Tsarina), 29, 36, 76 54, 55, 57, 58, 64, 67, 71, 93, 96, Cavallar, G., 172 102, 141, 145, 149, 162, 172, 211, censorship, 134, 182, 183 219, 221, 239. See also balance of Central Powers, 222 power Chadwick, Elizabeth, 235 conscientious objectors, 140 Channel (English), 45, 124, 130, 230 conscription, 115, 140, 231, 233. See also Channel Islands, 46 military service charity, 135, 166, 167 conservatism, 174, 176 Cherbourg, 202 Consolato del Mare,25 China, 60, 105, 112, 116, 178, 181, 187, Constance, 129 197, 200, 205, 208 containment, 86, 198, 224, 225, 227 concession ports, 171, 188, 198, 200 Continental System, 31 Qing dynasty, 197, 198, 200 continuous voyage, 98, 113, 182, 195, Chur, 107 213, 216, 225, 226 Churchill, Winston (Sir), 228 contraband, 3, 24, 25, 30, 31, 75, 77, 78, citizen army, 161, 246 81, 84, 87, 89, 98, 105, 106, 107, citizens. See neutrality, individuals and 108, 109, 111, 119, 122, 128, 130–2, civil war, 195, 197 156, 179, 181, 182, 185, 195, 196, Switzerland 1847–8, 48 201, 205–7, 208, 212, 213, 216, 225, United States, 4, 38, 100, 108–16, 119, 226, 235 120, 122, 227 Convention of Montefontaine 1800, 32 Clarendon, Georg Villiers (Earl), 82 convoying, 26, 29, 30, 33 Clark, Ian, 17, 147, 152 Coogan, John, 18, 182, 225, 238 Clausewitz, Karl von, 17, 247 Cool, Wouter, 231 Clayton–Bulwer Treaty 1850, 53 Copenhagen, 33, 125 coal, 78, 106, 128, 131 Coppa, Frank, 101 coaling, 19, 73, 76, 181, 186–7, 201–3, cosmopolitanism, 163 215 cotton, 112, 205 Coastal Defence Bill 1913, 232 Couperus, Louis, 11 Cobden, Richard, 67, 157, 160 Cracow, 52, 88. See also neutralisation, of Cold War, 4, 8, 12, 13, 219, 246 Cracow collective security, 9, 11, 237, 242, Craig, Gordon A., 209 246 Crimean Peninsula, 74 communications, 19, 91, 148, 180, 240, Crimean War 1853–6, 20, 29, 41, 42, 43, 243. See also neutrality, 45, 48, 56, 57, 59, 60, 65, 67–77, 81, communications and 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, Concert of Europe. See Congress system; 100, 105, 107, 108, 112, 113, 122, Congress of Vienna 135, 142, 149, 170, 172, 205, 220, Conference for the Protection of Literary 225, 240, 242 and Artistic Works 1886, 162 crisis management, 44, 47, 125, 220, 221, Conference of Vienna 1854, 70 223, 234, 235, 239 Conference of Vienna 1855, 74 Cruttwell, C. R. M. F., 245 Congo, 60, 92. See also neutralisation, of Cuba, 114, 181, 182, 183, 217 Congo customs union, 56, 148 Congres` Permanent de l’Humanite´ (Permanent Congress for Humanity), Dame, Frederick William, 169 211 Danish Straits, 203 Congress of Aix-la-Chappelle 1818, 42 Danube River, 53

Index 279

Danubian principalities, 59, 60, 69, 71, export prohibition, 85, 106, 119, 130, 131, 128 132, 201, 213. See also arms supply Danzig, 85 Eyffinger, Arthur, 190, 193 Dardanelles Straits, 54, 207 De Tijd, 107, 176 Fashoda, 188 Declaration of London 1909, 94, 179, Feldbaek, Ole, 33 216, 223, 225–8, 229–30, 235, 240 Ferdinand, Franz (Archduke), 220, 222 Declaration of Paris 1856, 29, 42, 81, Figes, Orlando, 69 87–92, 94, 99, 104, 110–11, 120, Fiji, 204 128, 152, 182, 194, 228 Finland, 188 Delagoa Bay, 195 First World War 1914–18, 2, 7, 8, 10, 12, demilitarisation, 53, 59 13, 19, 20, 35, 37, 42, 45, 52, 57, 88, Den Haag. See The Hague 94, 100, 120, 141, 157, 172, 177, Den Hertog, Johan, 6 178, 209, 211, 228, 235, 236, 237, Denmark, 10, 16, 18, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 239, 240, 242, 267 36, 43, 60, 63, 65, 73, 74, 75, 84, origins of, 14, 15, 20, 96, 141, 145, 178, 121, 122, 125, 126, 131, 140, 162, 219–24, 232, 236, 237, 240 167, 175, 201, 203, 233 Fischer, Fritz, 219 Depius, Charles, 41 Fisher, John (Admiral Sir), 189 depression, 92, 167 Fisk, Robert, 1 Derby, Edward Stanley (Earl of), 169 flags of truce, 191 Descamps, Eduard,´ 158, 163, 189 flexibility, 15, 141, 218, 219, 220, 226, deserters, 106, 138, 139, 140 234, 236, 237, 239 deterrence, 71, 222, 233 Florida, 115 disarmament, 158, 178, 179, 187, 190, Flushing incident 1909–10, 230–2 210 foodstuffs, 19, 132, 166, 205 Disraeli, Benjamin, 59, 176 Foreign Enlistment Act 1794 (United Doggerbank, 203 States), 36, 37, 114 Dominican Republic, 181 Foreign Enlistment Act 1819 (Britain), Dominique, 46 105, 114, 115, 117 Doumeira Island, 53 Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 (Britain), Dowty, Alan, 103 117, 119, 120, 204 Dreyfus Affair, 188 Four Power Plan 1852, 57 due diligence, 99, 117, 118, 119–22, 123, France, ix, 20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 131, 183, 185, 197, 202, 213 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, Dutch East Indies, 181, 197, 204 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, economic nationalism, 90, 92, 168 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 84, 89, 90, 92, 93, economic warfare. See warfare, economic 94, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, Economist, 50, 72, 75, 83, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, Edinburgh Review, 91, 103, 105 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, Edward VII (King), 172, 228 141, 147, 150, 151, 154, 165, 166, Egypt, 53, 56, 59, 112, 168, 186, 207 168, 172, 174–5, 176, 184, 187, 196, Elba, 105 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, Elisabeth (Empress), 188 216, 220, 222, 224, 225, 230, 231, Elliot, Edward, 120 232, 233, 268 embargo, 32, 34, 112 empire, 13, 53 England. See Britain Franco-Prussian War 1870–1, 14, 50, 56, Entente Cordiale, 7, 62, 232 59, 63, 96, 98, 99, 100, 117, 120, Esperanto, 52 122, 123–43, 146, 151, 157, 166–7, espionage, 191, 200 169, 170, 172, 175, 176, 182, 213, Europe, 99, 100, 142, 148, 150, 154, 184, 219, 225 195, 196, 198, 201, 219, 220, 222, Frank, Robert, 23 229, 232 Frankfurt, 123 empires of, 12, 20, 162, 198 Franz Josef (Emperor), 172

