Weeds ID Cards

Starflower Foundation Habitat Restoration WEED Identification Cards for the Pacific Northwest

For the Field Identification of Weed Species of Concern

in the Pacific Northwest

©Starflower Foundation 2007 Developed by Heidi Bohan, et. al. Permission is granted for educational use only, not for sale

History Starflower Foundation was founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz with the mission of assisting with the creation, rehabilitation and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant communities by supporting citizen-driven restoration and education projects that inspire un- derstanding, appreciation and preservation of Pacific Northwest native ecosystems, with humans as an integral part of these ecosystems. Over its 10-year history, Starflower worked on 18 urban habitat restoration projects in Seattle, Washington. A core of committed vol- unteers, with the vision of restoring an area of their neighborhood park or school grounds with Pacific Northwest native plant communities, was at the center of each project. As an operating foundation, Starflower supported design, implementation, and maintenance ser- vices. During all phases of the projects, the foundation pursued a restoration strategy to fast-track the successional process and strove for a high level of species diversity. Each project featured a significant educational component. A list of the projects follows: Seattle public parks: Colman, Frink, Genesee, Greg Davis, Madrona Woods, Magnuson, Mee Kwa Mooks, Pritchard Beach, Roxhill and Seward. Elementary schools: Dearborn, Dunlap, Hawthorne, Northwest Montessori, Pathfinder, Roxhill, and Sanislo Middle schools: Environmental & Adventure School, and Washington Middle School These Habitat Restoration Weed ID Cards for the Pacific Northwest were developed by Starflower Foundation to assist with long-term stewardship of the projects and to promote Pacific Northwest native plant landscapes and stewardship. The species list for these cards comes from our experience with Seattle urban habitat restoration projects where the goal was to create self-sustaining Pacific Northwest native plant communities. Valuable feedback from the stewardship community shaped the size, content, and layout of these cards. The images on these cards focus on seasonal, key field identification characteristics. The card for each species may be downloaded and printed individually from the Washington Native Plant Society’s website at www.wnps.org. The files are intended for color printing, preferably using a laser printer to obtain the highest quality prints. Laminating the cards is recommended for long-term use in the field.

Credits We thank Heidi Bohan for her excellent work in developing these cards. In addition, our sincere thanks go to the following Starflower staff and interns for their contributions: Chris Behrens, Sandy Fry, Griffith Gilbert, Scott Groce, Sonja Lutring, Megan MacClellan, Jeremy Valenta, Cynthia Walcker, and Anne Yen. Thanks also to Jim Kolb for his guidance and editing.

Legal Use © Starflower Foundation. Permission is granted for educational use only, not for sale.

Cover Page 1 Habitat Restoration Weed ID Cards These cards are intended for use on native plant habitat restoration sites in the Seattle urban area to assist in identifying plants to be removed during weeding management stewardship activities. This list has been compiled over 10 years of project stewardship experience at Seattle parks including Genesee Meadows, Pritchard Beach, Greg Davis, Roxhill, Colman, Magnuson, Madrona Woods, Dearborn and Seward Park. This set of cards includes the most common and important weeds, however, it is not comprehensive and other resources may be needed to identify less common weeds. Each card includes the following information:

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Color images: Images of the plant in young and ma- Flower color and code: A bar indicating the ture stages, its form and flowering structures, and key flower color is found on the side of the card. identifying field characteristics most useful to identify Color images and relevant text are also found these plants. Associated text helps describe the focus of within the body of the card. When attempting to the image. identify a plant using flower color, the colored Management strategies: see cover pages 2-3 bars can be used to quickly sort the cards.

General: Includes information about the plant type, its life cycle Form: Includes shape and configuration information. The defini- and the general range of size this plant attains. The definition of tion of terms includes: terms includes: Rosette: A generally symmetrical, flat arrangement of leaves from a single start- ing point, like a flower. Common with biennials as first year form. Annual: A plant whose life cycle is completed in one year Basal clump: Similar to a rosette, but not symmetrical or flat, with leaves aris- Biennial: A plant whose life cycle is completed in two years ing from a common point forming a compact mound or clump. Perennial: A plant which lives over many years Basal clump or rosette with single or branched stalk: Flowering stalks Evergreen: A plant which retains vegetation through the year arising from a basal clump or rosette. Often the second year form of biennials. Spreading clump: Leaves and stems arise from a spreading clump, generally Deciduous: A plant which loses its leaves during its dormant season found in plants that spread by rhizomes or stolons (see cover page 2). Single or branched stalk: Plant arises from the ground in a single or Common name: The most commonly used non- scientific name/s in branched stem. Stalks can be nearly leafless to leafy, and generally support flowers.

regular Bohan by Heidi Photo use in the Seattle area. Vine: A plant having a flexible stem supported by climbing, twining or creeping Scientific name: The most current name generally used by profession- along a surface. als, and found in widespread publications. Native or Non-native Look-alikes: This box is an alert to be aware Non-native: Plant that was not present prior to European contact in of plants which are commonly mistaken for the target species, particularly the mid 1700’s. during weeding stewardship. For more detailed information refer to WPGS: #- The page number on which this plant is found in Wild Plants Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast by Pojar and Mackinnon, Wild of Greater Seattle by A.L. Jacobson. This is provided as a quick refer- Plants of Greater Seattle by A.L. Jacobson, or other resources. ence for more information © Starflower Foundation 2006

Cover Page 2 The ‘Management Strategies’ information box provides information helpful in prioritizing weeding efforts and techniques for removal. Weeds should be removed as soon as they can be accurately identified. In some cases this may not be possible until they have formed a flower or seedhead. Removal of seedheads before dispersal is imperative, as most weed seeds remain viable for many years, creating a ‘seedbank’ that can be difficult to control.

