DOCSLIB.ORG

On Bayle's Interpretation of Spinoza's Substance and Mode

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On Bayle's Interpretation of Spinoza's Substance and Mode ON BAYLE’S INTERPRETATION OF SPINOZA’S SUBSTANCE AND MODE * ALEX GUILHERME INTRODUCTION influential from the end of the 17th century until the end of the 18th century, as the Dictionnaire was here are two aspects of Spinoza’s translated into various European languages and metaphysics that one must bear in mind became standard reading in most European Twhen reading his philosophy. First, Universities. As such, it could be said that Bayle is Spinoza understood that metaphysics is the study largely responsible for much of the of the nature of reality, of the nature of Being; misunderstanding that surrounded Spinoza’s and as such, Spinoza was concerned with philosophy in that age. The connection between questions such as: How do things exist? What the reception and the eventual fate of philosophical exists? and Why do they exist? The ther aspect system is not always appreciated but it is no is that Spinoza belonged to the philosophical unimportant element for as Schröder (1996:157) tradition that understood that philosophy had writes: the understanding and the reception of a to be systematic. That is, out of one single and philosopher’s work depends to no little extent on the simple principle one must be able to deduce a way in which earlier interpreters and especially his whole philosophical system (and Hegel is disciples represented it - that is to say, the Dutch probably the last philosopher in this Spinozists of the late 17th and early 18th century - philosophical tradition). For Spinoza the concept influenced the fortune of their Master’s philosophy of substance is such a principle, and as such, he abroad. Most modern commentators would not defended the idea of a monistic metaphysical subscribe to Bayle’s interpretation as it has been system, i.e. substance is the simple principle out discredited due to its clear misinterpretation of of which the whole of Reality is to be deduced. some of Spinoza’s views. In fact, it has been noted That is to say that he strongly maintained recently that Spinoza himself would reject his own throughout his writings that i. one, and only one views would them incur the implications inferred substance exists, ii. that God or Nature is a by Bayle in the Dictionnaire (cf. Curley 1969:13; substance, and iii. that all that exists is a Nadler 2008:56). modification of the substance. There is, however, much debate among commentators regarding (CONTINUATION OF NOTE 1) name had been banned under the Anti-Socinian Act of 1653, which was the foundation the meaning of the concepts of substance and for all intellectual censorship in the Dutch Republic. One mode, and of the inter-relation between these such documented case is: Adriaan Koerbagh, a medical terms. In this paper I wish to assess the very first doctor and jurist, who wrote two books on the education published interpretation of Spinoza’s thought, of the Dutch people; he was arrested and questioned by namely, that of Pierre Bayle in his Dictionnaire the police on the 20th July 1668 and confirmed that his books concealed Spinozist ideas (cf. Siebrand 1988:13). Critique et Historique where he portraits Spinoza Socianism (from the Latin socius – ‘companion’) held the 1 as a Cartesian. This interpretation was very views that i. Christ was human and not divine, ii. that human beings possess free will and thus it preached * Dr Alex Guilherme - DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY - UNIVERSITY against the Lutheran idea of predestination, iii. argued in OF DURHAM, Durham, Co. Durham, United Kingdom. favour of pacifism and against all wars, iv. argued for the 1 Bayle’s is the very first interpretation of Spinoza’s separation of church and state, and v. argued in favour of thought to name Spinoza explicitly. Earlier commentaries reason over dogma. Thus, it is easy to see why Spinoza’s did not mention the name of Spinoza or explicitly allude Tractatus , and the Ethics, were banned under the Anti- to his thought for Spinoza’s works and (TO BE CONTINUED) Socinian Act, since Spinoza held at least i., iv., and v. REVISTA Conatus - FILOSOFIA DE SPINOZA - VOLUME 3 - NÚMERO 6 - DEZEMBRO 2009 11 GUILHERME, ALEX. ON BAYLE’S INTERPRETATION OF SPINOZA’S SUBSTANCE AND MODE. P. 11-16. There is, however, a temptation to read Spinoza is a naturalised entity. Spinoza’s God is Nature, as a Cartesian because he makes use of much the whole of Nature (i.e. nature as the essence Cartesian terminology, such as substance and of everything that exists – natura naturans, and mode. Such a reading would be partially accurate nature as a physical self-contained system – because Spinoza is the most prominent natura naturata; cf. E I p29).3 It is therefore philosopher that appeared just after