280 Index

Frederick the Great (Emperor), 27 golden age, 2, 3, 88, 145, 237 free ships make free goods, 25, 27, 30, 32, good faith, 207 78, 79–80, 82, 87, 111 good ofﬁces, 45, 162, 187 free trade, 68. See also liberalism, free trade goods of war, See contraband freedom of the seas, 25, 26, 27, 109. See Graham, Malbone Watson, 46, 229, 236 also open seas Grand Lac, 53 French Revolutionary Wars 1792–7, 30, Great Britain. See Britain 32, 36, 37 Greece, 53, 96 French War in China 1884, 174 Ancient, 1 Freya,33 Greene, Graham, 5 Fried, Alfred Hermann, 189 Grotius, Hugo, 2, 11, 26, 79, 229 Friedrich Wilhelm IV (King), 48, 49, Gulf of Liaotung, 200 85 gunboat diplomacy, 61, 92 fuelstuffs, 19, 186, 201, 215. See also coal Gustavus Adolphus (King), 22, 26

Gabriel, Jurg¨ Martin, 37 Habsburg Empire. See Austria, Habsburg Garibaldi, Guiseppe, 105, 106, 127, 136 Empire Geneva, 162, 188 Hague Conventions. See Hague Peace Geneva arbitration 1872, 116, 118–21, Conference 122, 123, 144, 146, 150, 203 Hague Peace Conference, 42, 64, 89, 123, Geneva Conventions 1864, 89, 135, 146, 138, 154, 160, 164, 178–80, 218, 151, 153, 164, 179, 191 228, 240, 243, 244 Geneva Conventions 1906, 165 ﬁrst Hague Peace Conference 1899, 20, Genoa, 46 147, 178, 194, 208 genocide, 9, 10 second Hague Peace Conference 1907, Gentili, Alberto, 26 3, 20, 37, 121, 147, 185, 187, 192, Georgia, 211 194, 209, 210–17, 223, 225, 229, German Wars of Uniﬁcation 1864–71, 60 233, 235 Germany, 4, 14, 19, 41, 45, 52, 60, 61, 96, Haiti, 181 124, 142, 147, 149, 150, 151, 154, Hamburg, 46, 75 166, 172, 178, 181, 184, 189, 195, Hamilton, C. I., 87 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 204, 206, Hankey, Maurice, 228 207, 208, 209, 214, 219, 222, 224, Hanotaux, Gabriel, 192 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, Hanover, 33, 123 235 Hanse towns, 24, 75 Foreign Ministry, 149 Harcourt, William Vernon, 150 German Confederation, 58, 63, 107, Harding, John D. (Sir), 82, 84, 85 123, 128 Hautefeuille, Laurent Basile, 156 Nazi Germany, 6, 7, 9 Hawai’i, 186 Prussia, 14, 27, 29, 33, 40, 41, 43, 44, Hay–Pauncefote Treaty 1901, 184 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 57, 58, 60, 63, 67, Headrick, Daniel, 69 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 83, 85, 90, Hesse-Kassel, 123 93, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 110, 114, Hilty, Carl, 169 116, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, Hinsley, F. H., 47, 149 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, Hipsang, 206 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 172, 176 Hitler, Adolf, 1, 11 South German Confederation, 63 HM Hermes,60 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried, 63 HMS Defence, 136 Geyer, Michael, 15 Holland, Thomas Erskine, 150 Gibson, Milner, 82 Holocaust, 9 Gladstone, William Ewart, 144, 146, Holy Alliance, 93 176 Honduras, 53 globalisation, 2, 19, 66, 91, 148, 180, 211, Hong Kong, 208 228, 239, 242 horses, 130, 131, 139, 197 gold rush, 105 Hosack, John, 83

