THE GREEN GROWTH PLATFORM

Promoting Forest Management for Sustainable Water Resources in Tanzania

31 July – 1 August, 2019 | Dodoma, Tanzania

The United Republic of Tanzania Vice President’s Office Acronyms and Abbreviations Table of Contents

ASDP - Agriculture Sector Development Program Executive summary 1 CBFM - Community-based forest management CEO - Chief Executive Officer Introduction The Green Growth Platform (GGP) 13 DC - District Commissioner EAMCEF - Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund Opening session A. Remarks by Hon. George Simbachawene (MP), Minister of State 16 EMA - Environmental Management Act in the Vice President’s Office (Environment and Union Affairs) FBD - Forestry and Beekeeping Division (of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism) B. Welcoming remarks by Hon. Dr. Binilith Mahenge, Regional 19 FITI - Forestry Industries Training Institute Commissioner for Dodoma FTI - Forestry Training Institute FR - Forest reserve C. Opening address by H.E. Samia Suluhu Hassan, Vice President 20 of the United Republic of Tanzania GEF - Global Environmental Facility GGP - Green Growth Platform GIS - Geographic information systems Policy and institutional frameworks A. Presentation 1: Frameworks for managing water resources in 29 for managing forestry and water Tanzania IWRM - Integrated water resources management resources in Tanzania: The missing IWRMD - Integrated water resources management and development links B. Presentation 2: Frameworks for managing forest resources in 33 JFM - Joint forest management Tanzania LGA - Local Government Authority MJUMITA - Mtandao wa Jamii wa Usimamizi wa Misitu Tanzania Basic principles for managing forestry A. Presentation 1: Basic principles for managing forest resources 38 and water resources in Tanzania: NAFORMA - National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment Opportunities and challenges B. Presentation 2: Basic principles for managing water resources 42 NIMP - National Irrigation Master Plan NWP - National Water Policy Good practice, experiences and A. Presentation: Good practice, experiences and lessons learned in 49 PES - Payment for ecosystem services lessons learned in managing forest managing forest and water resources in Tanzania PFM - Participatory forest management and water resources in Tanzania PO-RALG - President’s Office – Regional Administration and Local Government B. Q&A Session 55 PO-PSMGG - President’s Office – Public Service Management and Good Governance C. Panel Discussion 61 PWS - Payment for watershed services RC - Regional Commissioner D. Issues emerged from the discussion 65 REDD+ - Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, plus the sustainable management of forests, and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks Field visits to Chenene Forest Reserve A. Remarks by government leaders at Chenene Forest Reserve 67 SUA - Sokoine University of Agriculture and Mzakwe Catchment Area B. Key issues observed during visit to Chenene Forest Reserve 69 TaFF - Tanzania Forest Fund TAFORI - Tanzania Forestry Research Institute C. Key issues observed during field visit to Mzakwe Catchment 71 TAWA - Tanzania Wildlife Authority D. Plenary discussion following the field visits 72 TBL - Tanzania Breweries Limited TFS - Tanzania Forest Services Agency TZS - Tanzanian shillings Closing remarks 74 UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme URT - United Republic of Tanzania Appendix A: Programme 75 VPO - Vice President’s Office WCST - Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania Appendix B: List of participants 78 WRM - Water resource management WUAs - Water users’ associations Encroachment on forest areas, especially water The organization of the event was managed Executive summary catchment areas, can also negatively affect by UONGOZI Institute. The overarching both the availability and quality of water. Left objective of GGP 2019 was to discuss and uncontrolled, water sources are depleted and identify ways to more sustainably manage and polluted, adversely affecting the health and utilize Tanzania’s forest and water resources. livelihoods of people in local communities Specifically, the event aimed to address the and those downstream who rely upon those following key issues: sources for their water supply. Deforestation The contribution of forests to human and ecological well-being cannot be overstated. Forests and degradation of forest areas take place What factors contribute to the degradation of forest and water resources more explicitly in unreserved forests. However, provide the essential organic infrastructure to sustain the Earth’s most diverse collection of life in the country? How can such factors be and support an estimated 1.6 billion human livelihoods. inadequate policy, poor land use practices controlled? and inadequate capacity to equitably manage land and forests encourages encroachment on To what extent are existing regulatory frameworks adequate in managing forest reserved forests and water catchment areas as and water resources in Tanzania? well. Given the current pace of population growth in Tanzania, what institutional A number of cross-cutting issues need to be Nearly half of all known species live in forests, Sustainably managed forests significantly capacities are required for the effective considered to conserve forests and safeguard management and utilization of the forest including 80% of biodiversity on land. Forests contribute to sustainable development, the country’s water supply. Regulatory and and water resources in the country? deliver vital long-term ecosystem services, providing essential goods and services for institutional frameworks should be reinforced to including clean air and fresh water. They act as households and for industry. What principles and practices can be control deforestation and preserve catchment realistically adopted and implemented natural filters to improve water quality, slowing areas. Communities should be sensitized to use to effectively and efficiently manage and rain as it falls to the earth and helping it soak They play a fundamental role in combating rural land and water resources more sustainably. utilize the forest and water resources in into the soil. poverty, ensuring food security and providing Tanzania? decent livelihoods. However, rapid population Rationale and objectives What challenges and opportunities exist Additionally, a forest’s network of roots stabilizes growth in Africa is putting intensive pressure on for the future management of forest and huge quantities of soil, reduces soil loss and natural forest resources across the continent. water resources in the country? erosion by wind and water, protects against In Tanzania, farming, livestock-keeping Considering the direct relationship between The two-day event brought together over landslides and dust storms, and lessens flood and household energy demands are driving sustainable forest management and the 90 senior officials and representatives from damage. Forests also play an important role in widespread and unsustainable deforestation, availability and quality of water resources, the government authorities, development partners, regulating the world’s climate and mitigating which is estimated at around 470,000 hectares sixth Green Growth Platform (GGP) “Promoting private sector, research and academic global warming. The world’s forests act as an per year. At this rate, if left unchecked, the Forest Management for Sustainable Water institutions, and civil society organizations. The enormous carbon sink, absorbing 2.4 billion country’s forests will be totally lost within 50 to Resource in Tanzania” was held from 31 first day of the GGP 2019 featured an opening tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year, or 80 years. July – 1 August, 2019, in Dodoma, under the ceremony, expert presentations and discussions one-third of the CO2 released from burning patronage of H.E. Samia Suluhu Hassan, Vice among key stakeholders in the forest and water fossil fuels [1]. President of the United Republic of Tanzania. sectors in Tanzania.

1. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Issues brief (November 2017). Accessed 8 March 2020 at https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/deforestation-and-forest-degradation 1 2 As patron of the GGP, H.E. Samia Suluhu Conversely, the continued rapid depletion of the two can only be achieved through National ministries, particularly the Hassan officiated and delivered the opening forest and water resources will have a huge the proper maintenance and continued Ministry of Natural Resources and address. negative impact on Tanzania’s long-term growth improvement of ecosystems and how they Tourism, Ministry of Water, Ministry of and prosperity. function. Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock and The second day of the event was dedicated Fisheries, and Ministry of Energy; to field trips to the Chenene Forest Reserve in Forests provide timber for construction, food Inter-sectoral collaboration and Regional and local government coordination in the management of Bahi District of Dodoma Region, and Mzakwe crops and medicines, and 90% of household authorities. Catchment area, which is the principal water energy is derived from fuel wood and charcoal. water and forest resources source for Dodoma City. Similarly, the water sector is not only the Water Basin Boards; Collaboration among and across institutions source of clean and safe water for human responsible for forest and water resources will Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority Key messages and consumption, but also an essential input need to be strengthened and inter-sectoral (TAWA); and recommendations for production in other sectors, including coordination promoted in the development of agriculture (through irrigation), livestock raising National Parks. sector policies as well as management and and fishing, business and industry, energy Key messages and recommendation that utilization plans. In previous years, policy and mining. Agriculture is the main consumer emerged from the discussions and field visits implementation and management of water The forest, water, agriculture, livestock and of water (approximately 80%) followed by are summarized in the sections below. and forest resources were the responsibility of energy sectors are closely linked sectors of the industry and renewable natural resource-based the national government, but recent changes economy. Therefore, it is well past time for them activities. Water is the principal source of power have devolved authority to local government to come together to harmonize activities for the The management of Tanzania’s forest generation in the country, and the construction authorities (LGAs) and communities. Tanzania management of forests and water catchments. and water resources will be central to of the new hydroelectricity project in the Rufiji the country’s sustainable development. also cooperates with development partners The adoption of a multi-sectoral approach to River Basin is expected to contribute up to in implementing international and regional environmental management can be coordinated 70% of the country’s total energy requirements. The forest and water sectors are key agreements and declarations—for instance, under the Vice President’s Office, and The Great Lakes—Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa to achieving the goals of the Tanzania the Southern African Development Community increased collaboration between central and and Lake Tanganyika—and national parks— Development Vision 2025 and the Second Five (SADC) and the East African Community local government offices, forest authorities and such as Ngorongoro, Serengeti, Manyara, Year Development Plan 2016/17–2020/21 (EAC)—to set up strategies and platforms to water basins boards can be facilitated through Selous, Ruaha, Tarangire, Katavi, and Mount (FYDP II) to become a middle-income, semi- empower countries to combat climate change regular meetings and joint steering committees. Kilimanjaro—are also huge tourist attractions. industrialized country by 2025, as well as and conserve the environment as a whole. Key These inter-relationships between the forest, achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable governmental institutions responsible for the water, agriculture, energy, industrial and Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. The rapid management, conservation and utilization of tourism sectors are vitally important for economic growth needed to realize Vision 2025 forests and water resources, include: building Tanzania’s economy and supporting will depend on the extent to which the adverse the lives and livelihoods of its people. Indeed, trends in the loss and degradation of the sustainable development and sustainable lives country’s natural resources are reversed. are complementary;

3 4 Policy, Regulatory And Legal between the consumption of water for users. And, at the local level, water users’ (IWRMD) plans provide key solutions on how Frameworks economic activities and environmental needs associations (WUAs) and water use fees help the efforts of different stakeholders can be has also been a challenge. Despite the fact to rationalize the allocation of water resources mobilized. At the local administrative level, The completion of the new National Forest that water management is more critical for according to economic returns. The existence LGAs are in place to promote and enforce laws Policy, which is currently under review, will be water sustainability, greater funding has been of the National Irrigation Policy and National and by-laws pertaining to water management a milestone towards enhancing the governance directed into improving water supply than water Irrigation Commission are important given that within their jurisdictions, and at the catchment of forest resources in Tanzania. This process resources management, resulting in ineffective the agriculture sector is the largest user of level, Basin Water Boards are vested with needs to be fast tracked and strategized management. water. the power to regulate users equitably and for implementation. By adhering to core sustainably. governance principles—including transparency, accountability, participation, recognition of Engagement of local communities in rights and rewards for contributions to forest the planning and implementation of protection—the new policy and the programs forest and water sector interventions flowing for it can help to create momentum towards fairer and more ecologically sustainable use of forest and water resources. The Forest To be sustainable, management solutions in and Beekeeping Division (FBD) of the MNRT the forest and water sectors must be inclusive. is also setting up an integrated land-use and The utilization of forest and water resources restoration program for Tanzania’s productive is inextricably linked with people’s lives and forests. This program emphasizes multisectoral livelihoods; most resource degradation is collaboration and coordination. Under the poverty-centered. Therefore, the management Global Environment Facility, the program has of forests, water sources, catchment areas secured funding worth USD 8.7 million. and wetlands will need to respond to people’s practical needs and actively engage local Similarly, a move towards an Integrated Water communities in planning for the management Resource Management and Development and utilization of forest and water resources. (IWRMD) system requires that all relevant actors are involved in water planning and Responsible government authorities—in management. However, at present, water collaboration with private sector actors, civil management in Tanzania, which involves Positively, the policy, regulatory and legal The current Water Sector Development society institutions and donors—will need to multiple actors, is largely done based on frameworks are in place and the ongoing review Programme (WSDP) also encourages an build the awareness and capacity of grassroot individual interests. The conflicting functions of the National Water Policy offers a space integrated approach and identifies innovative communities to protect their local environment and uncoordinated investments among the to strengthen and harmonize intersectoral ways to finance the sector. Integrated Water and empower them through the creation of different actors in water resource management activities. The establishment of Water Basin Resources Management and Development alternative income-generating activities (IGAs). have resulted in duplicated efforts and Boards was an important step in the sustainable inefficient outcomes. Maintaining a balance management of the environment, as they (and managing the trade-offs) ensure inter-sectoral coordination of water