Descartes, generally agreed that Spinoza defended a and as such he was influenced by and pantheistic view of the world (cf. Hampshire commented on Cartesian philosophy.2 Spinoza 1953:36; Priest 1991:160), and thus the absence use of terminology, such as substance and mode of a supernatural realm. For Spinoza all that is directly related to this. However, and this is exists is this divinised realm inhabited by us. the crucial point here, Spinoza changed the meaning of, as well as changing the inter-relation The second point concerns the Cartesian and between, those terms – for he further developed Scholastic understanding of the concepts of those Cartesian and Scholastic concepts as I shall substance and mode (and modes are sometimes demonstrate later in this paper. This point is vital called accidents). Cartesians and Scholastics held to demonstrate that Bayle misinterpreted the view that God created two kinds of Spinoza’s doctrine of substance and mode and substances, the mental substance and the that his reading must be rejected as a proper extended substance, i.e. God wills the existence interpretation of Spinoza’s philosophy. of these two substances and therefore these substances depend on God for their existence. CARTESIAN AND SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY: TWO POINTS 3 E I p29 note says: : ...I would wish to remind you...what Before assessing Bayle’s interpretation of we must understand by active and passive nature (natura Spinoza’s concepts of substance and mode, I wish naturans and natura naturata)...by natura naturans we to make two points regarding Cartesian and must understand what is in itself and is conceived through Scholastic philosophy, since Bayle reads Spinoza itself ... but by natura naturata I understand whatever as falling under this tradition. The first point follows from the necessity of God’s nature, or from any of God’s attributes, i.e. all the modes of God’s attributes insofar concerns the Cartesian and Scholastics’ as they are considered as things which are in God, and can understanding of Metaphysics. Cartesians and neither be nor be conceived without God). Scholastics held the view that there is the Chaui (1999:56-57) makes an interesting point regarding supernatural realm, which God inhabits, and the the role of natura naturans and natura naturata within natural realm, where God’s created extended and Spinoza’s system by drawing an analogy. She links Spinoza’s views to the scientific revolution in optics at mental substances exist. Thus, for Cartesians and the time. Chaui argues that in Latin there is a difference Scholastics, Metaphysics is both concerned with between lux, i.e. the source of light, and lumen, i.e. light the natural realm through a study of the nature which illuminates the objects around the source of light. of our reality and with the supernatural realm This difference has been forgotten by modern languages, through the study of the nature of God, souls however, it is certain that Spinoza was familiar with both terms as he was fluent in Latin. Chaui’s point is that just and immortality. This is in direct contrast with as in optics there is a difference between the source of Spinoza’s views. In Spinoza’s metaphysical light (lux) and light itself (lumen), there is also a difference system one finds only the natural realm. between God as creator, i.e. active and immanent and Spinoza’s system does not provide for a the essence to all things – natura naturans, and God as supernatural system. Certainly, there is talk of creation, i.e. passive and conceived forming a self- contained system – natura naturata. This is possibly one God. But one must remember that Spinoza’s God of Spinoza’s greatest insights for if reality is conceived simply as product (natura naturata), then reality would 2 Spinoza only published two books during his life time, be at rest, there would be no changes in reality. The idea namely the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670) and The of changes in reality requires an active and productive Principles of Descartes’s Philosophy (1663). The former element, that which Spinoza calls natura naturans. This was initially written for a young man of whom Spinoza is to say that the very fact that reality is so dynamic was tutor, the latter was published anonymously at requires the substance, God or nature, to be seen as both Amsterdam. The Ethics, which is considered his major product (natura naturata) and as producer (natura work, was only published posthumously in 1677. naturans). 12 REVISTA Conatus - FILOSOFIA DE SPINOZA - VOLUME 3 - NÚMERO 6 - DEZEMBRO 2009 GUILHERME, ALEX. ON BAYLE’S INTERPRETATION OF SPINOZA’S SUBSTANCE AND MODE. P. 11-16. They were also pluralists about these two created all particular beings,…, the sun, the moon,…are substances as they maintained that there is a modifications of God”, and anyone who is plurality of these two kinds of substance.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baruch Spinoza
    Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) Baruch Spinoza was one of the great philosophers of the age of Rationalism and a major influence thereafter, as on, paradoxically, both of the bitter enemies Arthur Schopenhauer and G.W. F. Hegel. From a Portuguese Jewish family that had fled to the relative tolerance of the Netherlands, one of the most famous things about Spinoza was his expulsion from the Dutch Jewish community. This is often called an "excommunication," though, as I used to have a high school teacher protest, there is really no such thing as "excommunication" in Judaism. Nevertheless, Spinoza was expelled from the Jewish community and anathematized. Although he is today recognized as one of the greatest Jewish philosophers ever, and the chief Rabbis of Israel have been petitioned to formally lift the curse upon him, this has not happened: Spinoza remains a controversial person in Judaism, for very much the same reasons that led to his expulsion in the first place. Spinoza's God is not the God of Abraham and Isaac, not a personal God at all, and his system provides no reason for the revelatory status of the Bible or the practice of Judaism, or of any religion, for that matter. Spinoza's alienation from his community is reflected in an alternative version of his name. "Baruch" in Hebrew (bârûkh) means "Blessed"; but Spinoza began using the name "Benedict," which in Latin (Benedictus) would mean "spoken well of" or "praised." This reflects the circumstance that Spinoza, with whom Jews were forbidden to associate, inevitably found friendship with Christians instead.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerson's Hidden Influence: What Can Spinoza Tell the Boy?
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Philosophy Honors Theses Department of Philosophy 6-15-2007 Emerson's Hidden Influence: What Can Spinoza Tell the Boy? Adam Adler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_hontheses Recommended Citation Adler, Adam, "Emerson's Hidden Influence: What Can Spinoza Tell the Boy?." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2007. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_hontheses/2 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Philosophy at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EMERSON’S HIDDEN INFLUENCE: WHAT CAN SPINOZA TELL THE BOY? by ADAM ADLER Under the Direction of Reiner Smolinski and Melissa Merritt ABSTRACT Scholarship on Emerson to date has not considered Spinoza’s influence upon his thought. Indeed, from his lifetime until the twentieth century, Emerson’s friends and disciples engaged in a concerted cover-up because of Spinoza’s hated name. However, Emerson mentioned his respect and admiration of Spinoza in his journals, letters, lectures, and essays, and Emerson’s thought clearly shows an importation of ideas central to Spinoza’s system of metaphysics, ethics, and biblical hermeneutics. In this essay, I undertake a biographical and philosophical study in order to show the extent of Spinoza’s influence on Emerson and
    [Show full text]
  • Spinoza's Ethics Beth Lord
    EDINBURGH PHILOSOPHICAL GUIDES Spinoza's Ethics Beth Lord Spinoza’s Ethics Edinburgh Philosophical Guides Series Titles in the series include: Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason Douglas Burnham with Harvey Young Derrida’s Of Grammatology Arthur Bradley Heidegger’s Being and Time William Large Plato’s Republic D. J. Sheppard Spinoza’s Ethics Beth Lord Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy Kurt Brandhorst Husserl’s The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology Katrin Joost Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra Martin Jesinghausen and Douglas Burnham Spinoza’s Ethics An Edinburgh Philosophical Guide Beth Lord Edinburgh University Press © Beth Lord, 2010 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11/13pt Monotype Baskerville by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 3449 1 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 3450 7 (paperback) The right of Beth Lord to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents Series Editor’s Preface vi Acknowledgements vii List of Figures viii Introduction 1 1. A Guide to the Text 15 Part I: Being, Substance, God, Nature 15 Part II: Minds, Bodies, Experience and Knowledge 49 Part III: The Affects 83 Part IV: Virtue, Ethics and Politics 103 Part V: Freedom and Eternity 136 2. Study Aids 159 Glossary 159 Further Reading 167 Types of Question you will Encounter 168 Tips for Writing about Spinoza 169 Bibliography 173 Index 179 Series Editor’s Preface To us, the principle of this series of books is clear and simple: what readers new to philosophical classics need fi rst and foremost is help with reading these key texts.
