ENERGY MANAGEMENT of SMART DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS by Bananeh Ansari
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF SMART DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS by Bananeh Ansari Thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical Engineering.) Golden, Colorado Date ______________________________ Signed: ______________________________ Bananeh Ansari Signed: ______________________________ Dr. Marcelo Godoy Simões Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date ______________________________ Signed: ______________________________ Dr. Atef Elsherbeni Professor and Department Head of Electrical Engineering ii ABSTRACT Electric power distribution systems interface the end-users of electricity with the power grid. Traditional distribution systems are operated in a centralized fashion with the distribution system owner or operator being the only decision maker. The management and control architecture of distribution systems needs to gradually transform to accommodate the emerging smart grid technologies, distributed energy resources, and active electricity end-users or prosumers. The content of this document concerns with developing multi-task multi-objective energy management schemes for: 1) commercial/large residential prosumers, and 2) distribution system operator of a smart distribution system. The first part of this document describes a method of distributed energy management of multiple commercial/ large residential prosumers. These prosumers not only consume electricity, but also generate electricity using their roof-top solar photovoltaics systems. When photovoltaics generation is larger than local consumption, excess electricity will be fed into the distribution system, creating a voltage rise along the feeder. Distribution system operator cannot tolerate a significant voltage rise. ES can help the prosumers manage their electricity exchanges with the distribution system such that minimal voltage fluctuation occurs. The proposed distributed energy management scheme sizes and schedules each prosumer’s ES to reduce the electricity bill and mitigate voltage rise along the feeder. The second part of this document focuses on emergency energy management and resilience assessment of a distribution system. The developed emergency energy management system uses available resources and redundancy to restore the distribution system’s functionality fully or partially. The success of the restoration maneuver depends on how resilient the distribution system is. Engineering resilience terminology is used to evaluate the resilience of distribution system. The proposed emergency energy management scheme together with resilience assessment increases the distribution system operator’s preparedness for emergency events. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 PROSUMERS, SMART DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND THE VOLTAGE RISE ISSUE……………………………………………………………………...1 1.1 High PV Penetration and Voltage Rise ...................................................................... 2 1.2 Energy Storage: A Possible Solution? ....................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Electricity Time-shift (Arbitrage) .......................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Distribution Upgrade Deferral and Voltage Support ............................................. 5 1.2.3 Customer-side-of-the-meter Storage ...................................................................... 5 1.3 The Big Picture .......................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2 DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES: BACKGROUND……………………………………………….....9 2.1 Survey on ES Procurement and Management ........................................................... 9 2.2 Survey on Distributed Energy Management of Power Systems .............................. 11 2.3 Observations ............................................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 3 ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF PROSUMERS WITH PV+ESS: THE FIXED CAP ON ELECTRICITY EXCHANGES…………………………………………...18 3.1 The Prosumer Objective .......................................................................................... 19 3.2 The Constraints ........................................................................................................ 21 3.2.1 The Power Balance .............................................................................................. 21 3.2.2 The Dynamic Model of Battery ........................................................................... 21 3.2.3 The Operational Limits of Battery ....................................................................... 22 3.2.4 The Aging Model of Battery ................................................................................ 22 3.2.5 Voltage Regulation and Capping Net Electricity Exchanges .............................. 23 3.3 The Primary Sizing+ Scheduling Problem .............................................................. 25 3.4 Simulation Results of PSSP ..................................................................................... 25 3.5 The Test System ....................................................................................................... 25 3.6 The Voltage Profile .................................................................................................. 27 3.7 Simulation Results for PSSP .................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 4 CONSENSUS AND COOPERATION IN NETWORKED MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS: AN APPLICATION IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE PV+ESS………………………………………………………………………………………33 4.1 Algebraic Graph Theory .......................................................................................... 34 4.1.1 Definitions............................................................................................................ 35 4.2 Consensus Protocol .................................................................................................. 37 iv 4.3 Consensus and the Meaning of Cooperation ........................................................... 37 4.4 Consensus in Undirected Networks ......................................................................... 38 4.4.1 Consensus in Directed Networks ......................................................................... 38 4.5 Consensus in Discrete-Time .................................................................................... 39 4.6 How Consensus Can Help with the Energy Management of PV+ESS? .................. 39 4.6.1 The Voltage Regulatory Index ............................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 5 ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF PROSUMERS WITH PV+ESS: CONSENSUS-BASED VOLTAGE REGULATION……………………………………….44 5.1 Pseudo-Real-Time Scheduling Problem .................................................................. 44 5.2 Solution Algorithm of PRSP .................................................................................... 46 5.3 Simulation Results ................................................................................................... 47 5.4 Economic Analysis .................................................................................................. 48 5.4.1 24-Hour Planning Horizon ................................................................................... 48 5.4.2 Yearly Planning Horizon ..................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 6 RESILIENCE IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: A BACKGROUND………...52 6.1 Survey on Resilience Assessment of Infrastructure Systems .................................. 52 6.1.1 Socio-Economic Resilience Assessment ............................................................. 52 6.1.2 Engineering Resilience Assessment .................................................................... 56 6.1.3 Observations ........................................................................................................ 60 CHAPTER 7 EMERGENCY ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF ADISTRIBUTION SYSTEM……………………………………………………………………………………..61 7.1 NEMS ...................................................................................................................... 61 7.2 EEMS ....................................................................................................................... 63 7.3 NEMS+EEMS: An Example ................................................................................... 65 7.3.1 Semi-Manual Restoration .................................................................................... 66 7.3.2 Automated Restoration ........................................................................................ 67 CHAPTER 8 RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT OF A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM……………70 8.1 General Characteristics of a Distribution System .................................................... 70 8.2 Functionality of a Distribution System .................................................................... 71 8.3 Dimensions of Resilience in a Distribution System ................................................ 71 8.3.1 Rapidity ................................................................................................................ 71 8.3.2 Robustness ........................................................................................................... 71 8.3.3 Redundancy.......................................................................................................... 72 8.3.4 Resourcefulness ..................................................................................................