Index 281

Howard, Michael, 176 private property and, 81, 87, 104, 128, Howe,Anthony,68 205, 216, 226 Hubner,¨ Martin, 29, 156 treaty law, 148 Hudson’s Bay Company, 86 international organisations, 145, 153, 154, Huizinga, Johan, 11 157, 158, 159, 162, 211, 212, 244, humanitarianism, 2, 10, 146, 151, 158, 245. See also neutrality, international 167, 193, 236, 247. See also neutrality, organisations and humanitarianism and International Prize Court, 179, 216, 217, Hungary, 138. See also Austria, 225, 227, 228, 229, 235, 243 Austria-Hungary international society, 153, 161, 176, 180, Huskisson, William, 67 191, 193, 236, 244 Hutcheson, Francis, 67 international system, 2, 14, 152, 220, 221, Hutchinson, John F., 135 223, 228, 232, 236, 243. See also Congress system Illustrated London News, 44, 72, 102, 103, International Telegraphic Union, 182 131, 134, 136, 166 internationalism, 2, 9, 145, 146–8, 150, Imlah, Ann, 50, 51 151, 154, 157–61, 163, 165, 179, impartiality, 3, 89, 130, 132, 158, 165. See 188–9, 190, 191, 211, 212, 243, 246. neutrality, impartiality and See also neutrality, internationalism imperialism, 19. See also neutrality, and imperialism and; trade, imperialism internment, 42, 89, 98, 106, 134, 137, and; Britain, empire; modernisation; 138–9, 191, 196, 208, 215 globalisation; Europe, empires of Inter-Parliamentary Union, 157, 158, 159, new, 42 193, 211 impressment, 34, 182 interventionism, 109, 110, 158, 166, 175 India, 104, 105, 112 Ionian Islands, 53, 54, 90. See also Indochina, 53, 202 neutralisation, of Ionian Islands industrialisation, 19, 149 Ireland, 9, 245 Institut de droit international (Institute of Irish Neutrality League, 158 International Law), 153, 154, 163, Iriye, Akira, 246 191, 193 Iroquois Nation, 28 international affairs, 18, 20, 23, 60, 100, isolationism, 38, 103. See also neutrality, 148, 156, 160, 162, 174, 176, 179, isolationism and; Britain, isolationism 194, 198, 210, 211, 221, 237, 246 and International Anti-Military Movement, Italian Wars of Uniﬁcation, 50 158 Italy, 4, 28, 53, 96, 106, 118, 127, 131, International Association of Academies, 136, 138, 198, 199, 200, 217, 220 159 international citizens, 163 Jamaica, 113 International Council of Women, 211 Japan, 7, 62, 86, 178, 181, 187, 198, 199, International Court of Justice, 147 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208 international environment, 4, 8, 13, 20, 44, Jay Treaty 1794, 32 99, 220, 229, 236, 237, 242, 245, 246 Jay, John, 36 international exhibitions, 161 Jefferson, Thomas, 36 international ﬁnance, 163 Jerusalem, 70 international law, 1, 2, 3, 13, 17, 20, 21, Jessup, Philip C., 12, 13, 15 22, 24, 27, 35, 37, 40, 48, 77, 79, 87, Jeune Ecole´ , 151 88, 94, 99, 100, 108, 118, 119, 121, Johnny English Reborn,5 123, 138, 145, 148, 149, 150–1, July crisis 1914. See First World War, 152–7, 159, 164, 167, 179, 180, 193, origins of 195, 208, 211, 212, 226, 227, 229, just war, 1, 11, 12, 13, 24, 26. See also 243 neutrality, morality and maritime law, 77–85, 87, 197, 214, 215–16, 223, 225–8, 240, 242 Kamranh Bay, 202 of war, 178, 187, 191, 210, 212 Karlsruhe, 123

