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Home , Bulbourethral gland, Follicular phase, Human penis, Human reproduction, Male reproductive system, Oocyte

Male Organs: 2 Testes – produce and . Hormones influence sperm production and secondary sex traits. 2 Epididymides – sperm maturation, storage 2 Vas Deferentia – rapid transport of sperm 2 Ejaculatory Ducts – conduct sperm to 1 Penis –

Figure 39.12(a) from page 656 of your text (continued) Accessory : 2 – secrete fructose (sperm use this sugar for energy) and (induce muscles to contract) Outpouching of 1 – secretes most of the liquid part of that contains both (sperm + glandular secretions). May help testes; can be moved buffer the low pH (3.5-4.0) of vaginal fluid. closer to or farther 2 Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands – a -rich lubricant from to help maintain temperature suitable for sperm formation.

urinary seminal bladder vesicle SEMINAL VESICLE PROSTATE prostate GLAND EJECULATORY gland vas bulbourethral erectile deferens gland urethra seminiferous EPIDIDYMIS URETHRA

TESTIS Figure 38.15 PENIS from page 657 Figure 38.16 of your text from page 658 testis penis of your text I MEIOSIS II part of the lumen of a Sperm Sertoli (diploid) • Head is packed with DNA; cap has enzymes to primary penetrate membrane surrounding . • Mitochondria behind head provides energy for secondary early late immature . spermatocyte sperm (haploid) • Produced continuously from to death. head (DNA in enzyme-rich cap) tail (with core of ) • Millions are in different stages of development at any time. • Takes 9-10 weeks for each sperm to form. midpiece with mitochondria • Meiosis occurs inside the spermatogonia in

Figure 39.14 seminiferous inside the testes. from page 659 of your text

Hormonal control of sperm production

Hypothalamus and

Prostate

PITUITARY 1. Second leading cause of death in American men. 2. Detection • Digital rectal exam by physician • Blood tests for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a

Fig. 38.17, p. 659 Reproductive System Organs: 1. About 5,000 U.S. cases per year 2 – (immature egg); produced sex hormones. 2 – conduct from to ; fertilization 2. Can be detected by self-exam occurs in oviducts. • Men should check testes monthly Uterus – chamber for developing , endometrial lining. – opening of uterus; secretes mucus that: a) facilitates • Check for hardening, lumps sperm and b) block . • Changes should be reported to – organ of sexual intercourse; canal. – responsive to stimulation. physician

Female Reproductive Organs

Fallopian tube ()

ovaries oviduct oviduct OVARY Ovarian uterus vagina ligament uterus cervix

Figure 38.18 from page 660 vagina of your text

OVIDUCT 21-35 days OVARY UTERUS 1. 2. – Follicle develops in ovary. urinary ENDOMETRIUM bladder 3. – Egg released from follicle/ovary. urethra 4. – follicle becomes .

CLITORIS opening of cervix

LABIUM MINOR LABIUM Figure 38.19 MAJOR VAGINA anus from page 661 of your text Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Cycle hormonal control hormonal control

Hypothalamus regulates thirst, hunger, sleep, and endocrine functions. 1. FSH and LH stimulate a follicle to begin maturing.

Hypothalamus releases Follicle stimulating releasing factor (FSH-RF), which induces the pituitary to secrete Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and a little Leutenizing hormone (LH).

hypothalamus ovaries oviduct oviduct

FSH-RF vagina anterior uterus lobe of pituitary hypothalamus gland

FSH+LH

secondary Ovarian cycle oocyte Ovarian cycle – The follicle first 1. Follicle grows and matures. polar ovulation body Women are born with ~450,000 egg containing follicles. It is believed that 2. Follicle begins releasing no new are produced after birth, but it is known that other . can produce eggs after birth so it may be possible.

3. Estrogen trigger a thickening antrum Women can release up to 500 eggs during a lifetime. of the uterine lining. 1. Primary oocyte is an immature egg that is suspended at I of meiosis I. 4. As estrogen levels increase hypothalamus releases LH-RF), which stimulates pituitary to secrete Leutenizing hormone.