    [Show full text]
  • In Nature and in God: Spinoza and Blessedness
    In Nature and In God: Spinoza and Blessedness By Erin Islo Submitted respectfully as partial fulfillment of the requirements for receiving the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy at Haverford College Ben Allen, first reader Danielle Macbeth, second reader April 20th, 2012 I must thank Dr. Ben Allen, who bore with me through the labor pains of this endeavor, Dr. Danielle Macbeth, and Dr. Dan Garber, who first inspired my love of philosophy and supported me through many frustrations, for any worthwhile part of this project; the deprivation of their guidance would have been a severe detriment to this paper. Their incisive questions and persistent demands for deeper and broader thinking are as much to credit for this project as my own efforts. Any error or heresy is my own and is no reflection of their influence. I have much gratitude as well for the help and criticism of Jo Van Cauter, who initially challenged me to reconsider Spinoza’s true project, and for Chuck and Maureen Cline and their family, who exemplify blessedness more than anyone else I have ever encountered. I dedicate this work in memory of Spinoza himself, to he who has produced a work that will haunt me for the rest of my waking life – though may the eternal life of the Mind save me from further torment. 2 Abstract This paper considers the Ethics of Baruch Spinoza through three of the most important concepts presented in the work: essence, knowledge, and blessedness. By thoroughly exploring and re- examining these concepts and the role they play in Spinoza’s ethical project, it becomes clear that it is knowledge of the essences of singular things that is key to the life of blessedness.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pantheism of Goethe in Its Relation to That of Spinoza
    University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 1918 The pantheism of Goethe in its relation to that of Spinoza Hans Naether State University of Iowa Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd This work has been identified with a Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0. Material in the public domain. No restrictions on use. This thesis is available at Iowa Research Online: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4084 Recommended Citation Naether, Hans. "The pantheism of Goethe in its relation to that of Spinoza." MA (Master of Arts) thesis, State University of Iowa, 1918. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.xi8mcgqv Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd THE PANTHEISM OF GOETHE IN ITS RELATION TO THAT OF SPINOZA. A THESIS submitted to The Faculty of the Graduate College of the State University of Iowa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS by Hans Naether. State University of Iowa 1918. TABLE Of CONTENTS. Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. 1-8. Chapter 2. MARKED INFLUENCES IN THE 'DEVELOPMENT OF GOETHE ’s THOUGHT. 4-13. Chapter 8. WHAT IS PANTHEISM? 14-16. ! Chapter 4. THE PANTHEISM OF GO^TBE.c"' 19-25. Chapter 5. DID SFIN07A TEACH AN IMMANENT GOD? 26-29. Chapter 6. THE RELATION OE GOETHE. TO SPIN02A . 80-47. Chapter 7. GOETHE’S C M CONCEPTION OE GOD. 46-55. Chapter 8. GCETHE.'S PHILO POPE'S IN FAUST. 46-72. Chapter S. GOETHE’S 'APPROACH TO THEISM. 73—j—96. 1. THE PANTHEISM OE GOETHE IN ITS RELATION TO THAT 0? SPINOZA.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinoza's Methodology: a Genetic Account of Fundamental Concepts in His Early Writings
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Philosophy Philosophy 2021 Spinoza's Methodology: A Genetic Account of Fundamental Concepts in His Early Writings Clay Graham University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6479-8945 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2021.186 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Graham, Clay, "Spinoza's Methodology: A Genetic Account of Fundamental Concepts in His Early Writings" (2021). Theses and Dissertations--Philosophy. 30. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/philosophy_etds/30 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Philosophy by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinoza, Schopenhauer and the Standpoint of Affirmation
