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CENTER OF SEISMIC MONITORING

MONITORING OF SEISMIC HAZARD IN REPUBLIC OF NICOLETA COJOCARU jr. researcher

2015 ORFEUS Annual Observatory Coordination meeting 21 – 24 September 2015 Bucharest, Seismicity of Moldova Republic The territory Republic of Moldova is influenced by intermediate depth earthquakes from Vrancea seismic zone, located in Romania and local weak earthquakes.

The strongest of these earthquakes are distributed on the depth interval 70-200 km, with maximum magnitude 7.5-7.8. The maximum intensity VII-VIII (MSK-scale ) is observed in Moldova. Statistical information about seismic activity of the Vrancea zone is available since the year 1000. On average, strong earthquakes of magnitude M ≥ 6 occur ten times or more per century. Some of them (November 10, 1940, March 4, 1977, August 31, 1986) caused casualties and considerable damage.

Seismic studies in Moldova are carried out by the Institute of Geology and Seismology of the Academy of Science. The research priorities of the Institute are monitoring of seismicity of the Vrancea zone, seismic hazard and risk assessment, microzonation and mathematical models in earthquake engineering. Mission of the Moldavian Seismic Network

• Continuous monitoring of the territory of the country by means of modern digital seismic stations, participation in the global monitoring by transmitting information to international and regional centers; • - Development and completion of numerical data base waveform, catalogs and seismic bulletins; • - Identification of macroseismic effects to determine the intensity of earthquakes with magnitude M≥5: • - Informing of the governing bodies and civil society about seismic events; • - Quick informating time (up to 2 minutes) of Railway of Moldova in order to avoid accidents in rail transport; • - Studying the behavior of typical buildings with seismic instruments; • - Ensuring fundamental and applied research with seismic data, underlying the calculation of seismic risk and development (improvement) of the aseismic regulation documents for construction in Moldova; • - Seismic education of the population. Seismic Network Republic of Moldova - MSN Seismic observations in Moldova on a regular basis started in 1949, when, on December 20, the first seismogram was recorded at the seismic station Chisinau. The seismic network of Moldova consists of seven seismic stations, situated in Chisinau, Milestii Mici, Leova, , Giurgiulesti, Purcari and .

Chisinau is the base station for the network; the other four provide regional data. Station Chisinau was established in 1949 by the Institute for Earth Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, to provide supplementary data on parameters of Carpathian earthquakes. Station Cahul started its observations in 1978 and provides additional information for studying of characteristics of earthquakes from the Vrancea zone. Stations Leova (1982) and Soroca (1983) were established in connection with structural changes in the Soviet network in 1979 for work on earthquake forecasts. Giurgiulesti was installed in 1988, Milestii Mici in 2010 et Purcari in 2013.

MSN consists of real-time digital seismic stations that continuously record ground motion (6) and off-line triggering stations (6). The recorded data by MSN are sent to National Data Center where they are processed the automatically Seismological Communication Processor SeisComp 3.2 and analyzed by operators.

Information on the seismic stations of the Republic of Moldova

№ Name et of station International Year of φ°, N λº, E H, m Depth, cod opening m

1 Chişinău KIS 1949 46.9976 28.8175 185.0

2 Cahul KGL 1978 45.9053 28.2008 48.5

3 Leova LEOM 1982 46.4733 28.2467 20.0

4 Soroca SORM 1983 48.1350 28.3513 60.0

5 Giurgiuleşti GIUM 1988 45.4850 28.2081 62.5

6 Mileştii Mici MILM 2009 46.9180 28.8150 40.0 55.0

7 Purcari PURM 2013 46.5293 29.8722 39 6.0 Real Time Seismic Network and instrumentation

Name et international Station Sensor Recording equipment Data Recording cod of station type type transfer Chişinău 3C SP ES-T Q330 + PCIV + Internet Digital - Continuos KIS 3C-BB CMG-40T SeisComp 3C SP CMG-5T CMG-5TD (DM-24) - Event - Triggered Leova 3C SP ES-T K2 + PCIV + Internet Digital - Continuos LEOM SeisComp 3C-BB CMG-40T Soroca 3C SP ES-T Q330 + PCIV + Internet Digital - Continuos SORM 3C-BB CMG-40T SeisComp Giurgiuleşti 3C SP ES-T K2 + PCIV + Internet Digital - Continuos GIUM 3C-BB Mark L4C SeisComp Мilestii Mici 3C SP ES-T Q330 + PCIV + Internet Digital - Continuos MILM 3C BB STS2 SeisComp

Purcari 3C SP ES-T Q330S + PCIV + Internet Digital - Continuos PURM 3C BB CMG-40T SeisComp

The MOLD network consists of 6 real-time broad band and short period stations.