282 Index

Kiaochow, 208 Lubeck,¨ 75 Kleen, Richard, 155 Lusitania,7 Knight Commander, 206 Luxembourg, 45, 52, 57, 58, 90, 96, 100, Kojong, Emperor, 62 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 140–1, Korea, 62, 178, 198, 200, 212 142, 153, 192, 213, 222, 224, 225. Koskeniemi, Martti, 145, 150, 154 See also neutralisation, of Luxembourg Krupps, 232 Luzern, 106 Lyons, Henry (Lord), 169 La Paz, 53 Lacointa, Jules, 165 Machiavelli, Niccolo,` 1, 11, 26, 27 Lambert, Nicholas, 228 Madagascar, 201, 202 Lammasch, Heinrich, 153, 172 Madariaga, Isabel de, 29, 30 Lancashire, 104 Mahan, Alfred, 151 Lancaster, 112 Malmesbury, Edward Jarros (Lord), 125 Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice Malta, 46 (Lord), 156, 199, 206 Manchuria, 178, 198, 200, 201 Lauterpacht, Hersch, 9 Manningford, Bruce, 173 Le Havre, 206 maritime law. See international law, Le Nord,44 maritime law League of Armed Neutrals, 29, 30, 32, 33 maritime warfare. See warfare, naval and League of Nations, 8, 211, 242, 243 economic league of neutrals, 164 Martens, Fyodor de, 39, 192, 212 Lebeau, J., 163 Maxey, Edwin, 117 Leeds, 167 mediation, 40, 41, 44, 49, 63, 70, 88, 99, Lemnitzer, Jan, 104 102, 110, 127, 162, 187, 191, 194, Lena, 208 195, 239. See also neutrality, Leopold II (Emperor), 170 mediation and Lessep, Ferdinand de, 168 Mediterranean, 186 letters of marque, 80, 111. See also Mediterranean Sea, 25, 33 privateering Melbourne, 105 Lettevall, Rebecka, 10, 243, 244 Menning, Ralph, 43 Levi, Leone, 144, 146 mercantilism, 27, 28, 30, 35, 67, 68, 76 Levine, Phillippa, 67 mercenaries, 114. See also privateering Liaotung Peninsula, 200 merchant marine, 69, 75, 80, 161, 240 liberalism, 148, 159, 162, 176 Metternich, Clemens von (Prince), 172 free trade, 2, 67, 77, 89, 92–3, 167, 171 Mexico, 116, 187 Manchester School, 90 Middle East, 220, 242 Liberia, 181 might makes right, 22, 35, 37, 151, 189, Lieber Code 1863, 191 228 Liege` (Luik), 46 Milan Decree 1807, 34 Limburg, 107, 123, 231 militarism, 10, 151, 160, 165, 221, 236 limited warfare. See warfare, limited military authority, 191 Lingelbach, William E., 55 military materials, 139. See also List, Friedrich, 92 armaments; arms supply; contraband Liverpool, 87, 166 military occupation, 6, 33, 50, 123, 191 Liverpool Steam-Ship Owners’ military service, 103, 112, 114–15, 116, Association, 206 123, 214, 231 Liverpool (Earl of), 83 Millman, Richard, 14 Lloyd George, David, 219, 223 mines Loch, William Adam, 83 ﬂoating, 208 London, 84, 90, 150 submarine, 217, 226 London Peace Society, 211 mobilisation, 107, 129, 140, 222, 241 Louis Napoleon. See Napoleon III moderation, 41. See also restraint (Emperor) modernisation, 66, 149 Lowry, Grosvernor P., 109 modernism, 159

Index 283

Moldovia, 69, 71 of Albania, 234 Molesworth, William (Sir), 79, 80 of Belgium 1831–9, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, Moltke, Helmuth von (Count), 234 170, 231 Monroe Doctrine 1823, 104 of Black Sea 1856, 47, 52, 90, 96, 124, Montague, Bernard, 150 127, 203. See also Treaty of Paris morality, 156. See also neutrality, morality of canals, 53, 184 and of China, 198, 200 Moresnet, 51, 52, 88, 225. See also of Congo 1885, 60 neutralisation, of Moresnet of Cracow 1815, 52 Morgenthau, H. J., 3 of Danish Straits, 203 Morning Chronicle,72 of Dardanelles Straits, 203 Morocco, 46, 201, 210, 220 of Egypt, 234 Moscow, 207 of Ionian Islands 1863, 53 Moynier, Gustave, 146 of Luxembourg 1867, 42, 45, 58, 59, Mozambique, 197 129, 140–1 Mulligan, William, 141, 219, 220, 236 of Moresnet 1815, 51, 52 Munster,¨ 46 of Panama Canal, 53, 169, 184, 203 of Persia, 234 Napoleon Bonaparte (Emperor), 40, of railways, 53, 184 133 of Samoa 1889, 61 Napoleon III (Emperor), 43, 57, 102, 135, of Scandinavia, 233, 234 136 of Serbia, 234 Napoleonic Wars 1797–1815, 2, 18, 31, of Suez Canal, 53, 168–9, 203 32, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 47, 66, 67, 68, of Switzerland 1815, 47, 48, 50, 51 87, 88, 113, 226, 239 of telegraph cables, 130, 182–4, 185 Nassau, 123 of the Netherlands, 233, 234 Nasson, Bill, 92 neutralism, 9 nationalism, 151, 161, 165, 177, 197, 207, neutrality 220, 221, 229, 236, 246 active, 104, 140, 158, 175, 241 Naval Prize Bill 1911, 229–30 advantages of, 75, 86, 91, 97–8, 104, naval warfare. See warfare, naval 110, 141, 193, 209, 217, 224, 235, navalism, 151 237, 240, 245 Navigation Act 1849, 68 arbitration and, 145 Nazi Germany. See Germany, Nazi armed, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 36, 71, 101, Neff, Stephen, 3, 24 104, 107, 123, 175, 176, 224, 232–3, Netherlands, 4, 6–7, 10, 16, 27, 28, 29, 241 30, 36, 45, 51, 56, 58, 63, 64, 74, 75, arms supply and, 115–19 83, 107, 114, 115, 120, 123, 125, belligerents and, 25, 27, 29, 32, 35, 37, 126, 131, 133, 139, 151, 154, 162, 38, 44, 67, 68, 72, 75, 76, 77–87, 94, 163, 164, 167, 171, 175, 176, 191, 97, 99, 108, 109, 113, 114–15, 122, 195, 198, 202, 204, 211, 224, 230, 125, 128, 129–30, 132, 134, 140, 231, 232, 235, 238, 240, 243, 141, 142, 181, 185, 196, 206, 207, 244 208, 209, 213, 214, 224, 225, 228, Neuchatel,ˆ 48 235, 240, 242 neutral face, 99, 106, 126, 132, 134 benevolent, 76, 200, 201 neutral ﬂag, 30, 31, 78, 82, 91 Britain and, 18, 20, 21, 35, 37, 44, 51, neutral site, 191 65, 67, 68, 69, 77–85, 87–8, 95, 100, Neutral Territory and Municipal Board 106, 108–20, 122, 124, 125, 127, (Samoa), 61 128, 134, 149, 166–7, 172–4, 181, neutral zones, 61, 62, 168 183, 186, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, neutralisation, 20, 45, 46, 51, 53, 59, 60, 209, 217, 222, 226, 228, 230, 237, 62, 63, 93, 124, 153, 157, 162, 163, 239, 240 172, 224, 234, 239, 242. See also communications and, 181, 184, 185, neutrality, permanent (guaranteed) 208, 213 of Aaland˚ islands, 85 conservatism and, 177