    Spinoza, Schopenhauer and the Standpoint of Affirmation BELA EGYED Spinoza’s influence on German Idealism was remarkable. He was both a challenge and inspiration for the three major figures of this movement. 1 Hegel, Schelling and Fichte all sought to define their own philosophical positions in relation to his. Schopenhauer, who despised these three philosophers to varying degrees of intensity (his vicious attacks on Hegel stand out), also had a similarly ambivalent relation to the sage of Amsterdam. How Spinoza came to influence Schopenhauer is not clear, but one might speculate. It could have come from his exposure to Fichte’s lectures, from his conversations with Goethe or simply from being caught up in the post- Kantian attempt to rethink the Critical Philosophy. Still, his preoccupation with Spinozism is evident throughout his writings. Readers of his oeuvre cannot fail to note his ambivalence toward Spinoza’s philosophy. He sees in Spinoza an ally against the feverish culture of the West. For example, in speaking about Spinoza and Giordano Bruno, Schopenhauer comments that: They do not belong either to their age or to their part of the globe, which rewarded the one with death, and the other with persecution and ignominy. Their miserable existence and death in this Western world are like that of a tropical plant in Europe. The banks of the Ganges were their spiritual home; there they would have led a peaceful and honoured life among men of like mind ( World I 422, n. 2). Given Schopenhauer’s respect for Hindu philosophy, comments like these indicate that he too felt intellectual kinship with Spinoza.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conception of Immortality in Spinoza's Ethics AE Taylor Mind, New Series, Vol. 5, No
    The Conception of Immortality in Spinoza's Ethics A. E. Taylor Mind, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 18. (Apr., 1896), pp. 145-166. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-4423%28189604%292%3A5%3A18%3C145%3ATCOIIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V Mind is currently published by Oxford University Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/oup.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Mon Apr 9 21:24:36 2007 MIND A QUARTERLY REVIEW PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY. I.-THE CONCEPTION OF IMMORTALITY IN SPINOZA'S ETHICS1. WE shall find it convenient, in examining the vexed problem of Spinoza's doctrine of the eternity of the mind, to take as our starting-point the brief abstract of his views given in the "Short Treatise of God and Man," which, in all essentials, anticipates the fuller discussion of the Ethics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of Freedom - on the Ethical Potential of the Knowledge of the Non-Human Origins of Human Being
    © Res Cogitans 2016 vol. 11, no.1, 15-62 The Nature of Freedom - on the ethical potential of the knowledge of the non-human origins of human being Martin Haugberg-Lund ”There are areas of me / that are not human / pine woods, magma / that which I have been /fluorescent grammar / in a subterranean summer.” - Theis Ørntoft, Poems 2014 1. Introduction Many ways there are to articulate the objective conditions of human subjectivity. If poetry is regarded as one way, philosophy ought to be regarded as another. Whereas young Danish poet Theis Ørntoft (1984-) in his Poems 2014 invokes a host of metaphors in order to stage and address the fluctuating and at most semi-stable foundations of human being, American philosopher Graham Harman (1968-) in his The Quadruple Object expounds the structural components of a metaphysics that uncovers the ontological relativity of the objectively secured stability of human subjectivity. The implications of Harman's so-called 'object-oriented ontology' for the ethically significant construal of the relation between nature and freedom will be spelled out towards the end of my article. In order to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings of the intellectual intentions behind the present paper, it is important that the three main ways of interpreting the expression 'the nature of freedom' is clarified from the start. First, the expression designates what might also be referred to as the 'essence' of freedom, and in that case the expression announces that the article will primarily deal with the truth pertaining to freedom. Second, the expression names the crucial relation that have always held and always will hold sway between nature and freedom, insofar as there belongs a specific way Martin Hauberg-Lund DPU – Danmarks institut for Pædagogik og Uddannelse, Emdrup, Danmark E-mail: [email protected] in which 'nature' must be and be understood if such a thing as 'freedom' is to be the case.