5 6 Transparently communicating the nature of In turn, for communities to directly benefit, deforestation is mainly driven by the demand areas. To do so, not only does farming practice a project and specifying opportunities for they need to be supported and facilitated by for land, not the demand for trees. At present, need to be intensified but post-harvest losses economic benefits will help to foster community their local government authorities to develop 34.5% of forests and woodlands are under the from pests and other spoilage must be reduced buy-in and support for implementation. In ecologically viable, long-term activities and ownership of the central government, 52.2% through investments in extension programs effect, government authorities and/or private enterprises, including eco-tourism. Women under local and village governments, 7.3% in and storage and transport infrastructure to get sector actors will need to obtain and maintain and socially marginalized groups should be Rights holders are responsible for all aspects produce from farm to markets. a social license for initiatives that will impact on appropriately involved in the planning, decision of forest management, including production, local people. making, implementation and management. conservation and protection. However, currently, Overall, a shift is needed from subsistence to Sustainable development centers on only 2.3 million hectares or around 10.5% of modern commercial agriculture. Traditional Importantly, the principle of Participatory inclusiveness, in which everyone irrespective of the forests on village land are reserved and livestock keeping is also very detrimental to the Forest Management (PFM) was introduced his or her status, gender included, is involved in under effective management. environment. Hence, sensitization of herders is in the Forest Act, 2002. This provides a clear the development process. also important. Participants further highlighted legal basis for communities across Tanzania The remaining 19.67 million ha (89.5%) of the need for land allocation for livestock to own, manage or co-manage forests under a Ongoing discussions with community members forests on village land is unreserved (open keepers. wide range of conditions. The law recognizes are important for them to understand the access forest areas) and is subjected to two different types of PFM: Community Based process and be able to weigh up the associated unsustainable practices such as agricultural Despite increased water demand, the loss Forest Management (CBFM) and Joint Forest costs and/or benefits of any proposed expansion, livestock grazing and illegal of water due to poor infrastructure remains Management (JFM). Every forest-owning village interventions. The publication of guidelines and harvesting, as well as the increasing threat of substantial. Thus, sustained investment in can be encouraged to establish a village land regulations in user-friendly, popular language wildfires. These data reflect the weak capacity irrigation and water storage infrastructure forest reserve. Maintaining forest on village is recommended to increase awareness and of village governments to effectively manage is needed to curb these avoidable losses. land through CBFM can help to retain a mosaic understanding at the grassroots level. If done the country’s forests. In addition, the tenure Tanzania needs to harness rainwater harvesting of forest within predominantly agricultural successfully, government spending on regular of forest land, especially for villages and technologies, including multiple small-scale landscapes, which brings multiple benefits. forest patrols or expulsion missions can be private owners, is incomplete and needs to be dams in river basins. Water dams for industrial reduced. formalized. zones will also be important. Experience from These include: road construction activities have shown that Land use planning water dams excavated during road construction Safeguarding ecosystem services, such Land and water for agriculture could be improved for use by communities to as water, local and regional climate, soil harvest rainwater for irrigation and livestock. and pollinators Land use planning—and its implementation To reduce the deforestation and protect At present, only 2.5% of Tanzania’s cultivated and enforcement—will be critical to the the environment, interventions in the Promoting climate change adaptation land (around 475,000 hectares) is under sustainable management of Tanzania’s natural agricultural sector need to focus on increasing and livelihood diversification irrigation. resources. In particular, the institutional farm efficiency and productivity through Generating revenues for community framework for managing village land will need intensification rather than expanding the land development projects But, by tapping available water resources, to be strengthened to reduce environmental under cultivation. Farmers should be educated Tanzania has 2 million hectares of land with Supplying biomass energy degradation due to over-utilization, as and facilitated to boost productivity within small high potential for irrigation.

7 8 The second phase of the Agriculture Sector Local people’s stewardship of forest and water regulations, and harvesting guidelines have any water permits, and collection of water Development Plan (ASDP II) and the National resources and their contribution to flows of not been produced as simplified/popular user fees. The WUA is also responsible for the Irrigation Master Plan (NIMP) are both geared ecosystem services and goods must also be versions that can be more easily understood by resolution of conflicts between members, and to increase the land under irrigation to one adequately recognized early in the decision- communities. to represent the special interests and values million hectares by 2035. Irrigation schemes making process and sufficiently rewarded. arising from water used for a public purpose, are pivotal for transformation of the agriculture Conditional transfers of cash and in-kind Capacity development such as conservation. sector and can help to mitigate impact of resources are one way of achieving this but climate change. may need to be augmented by other forms of However, in practice, WUAs encounter It is not only the local people affected by recognition and rewards. significant challenges in fulfilling their the use of forest and water resources who mandated functions. The main setback has may need support to participate in program All stakeholders need to contribute Various pilot initiatives implemented for been in the selection and inclusion of members. equitably to the cost of conserving designand implementation. Program managers Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), such WUAs also lack of financing and human forest and water resources themselves often need support and training to as REDD+ [2] and Payments for Watershed resources. Most WUAs do not have substantial build the skills necessary to run an effective, Services (PWS), have shown good prospects for sources of revenue, so they rely on subsidies or participatory and inclusive process. They need To ensure the efficient management of forests benefit sharing. levies. The majority of associations are run by support to be ecologically and socially literate. and water resources, all stakeholders need community members with limited managerial to contribute to the cost of conserving forest Education of the population to practice and organizational skills. Hence, providing Facilitators are needed to steer forest and water resources. To do so, payment for environmental conservation training, exposure to study visits and material management processes skillfully, which ecosystem services (PES) schemes need to support will be important to build their capacity. requires knowledge of resource assessment, be instituted for all users of forest services, Forest and water resources have disappeared Overlapping mandates between the associations management and harvesting plans, by-laws, including the protection and improvement of as a result of human activities. Therefore, and LGAs has hindered some WUA activities conflict analysis and resolution, and stakeholder catchment forests. Similarly, water users in the education of the population is needed on and conflicting legal and regulatory frameworks analysis. Additionally, user-friendly approaches agricultural, industrial and energy sectors as how to participate in reducing the emission of have contributed to weak enforcement in the need be incorporated in policies to ensure their well as domestic consumers need to contribute greenhouse gases by planting trees (mitigation conservation and protection of water sources. easy understanding at the grassroots level. For to water conservation. programmes), how to protect water resources Mandates and frameworks need to be redefined example, capacity building on the application by capturing and storing rainwater, and how to prevent conflicts and improve effectiveness and use of Geographic Information Systems and Governing laws and guidelines must be applied to adapt to climate change (including the and efficiency. land use management are necessary to ensure fairly and transparently, and proper water increased incidence and severity of droughts all stakeholders can participate in decision planning, allocation and use followed. For and floods). making. example, in 2017, about 567.7 megawatts of Sustainable practical solutions to encroachment electricity were harnessed from water sources Local people also have poor access to legal At the local level, water users’ associations (equivalent to 40.54% of the total 1400.34 information. Most of the documents applicable (WUAs) are responsible for the management, megawatts of electricity produced in the to forest management, including the National Participants highlighted the need for distribution and conservation of water from a country). However, no portion of this income Forest Policy and Act, forest guidelines and sustainable solutions to prevent/discourage source, which is used jointly by members of the went back to the conservation sector. encroachment and illegal activities in forest WUA, including the acquisition and operation of reserve.