284 Index

neutrality (cont.) in medieval period, 1, 24, 25 declaration of, 17, 37, 44, 73, 77, 98, in nineteenth century, 2, 12, 13, 15, 16, 108, 140, 173, 174, 181, 199, 202, 17, 18, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39, 43, 50, 241 237, 238–40, 241, 243, 246–7 defence of, 107, 122, 140, 175, 224, intwentiethcentury,2,3,4,5,7,8,9, 232–3 10, 11, 14, 19, 24, 30, 237, 242, definition of, 1, 2, 10, 12, 23, 28, 36, 243–6 48, 88, 108, 170, 175–6, 238, 241, in twenty-first century, 4, 5, 9, 12, 16 244, 245 individuals and, 10, 30, 31, 36, 37, 51, domestic law and, 36, 37, 100, 114, 80, 84, 97, 98, 114, 115, 116, 117, 115, 116, 119–22, 129 121, 129, 134, 161, 175, 209, 213, empire and, 53, 60, 62, 64, 86–7, 90, 214 101, 171, 173, 242 international organisations and, 162 foreign policy and, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, internationalism and, 17, 21, 64, 119, 26, 28, 38, 44, 47, 70, 99, 103, 141, 157–61, 162, 163, 164, 170, 177, 180, 223, 229, 234, 237, 239, 241, 191, 237, 243, 244, 245, 246 245, 246 isolationism and, 7, 12, 14 globalisation and, 242 liberalism and, 162, 167, 177 great powers and, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, limited war and, 14, 39, 97, 141, 40, 44, 45, 46, 52, 56, 96, 102, 127, 237 180, 196, 200, 210, 216, 218, 223, mediation and, 20, 44, 45 224, 229, 230–2, 234, 235, 236, 237, militarisation of, 233 238–40, 241, 242, 244, 246 militarism and, 163, 164 humanitarianism and, 9, 17, 79, 98, military strategy and, 64, 76 135, 142, 162, 167, 177, 195, 235, morality and, 9, 10, 11, 13, 24, 26, 119, 243, 245 156, 164, 167, 172, 235, 245 idealism and, 36, 80, 81, 119, 148, nationalism and, 8, 17, 97, 148, 161, 157–61, 162, 163, 217, 243, 244, 162, 163, 166, 167, 175, 176, 177, 245 237, 243, 244, 245, 246 impartiality and, 9, 10, 16, 17, 26, 32, naval warfare and, 77–85, 97, 180, 214, 36, 73, 99, 106, 117, 123, 129, 133, 215–16, 225–8, 229–30 135, 159, 185, 202, 213 obligations of states to, 3, 89, 97–100, imperialism and, 19, 164, 167 105–8, 109, 111, 114–22, 123, in ancient times, 1, 24 128–30, 132, 135, 140, 181, 183, in early modern period, 2, 3, 4, 20, 22, 185, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 46, 76, 79 201–7, 209, 210, 213–14, 215, 225, in First World War, 4, 6, 7, 11, 240, 233, 240, 241 241, 242–3, 244, 245 occasional, 15, 16, 17, 18, 44, 45, 95, in historiography, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 13, 14, 103, 161, 175, 177, 238 15, 18, 38, 108, 209 open seas and, 86, 167, 214, 242 in international law, 1, 3, 9, 10, 15, 17, passive, 6, 8, 11, 12, 104, 245, 246 18, 20, 22–3, 24, 25–30, 32, 35, 37, peace and, 17, 30, 148, 155, 157, 163, 87–92, 94, 97–100, 108–19, 120, 123, 166, 177, 238, 244, 246 129, 131, 138, 142, 148, 150, 152, permanent (guaranteed), 15, 16, 17, 45, 155, 156, 157, 175, 176, 179, 180, 47, 59, 63, 64, 100, 123, 126, 153, 191–2, 201, 202, 208, 209, 210, 158, 161, 175, 177, 224, 233, 238, 212–18, 224, 225–8, 229, 233, 235, 239 238, 240, 241, 244, 245 profiteering and, 31, 243, 245 in international system, 12, 17, 18, 20, public understanding of, 17, 20, 21, 56, 21, 22, 23, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 71, 72, 75, 82, 106, 120, 131, 134, 63, 64, 72, 93, 97, 99, 100, 123, 124, 158, 161–4, 166–7, 175–6, 230 125, 142, 148, 153, 162, 163, 164, refuge and, 52, 106, 135, 136–7, 195 174, 209, 217, 218, 223, 224, 229, science and, 243 233, 234, 236, 238–40, 241, 242, shipping and, 25, 33, 34, 94, 97, 111, 244, 245, 246 112, 113, 129, 182, 204, 206, 207