Noxious Weed Status: Management Strategies See cover page 3 for additional information Where applicable, we have included designa- • Eradication required by law (Class A) tions for plants which are on the Washington • Always removeSample ‘Primary spread’ State and King County Noxious Weed lists. •Taproot: remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed, Stolons This information helps to identify the primary • Eradication required by law (Class A): Non- Note: Can dominate shady areas ways in which this plant reproduces and native, invasive species whose distribution is still spreads. This information is useful in schedul- limited. Eradicating existing infestations and Check with parks department or school district for proper ing removal and planning removal methods. preventing new infestations are the highest priority Seed: This plant spreads broadly by seed. Carefully remove seedheads • Control required by law (Class B): Non-native, invasive species which prior to formation of seeds. If seeds have formed, carefully contain seeds are abundant in portions of Washington state. Prevention and contain- while handling during removal. ment of these weeds is the primary goal so that they do not spread into Stolons: These are stems that spread horizontally and root where nodes uninfested regions. touch the soil. The parent plant often provides nourishment until the new • Non-designated Noxious Weeds: Non-native, invasive species whose plant is fully established. These plants often form dense colonies. Frag- control is recommended by King County Noxious Weed Control, but is ments of stolons can root and form new plants. not required. Rhizomes: These plants have stems and roots which spread underground, re- emerging at a distance from the parent plant to establish as new plants, which • Weeds of Concern: King County recognizes these weeds as invasive then send out new rhizomes. These plants tend to form large colonies. and recommends control and discourages new plantings. For more information: Taproot: These plants have thickened roots that extend down into the Washington State Weed Control Board: www.nwcb.wa.gov ground, sometimes branching into forked roots. These taproots store food King County Noxious Weed Control: http://dnr.metrokc.gov/Weeds and if they are not fully removed can form new plants. Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Bulbs and Corms: These plants have thickened stems that form rounded ‘Always Remove’ structures that store food and energy through the dormant season and We have included this recommendation for plants whose invasiveness and produce new leaves and roots in the next growing season. They multiply potential for ecological damage warrants the highest priority for removal by dividing into smaller bulbs and corms which produce new plants. and prevention of establishment. Generally these are plants whose rhizomes, stolons or seeds are so persistent and/or aggressive that once established they will require a concentrated effort for permanent removal. If these weeds are present on a new restoration, all efforts should be made Note: Important information relevant to weed management. to fully eradicate prior to planting. © Starflower Foundation 2006 Cover Page 3 Weed Root Types Management Strategies Weed Disposal • Eradication required by law (Class A) The type of root system possessed by the plant Thorough weed management includes proper dis- • Always remove is described in text and by icon in order to Sample posal of weeds after removal. When planning weeding •Taproot: remove all fragments stewardship on public lands it is necessary to work identify the proper eradication method. The • Primary spread: Seed, stolons icons and methods are described below. See with appropriate agencies to create a plan for the Note: Can dominate shady areas disposal of the weeds (see the Code below). cover page 2 for definitions. Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal Problem weeds are successful because they are Fibrous Roots highly adapted for survival, often reproducing effec- Fibrous roots: Thickened fibrous roots: tively by more than one means, under adverse and Hand tools are gen- Handtools and spades should be varied conditions. Seeds can remain viable for many erally all that are used to remove all major roots. Do needed to remove the not leave any major thick roots as years, and many thickened roots, rhizomes and weed along with its they may generate new growth. stolons can remain dormant and grow upon re- rootball, effectively exposure to growing conditions, sometimes even after killing the plant. a long period of time. Proper disposal is critical. Class A & B noxious weeds should be put into Thickened Root Structures plastic trash bags and disposed of in the regular gar- Bulbs and corms: Tap roots: Use a trowel or shovel to bage (not the clean green yard waste or composted). Use a trowel or mat- remove all corms and Weeds of Concern or Non-Designated Noxious Weeds tock to remove all bulbs. Carefully sift may be composted or put into clean green recycling. taproot fragments. through the soil to find Small taproot Composting at high heat (130 degrees or higher) will small bulblets and corms. kill most weed seeds and decompose vegetative mat- Deep taproot ter. Placing weeds in low piles on impervious surfaces Rhizomes and covering entirely with black plastic during the Deep rhizomes summer can kill and decompose most vegetation.