    [Show full text]
  • Reason and Intuitive Knowledge in Spinoza's Ethics
    Reason and Intuitive Knowledge in Spinoza’s Ethics : Two Ways of Knowing, Two Ways of Living by Sanem Soyarslan Department of Philosophy Duke University Date: _____________________ Approved: ___________________________ Tad Schmaltz, Co-Supervisor __________________________ David Wong, Co-Supervisor __________________________ Michael Ferejohn __________________________ Andrew Janiak __________________________ Alan Nelson Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT Reason and Intuitive Knowledge in Spinoza’s Ethics : Two Ways of Knowing, Two Ways of Living by Sanem Soyarslan Department of Philosophy Duke University Date: _____________________ Approved: ___________________________ Tad Schmaltz, Co-Supervisor __________________________ David Wong, Co-Supervisor __________________________ Michael Ferejohn __________________________ Andrew Janiak __________________________ Alan Nelson An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ii Copyright by Sanem Soyarslan 2011 iii ABSTRACT While both intuitive knowledge ( scientia intuitiva ) and reason ( ratio) are adequate ways of knowing for Spinoza, they are not equal. “The greatest virtue of the mind” and “the greatest human perfection” consist in understanding things by intuitive knowledge, which
    [Show full text]
  • Spinoza: a Guide for the Perplexed
    SPINOZA: A GUIDE FOR THE PERPLEXED Continuum Guides for the Perplexed Adorno: A Guide for the Perplexed – Alex Thomson Deleuze: A Guide for the Perplexed – Claire Colebrook Existentialism: A Guide for the Perplexed – Stephen Earnshaw Gadamer: A Guide for the Perplexed – Chris Lawn Hobbes: A Guide for the Perplexed – Stephen J. Finn Husserl: A Guide for the Perplexed – Matheson Russell Kierkegaard: A Guide for the Perplexed – Clare Carlisle Levinas: A Guide for the Perplexed – B. C. Hutchens Merleau-Ponty: A Guide for the Perplexed – Eric Matthews Quine: A Guide for the Perplexed – Gary Kemp Rousseau: A Guide for the Perplexed – Matthew Simpson Sartre: A Guide for the Perplexed – Gary Cox Wittgenstein: A Guide for the Perplexed – Mark Addis SPINOZA: A GUIDE FOR THE PERPLEXED CHARLES E. JARRETT Continuum International Publishing Group The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane 11 York Road Suite 704 London SE1 7NX New York, NY 10038 www.continuumbooks.com © Charles Jarrett 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including pho- tocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Thanks are due to the following publishers for permission to reprint portions of Samuel Shirley’s translations of Spinoza’s works. Spinoza. Complete Works; translated by Samuel Shirley and others; edited, with introduction and notes, by Michael L. Morgan. Copyright © 2002 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Baruch Spinoza. Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, translated by Samuel Shirley.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Concepts and Propositions in Spinoza's Ethics Which Are Discussed by Nadler in His SEP Essay
    Key Concepts and Propositions in Spinoza’s Ethics ! The following are some key concepts and propositions in Spinoza's Ethics which are discussed by Nadler in his SEP essay. Our goal is to understand these concepts and propositions well enough so that we can restate them in our own words. If you are interested in a more comprehensive account of the ethics, I would recommend a short book by Steven Nadler entitled Spinoza's Ethics: An Introduction. My references below marked “SE” are to passages in that text. —————————————— Concepts 1. substance 2. attribute 3. God 4. essence 5. natura naturans (“naturing nature”) 6. natura naturata (“natured nature”) 7. affection 8. affect 8.1. passive affect 8.2. active affect 9. modes 9.1. finite modes 9.2. infinite modes 10.idea 10.1. inadequate idea 10.2. adequate idea 11. knowledge 11.1. from sense experience 11.2. from reason 11.3. from intuition 12. conatus Propositions 1. Substance has ontological independence, necessarily exists, and is infinite. (SE, 63f) 2. "[E]xistence follows from the nature of substance just as having three angles follows from the nature of a triangle". (SE, 66) 3. Spinoza's God is "the universal, immanent and sustaining cause of all that exists". This is a "God" which exists only in a philosophical sense. (7f) 4. The existence of the world is necessary. (8;10) 5. On determinism, see also Nadler, SE, 107: "Everything that happens had to happen, in the strongest possible sense: not just because its causes !1 of !2 happened (this would be mere determinism), but because its causes themselves had to happen." 6.
    [Show full text]