Building by means of BIM software. A case study with Water Flow Glazing

Fernando Del Ama Gonzalo Keene State College, Keene, New Hampshire, USA. [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-8366-5910

Jose Antonio Ferrandiz Norfolk State University, Virginia, USA, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-3498-6205

Belen Moreno Universidad Politecnica Madrid, Spain, [email protected] email address, ORCID: 0000-0001-7564-4765

Del Ama Gonzalo, F., Ferrandiz, J.A., Moreno, B. Building Energy Modeling by means of BIM Cite this paper as: software. A case study with Water Flow Glazing. 7th Eur. Conf. Ren. Energy Sys. 10-12 June 2019, Madrid, Spain

Abstract: Building energy modelling is an inter-disciplinary area of research which involves, among others, concepts of electrical and software , mechanical engineering and also, architecture. Building energy models are used at the design stage for the purpose of energy code compliance certification. The accuracy of results depends on how well the building model has been developed and calibrated. Most of the programs available in the market take into account occupancy pattern behavior, thermal parameters of construction elements, hvac and lighting systems. However, the impact of thermal mass and the influence of active energy management systems have not been accurately reported. This paper presents a review of significant modeling methodologies which have been developed and adopted to model the energy behavior of buildings. A BIM-oriented methodology for building energy modeling will be presented. This research has included case studies to investigate the feasibility of modeling active systems, such as water flow glazing. Finally, the ability of transferring data among different software is also studied. Keywords: Building Energy Modeling, BIM, Water Flow Glazing © 2019 Published by ECRES

1. INTRODUCTION

Energy consumption in buildings has increased over the last decades, and the demand will continue to grow [1]. Using different software tools provides accurate modeling of hourly heating and cooling energy use in buildings [2]. Architects and are massively using BIM software to model the geometry and to set thermal parameters [3, 4]. The main factor for future growth in buildings sector energy consumption is the growth in population, households, and commercial floor space. Energy consumption in buildings is expected to increase by 28% within 2035.

The residential energy-efficiency market comprises the vast majority of the building stock [5]. Nowadays, with an ongoing fluctuation of energy prices, it is indispensable to address the issue of energy efficiency in residential buildings. Some authors have focused their research on the buildings shape, materials, and system configurations [6]. Some articles have addressed the role of occupancy characteristics and social, demographic, economic and cultural variables [7]. Finally, other authors have investigated the internal comfort and the level of satisfaction of the users [8].

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Madrid/Spain 10-12 June 2019

Windows are crucial for achieving energy savings in buildings, especially in hot-humid countries [9, 10]. The thermal performance of windows lays in three factors: Infiltration, heat transfer due to conduction and convection and, finally, solar radiation heat gains. The influence of each element depends on the climate in which the house is located. Infiltration is most relevant in heating-dominated environments. A tight construction system with an infiltration rate close to the passive house standards can reduce the heating loads. The glazing and the frame of the window affect the heat transfer mechanism. Reducing the U-factor helps minimize the heat flow through windows over the winter in cold climates, improves the thermal comfort of occupants, and reduces condensation and the influence of convection as a means of heat transfer [11]. Using multiple glass layers, low emissivity coatings, inert gas fill, and warm edge spacers between glazing layers minimize heat flow through windows [12]. The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is the parameter that indicates the amount of solar radiation that enters a building through the glazing. A good design of the openings, along with the right orientation of the building can reduce the SHGC. Solar control films can reflect thermal solar radiation but can prevent natural light from entering the building.

Basing on the thermal performance of a reference room located in the Mediterranean climate region, some authors have shown that large glazing areas facing north are not particularly weak in terms of thermal performances since gains through sky diffuse radiation compensate the thermal losses [13]. Smart glazing can adjust its optical and thermal properties according to climate conditions. Electrochromic glazing and liquid crystal glazing are two examples of smart window . Water flow Glazing (WFG) is a further example of smart glazing. This solution is based on circulating a water flow in a closed circuit allowing the dynamic control of thermal solar heat gain. In this case, the water flow does not modify the visible transmittance of the glazing but the of the glass panes, which are in contact with the water [14, 15]. By varying the water flow rate, the indoor thermal flux is controlled [16].