Rhizomatous roots Use a shovel, spade or digging Washington State Code 16-752-515: No permit is Shallow Use a hand mattock or fork to carefully remove all digging fork to loosen the deep running rhizomes and required to transport plants or plant parts, as a part of rhizomes soil; carefully remove all roots. Fragments are likely to a noxious weed control activity, to a sanitary landfill, fragments. resprout, reinfesting the site. to be burned, or otherwise for disposition, if such activities are conducted under the supervision of an official weed control agency or other public Stolons Stolons Use hand tools to remove most fi- agency with management responsibilities for the brous roots and all above ground control efforts and are conducted in such a manner Thick rhizomes vegetative matter. Stem fragments that seed dispersal or dispersal of propagative mate- may resprout so remove thoroughly. rials to uninfested areas is prevented. General: Perennial; up to 3’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Leaves: Flat, 1/8”-3/8”, hairless to hairy, up to 18”

Long rhizomes

Young growth Native Look-alike

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Low spreading with Blue Wild Rye, Management Strategies long flower stalks Elymus glaucus, has • Always remove a similar seedhead, • Fibrous roots along stolons: but is not rhizoma- Remove all fragments Quackgrass Flower/Seedhead: tous and grows in a • Primary spread: Seed, Long spike tufted clump. rhizomes, stolons Agropyron repens

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 362 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; up to 3’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Leaves: Flat, 1/8”-3/8”, hairless to hairy, up to 18”

Long rhizomes

Young growth Native Look-alike

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 362 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Perennial; 1’-3’ tall

Se edh

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo ea d

Form: Low spreading clump Flower/Seedhead: Wispy and delicate, reddish-purple flower, tan seedhead

Before flower

Flowering

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Young growth Stolon Management Strategies • Always remove • Rhizome: Remove all frag- Creeping Bentgrass, ments • Primary spread: Seed, Redtop rhizomes, stolons Agrostis stolonifera, A. gigantea Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 348 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; 1’-3’ tall

Se edh

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo ea d

Form: Low spreading clump Flower/Seedhead: Wispy and delicate, reddish-purple flower, tan seedhead

Before flower

Flowering

Photo by King County Noxious Weed Control Program Control Program Noxious Weed by King County Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by King County Noxious Weed Control Program Control Program Noxious Weed by King County Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Photo by King County Noxious Weed Control Program Control Program Noxious Weed by King County Photo Form: Leafy stalk. Management Strategies • Eradication required by law (Class A) • Always remove Garlic Mustard •Taproot: remove all fragments Bohan by Heidi Photo • Primary spread: Seed Alliaria petiolata Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 190 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

Biennial or winter annual. Flower: White White clusters Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flower bud Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form: First to fourth year: Basal

Seeds Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Fruiting year: Single branched leafy stalk. Bohan by Heidi Photo Management Strategies • Always remove Taproot up to 2’ long Primary•Taproot: spread: remove Seedall fragments Burdock Note: taproot may be 2’ deep • Primary spread: Seed Arctium minus Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 292 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Deciduous to evergreen biennial; up to 9’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flower bud Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form: First to fourth year: Basal

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flowers: White to pink

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Low spreading clump

General: Perennial; 2”-10” tall White

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flowers: White to pink

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Low spreading clump

Management Strategies • Fibrous root: Remove major roots • Primary spread: Seed English Daisy Bellis perennis Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 190 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Woody perennial; deciduous to evergreen; 6’-20’ tall Flower: Fragrant purple flower clusters, 6”-30” long Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Mature bark is ridged and brown

Opposite leaves Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Leaves: 4”-12” long, Form: Multi-

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo white hairs beneath branched shrub to small tree Management Strategies • Non-designated noxious weed • Always remove Butterfly Bush • Thickened roots: remove all major Bohan by Heidi Photo • Primary spread: Seed Buddleja davidii Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 108 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Woody perennial; deciduous to evergreen; 6’-20’ tall Flower: Fragrant purple flower clusters, 6”-30” long Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Mature bark is ridged and brown

Opposite leaves Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Leaves: 4”-12” long, Form: Multi-

Seedpods eject seeds Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo when disturbed

Seed pod Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal clump with erect stalks. Management Strategies • Fibrous roots: Remove all major • Primary spread: Seed Note: Grows rapidly in early spring, Bittercress, Shotweed remove before seedpods form Cardamine hirsuta Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 188 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Early annual; 2”-8” tall White Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Seedpods eject seeds Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo when disturbed

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi BohanPhoto

Flowers: White clusters Photo by Heidi BohanPhoto Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo New growth Form: Weakly erect to Management Strategies • Fibrous roots along stolons: Remove major roots spreading • Primary spread: Seed, stolons Mouse-ear Chickweed Cerastium vulgare Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 164 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Short-lived deciduous perennial; 4”-12” tall H a a n i d r White y l e s t a e v m e s s

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi BohanPhoto

Seedpods Form: Basal clump

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo with erect leafy stalk

Management Strategies • Always remove •Taproot: remove all fragments Chicory • Primary spread: Seed Cichorium intybus Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 294 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Deciduous perennial; 3’-8’ tall Flower: Blue– purple Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Seedpods Form: Basal clump

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo with erect leafy stalk

Stem leaves Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Spreading colony with upright stalks

Seedling rosettes Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies Roots: Taproot with rhizomes • Non-designated noxious weed • Always remove which can be as deep as 22” •Taproot: Remove all fragments below the surface • Primary spread: Seed, rhizomes Canada Thistle Note: Rhizomes sometimes run Cirsium arvense as deep as 22” Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 290 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Deciduous perennial; up to 8’ tall