Index 285

neutrality (cont.) Olympic Games, 161, 163 small states and, 4, 7, 20, 23, 40, 45, 63, open seas, 26, 77, 87, 94, 105, 182, 208, 64, 125, 153, 154, 162, 163, 164, 214, 227, 240. See trade, open seas 224, 227, 230–3, 234, 237, 238, 244, and; sovereignty, open seas 245, 246 Opium Wars, 92 smuggling and, 52, 130–2 Oppenheim, Lassa, 150, 152–3 sovereignty and, 34, 97, 99, 106, 114, Orange Free State, 195 116, 117, 121, 129–30, 140, 154, 183, Ørvik, Nils, 16 186–7, 201–3, 207, 213–14, 216, 246 Oslo, 162 territorial, 3, 106, 114, 116, 121, 129, Oslo Fjord, 53 130, 141, 182, 185, 186, 191, 196, Osnabruck,¨ 46 201–3, 207, 208, 209, 213–14, 215, Ottoman Empire, 53, 59, 69, 71, 104, 224, 233, 241. See also territorial 128, 138, 172, 207, 220 integrity Oxford, 150 trade and, 3, 17, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, Oxford Manual of War 1880, 154, 191 32, 33, 34, 63, 67, 68, 70, 75, 81–7, 97, 98, 104, 110, 111, 112–14, 128, Pacific Ocean, 30, 86, 168, 169, 181, 184, 157, 161, 163, 164, 173, 180, 201, 198 205, 206, 209, 214, 217, 226, 235, pacifism. See peace, pacifism 240, 242 Palmerston, Henry John Temple (Lord), treaties and, 199 48, 59, 77, 87, 89 types of, 15, 17, 23, 28, 126, 238, 241, Panama Canal. See neutralisation, of 245 Panama Canal unarmed, 129, 140 Paris, 74, 133, 134, 166, 211 violations of, 4, 97–100, 105–8, 112–14, Paris Commune 1871, 137 116–19, 128–30, 132, 135, 141, 185, Passy, Fred´ eric,´ 159 196, 201–7, 209, 213, 215, 238, 241, patriotism. See nationalism 242 Pauncefote, Julian (Sir), 189 voluntary, 15, 16, 17, 45, 56, 63, 153, Pax Britannica, 69, 103. See also Britain, 161, 164, 175, 224, 238 isolationism and neutrality alliance, 71, 199 peace, 159, 187, 193, 197, 219, 221, 227, Neutrality Commission 1867, 117, 150 228, 234, 236, 237, 247. See also New Orleans, 197 neutrality, peace and New Zealand, 86, 105, 204 appeal of, 18 newspapers, 74, 75, 81, 90, 105, 107, 120, in nineteenth century, 15 132, 133, 134, 150, 156, 160, 164, pacifism, 145, 146, 153, 159, 160, 174, 176, 197, 202, 212, 235 188–9, 210, 211, 212, 227, 236, 243 Nice, 101 Peace Palace, 190, 212 Nicholas I (Tsar), 74, 76, 85 peacekeepers, 71 Nicholas II (Tsar), 187, 193, 202 Permanent Court of Arbitration, 64, 147, Nijmegen, 46 162, 179, 190, 191, 193, 204, 212, Niue,´ 61 243. See also arbitration Nobel Institute, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164 Permanent Court of Justice, 147 Nobel Peace Prize, 153, 154, 164 Perreau-Saussine, Amanda, 152 non-alignment, 9 Perris, G. H., 190 non-interventionism, 102, 103, 157 Persia, 62, 75, 187 Nordic Peace Congress 1895, 158 Peru, 53 North Sea, 45, 203, 230 Pesti Naplo´, 127 North Sea Convention 1908, 64, 234 Philippines, 181, 182, 186, 187, 208 Norway, 53, 63, 162, 163, 164 Phillimore, J. G., 79, 91 Nossi-Be, 202 Phillimore, Robert, 91 Nothombs, J. B., 163 Phillipson, Coleman, 236 Piedmont. See Sardinia Odessa, 78 pigeon carriers, 129 Ogley, Roderick, 16, 142 piracy,4,25