2. The original definition of REDD+ referred to “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries” but terminology has been expanded through successive COP meetings to include “the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.” 9 10 water catchments and wetland areas. Again, Research for selection of appropriate from national to village level to protect these interventions need to address the needs of local species for afforestation and resources upon which all Tanzanians depend. people. For example, a proportion of the funds reforestation in water catchment areas Regulators and users for both sectors need invested to expel people from the reserve could to sit at the same table to achieve a truly be redirected to expand/scale up the livelihood integrated, mutually beneficial approach to The appropriate selection of tree species is projects for neighbouring communities. water and forest management in Tanzania. essential for promoting sustainability in water The unfolding calamity of deforestation catchment areas, as not all species are suitable Through the creation of alternative income and environmental degradation in Tanzania for the conservation of water resources. sources and employment, the government demands urgent action to halt the damage and, Conflicts have arisen between the water and can reduce the activities that are contributing where possible, restore ecosystems. National forest sectors on the tree species to be planted. to deforestation and land degradation in the policy statements and mutually agreed regional In several locations, including Lumeme, reserve. Field visits for local people to learn and international conventions will have no Ruvuma, Lake Tanganyika, Buhigwe, Kilolo and conservation approaches in other villages impact on the ground if interventions are not Mbeya, complaints have been made about land will be very important to change mindsets appropriately designed, adequately funded and degradation caused by both eucalyptus and and behaviour towards management of the efficiently implemented. pines trees. Evidence-based findings on the resources. The visits also provide opportunities right species for specific locations will need to for participants to acquire direct practical be fed into policy design and implementation. advice and hands-on skills to translate back More specifically, research should be to their local areas. For example, in Mufindi conducted on suitable tree species for planting District (Iringa region), the majority of local in the arid and semi-arid catchment areas of people have been inspired to voluntarily plant Dodoma, given failed plantings in Mzakwe trees given the economic benefits. Catchment Area. A sufficient number of guards will need to be recruited and suitably equipped to monitor Conclusion and enforce forest regulations. Expanding the technology used in forest management will also assist to meet monitoring challenges GGP 2019 identified gaps and opportunities and overcome shortfalls in forestry staff. For to strengthen the regulatory and institutional example, the Tanzania Forest Service (TFS) frameworks for the management and use of is utilizing drones to monitor forest areas and water and forest resources in Tanzania. Most identify illegal activities. notably, the Platform encourages increased collaboration and harmonization of activities between all responsible Government authorities

11 12 Introduction

A core component of the activities of the sector, civil society, academia and development UONGOZI Institute to support sustainable partners to discuss common challenges facing development is the Green Growth Platform Tanzania and identify mutually beneficial (GGP). Launched in 2010, GGP aims to increase solutions. In this way, the GGP is a proactive awareness and understanding of issues related tool for creating cross-sectoral linkages, to green growth and its potential for Tanzania’s building long-term social capital and promoting development. economic and social wellbeing, while safeguarding the ecosystems and environment The Platform brings together diverse stakeholders that sustain us all. from Government, the private

Participants at the Chenene Forest Reserve.

What is Green Growth?

Since its establishment, the GGP has facilitated Given the far-reaching importance of forests Economic growth is needed across Africa to tackle poverty, but countries cannot disregard six events. Each event combines dialogue on for sustaining the availability and quality of the adverse impact of growth on the environment. Green growth aims to eliminate the critical issues for environmental protection and the country’s water supply and for supporting dichotomy that traditionally exists between the economy and the environment. It is a model sustainable development with field excursions the lives and livelihoods of the vast majority of of economic development that reduces environmental risks by managing natural resources to enable participants to observe and learn Tanzanians, the theme of this year’s GGP was more efficiently and effectively and adopting cleaner production methods. Green growth is first-hand: what the reality is, what is being “Promoting Forest Management for Sustainable also about redistributing wealth and supporting the poor. The aim is to improve quality of life done, what the results are, the challenges Water Resources in Tanzania.” As in previous whilst ensuring that production processes and consumption patterns do not further damage the encountered and how they are being solved. Platform events, the first day of the dialogue environment. This approach allows participants to more fully was dedicated to expert presentations and understand and internalize the challenges and discussion, and the second day involved field Green growth is also linked to global governance. In an increasingly interdependent world, solutions discussed. Going forward, delegates trips to the Chenene Forest Reserve located national solutions alone will not be sufficient to secure long-term prosperity. A key global task are tasked to be champions for change in in Bahi District of Dodoma Region and the is to proactively shift and adapt to using low-carbon energy sources to mitigate the climate their respective professions, institutions and Mzakwe Catchment area, which is the principal change that threatens the planet’s life support systems upon which we all depend. Closely linked communities. source of water for Dodoma City. to the issue of climate change, forest cover is rapidly decreasing, and water and soil quality are deteriorating. Developing climate-resilient agriculture to ensure food security and reduce rural poverty is a prime example of adaptation that is needed in Africa.