Stem leaves Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Spreading colony with upright stalks

Seedling rosettes Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form first year: Basal rosette

Leaf shape is varied Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Stem leaves Form second year: Branched stalk Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies Bohan by Heidi Photo • Non-designated noxious weed • Always remove •Taproot: remove all fragments Bull Thistle • Primary spread: Seed Cirsium vulgare Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 290 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual to biennial; up to 7’ tall Careful: Sharp spines can pierce leather gloves Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form first year: Basal rosette

Leaf shape is varied Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Stem leaves Form second year: Branched stalk Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

White Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Caution: All parts are poisonous!! Leaves look like parsley or carrot Purple–blotched stems

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Spring growth Form: Multi- Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Management Strategies stemmed, upright • Non-designated noxious weed leafy stalks. • Always remove • Deep taproot: remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Poison Hemlock Flowers: Note: Poisonous, handle carefully; taproot White umbels may be up to 3 1/2’ long Conium maculatum Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 240 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Deciduous biennial; 5’-12’ tall

White Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Caution: All parts are poisonous!! Leaves look like parsley or carrot Purple–blotched stems

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Heart-shaped leaves appear in spring Flowers: White to pink

Rhizomes

Form: Spreading climbing vine

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Management Strategies • Non-designated noxious weed Bindweed • Always remove • Extensive rhizomatous roots Convulvulus arvensis • Primary spread: Seed, rhizomes Note: Rhizomes are very persistent. If needed, lift native plants while dormant and remove weed rhi- Morning-glory zomes from their roots. Calystegia sepium Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 250 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Deciduous perennial; 6’-30’ long vines White

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Heart-shaped leaves appear in spring Flowers: White to pink

Rhizomes

Form: Spreading climbing vine

Leafy stems Yellow, pea-like flowers and black Bohan by Heidi Photo seedpods. Winter form Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form:

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Young plant Branched Bohan by Heidi Photo Management Strategies woody shrub • Non-designated noxious weed • Always remove •Thickened roots: Remove all major Scotch Broom • Primary spread: Seed Cytisis scoparius Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 120 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Partially evergreen, short-lived perennial; 6’-12’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Leafy stems Yellow, pea-like flowers and black Bohan by Heidi Photo seedpods. Winter form Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form:

Flowers: white umbels Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

a Bohan by Heidi Photo racts afy b bel Le f um Umbels up to ase o Need seedling b 7” wide photo Native Look-alike Yarrow, Achillea Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo millefolium, has Form: Basal clump similar leaves when with erect stalks young. Queen Anne’s

General: Deciduous biennial; 3’-7’ tall White Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flowers: white umbels Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies Bohan by Heidi Photo lace has more •Taproot: Remove all fragments fernlike leaves. • Primary spread: Seed Note: Remove in first year or early Queen Anne’s Lace second year before flowering Daucus carota Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 240 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Biennial or short-lived perennial; up to 7’ tall Caution: All parts are poisonous Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form first Bohan by Heidi Photo year: Basal

Form second year: Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Basal clump with leafy Management Strategies stalk Spotted pink to •Thickened roots: Remove all major purplish flowers • Primary spread: Seed Note: Remove in first year or early second year before seed Foxglove

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. Digitalis purpurea WPGS: 270 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Biennial or short-lived perennial; up to 7’ tall Caution: All parts are poisonous Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form first Bohan by Heidi Photo year: Basal

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. Digitalis purpurea WPGS: 270 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Biennial; up to 9’ tall

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flower: Tiny pink clusters, Leaf surfaces are prickly and followed have distinctive white veins by prickly seedhead. Seedling

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form first year: Basal rosette

Management Strategies Form: Upright branched stalk • Deep taproot: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Note: Taproot can be up to 2 1/2’ long Teasel Dipsacus fullonum Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 286 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Biennial; up to 9’ tall

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flower: Tiny pink clusters, Leaf surfaces are prickly and followed have distinctive white veins by prickly seedhead. Seedling

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form first year: Basal rosette

Geranium dissectum

Geranium molle Geranium dissectum Flowers: Pink; turning into a Form: Basal clump slender beak-like seedhead.

Seedheads

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Geranium molle Geranium molle Dovefoot Geranium Management Strategies Geranium molle • Fibrous root: Remove all major • Primary spread: Seed and Cutleaf Geranium Note: Quickly establishes and difficult to Geranium dissectum eradicate once established Geranium dissectum

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 221 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual; up to 8” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Geranium dissectum

Geranium molle Geranium dissectum Flowers: Pink; turning into a Form: Basal clump slender beak-like seedhead.