Recent studies have shown that the productivity of the occupants depends on parameters that affect thermal comfort [17]. The load calculations at an early stage of the building design help make meaningful decisions in this regard. During the life cycle of projects, the building information modeling (BIM) concept covers different aspects. Architects and designers use BIM software in all stages including design, construction, and operation since it can handle several issues relevant to the structural analysis, mechanical systems design and the building's energy performance [18]. The BIM software is much more efficient when implemented at initial project stages [19, 20]. Energy use is an essential requirement in building performance assessment. Some authors have proposed a methodology that allows a quick calculation of the estimated energy in the BIM model. These methods allow building designers to calculate thermal loads and to size HVAC systems [21]. Researchers on building energy performance have applied different energy modeling techniques in an attempt to predict future energy usage including statistical analysis of building consumption data, and programs [22, 23, 24]. Computer have been a significant component of that research, and new building energy simulation (BES) software tools have been developed and applied over the last few years. Examples of these tools include DOE-2, RIUSKA, GBS, eQuest, EnergyPlus, and DesignBuilder. Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools and Building Energy Simulation (BES) software are becoming popular and more accessible for building stakeholders [25, 26, 27].

The goals of this paper are: (i) describe a methodology approach which allows modeling both heating and cooling hourly energy use in residential buildings; (ii) illustrate its application in residential buildings in Mediterranean countries; (iii) describe the influence of natural ventilation, humidity and solar effects in the cooling energy use, and (iv) evaluate the impact that Water Flow Glazing has in cooling-dominated countries. A case study was conducted as a research method by utilizing the proposed framework, which aims to: (1) make energy simulations with different design assumptions; (2) perform the energy simulations through building information modeling (BIM) ; and (3) include the option of water flow glazing (WFG) for comfort and energy savings.

2. METHODOLOGY AND SIMULATION WORKFLOW

This article includes a brief review of building information modeling (BIM) and building energy simulation (BES) software tools to understand better the current state-of-art in computer-based simulation programs. Energy Plus is a popular energy simulation software tool sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) from the United States of America. The DOE energy analysis engine was last released as DOE-2.2 in 2009. Energy Plus does not have a visual interface for building modeling and visualization. Design Builder is the most common interface to run Energy Plus simulation.

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Madrid/Spain 10-12 June 2019 eQuest is a free energy analysis software developed by the DOE. It allows engineers and building designers use DOE- 2 to predict the energy use and cost for all types of buildings. IDA Indoor Climate Energy is a simulation tool widely used by engineers. It allows a practical numerical approach to real results, but it lacks a friendly graphic interface. TRNSYS is a transient system simulation software tool that simulates complex energy systems. TRNBuild is the visual interface. Due to its , TRNSYS is out of the scope of this article. Revit is a popular BIM tool that allows the energy analysis on the building design from the earliest conceptual phase up to the construction documents. Revit uses the DOE2 simulation engine and takes into account several factors, such as building's geometry, use, occupancy, and mechanical systems. The simulation workflow based on the selected tools consists of several steps: i) creation of BIM model in Revit, ii) data extraction and iii) run Energy Plus simulation using Design Builder as an interface.

BIM model: The BIM model is created with only the most basic of features: floors, walls, window(s), door(s), zone(s), and roofing. The thermal performance of the building depends on the type of construction, the schedules of human activities, and the existing equipment, such as lighting and HVAC system. It is all required for running the first energy simulations. Using computer simulation tools takes a considerable amount of to input data correctly. Revit and Design Builder have begun implementing systems in an attempt to import information from BIM into BES programs, although manual intervention is still required.

Data extraction: To be able to remodel the building in the energy simulation input file, it is necessary to extract all geometric and spatial information of the building element from the BIM.

Energy simulation file:

The BIM file is broken down into the following categories: the duration of the simulation, heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, site location in coordinates, material types, report type, utility rates, and layer constructions. As not all of this information is contained in BIM at this time, some values are set to defaults, and minimal user input is required.

3. CASE STUDY: BUILDING DESCRIPTION AND OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM To validate the methodology, a single-family house in Garrucha, Almeria, Spain (Latitude + 36.85, Longitude -2.4), has been studied. This house is a one-story building with a total area of 207.61 square meters and a volume of 638.25 cubic meters. This model aims to comply with Passivhaus standards, so the walls, roofs, floors, and windows needed to be within a certain U-value threshold. Walls, roofs and floors need to have a U value lower than or equal to 0.17 W/(m2K) and windows need to have a U value lower than or equal to 1.00 W/(m2K). The first step towards the goal of achieving Zero Energy Buildings has been the reduction of the energy demand by means of increasing the thermal resistance in walls and roofs and the use of high-performance glazing in windows. The second step has been the introduction of energy production devices such as thermal and photovoltaic solar panels. The third step has been the analysis of ventilation as the most effective way to accomplish comfort in mild climates when heating and cooling loads are known. Finally, the study of thermal loads and radiant temperature in every zone of the building is necessary to increase comfort, once the goal of energy savings has been met. The model was created using REVIT 2019. First energy analysis was carried out using the plugin Insight and, finally, data were compiled into an energy simulation input (INP) file using Green Energy Studio. An interface program of EnergyPlus, DesignBuilder, has been used to develop the energy model.