13 14 GGP 2019 Opening session This report provides edited highlights of the dialogue and the field trips. It is structured in eight sections. Section 1 provides edited summaries from the conference’s opening session, including the address by Vice The forum’s opening session included introductory remarks by Hon. George Simbachawene President Samia Suluhu Hassan. (MP), Minister of State in the Vice President’s Office (Environment and Union Affairs), welcoming remarks by Hon. Dr. Binilith Mahenge, Regional Commissioner for Dodoma, and an opening Following the opening session, a series of address by the GGP Patron and the Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania, H.E. Samia presentations were made by experts in the Suluhu Hassan. forest and water management sectors in Tanzania. The presentations focused on:

Basic principles for managing forestry and water resources in Tanzania A. Remarks by Hon. George environment are the National Environmental Simbachawene (MP), Minister of Policy of 1997 (which the Government is Policy and institutional frameworks for State in the Vice President’s Office currently revising) and the Environmental managing forest and water resources in (Environment and Union Affairs) Management Act, 2004, which both encourage Tanzania every Tanzanian to be a protector of his/her To begin, the Minister commended UONGOZI Good practices, experiences and lessons local environment and ensure the proper Institute for organizing the event and learned in managing forest and water use of available resources, in particular, the acknowledged participants for their attendance resources in Tanzania sustainable use of water and forest resources. to discuss the challenges facing the forest and As the mandated Minister, he has the water sectors in Tanzania, two vitally important responsibility of supervising and coordinating Short question and answer sessions and a sectors not only for the country’s economic relations between the national Government moderated panel discussion followed the expert development but also for the preservation of its and its agencies, local government authorities, presentations. Key issues emerging from these biodiversity. non-governmental organizations and all other discussions as well as proceedings from the parties involved in environmental conservation field excursions on Day 2 are also covered. The Minister described that, among its to ensure that they cooperate effectively in many responsibilities, the Office of the Vice promoting the sustainable use of the country’s President has the fundamental duty to oversee resources for socio-economic development and the environment in Tanzania. The principle poverty reduction. legislative instruments for governing the

15 16 He said: These challenges impede poverty reduction, hence, they affect the lives and welfare of “ Environmental destruction is one Tanzania’s citizens. He said that the 5th of reasons contributing to increases phase Government of Tanzania, led by H.E. in poverty and the reduction of clean President Dr. John Pombe Magufuli and Vice water sources, soil fertility, crops and President Hassan, will continue to prioritize other important ecosystem services environmental issues and cooperate with for human life. Furthermore, poverty development stakeholders, the private sector also causes environmental destruction and NGOs to offer solutions to these challenges by weakening the efforts and ability of and ensure that the country’s resources are well humans to oversee and utilize resources used for the betterment of current and future in a sustainable manner. Hence, it is generations. everyone’s responsibility to emphasize the importance to protect our environment Likewise, he tasked forum delegates to and the proper management of water discuss the issues in detail with the aim of and forest resources for present and strengthening the Government’s policy and future development” strategies in managing Tanzania’s environment and resources for the country’s development. He added that the National Environmental Policy identifies a series of challenges that need to be addressed. These include:

Land degradation;

Deforestation;

Habitat destruction for wildlife and biodiversity; Lack of safe water in urban and rural areas; Decrease in quality of water infrastructure; and The increase of environmental pollution in rural and urban areas.

Minister Simbachawene:It is everyone’s responsibility to emphasize the importance to protect our environment. 17 18 C. Opening address by H.E. Samia The GGP meets once a year to deliberate Suluhu Hassan, Vice President of on different issues that are important to the the United Republic of Tanzania national economy. This years’ theme—The Effective Management of Forests for the Availability of Sustainable Water Resources— To commence her address, the Vice President seeks to explore the relationship between thanked the UONGOZI Institute for the honour forest and water resources and to identify the of being the patron of the Green Growth best methods of improving the conservation Platform (GGP) and also the Guest of Honour and management of these resources for the for this year’s dialogue. She extended her sustainable development of Tanzania. gratitude to the Government of Finland for continuously supporting the Platform as well as activities of the Tanzanian Government with The myriad benefits of conserving forest and water resources regard to resources management.

She commended the Institute for their Vice President Hassan observed that forests organization of the event and their decision to have singular importance in the conservation host the dialogue in the Government capital of of the environment and water resources. They Dodoma. On behalf of H.E. Dr. John Pombe act as water catchments, store rainfall, prevent Magufuli, President of the United Republic of soil erosion and landslides, host the greatest Regional Commissioner Mahenge. Tanzania, she welcomed delegates to the city. concentrations of wildlife and biodiversity, She briefly explained that the Green Growth mitigate the impacts of climate change, and Platform is part of the Institute’s Sustainable produce timber, energy, food and medicines. Development Programme. B. Welcoming remarks by Hon. environmental degradation, and inefficient Similarly, water resources provide the clean and Dr. Binilith Mahenge, Regional financial management systems.He believed that As described by Prof. Semboja, UONGOZI’s safe water for our own lives and for all living Commissioner for Dodoma poverty will be addressed if these challenges Chief Executive Officer, the goal of the platform organisms. The water sector is also important are viewed as opportunities to capitalize upon. is to promote inclusive and sustainable for the development of other sectors such as He reminded the audience, based on the development that emphasizes the importance of agriculture (through irrigation), livestock raising In his brief remarks, Hon. Mahenge highlighted experience in Dodoma, that tree planting, environmental protection and the proper use of and fishing, business and industry, energy the context of peace and stability in Dodoma the sustainable use of wood fuel (including resources for the benefit of present and future production and mining. All of these sectors and congratulated the UONGOZI Institute charcoal), and a paradigm shift from biomass generations. Therefore, the GGP is important and activities depend on forests and water for its efforts in facilitating the GGP 2019 on energy to alternative energy sources all need to for all Tanzanians because it provides the for their sustainability. In addition, the Great forest and water resources management. He be high on the environmental agenda and go opportunity to exchange information, knowledge Lakes—Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa and Lake mentioned a number of key challenges facing along with the change of mindset. and experience about the best use of the Tanganyika—and African countries, including Tanzania, such as country’s resources. education, science and technology, hunger,