This network consists from digital seismic stations equipped with different high quality digitizers (Kinemetrics K2, Quanterra Q330, Quanterra Q330S), broadband and short period seismometers (CMG40T, CMG5TD, STS2, Mark L4) and acceleration Episensors Kinemetrics – ES-T. Accelerometric Network in Chisinau

The accelerometric network consists of 5 seismic stations equipped with Strong Motion Accelerograph ETNA Kinemetrics (1), CMG5TD Guralp Systems (4) and is designed to monitor strong Vrancea earthquakes.

9 digital accelerographs have been purchased from Güralp Systems Ltd., UK the NATO Project (Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey): Harmonization of seismic hazard and risk reduction in countries influenced by Vrancea earthquakes. The Common Seismic Monitoring System Romania - Moldova

In cooperation with colleagues from NIEP Romania, we have installed in 2007 new digital stations which real time recording. NIEP in Bucharest us free allocated three new seismic stations amount of $ 116,000 USD. Also, in collaboration with the same institute we have opened Moldavian National Data Center. (Many thanks to Dr.ing.C.Ionescu, Prof.Gh.Marmureanu etc.)

Data from all real-time seismic stations KIS, MILM. LEOM,GIUM, SORM, PURM are send to the Romania Data Center (RO NDC), and Data from 11 romanian real-time seismic stations BUC1, MLR, PLOR, VRI, PETR, TESR, ARCR, BUR01, IAS, TLCR, EFOR are send to the Moldova Data Center (MOLD NDC).

The communication from the digital seismic stations to the MOLD NDC in Chisinau and RO NDC in Bucharest is perfomed through Internet.

Q330 Digitizer Moldavian National Data Center – MDC

The SeisComp3.2 software is used for real-time data analysis and processing, also providing automatic event detection, arrival picking, event location and magnitude calculation. It provides graphical display and automatic location within near real-time after the local or regional seismic event occurred. MD NDC additional products

Real-time waveform data stored in the memory unit of the MD NDC through software SeisComp 3.2 . For ensuring data security, data are archived and stored in parallel on a block 2TB external memory. The recorded data also contribute to elaborate national and international seismic bulletins.

With the help of the soft SeismGram2K v5.1 processing of records of earthquakes is performed. The software HYPOS was developed by the IGS for localization of the earthquake and determination of focal parameters - the basis for the regional catalog of earthquakes.

Based on seismic station "Chisinau" records reports of earthquakes and bulletins every ten days are made. Daily reports are sent to the Geophysical Survey RAS, Obninsk, and the National Data Centre NIEP Romania.

Bulletins are sent to the International Seismological Centre, Berkshire, UK, in Geophysical Survey Russian Academy of Science: Obninsk, in the Carpathian Experimental Methodical Party Institute of Geophysics NASU, Lviv, Ukraine, in the seismic station "Simferopol”, Crimea.

For moderate and strong earthquakes macroseismic survey is conducting and the maps of isoseists are compiling.

MD NDC Data Output:

- local/regional discrimination; - event location and magnitude determination; - email notification; - earthquakes bulletins;

- regional catalog; - maps of isoseists. Relation with ORFEUS and regional cooperation The exchange of data, production and processing of seismic information IGS cooperates with the following foreign organizations:

1. National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest, Romania; 2. URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania; 3. Institute of Geophisics NAS, Kiev, Ukraine; 4. Centre of Geophysical Monitoring NAS of Belarus, Minsk; 5. Geophysical Survey of Russian Academy of Science, Obninsk; 6. Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Turkey; 7. European-Mediterranean Centre, EMSC-CSEM; 8. International Seismological Centre, ISC.

Moldavian Network is contributing to ORFEUS EIDA with data via NIEP

a.2008 Current and Future Projects

Developments of the seismic network planned for the next future includes:  modernization of existing stations, providing them with information archiving equipment, which permit production of high quality digital data (for assessing of the seismic hazard, deminuation of seismic risk and achieving of other scientific goals);  opening of new modern seismic stations operating in real time in the north-east part of the Republic (, );  opening new accelerometric free-field stations for strong motion movements and equipping them with modern digital recording means (Chisinau, Cahul);  further development and instrumental modernization of Engineering Seismic Stations on the buildings with modern digital devices;  modernization and increasing the security of communications - use of the satellite channels and digital Internet lines for data transmission and access to them in real time;  development of regional and European cooperation, data exchange in real time with information with international and national centers (EMSC, ORFEUS, NIEP, GSRC, seismic stations "Simferopol", "Lvov" of Ukraine etc)  Development an earthquake Early Warning System (EWS). Mulțumim pentru atenție ! Thanks for your attention !