Seedheads

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 221 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Annual, biennial or short-lived perennial; up to 16” tall Mature plant

All parts have a Pink strong odor flowers

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo when crushed turn into Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo beak- shaped seedheads Hairy red stems

Seedling Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Seedheads

Native Look-alike

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Dicentra formosa, Form: Rosette with weak upright to Pacific bleeding heart, has similar young Management Strategies spreading branches, forming masses • Non-designated noxious weed growth in early spring, • Always remove but is hairless, grows from rhizomes, has • Fibrous root: Remove major Herb-Robert, Stinky Bob upright stems and • Primary spread: Seed doesn’t have a strong Note: Aggressively dominates; toler- Geranium robertanium odor. Bohan by Heidi Photo ates deep shade and spreads rapidly Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal WPGS: 222 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual, biennial or short-lived perennial; up to 16” tall Mature plant

All parts have a Pink strong odor flowers

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo when crushed turn into Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo beak- shaped seedheads Hairy red stems

Seedling Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Seedheads

Native Look-alike

Form: Spreading and climb- Seedlings ing vines Vines engulf- Young ing a tree leaves Berries and mature leaves Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Management Strategies • Non-designated noxious weed • Always remove • Thick roots and stolons: remove all fragments; cut large roots at base of trees • Primary spread: Stolons, roots, seed English Ivy • Note: Aggressive strong root system, tolerates Hedera helix deep shade, will dominate and kill large trees Bohan by Heidi Photo Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal WPGS: 130 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Evergreen woody perennial; up to 40’ vines Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

General: Perennial that reaches 8’-15’. Takes 2-4 years to flower, Caution: Stems and leaves are sometimes dying after flowering. phytotoxic which can cause skin White blisters upon contact followed by exposure to the sun. Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photoby Roland Maiuro

Flower: White umbel Form: 1st to 4th up to 18” wide Photo by King County Nox- by King County Photo Control Program ious Weed Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo year: Basal Control Program Noxious Weed by King County Photo Native Look-alike Management Strategies Cow Parsnip, • Eradication Bohan by Heidi Photo required by law (Class A) Mature form: Single Heracleum lanatum, • Always remove leafy stalk that has similar leaves • Thickened roots: Remove all parts reaches 8-15’ tall. which are also phyto- • Primary spread: Prolific seed producer toxic, but remains Note: Plant dies as seeds ripen. Flower much smaller, rarely forms in 2nd-4th year, allow to flower but not Giant Hogweed reaching 6’ tall, and ripen any seeds, then remove. Wear protective gear is perennial. Bohan by Heidi Photo to prevent contact with juices which can cause Heracleum mantegazzianum severe skin blisters. Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal.? WPGS: 242 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

Flower/Seedhead: Purplish-tinged tufted spike opens to a branching flower cluster or “panicle.” Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Open panicle New growth/ seedling

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Clumping to spreading Management Strategies • Fibrous roots: Remove major • Primary spread: Seed Velvetgrass Holcus spp. Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 385 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; 12”-30” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Closed flowerhead Leaves: Flat,1/4”-3/8” wide, gray and velvety to hairy; stems also velvety to hairy Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flower/Seedhead: Purplish-tinged tufted spike opens to a branching flower cluster or “panicle.” Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Open panicle New growth/ seedling

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flowers: Purple, sometimes pink or white, on long stalks

Native Look-alike Shoots emerging through Camas, Camassia spp., have similar duff on forest floor form, with wider Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal leaves, and different

clump flower shapes. Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies Onions, Allium spp., • Always remove have similar leaves, • Bulbs: Remove all bulblets Hybrid Bluebells which smell like

• Primary spread: Seed, bulblets Hyacinthoides x variabilis onions, and different Bohan by Heidi Photo Note: Can dominate disturbed shady A vigorous hybrid of Spanish and English Bluebells flowers. areas Bohan by Heidi Photo Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 326 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; 10”-30” tall

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flowers: Purple, sometimes pink or white, on long stalks

Native Look-alike Shoots emerging through Camas, Camassia spp., have similar duff on forest floor form, with wider Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal leaves, and different

clump flower shapes. Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies Onions, Allium spp., • Always remove have similar leaves, • Bulbs: Remove all bulblets Hybrid Bluebells which smell like

e Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo id ers und iry Ha Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal clump with Similar Non-natives Hairy and smooth hawkbit, Leon- single upright flowering stalk todon spp., along with dandelion, Taraxacum spp., have similar leaves, flower, and form and are managed in similar ways.

Flowers: Yellow, dandelion-like flowers occur after dandelion bloom Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Management Strategies • Always remove False Dandelion, • Thickened roots: Remove major • Primary spread: Seed Hairy Cat’s-Ear Hypochaeris radicata Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 294 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Deciduous perennial; 1’-3’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Native Look-alikes Cattail, Typha latifolia, has

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo similar new growth in spring but leaves are arranged in

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo rounded layers rather than flat. Iris tenax and I. douglasii have similar, but much thinner, leaves 12”-24” long, and purple-blue flowers. Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Typha latifolia (Cattail) Form: Basal erect clump Management Strategies Bohan by Heidi Photo Rounded stalks • Non-designated noxious weed • Always remove • Stout rhizomes: Remove all Yellow Flag Iris • Primary spread: Rhizomes, Bohan by Heidi Photo seed Iris pseudoacorus Photo by Heidi Bohan Iris tenax (Oregon iris) Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. A Non-native Plant WPGS: 334 © Starflower Foundation 2006

New growth General: Deciduous perennial; 3’-6’ tall is arranged in flat layers. Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Native Look-alikes Cattail, Typha latifolia, has