19 20 national parks—such as Ngorongoro, Serengeti, The need for action and Manyara, Selous, Ruaha, Tarangire, Katavi and coordination Mount Kilimanjaro—are huge tourist attractions in Tanzania. Tourism contributes significantly to The Vice President stressed the need for Tanzania’s gross domestic product (GDP). action. She said that the ongoing scenarios of environmental degradation in Tanzania should In particular, she expressed concerns regarding give every participant a sense of urgency and the critical situation of water scarcity in Ruaha a reason to work tirelessly. All responsible National Park. During a visit to the park, she institutions and actors in the environment and saw a long queue of wild animals drinking at related sectors should implement directives a water source within the park. This striking coming out of this Platform with a great sense of incident led the Vice President to initiate a urgency. She tasked the UONGOZI Institute to micro-conservation campaign in the area follow-up on the resolutions and recommended to protect the catchments that feed these actions made by the Platform to make sure that downstream areas. As a result of the initiative, they are successfully implemented. a follow-up visit a year later revealed promising recovery of the natural ecosystems and water The forest and water sectors are key to realizing sources. the goals of the Tanzania Development Vision 2025 and the Second Five Year Development She also mentioned the huge investments Plan 2016/17–2020/21 (FYDP II) to become directed towards the Rufiji Hydropower Project, a middle-income country by 2025, as well which is located in the forests and catchments as achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable of the Rufiji basin. She emphasized that Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. But ongoing and future project activities should national policy statements and regulations and technically adhere to the efficient management mutually agreed regional and international and protection of forests and water catchments. conventions will have no impact on the ground This three-way relationship between the forest, if appropriate actions are not be put in practice water and energy sectors is vitally important for and recommendations implemented. building Tanzania’s economy and supporting the lives and livelihoods of its people. She noted In planning for the management and use of that sustainable development and sustainable resources, the Vice President called upon lives are complementary; the two can only be stakeholders to prioritize future generations, so achieved through the proper maintenance and they will realize the legacy of the resources that continued improvement of ecosystems and how their ancestors maintained for them. they function.

Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania, Samia Suluhu Hassan, articulating issues of serious concern regarding forestry and water resources. 21 22 To do so, financial resources for forest and The alarming magnitude of including deforestation and forest degradation, for agriculture and livestock keeping, have water management need to be appropriately deforestation, loss of biodiversity and contribute towards the invasion of the intensified desertification in many parts of the invested. Despite promising progress, the invasion of alien species country’s ecosystems by foreign organisms. country. Shinyanga is just one example. outcomes of conservation initiatives to date do She described that detrimental incidences of invasive species in both terrestrial and not match the financial resources that have Vice President Hassan cautioned that, if not The depletion of water resources aquatic environments are more prominent and been invested. Responsible authorities are, adequately protected and used wisely, forest increasing faster than at any time in the past. therefore, tasked to manage these resources and water resources can be quickly depleted or Water resources are also being depleted very more effectively. lost altogether. Tanzania has a total of 48 million quickly. Unsustainable agriculture, unplanned For example, severe invasions are observed hectares of forest. However, statistics show construction, the cutting down of trees for within protected areas, such as Ngorongoro The Vice President also emphasized the need that the rate of deforestation and depletion of firewood and charcoal, illegal logging of forests, Crater and national ranches, particularly the for better coordination among and across natural vegetation is alarmingly high. Without and uncontrolled livestock movements are all Kongwa Ranch in Dodoma. Invasive plant institutions responsible for forest and water immediate measures, the country may be left having detrimental impacts on the quantity and species tend to outcompete, dominate and resources management. Due to the lack of without any forests. This is mainly due to the quality of water resources. For instance, the eliminate native species. They also obstruct coordination, efforts have been duplicated influx of human activities around forests that water flowing in the Great Ruaha River—which the movement of animals and sometimes resulting in poor outcomes. are not managed under any legal framework. is a relied upon heavily by wildlife in national cause deaths. Despite their abundance, they Data published by the Sokoine University of parks and for the production of hydroelectricity are either poisonous or not palatable to game Institutions responsible for the management, Agriculture in 2017 found that the rate of at the Mtera and Kidatu dams—has been animals and livestock. Consequently, more conservation and utilization of forests and deforestation had reached 469,420 hectares greatly affected by human activity upstream. wild animals are moving into areas inhabited water resources, including national ministries annually. Power production has fallen significantly due to (Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, by local communities. In the case of aquatic low water levels. environments, the incidence of invasive water Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Water, Ministry This is an increase of almost 100,000 hectares weeds, such as water hyacinth, and invasive of Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock and per annum within two years. In turn, the rapid Therefore, it is very important for respective fish species, such as Nile Perch, are the Fisheries), regional and local government depletion of forests can have a huge impact on institutions and authorities to cooperate with result of unsustainable management of the authorities, Tanzania Forestry Services Tanzania’s economy. Official figures show that all development stakeholders to bolster efforts environment. Agency (TFS), Tanzania Wildlife Management the contribution of these resources to GDP is to manage these vital resources. In addition, Authority (TAWA), National Parks, Water Basin between 4 and 5 per cent annually. However, despite increased water demand, the loss In efforts towards addressing environmental Authorities, non-state actors and the private this figure is still relatively low and does not of water due to poor infrastructure remains degradation, Vice President Hassan advised sector, are urged to effectively coordinate their show the full contribution of these resources to substantial. Thus, relevant authorities need that the voices of livestock keepers and activities to promote sustainable management the development and lives of Tanzanians. to take immediate measures to curb these of forests and water catchments. The forest, farmers should feature in future GGP avoidable losses. The GGP is an ideal platform events. Their activities are a major concern water, agriculture, livestock and energy sectors She said that the GGP should pay attention to discuss these issues in depth and arrive at to the conservation of the environment, are all very important and closely linked sectors to the challenge of species under threat of collective solutions. particularly forests and water resources. of the economy. It is high time for them to get extinction and the increasing disaster of Traditional livestock practices, which entail the rid of the ‘silos syndrome’ (i.e. operating in invasive alien species. Among other factors, unsustainable conversion of forest land isolation) and come together to harmonize their ongoing anthropogenic disturbances, activities.