286 Index

Pitt, William (the Younger), 88 Revue de droit international et de legislation´ Poland, 52, 96, 122, 138, 211 comparee´ (Review of International Law polar expeditions, 164 and Comparative Legislature), 154, political equilibrium. See balance of power 155 Politis, Nicholas, 212, 246 Rhineland, 57, 63 Port Sa¨ıd, 186, 207 Riga, 82, 83 Portugal, 29, 46, 75, 195, 196, 197, 204 Riste, Olav, 88 positivism, 152 Rome, 136 postal services, 129, 148, 161, 207, 215 Roosevelt, Theodore, 158, 164, 209 Prinsterer, Guillaume Groen van, 72 Root, Elihu, 227 Prinz Heinrich, 207 Rostock, 83 prisoners of war, 42, 138, 139, 191, 208, Rotterdamsche Courant, 107 215 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 35 private property, 81, 87, 182. See also Royal Navy. See Britain, Royal Navy international law, private property and Royal United Services Institution, 202 privateering, 4, 25, 28, 32, 77, 78, 79, 80, Rule of 1756, 28, 30, 32, 79, 80, 82, 83, 81, 87, 110–11, 182, 214, 216 87, 89, 91, 94. See also continuous prize law, 4, 25, 26, 29, 32, 82, 99, 109, voyage 111, 113, 114, 195, 205–7, 208, 215, Russell, John (Lord), 113 216, 217, 225 Russia, 29, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, professionalisation, 149, 150 52, 53, 57, 59, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, protecting power, 162 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, protectionism, 92, 168. See also economic 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 96, 100, nationalism 101, 104, 105, 110, 124, 125, 126, Prussia. See Germany, Prussia 127, 135, 138, 147, 171, 172, 178, public opinion, 120, 160–1, 172, 181, 188, 185, 187, 188, 192, 196, 198, 199, 192, 196, 202, 211, 212, 230, 231 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, Puerto Rico, 183 208, 209, 217, 220, 222, 225, 234 Punch, 166 Baltic Fleet, 201–4, 216 empire, 193 Radicals, 227 Foreign Ofﬁce, 207 railways, 123, 129, 138, 193, 196, 239 Soviet Union, 8 Rappahannock, 116 Volunteer Fleet, 207, 214 rationalism, 150, 159 Russian American Company, 86 Realpolitik, 2, 22, 43 Russo-Japanese War 1904–5, 130, 156, recruitment, 57, 89, 197, 213 178, 180, 185, 187, 194, 199–210, Red Cross, 137, 146, 158, 162, 164–6, 214, 216, 227 195, 211 Russo-Turkish War 1877, 172, 174 Red Sea, 207 Ryeshitelni, 200 Red Shirts, 105 Reeves, Henry, 105 Samoa, 61, 62 refugees, 135, 136, 166, 167. See also San Francisco, 208 neutrality, refuge and Sarajevo, 220 Regenbogin, Herbert, 37, 38 Sarawak, 181 religion, 159 Sardinia, 36, 49, 57, 70, 74, 100, 106, 135 Renan, Ernst, 8 Savoy, 49, 50, 57, 101, 106, 107 Renault, Louis, 153 Saxony, 107, 123 republicanism, 164 Scandinavia, 76, 81, 167, 224, 238, Restoration Period, 39 243 restraint, 70, 72, 96, 127, 145, 219, 221, Scheffer, David J., 10 222, 236, 239, 241 Schelde (Scheldt) River, 230, 231 revolution, 39, 40, 55 Schleswig-Holstein, 43, 60, 122, 126, of 1848, 4, 43, 48, 52, 56, 71, 138 140 in Russia, 1905, 207 Schlieffen Plan 1905 and 1908–9, 222, of Young Turks, 1908, 220 224, 230, 234

Index 287

Schmitt, Carl, 13 sports, 161 Schroeder, Paul, 23, 39, 40, 55, 57, 63, Srebrenica, 10 74, 93, 232 SS Orwell, 105 Schucking,¨ Walther, 153, 180, 191, 211 St Eustatius, 30 search and visit, 26, 29, 30, 31, 78, 81, 85, St Kilda, 206 93, 109, 113 St Lucia, 46 Second Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902, 178, St Petersburg, 83, 88 180, 194, 197, 209 St Vincent, 46 Second Socialist International, 158 Stead, W. T., 188, 211 Second War of Italian Uniﬁcation 1859, Stengel, Hermann von (Baron), 189 99, 100–3, 104, 105–8, 109, 138, 157 Stockholm, 65, 85, 158, 162 Second World War 1939–45, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Stockton, C. H., 19, 91, 184, 227, 240, 11, 211, 219, 242, 246 242 self-determination, 211, 220 Strasbourg, 136 Semmel, Bernard, 89 Sturzo, Luigi, 190 Serbia, 10, 60, 222. See also neutralisation, Suez Canal, 154, 184, 186, 201, 207. See of Serbia neutralisation, of Suez Canal Sevastopol, 74 supply bases, 86, 186. See also arms supply Seven Years War 1754–63, 27, 29 Suttner, Bertha von (Baroness), 188 Seward, William H., 119 Sweden, 4, 9, 10, 28, 30, 33, 36, 51, 53, Shanghai, 201 60, 63, 65, 73, 74, 75, 85, 125, 127, Shenandoah, 115 131, 151, 161, 162, 171, 175, 203, shipping, 25, 28, 35, 86, 105, 111, 115, 244 180, 206, 230, 240. See also neutrality, Swiss Family Robinson, 5 shipping and Switzerland, 4–6, 9, 16, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, Siam, 53, 62, 187 56, 57, 59, 63, 75, 88, 106, 107, 118, Sicily, 29 120, 123, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, Sino-Japanese War 1894, 174 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, slave trade, 78 142, 153, 158, 162, 163, 164, 167, small states. See neutrality, small states and 169–70, 172, 238, 243, 244. See also Smith, Adam, 35, 67 neutralisation, of Switzerland smuggling. See neutrality, smuggling and Society of Righteous and Harmonious Taiping Rebellion 1850–64, 60 Fists, 197 Tamse, C. M., 63 Sofka, James, 35 Tangier, 201, 204 Solferino, 101, 102 Tangye, R. T. G., 121, 156 Solvay Council, 159 taxation, 144, 214 Somalia, 53 Techuatepec, 53 Somsen, Geert, 10 telegraph, 129–30, 154, 213, 240. See also South Africa, 195, 197 neutralisation, of telegraph cables South America, 92, 114, 181, 183, 187 telegraph stations, 183 South East Asia, 168 territorial integrity, 107, 117, 196, 197, sovereignty, 147, 149, 151, 152, 190, 193, 200, 208, 213, 233. See also 24-hour 216. See also trade, sovereignty and; rule; neutrality, territorial neutrality, sovereignty and territorial waters, 54, 186, 197, 202, 203, open seas, 3, 25, 77 204, 215 territorial, 73, 97 The Hague, 74, 162, 178, 189, 193, 244 Soviet Union. See Russia, Soviet Union The Times, 62, 70, 76, 82, 83, 84, 90, 101, Spain, 25, 27, 28, 29, 34, 45, 46, 75, 114, 105, 106, 118, 119, 120, 134, 166, 128, 176, 178, 181, 183, 186, 191, 173, 174, 179, 184, 188, 192 204 Thirty Years War 1618–48, 22, 27 Spanish–American War 1898, 121, 130, Thomas, Daniel, 58 176, 178, 180, 181–3, 186–7, 191, Tilburgsche Courant, 197 209, 226 Tirpitz, Alfred, 151 Spitteler, Carl, 11 Tobago, 46