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo similar new growth in spring but leaves are arranged in

Stems are round and rigid Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Need new seedling image Native Look-alike Tapered rush, Juncus acuminatus, is similar but the flowering clusters occur at the end of the stalk. Note: Juncus effuses has many sub- Form: Tufted species including a native, less aggressive variety that is very difficult to differentiate. Juncus acuminatus

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Seedheads form below the Management Strategies Bohan by Heidi Photo tip of the stem • Rhizomatous roots: Remove major or • Primary spread: Seed, Common Soft Rush Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo rhizomes Juncus effussus Bohan by Heidi Photo Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 338 A Non-native & Native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Evergreen perennial; 2’-6’ tall

Stems are round and rigid Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

ed Bohan by Heidi Photo Lob

ed lob Un Leaves have stiff hairs along the leaf midrib, and may be lobed or unlobed.

ed ob nl U

ed ob airs L Stiff h Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form: Single leafy stalk Management Strategies Flowers: Small yellow • Taproot: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Prickly Lettuce dandelion-like on Lactuca serriola branched stems Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 300 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual or biennial; 3’-9’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

ed Bohan by Heidi Photo Lob

ed lob Un Leaves have stiff hairs along the leaf midrib, and may be lobed or unlobed.

ed ob nl U

ed ob airs L Stiff h Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Square stem Seedlings Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Low Similar Non-native Yellow archangel, Lamium spreading colonies galeobdelon, is an evergreen Management Strategies perennial with variegated • Fibrous roots: Remove major Purple or Red Dead-nettle leaves, and yellow flowers • Primary spread: Seed that spreads aggressively by Lamium purpureum stolons, and tolerates shade.

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 260 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual; 6”-10” tall Flower: Tiny, 1/4” purple Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 260 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Annual; 2’-6’ tall Flowers: Yellow in clusters

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Hairy under- side of leaves

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi

Form: Upright leafy stalk Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies • Fibrous roots: Remove major • Primary spread: Seed Nipplewort Lapsana communis Bohan by Heidi Photo

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 294 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual; 2’-6’ tall Flowers: Yellow in clusters

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Hairy under- side of leaves

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi

Form: Upright leafy stalk Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies • Fibrous roots: Remove major • Primary spread: Seed Nipplewort Lapsana communis Bohan by Heidi Photo

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 294 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Perennial; up to 10’ vines

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flowers: Pink

New growth Tendrils

Leafy stem

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Spreading to climbing vine Management Strategies • Deep rhizomatous roots Everlasting Pea • Primary spread: Rhizomes, seed Lathyrus latifolius Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 214 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; up to 10’ vines

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flowers: Pink

New growth Tendrils

Leafy stem

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Seedpods Flowers: Red – yellow rounded clusters Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Similar Non-native Form: Spreading to Bird’s foot trefoil, Lotus corni- upright weak stalks culatus, is a similar less com- New growth mon species with a taproot. Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Native Look-alike Management Strategies • Always remove Big Bird’s-foot Trefoil Big Deer Vetch, L. crassifolius, • Rhizomatous roots: Remove has 7-15 leaflets (as opposed to rhizomes Lotus pedunculatus 3-5) with yellowish or white • Primary spread: Seed, rhizomes flowers tinged with purple, and is uncommon. Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. A Non-native Plant WPGS: 206 © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; 2’-4’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Seedpods Flowers: Red – yellow rounded clusters Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

General: Perennial; 4’-8’ tall Flowers: Purple clusters on long stalks; seedpods are filled with tiny seeds Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Square stems

Native Look-alikes Spirea or Hardhack, Spirea douglasii, is a woody shrub that grows in the same wetland habi- tats and has similar flowers. Form: Upright Spirea does not have square stem. Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo branched stalk Fireweed, Epilobium angusti- Management Strategies folium, and Watson’s Willow- Purple Loosestrife herb, Epilobium ciliatum, • Control required by law (Class B) have similar young growth • Always remove and purple flower spikes, but • Thickened fibrous roots Lythrum salicaria do not have square stems. • Primary spread: Seed A Non-native Plant Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 234 © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; 4’-8’ tall Flowers: Purple clusters on long stalks; seedpods are filled with tiny seeds Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Square stems

Flower: Small yellow, 1/4”-1/2” round clover- like clusters

General: Annual, biennial or short-lived perennial; up to 5’ long stems Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flower: Small yellow, 1/4”-1/2” round clover- like clusters

Form: Weakly Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo branched and spreading Management Strategies • Taproot: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Black Medick Medicago lupulina Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 204 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Perennial; 4’-8’ tall Flower/Seedhead: S Purple, compact eed hea branching flower d clusters open to shiny light tan seed clusters Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

ad he er ow New growth Fl

Deciduous leaves remain through winter

Native Look-alike

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Management Strategies Bluejoint, Cala- • Non-designated noxious Form: Clumping, upright and spreading mograstis cana- weed densis, has simi- • Always remove lar leaves, form • Rhizomatous roots: Remove and seedheads, all fragments Reed Canary-grass but is stem is • Primary spread: Seed, shorter (3’). rhizomes Phalaris arundinacea Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. A Non-native Plant WPGS: 354 © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; 4’-8’ tall Flower/Seedhead: S Purple, compact eed hea branching flower d clusters open to shiny light tan seed clusters Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

ad he er ow New growth Fl

Deciduous leaves remain through winter

Native Look-alike

White ns ei l v lle ra Pa a ra P lle l ve ins Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Lance leaf plantain Form: Basal clump Bohan by Heidi Photo Broadleaf plantain seedheads Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Broadleaf plantain form Lanceleaf plantain form Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Broadleaf plantain seedlings Lanceleaf Plantain Management Strategies Plantago lanceolata • Fibrous roots: remove major • Primary spread: Seed Broadleaf Plantain Lanceleaf plantain seedheads Plantago major Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 280 Non-native Plants © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Evergreen to deciduous perennial; 4”-36” tall