5. LH tell mature follicle to burst and release egg primordial estrogen (Ovulation) follicle

Ovarian cycle – The follicle Ovarian cycle – The follicle

Women are born with ~450,000 egg containing follicles. It is believed that Primordial follicle consists no new eggs are produced after birth, but it is known that other of primary oocyte and mammals can produce eggs after birth so it may be possible. layer of cells nourishing Women can release up to 500 eggs during a lifetime. oocyte. Primordial follicle 1. Primary oocyte is an immature egg that is suspended at prophase I of meiosis I. 2. FSH + LH stimulate Primordial follicle to begin maturing • Cells around oocyte begin duplicating • Oocyte completes Meiosis I with most distributed to 1 of the 4 eggs produced and called the secondary oocyte. The remaining eggs become polar bodies and degenerate. Ovarian cycle – The follicle LH Ovarian cycle – The follicle

3. As the follicle matures 6. After releasing the egg its cells begin releasing the follicle becomes a estrogen. “corpus luteum”. 4. As estrogen levels 7. The corpus luteum begins increase Pituitary producing progetsrone, Corpus releases a burst oh LH. Estrogen which prepare the uterus Luteum & endometrium for 5. In response to the . elevated LH the follicle bursts releasing the egg 8. If no pregnancy occurs from the ovary into the the corpus luteum . degenerates and stop producing . Progesterone

hypothalamus GnRH anterior pituitary midcycle peak of LH FSH LH (triggers ovulation) hypothalamus Blood levels of FSH (purple) and anterior LH (lavender) lobe of pituitary FSH LH LH gland growth of follicle ovulation corpus luteum

Ovulation progesterone, Blood levels of estrogen estrogens (light blue) and progesterone estrogens progesterone, (dark blue) endometrium of uterus estrogen menstruation

Figure 38.22 Days of one menstrual cycle (using Fig. 38.21, p. 663 from page 664 28 days as the average duration) FOLLICULAR PHASE OF LUTEAL PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE MENSTRUAL CYCLE of your text

Fate of the egg kit 1. Purify HCG 1. If the egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube and 2. Inject purified HCG into mouse successfully implants into the endometrium of the 3. Collect blood serum from mouse uterus, The begins producing Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). 4. Purify HCG specific antibodies 5. Attach antibodies to color producing . 2. HCG maintains the Corpus Luteum, which results 6. Place antibody complex on a test platform. in the continued release of progesterone, which 7. When of pregnant women comes into contact with maintains the uterus during pregnancy. platform HCG binds to the antibody complex producing a color. The Act of Sex The Act of Sex

Under natural conditions, the fertilization of a How does a become erect? human egg by a requires The penis has two chambers that run the length of the penis called “Corpa sexual intercourse. Cavernosa”. They are filled with a spongy tissue composed of smooth muscles, fibrous tissues, spaces, and collectively called “Erectile tissue”.

Urethra

The Act of Sex

When relaxed, the arteries that feed the penis are The Act of Sex constricted and the smooth muscles regulating To deliver sperm cells to the female reproductive system the penis the tiny blood vessels within the penis are must release semen into the vaginal cavity. This is achieved contracted. during the ejaculatory response.

During arousal, the CNS signals the relaxation of has two phases: emission & ejaculation proper. During the smooth muscles in the penis, allowing emission, the vas deferentia contract to propel sperm from the epididymis (where it was stored) up to the ampullas at the top end blood to flow into the tiny pool-like sinuses of of each vas deferens. The sperm then passes through the the corpa cavernosa and flood the penis. ejaculatory ducts and is mixed with fluids from the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands to form the The chamber of the corpa cavenrosa expands with semen. During ejaculation proper, the semen is ejected through blood. The pressure from the engorged the urethra with rhythmical contractions. chambers squeezes the surrounding veins and blocks the normal draining of blood from the The ejaculation reflex is controlled by the sympathetic nervous penis. This results in a rigid erect penis. system while an is controlled by the parasympathetic . Urethra

oviduct The Act of Sex Female arousal is accompanied by many of the same physiological responses experienced by

males. The sympathetic nervous system is OVARY responsible for the elevated temperature, blood

flow, rate, breathing, and secretion of uterus lubricating fluids to facilitate intercourse. cervix

vagina FERTILIZATION oviduct

ovary OVULATION uterus opening of cervix follicle cell vagina granules in sperm cortex of enter cytoplasm vagina

nuclei fuse Figure 38.23 from page 665 of your text

Sperm Blocked at Fertilization Membrane Unsuccessful Sperm on Outside Surface of Egg

inner cell mass Pregnancy

(see next slide) oviduct uterus FERTILIZATION

ovary IMPLANTATION endometrium Figure 39.21 from page 666 of your text future brain Trophoblast start of amniotic paired neural folds (surface layer of cavity start of embryonic endometrium cells of the disk blastoyst)