Revit model: Figure 1 shows the results of the first BIM energy analysis in summer and winter conditions with the right balance between thermal insulation and thermal mass. After optimizing the thermal performance of the opaque envelope, the two main factors influencing the thermal loads are windows and ventilation-infiltration rate. Solar heat gains through windows are, by far, the element that increases cooling loads the most. A good design of openings, overhangs, and shading devices can help improve the energy performance of the building. The primary purpose was to achieve the optimal window size for a given space, with and without a passive

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Madrid/Spain 10-12 June 2019 shading mechanism, according to the location and orientation. A high-quality construction technique leads to the control of infiltration. The optimum ventilation system includes strategies of natural ventilation and heat recovery devices. The obtained results suggest that the adoption of tight construction allows the reduction of cooling demand. Increasing the rate of natural ventilation will help reduce energy consumption in winter.

Figure 1. Heating and cooling loads (a) loose construction, (b) tight construction, (c) influence of shade in windows, (d) influence of ventilation strategies. Figure 2 shows the Insight solar analysis with Revit. It provides in context solar radiation analysis results to help designers track solar energy throughout the building design. The plugin offers automated settings for specific study types, as well as customizable options. The goal of designing buildings in Mediterranean countries is to achieve the maximum solar heat gains in winter and minimize solar gains in summer.

Figure 2. BIM solar analysis in summer and winter.

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Madrid/Spain 10-12 June 2019

For PV study types, the full year, from sunrise to sunset has been used as the date and time range. Figure 3 shows different options for PV panels.

Figure 3. BIM Analysis of PV potential of the roof.

BIM is the right tool for the decision-making design stage when it comes to dealing with geometry. A friendly interface allows seeing the results in the 3D view. After extracting all geometric and spatial information of the building element from the BIM model, an energy simulation is run in Energy Plus, using Design Builder as an interface to set parameters related to thermal mass and ventilation.

Energy Plus simulation: Night ventilation is an energy-saving strategy, using natural or mechanical ventilation during the night hours. Design Builder allows to define ventilation rates and operating schedules. The preliminary BIM simulation showed that the ventilation rate is a crucial factor to determine the comfort and energy consumption of the building. Figure 4 shows that with tight construction and with a ventilation rate of 0.5 air changes per hour (ACH) there is no need for heating, even in winter conditions. The large glazed area in the southern and eastern façades can produce overheating, and there is a need for a cooling system to keep the temperature within the comfort range. The cooling energy rises to 72.77 kWh, and it is never below 20 kWh. The total cooling energy over the first three months of the year is 504,37 kWh.

Figure 4. Simulation in winter conditions with ventilation rate of 0.5 ACH

Figure 5 shows the results of the simulation with a rate of 4 ACH. The total cooling energy over the first three months of the year is 192,01 kWh. The heating energy over the same period is 82,44 kWh. Adding both figures up, the total

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Madrid/Spain 10-12 June 2019 energy needed to keep the temperature within the comfort range is 274.45 kWh. The strategy of free natural ventilation produces 45% of energy savings.

Figure 5. Simulation in winter conditions with ventilation rate of 4 ACH

4. THE EFFECT OF WATER FLOW GLAZING IN COMFORT

Numerous articles have reported the effect of Water Flow Glazing in energy savings [28, 29, 30]. Water absorbs infrared radiation and reduces the temperature of the interior glass pane. EnergyPlus can simulate materials with variable properties such as WFG by using one-dimensional conduction finite difference solution algorithm. This article studies how the WFG can reduce the mean radiant temperature of the case study and how it affects the thermal comfort.

Ole Fanger’s work, ASHRAE Standard 55 and EN-15251, focus on the six factors determining thermal comfort [31, 32, 33, 34]: a) air temperature; b) mean radiant temperature; c) air speed; d) relative humidity; e) metabolic rate; d) clothing insulation. Operative temperature (To) is the combined effects of the mean radiant temperature (Tmr) and dry-bulb air temperature (Tdb). 1 expresses the operative temperature;

푇0 = ( ℎ푟푇푚푟 + ℎ푐푇푑푏 ) / ( ℎ푟 + ℎ푐 ) (1) where, hc= convective heat transfer coefficient; hr= linear radiative heat transfer coefficient; Tdb= air (dry bulb) temperature; Tmr= mean radiant temperature. In its simplest form operative temperature can also be expressed as in equation 2; 푇0 = ( 푇푚푟 + 푇푑푏 ) / 2 (2)

Considering the lounge room as a representative house space, for the hottest summer week, we have simulated for two cases. Both solutions have been tested by comparing the mean radiant temperature (Tmr), operative temperature profile (To) and of value of predicted mean vote (PMV), according to Fanger’s parameters. Figure 6 shows the factors that influence the room : hi is the interior heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K); SG is the total building glazing surface area (m2); SB is the total building opaque envelope surface area (m2); SF is the total building floor surface area (m2); θi, is the mean indoor temperature (K) and θe, is the mean outdoor temperature (K).