23 24 She also called for feedback from responsible She pointed out that the water lost annually (mitigation programmes), and how to protect This is partly because most of the traditional institutions on the progress of the Regrowth from surface runoff and flooding would be water resources by capturing and storing water sources have disappeared as a result Project being implemented within the Ruaha invaluable to feed and water livestock and rainwater. of human activities. She said that local River Basin ecosystem. She stressed the promote broader agricultural industry, e.g., communities should be made aware of need for coordination of all activities and through irrigation. Considering that the GGP She called upon the UONGOZI Institute to the extent of the impacts and efforts being resources throughout the implementation is inclusive of policy makers, decision makers undertake an evaluation to assess the extent undertaken at higher levels, and through of the project. Effective results will not be and other practitioners, she suggested a to which Tanzania has implemented regional platforms, such as the GGP, in order for them to achieved if responsible entities are working in proper way forward would be to bring together resolutions pertaining to forests and water be part of the management process. isolation. Thus, organizations involved in the all responsible entities to seize the untapped catchments, given that the local degradation implementation of the project should harmonize opportunities in the rainwater harvesting of water and forest resources may negatively H.E. Vice President Hassan painfully recalled their activities. industry. impact upon the management efforts of several unsuccessful tree planting initiatives neighbouring countries. in Mzakwe Catchment area. The area together The impact of climate change Existing institutions and policies for with Chenene forest reserve is the heart of water managing forest and water resources Numerous efforts are underway by different supply and climate amelioration for the growing authorities to improve the protection and use capital in Dodoma. Despite its importance, Population growth, urbanization and the need of forest and water resources in Tanzania. previous human activities resulted in the loss of of land and forests for different uses, such as Vice President Hassan explained that, in Of note, institutions and infrastructure to native species. farming and herding, space and materials for previous years, policy implementation and oversee catchment forests and water resources construction, and firewood and charcoal for management of water and forest resources were have been strengthened. For example, the She called upon the UONGOZI Institute and cooking, all have serious consequences on the responsibility of the national Government, establishment of the Tanzania Forest Service participants of the GGP to conduct an in- forest and water resources. On top of these but recent changes have devolved authority Agency (TFS) has increased the pace of depth study to identify the reasons for poor pressures, global warming is threatening their to local government authorities (LGAs) and protecting and managing catchment forests performance of the tree species planted in the sustainability. communities. Tanzania also cooperates with development partners in implementing through a participatory approach, thus area and recommend alternative tree species increasing the availability of water through to be suitably planted in the area for water And despite the increase in flood events due international and regional agreements and springs, rivers, dams and wetlands. Similarly, conservation. Careful, scientifically proven to climate change, the water has continued to declarations—for instance, the Southern African the establishment of Water Basin Authorities tree-planting approaches are needed for the end up in the ocean without concerted efforts Development Community (SADC) and the East have improved the accountability in the use of sensitive area in Mzakwe. to capture and store it. Hence, strategies must African Community (EAC)—to set up strategies water resources. be put in place for the use and conservation and platforms to empower countries to combat of forest and water resources along with strong climate change and conserve the environment She related that the Tanzanian Government institutions with sufficient capacity to manage as a whole. These initiatives include the is directing substantial efforts at significant them. education of citizens on how to adapt to climate change (including the increased incidence expense to ensure the sufficiency of water by 2022 through the development of water supply The Vice President urged the audience to and severity of droughts and floods), how infrastructure from the Great Lakes to Dodoma devise efficient mechanisms for rainwater to participate in reducing the emission of City. harvesting. greenhouse gases by planting trees

25 26 The participation of women in forest In addition, the Government supports In closing, the Vice President extended a and water management continuous public education on forest and serious message that she would exempt herself water resources so that every stakeholder from the role as patron of the GGP if the The Vice President also emphasized that understands his/her role. For instance, during directives, emerging issues and the resolutions women should be appropriately involved in the the annual ‘Week of Water and Planting of made as a result of the Platform are not planning, decision making, implementation Trees” and other national events such as Saba implemented. She declared the 2019 Green and management of forest and water International Trade Fair and Farmers Day (Nane Growth Platform officially open. resources. Sustainable development centers on Nane), stakeholders provide opportunities to inclusiveness, in which everyone irrespective of educate people about their responsibilities in his or her status, gender included, is involved in protecting and maintaining water and forest the development process. resources without having to pressure them.

Data from the National Bureau of Statistics Increased efforts are needed to show an increase in access to water in rural protect Tanzania’s forests and water areas from 40% to 50% during the last 10 years, which is a great achievement. However, Vice President Hassan stressed that increased more efforts are required to meet the goal of efforts are needed to guarantee water and forest universal access. The Government is committed resources are protected and properly used so to ‘Kumtua mama ndoo kichwani’, i.e., that future generations can benefit from them. interventions to “take the water bucket down Despite achievements to date, many challenges from a mother’s head”. remain and there is no room for complacency. She thanked participants for their attendance Vice President Hassan said: and sincerely hoped that deliberations on these important issues would bring positive “I am also a mother and I understand change and that the declarations from this the burden which mothers bear when year’s Platform will assist the government to fetching water and wood so that baba strengthen the policy, legal and institutional and the family can eat. The 5th Phase frameworks to improve the management, Government is committed to reducing this use and protection of these resources. She challenge. We welcome all stakeholders reiterated that the government is open to work to partner with us so that we can reduce with all stakeholders, and the participants of and completely eradicate this problem.” the GGP are encouraged to collaborate with the Government to rollout the implementation of the resolutions made by the platform.

27 28 Existing policy and legal The 2009 Act also introduced a participatory Policy and institutional frameworks for water resources structure for water management with five levels frameworks for managing management in Tanzania as follows; Ms. Temu described the current policy National Water Board forestry and water resources in and legal frameworks for water resources Basin Water Boards management in Tanzania. The two principal Tanzania: The missing links instruments governing water are the National Catchment Water Committees Water Policy of 2002 and the Water Resources Regional Secretariats; and A. Presentation 1: Frameworks for Water is also the principal source of power Management Act No. 11, 2009 (WRMA). managing water resources in generation in the country. Of note, the However, she advised that both the Policy Local Government Authorities (LGAs) Tanzania construction of the new plant in the Rufiji River and Act are under review. At present, Basin is expected to contribute up to 70% of the management of water in Tanzania is the total energy requirements in the country. implemented in nine water basins (see Figure Ms. Pamela Temu 1). The basins are: Principal Hydrogeologist, Ministry of Water, Tanzania Water is not equally distributed throughout the country; both the quality of water and its Pangani Basin The presentation on frameworks for managing availability varies from one place to another. Wami-Ruvu Basin water resources in Tanzania was made by Therefore, collaborative management is Ms. Temu on behalf of Dr. George Lugomela, essential to ensure its sustainability. Based on Rufiji Basin the existing population, per capita consumption Director of Water Resources at the Ministry of Ruvuma and the Southern Coast Basin Water. of water is around 2,365m3 per annum (2018 data). However, Ms. Temu pointed out that Lake Nyasa Basin The status of water resources and water availability per capita has been declining Lake Rukwa Basin usage in Tanzania since 1962 and Tanzania is projected to be a water-stressed country by 2035. She added that Internal Drainage Basin To begin, Ms. Temu said that the Tanzanian if current trends in relation to the degradation Lake Tanganyika Basin economy depends on water as an input in of water sources and the environment prevail, production. Agriculture is the main consumer Tanzania will be a water-scarce country by Lake Victoria Basin of water (approximately 80%) followed by 2050. Notably, current water demands account industry and renewable natural resource-based for 39% of the total water available. activities.