blastocoel pharyngeal arches

inner cell mass start of sac neural somites DAYS 6-7 DAYS 10-11 groove chorionic cavity chorion chorionic chorionic cavity amniotic cavity blood-filled spaces villi embryonic disk DAYS 18-23 yolk sac amniotic cavity

start of chorionic cavity connecting stalk DAYS 24-25

yolk sac Fig. 38.28, p. 671 primitive streak Fig. 38.29, p. 672

DAY 14 DAY 12 DAY 15

head growth Weeks 5-6 exceeds growth Week 4 of other regions forebrain future lens retinal pigment future external pharyngeal upper yolk sac arches differentiation developing heart ( plates connecting develop, then digital bud stalk rays of future somites , , embryo start forming) neural tube forming formation between lower limb weeks 4 and 8 (amnion bud expands, forms tube tail that encloses the connecting stalk and a Figure 38.31 Figure 38.31 duct for blood vessels) from page 674 from page 674 plate of your text of your text

Week 8 1. final week of embryonic WEEK 38 (full term) period; embryo looks distinctly human compared Length: 50 cm (20 inches) to other Weight: 3,400 grams (7.5 pounds) 2. upper and lower limbs well-formed; fingers and then have separated 3. primordial tissues of all internal, external structures now developed

4. tail has become stubby Figure 38.31 Figure 38.31 from page 675 of your text from page 675 of your text

4 weeks 8 weeks

appearance of 12 weeks the placenta at full term Figure 38.30 from page 673 of your text

Sensitivity to Teratogens (produce deformities) placenta uterus umbilical cord vagina cervix Birth

detaching placenta umbilical cord

Figure 38.34 from page 678 of your text Figure 38.32 from page 676 of your text

Non-lactating Lactating Growth Pituitary produces Figure 39.28 , which from page 674 stimulates milk of your text milk- production. nipple producing mammary Suckling stimulates gland the release of oxytocin from pituitary. This causes contraction of mammary glands to release milk and triggers the uterous to return to pre pregnancy state. embryo embryo newborn 2 5 13 years 22 Figure 38.35 at 8 at 12 years years (puberty) years adipose milk from page 678 weeks weeks tissue duct of your text Options Contraception Failure Rates • Implants and injectables 2-4% • Oral contraceptives 9% Prevent fertilization • Diaphragm and cervical cap 13% • Male 15% Prevent ovulation • Periodic abstinence 22% • Withdrawal 26% Block implantation • Spermicides 28%

Sexually Transmitted Causative Agents of STDs Diseases (STDs) 1. Viruses 1. Bacteria 1. Worldwide epidemic of STDs • AIDS (HIV) • • (Neisseria 2. Women are most affected () gonorrhoeae) • Genital warts • 3. Can cause , pain, (HPV) (Trepnema and even death pallidum) • Chlamydial

AIDS AIDS Test

1. Virus attacks T cells 1. Should know HIV status of potential 2. is destroyed partner 3. Opportunistic infections and 2. A person can test negative and still have eventually cause death and transmit the virus 4. Treatment is available, but there is no vaccine and no cure 3. Test detects antibodies that appear weeks to months after Genital Herpes Human Papillomaviruses

1. Caused by Herpes simplex Type II 1. HPV can cause bumplike warts on the 2. Periodic eruption of small, painful blisters genitals and anus on genitals 2. One strain, 16 HPV, does not cause 3. Infection requires contact with fluid from symptoms these sores 3. It can lead to cancers of cervix, vagina, 4. Antiviral drugs can reduce pain but there is , penis, and anus no cure 4. There is no cure

Gonorrhea Syphilis

1. Caused by the bacterium Neisseria 1. Caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum (a kind of bacterium) gonorrhoeae 2. Early symptoms are painless ; later 2. often symptom-free in early stages, an extensive rash 3. In some, immune response to infection males discharge pus causes damage to brain and 3. Can cause sterility if untreated 4. Passage from to can cause stillbirth, infection of newborn 4. Can be cured with

Pelvic Inflammatory Chlamydial Infections Disease (PID) 1. Most common reported STD in U.S. 1. Complication of many bacterial STDs 2. A variety of diseases caused by bacterium 2. Bacteria infect uterus, oviducts, ovaries 3. Leads to inflammation of cervix in female, 3. Symptoms include bleeding, vaginal burning in both discharge, pain in lower 4. Increases likelihood of ectopic pregnancy 4. In females, can spread to uterus and oviducts to cause PID 5. Can cause sterility