White ns ei l v lle ra Pa a ra P lle l ve ins Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flowers: Pink clusters Seedlings

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Spreading, climbing fleshy stems

Management Strategies

• Fibrous roots: remove major Lady’s Thumb • Primary spread: Seed Polygenum persicaria

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 140 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual; 6”-24” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flowers: Pink clusters Seedlings

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Spreading, climbing fleshy stems

Management Strategies

• Fibrous roots: remove major Lady’s Thumb • Primary spread: Seed Polygenum persicaria

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 140 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Annual; 6” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flowers: Whitish- Form: Weak, spreading green, inconspicuous

Management Strategies • Fibrous roots: remove major • Primary spread: Seed Creeping Knotweed Polygonum arenastrum

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 140 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual; 6” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flowers: Whitish- Form: Weak, spreading green, inconspicuous

Management Strategies • Fibrous roots: remove major • Primary spread: Seed Creeping Knotweed Polygonum arenastrum

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 140 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Deciduous perennial; 4’-9’ tall White Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Leaves are 4”-7” long and wide

Flowers: White sprays Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Young growth Form: Erect, arching

General: Deciduous perennial; 4’-9’ tall White Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Leaves are 4”-7” long and wide

Flowers: White sprays Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Young growth Form: Erect, arching

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo bamboo-like stems Management Strategies • Non-designated noxious weed Bohemian Knotweed • Always remove Polygonum x bohemicum • Rhizomatous roots: A vigorous hybrid of Japanese and Giant Knotweeds remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed, rhizomes A Non-native Plant Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 144 © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Evergreen perennial; up to 21” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flower: Yellow, shiny Young growth buttercup flower

Native Look-alike

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Western buttercup, R. occiden- talis, is more Form: Spreading upright, has basal basal clump which leaves with three forms masses wedge-shaped divisions and

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo does not spread Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo by stolons. Management Strategies • Always remove • Fibrous roots along stolons: remove major • Primary spread: Stolons Creeping Buttercup

Ranunculus repens Photo by Heidi Bohan Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 170 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Evergreen perennial; up to 21” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flower: Yellow, shiny Young growth buttercup flower

Native Look-alike

Ranunculus repens Photo by Heidi Bohan Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 170 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Woody perennial; mostly evergreen; 4’-30’ vines Flowers: White-pinkish White

Young growth Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Himalayan blackberry can root by cane tip touching soil. Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Erect, arching and Evergreen blackberry has 5 Himalayan blackberry trailing; forming thickets deeply toothed leaflets 3-5 leaflets Native Look-alike with whitish Dewberry or Trailing Blackberry, R. ursinus, undersides has weak trailing, lime green stems, with curved unflattened prickles, and Photo by Heidi Bohan deciduous leaves with 3 leaflets. Seedling Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Himalayan blackberry Management Strategies • Weed of Concern • Always remove Himalayan Blackberry • Thickened root balls and Rubus aremeniacus (R. procerus, R. discolor) rhizomatous roots: Remove all Evergreen Blackberry Bohan by Heidi Photo

General: Woody perennial; mostly evergreen; 4’-30’ vines Flowers: White-pinkish White

Young growth Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

• Primary spread: Rhizomes, Bohan by Heidi Photo roots, and seed Rubus lanciniatus Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS:134 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Deciduous perennial; 8”-24” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Leaves are arrowhead shaped

Young growth

Form: Flowers: Tiny red flowers Upright in clusters at stem tip branched, Flo somewhat we rhe

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo woody at a ds base, forms Management Strategies masses • Rhizomatous roots: re move all; easily break into pieces that can resprout • Primary spread: Creeping Sheep Sorrel rootstock, seed Rumex acetosella Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 150 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Deciduous perennial; 8”-24” tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Leaves are arrowhead shaped

Young growth

Form: Flowers: Tiny red flowers Upright in clusters at stem tip branched, Flo somewhat we rhe

Flowerhead Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

New growth

Flower: Greenish to rusty-brown Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Seedlings Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal clump with

General: Deciduous perennial; 24”-36” tall

Flowerhead Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

New growth

Flower: Greenish to rusty-brown Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Seedlings Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal clump with

upright branched stalk Management Strategies Leaves: Lance to • Always remove heart–shaped • Taproot: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Curly Dock Rumex crispus Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 148 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Biennial to short-lived perennial; 3’-6’ tall Leaves: Ragged lobed edges Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Seedling

Flowers: Yellow in large clusters

Similar Non-native Form: Groundsel, Senecio Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Single leafy vulgaris, is a weak upright stalk annual, 1’-2’ tall.