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Madrid/Spain 10-12 June 2019

Figure 6. (a) lounge room without WFG, (b) the effect of WFG in summer.

When the exterior radiation (Ī) is very high, it is not possible to maintain the comfort temperature inside the building in summer. If water circulates at a maximum flow rate, the absorption of heat reduces the g-value of the glass (gON). Circulation of cool water can help the system lower the mean radiant temperature when the temperature of the water (θw) is within the comfort range. In sunny winter days, the system stops the flow of water, and the g-value of the glass (gOFF) rises. Circulating water through the chamber absorbs infrared radiation and reduces the temperature of the inner glass pane. The initial result from the simulation was that radiant temperature is directly influenced by variations of external temperature and the overheating of the glass. During daytime the radiant temperature increases approximately linearly up to a value of 34.5 C; from 15:30 to 21:00 its value decreases approximately linearly down to 27.2 C; during the night its value remains almost constant between 27.2 C and 28.5 C. The results of the simulation in figure 7 show that, even during the HVAC operating time, the operative temperature is not within comfort range. It rises to 29.75 C, and it is never below 26 C.

Figure 7. Simulation of operative temperature and predicted mean vote with traditional glazing in the lounge room.

The predicted mean vote (PMV) fluctuated from 1.02 to -1.15. These values are not in the suggested acceptability in ASHRAE standards.

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Madrid/Spain 10-12 June 2019

The heat exchanged between the air that flows inside the room and the circulating chilled water that flows inside the glazing helps reduce the operative temperature. Figure 8 shows that, during summer days and during the night (when the HVAC is turned off), the operative temperature remains in comfort range and the mean radiant temperature decreases around 4.5 C compared with the results of traditional glazing. The operative temperature does not rise over 27.5 C and has minor variations over the week. For what concerns the predicted mean vote (PMV), the optimality of indoor thermal-hygrometric conditions has been underlined. The most uncomfortable conditions occurred during the noon period with a PMV value of 0.8. The ASHRAE 55 states that a band of ±0.8 is acceptable when it comes to comfort.

In conclusion, the use of WFG allows increasing the indoor thermal comfort without compromising the energy demand of the building.

Figure 8. Simulation of operative temperature and predicted mean vote with water flow glazing glazing in the lounge room.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The design of high-performance buildings, up to zero-energy buildings, is a task that has to be tackled from different perspectives. As we approach 2020, we can realize that there is still plenty of room for improvement. Using BIM tools can help building designers achieve the following goals: analyse the energy needs and consumption of the building, calculate the operational cost of the building in terms of energy, and calculate and design the HVAC systems. This article has aimed to develop an effective and reproducible test method to evaluate the influence of several variables in the energy performance and comfort conditions of buildings. Different building performance simulation tools have been used to study the best trade-off among transparent envelope solutions, natural ventilation and potential for solar energy. The method has been tested on a case study, a small residential building located in Garrucha, Spain. The first phase of the analysis has included a BIM model of the building. Minimization of cooling demand required a low U-value envelope, along with triple windows with external shading systems. After extracting all geometric and spatial information of the building from the BIM model, an energy simulation has been run using Energy Plus software. Controlling the natural ventilation rate can help reduce 45% of heating and cooling energy consumption in winter. Finally, the indoor thermal-hygrometric conditions have been improved by means of water flow glazing. The Energy Plus simulation shows that the operative temperature is within comfort range according to ASHRAE 55.

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Madrid/Spain 10-12 June 2019

The exchange of information between BIM and energy simulation software is a goal that needs improvement over the next years. Revit offers a friendly interface and Energy Plus engine includes relevant parameters to run energy simulations. By applying this methodology, designers will be able to use both tools during early design stages.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by program Horizon 2020-EU.3.3.1: Reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint by smart and sustainable use, project Ref. 680441 InDeWaG : Industrialized Development of Water Flow Glazing Systems. The article has been sponsored by Keene State College, New Hamshire, USA.

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