288 Index

Tonga, 61, 62 Victoria (Queen), 58, 60, 105 total war. See warfare, total Vienna, Congress of. See Congress of trade, 91. See also neutrality, trade and Vienna Europe and, 19 Vigo, 204 imperialism and, 19, 27 Vladivostok, 198, 201 open seas and, 19, 25, 66 Vlissingen, 230. See also Flushing incident sovereignty and, 3 1909–10 transit, 50, 75, 89, 132, 138, 140, 141, volunteer corps, 103, 123 163, 196, 213, 215 Vrede door Recht (Peace through Law), 211 Transvaal, 195, 196 Treaty of Amiens 1801, 46 Wallachia, 69, 71 Treaty of Berlin 1854, 71 Walvis Bay, 53 Treaty of Berlin 1878, 45, 60 War of 1812, 32, 34, 35, 37, 68, 76 Treaty of Berlin 1885, 60 warfare Treaty of London 1831, 42, 55, 124, 231. abolition of, 155, 157 See also neutralisation, of Belgium avoidance of, 24, 39, 47, 54, 60, 62, 67, 1831–9 70, 97, 110, 114, 122, 128, 144, 146, Treaty of London 1867, 42, 45, 90, 128. 154, 164, 168, 188–9, 192, 217, 221, See also neutralisation, of Luxembourg 229, 237, 240, 244, 245, 247 Treaty of Paris 1856, 46, 53, 60, 85, 90. economic, 4, 19, 25, 31, 34, 85–7, 90, See also Declaration of Paris 91, 94, 111–14, 180, 185, 206, 227, Treaty of Versailles 1871, 134 228, 235 Treaty of Villafranca 1859, 101 foreign policy and, 145 Treaty of Washington 1871, 117–18, 119, general, 45, 221, 224, 237, 239, 120, 154 240 Treaty of Westphalia 1648, 26 great powers and, 57 Trent, 109–10 just war. See just war Trentham, Frank, 92 limited, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 39, 45, 70, Tripoli, 199 74, 75, 85, 99, 100, 102, 128, 216, Tsushima Strait, 203 221, 224, 227, 235, 237, 239, 241, Turkey, 9. See also Ottoman Empire 245 Tuscany, 28, 46 modern, 209, 241 national, 125 U-boat. See warfare, U-boat nationalism and, 96 United Kingdom. See Britain naval, 3, 19, 25, 31, 67, 68, 78, 80, 90, United Nations, 8, 211 91, 191, 207, 214 United Provinces. See Netherlands nuclear, 9 United States, 4, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 27, 28, planning for, 16, 180, 197, 218, 221, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 61, 223, 224, 227, 229, 231, 232–3, 234, 66, 67, 69, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84, 86, 236, 238 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 98, 99, 100, 103, regulation of, 194 104, 112, 115, 116, 117, 122, 130, torpedo, 226 131, 147, 150, 158, 176, 178, 181, total, 9, 18, 19, 209, 229, 235, 237, 241, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 195, 242, 246, 247 196, 197, 198, 200, 203, 205, 208, U-boat, 4 209, 210, 211, 216, 226, 233, 242, Wars for Greek Independence 1820s, 53 243 Wars of German Unification 1864–71, 96, Civil War. See civil war, United States 100, 122 Confederacy, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115, Wars of Italian Unification, 90, 96, 100, 116, 119 101. See also Second War of Italian Union, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, Unification 115, 117, 119 Warsaw, 46 universalism, 163 warships conversion of, 115, 207, 208, 214 Vatican, 45, 127, 187 outfitting of, 89, 115, 117, 215 Verzijl, J. H. W., 15, 24, 46, 108 Washington, 113

Index 289

Wassenaer,R.F.H.van,175 world federation, 191, 211 Wawro, Geoffrey, 14 World War One. See First World War weapons development, 187 World War Two. See Second World War Webster, Charles, 47 wounded, 137, 139, 165, 166, 191, Weihaiwei, 200 208 Welles, Orson, 5 Wrange, Pal,˚ 13, 209 Weltpolitik, 19, 229 Wright, Quincy, 12, 13 West Indies, 27, 30, 46 Wurttemberg,¨ 107, 125 Westlake, John, 227 Wyss, Johan David, 5 White Sea, 84 Widmalm, Sven, 10, 171 xenophobia, 236 Wilhelmina (Queen), 232 Wilhelmslohe, 137 Yangtsze River, 60 will to war, 246, 247 Young,G.M.,14 Willem I (King), 55 Willem III (King), 58, 59 Zimmermann telegram 1917, 7 Wolf, Henry Drummond (Sir), 188 Zollverein, 148 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 31 Zorn, Philipp, 189 Workmen’s Peace Association, 157 Zurich,¨ 134