Management Strategies Bohan by Heidi Photo • Control required by law (Class B) • Always remove Tansy Ragwort • Taproot: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Senecio jacobaea

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 316 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Biennial to short-lived perennial; 3’-6’ tall Leaves: Ragged lobed edges Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Seedling

Flowers: Yellow in large clusters

Similar Non-native Form: Groundsel, Senecio Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Single leafy vulgaris, is a weak upright stalk annual, 1’-2’ tall.

Management Strategies Bohan by Heidi Photo • Control required by law (Class B) • Always remove Tansy Ragwort • Taproot: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Senecio jacobaea

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 316 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Annual; 1’-3’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flowers: Yellow flowers turn into fluffy seeds

Leaves: Crisp and irregularly lobed

Similar Non-natives Form: Weakly upright to Tansy ragwort,

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Young growth sprawling, leafy stalk Senecio jaco- bea, is an erect, tall biennial, Management Strategies that is listed as • Non-designated noxious weed a Class A nox- • Always remove Common Groundsel ious weed. • Taproot: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Senecio vulgaris Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 316 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual; 1’-3’ tall Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Flowers: Yellow flowers turn into fluffy seeds

Leaves: Crisp and irregularly lobed

Similar Non-natives Form: Weakly upright to Tansy ragwort,

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photoby Heidi Bohan Photoby Heidi Bohan Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form: Trailing, sprawling vine Leaves: Egg-shaped to heart- Young shaped, sometimes with “ears”. growth

Lobed Ears

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Fibrous spreading roots Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies • Weed of Concern

• Always remove Photoby Heidi Bohan • Fibrous roots and rhizomes: Bittersweet Nightshade Berries: Remove all fragments Shiny red • Primary spread: Seed, rhizomes Solanum dulcamara Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 266 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Semi-woody perennial; 3’-9’ tall or long vines Flowers: purple with yellow center

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photoby Heidi Bohan Photoby Heidi Bohan Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form: Trailing, sprawling vine Leaves: Egg-shaped to heart- Young shaped, sometimes with “ears”. growth

Lobed Ears

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Fibrous spreading roots Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Management Strategies • Weed of Concern

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Clasping Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Yellow flowers Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo turn into fluffy New growth Leaves are irregularly seedheads forms rosettes lobed and toothed, and clasp hollow stems Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal rosette Management Strategies with upright stalk •Control required by law (Class B) • Always remove • Thickened and rhizomatous Sow Thistle roots: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed, rhizomes Sonchus arvensis, S.oleraceus

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 298 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual to perennial species; 4’-8’ tall

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Clasping Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 298 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Annual; 6”-12” tall Flowers: White

and tiny (1/4”) White Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

m ste g Bohan by Heidi Photo on al irs ha of ine Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo L Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

New growth Form: Weakly upright, forms masses

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Leaves: opposite, pale-green Management Strategies • Always remove • Fibrous along stolons: remove major Common chickweed • Primary spread: Seed, Stellaria media

stolons Bohan by Heidi Photo

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. A Non-native Plant WPGS: 162 © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual; 6”-12” tall Flowers: White

and tiny (1/4”) White Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

m ste g Bohan by Heidi Photo on al irs ha of ine Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo L Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

New growth Form: Weakly upright, forms masses

stolons Bohan by Heidi Photo

Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. A Non-native Plant WPGS: 162 © Starflower Foundation 2006 General: Perennial; 3”-12” tall and more Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flowers: Yellow with New growth multiple petals, turning into fluffy seedheads.

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal rosette with upright

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo flowering stalk Management Strategies • Taproot: Remove all fragments • Primary spread: Seed Dandelion Taraxacum officinale Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 300 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; 3”-12” tall and more Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Flowers: Yellow with New growth multiple petals, turning into fluffy seedheads.

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Form: Basal rosette with upright

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form: Spread- ing, weakly branched stems Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Native Look-alike Native Trifolium species are rare in urban ar- Leaves: 3 leaflets eas. The native wood sorrel, Oxalis oreganus Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo (below), has similar leaves but different flowers.

Management Strategies • Always remove Clovers: • Fibrous roots along stolons White, Red, Little-hop • Primary spread: Seed, Trifolium spps. runners Bohan by Heidi Photo Bohan by Heidi Photo Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 200 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Perennial; 2”-8” tall Flowers: White to pinkish globes White

Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form: Spread- ing, weakly branched stems Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Form: Weakly Se ed upright and vining po d Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo

Native Look-alike Spanish clover, New growth Lotus purshiana, has a similar form, with a pealike Management Strategies flower and seed but • Always remove the flower is light • Fibrous roots: remove major Common and Hairy Vetch pink, and the leaves • Primary spread: Seed have three leaflets Vicia species and no tendrils. Check with parks department or school district for proper disposal. WPGS: 210 A Non-native Plant © Starflower Foundation 2006

General: Annual; 12”-24” tall Flowers: Pink pea- Tendril shaped followed by flat pea- like pods

Form: Weakly Se ed upright and vining po d Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo Photo by Heidi Bohan Bohan by Heidi Photo