29 30 Figure 1: Water basins of Tanzania The gaps or missing links in For example, planting of pine tree around managing water and forest water sources is found to have an allelopathic resources in Tanzania effect [3]. Likewise, the planting of eucalyptus species around water catchments has also However, Ms. Temu identified a number of been detrimental. In several locations, including gaps or missing links in managing water and Lumeme, Ruvuma, Lake Tanganyika, Buhigwe, forest resources in Tanzania. Most importantly, Kilolo and Mbeya, complaints have been an Integrated Water Resource Management made about land degradation caused by both (IWRM) system requires that all actors are eucalyptus and pines trees, particularly the involved in planning and management. disturbances from their harvesting.

However, at present, water management in Opportunities for better water Tanzania, which includes multiple actors, is resources management and the way largely done based on individual interests. forward The conflicting functions and uncoordinated investments among the different actors in Despite the challenges identified, Ms. water resource management has resulted in Temu said that the existing policy and legal duplication of efforts and inefficient outcomes. frameworks for water sector provide valuable Maintaining a balance (and managing the guidance on water management, utilization, trade-offs) between the consumption of water conservation and sustainability. She also for economic activities and environmental highlighted that the Green Growth Platform needs has also been a challenge. is a great opportunity for the government and stakeholders in the forest, water and related And despite the fact that water management sectors to come together to discuss the is more critical for water sustainability, greater challenges, opportunities and solutions. funding has been directed into improving water supply than water resources management.

In addition, the appropriate selection of tree species is essential for promoting sustainability in water catchment areas, as not all species are suitable for the conservation of water resources. Unfortunately, conflicts have arisen between the water and forest sectors on the tree species to be planted.

Source: Ministry of Water [URT]. National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015. p. 14 3. Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. For example, pine needles can completely suppress the germination of understory plants in areas where they are planted. 31 32 As a way forward towards efficient water to cover about 48.1 million hectares, which is Ownership of forests Management of wetlands resources management, she said that equivalent to 55% of the country’s total land stakeholders need to join forces and coordinate surface area. [4] The main types of forests are Dr. Mwakalukwa then described the existing Wetland areas, which cover approximately 10% their efforts. The efficiency of water use montane, lowland, mangroves, plantations and forest tenure arrangements in Tanzania. At of the area of Tanzania Mainland, are also part needs to be improved. In-depth research is miombo woodlands. present, 34.5% of forests and woodlands are of forest management. They include the great also needed with respect to water resources under the ownership of the central government, lakes system, inland drainage systems, major management, conservation of catchments, Forests are divided into two main utilization 52.2% under local and village governments, river networks and mangrove areas. and rainwater harvesting. Evidence-based categories, namely protection and production 7.3% in private ownership, and 5.7% are findings can then be fed into policy design and forests. Protection forests are located on located on “general” land, which includes land They are also found in terrestrial forest implementation. More specifically, research fragile landscapes, water catchment areas or which is not reserved, not occupied or unused ecosystems. Wetlands have significant should be conducted on suitable tree species biodiversity hotspots. They cover 28.09 million village land. [5] The highest percentage of economic, social, cultural and biological for planting in the arid and semi-arid catchment ha (58.4% of the forested areas). Harvesting forests and woodland (47.5%) is owned and values for humans, wildlife and livestock. areas of Dodoma. and utilization of any kind is not allowed in managed by village governments. They serve as water storage and also play vital protection forests. environmental roles in decreasing flooding, The rights holders are responsible for all removing pollutants from water, recharging B. Presentation 2: Frameworks for In line with the Forest Act, No. 14 of 2002, aspects of forest management, including groundwater, protecting shorelines, providing managing forest resources in Tanza- 17 nature reserves have been established production, conservation and protection. habitat for wildlife and serving important nia for the purpose of ensuring protection, and However, currently, only 2.3 million hectares or recreational and cultural functions. ongoing efforts are being made to use these around 10.5% of the forests on village land are Dr. Ezekiel Mwakalukwa reserves for ecotourism activities. Within the reserved and under effective management. However, Dr. Mwakalukwa observed that Director, Forest and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of protection forest category, catchment forests catchment forests and other protected areas Natural Resources and Tourism cover about 2.8 million ha. They are managed The remaining 19.67 million ha (89.5%) of are being degraded or destroyed. One of the and administered by TFS (1.6 million ha) and forests on village land is unreserved (open main challenges is the lack of mechanisms LGAs (1.2 million ha). These forests are under access forest areas) and is subjected to to ensure that water users contribute towards Extent and types of forest in Tanza- constant pressure due to over dependency, as nia and their management unsustainable practices such as agricultural conservation of catchment forests in the form rural communities rely on forest resources for expansion, wild fires, livestock grazing and of payments for ecosystem services (PES). their livelihoods. Some of the negative impacts illegal harvesting. These data reflect the Wetlands management is also fragmented. To begin, Dr. Mwakalukwa provided an overview on forests include illegal logging for timber, tree weak capacity of village governments to Along with the forestry sector, the management of Tanzania’s forest resources. Based on the cutting for firewood and charcoal production, effectively manage the forests. In addition, the of wetlands cuts across many different sectors, first ground-based national assessment, which encroachment of farming, grazing and mining formalization of tenure of forest land, especially including agriculture, water, fisheries, energy, was conducted between 2009 and 2014, forest activities, and forest fires. for villages and private owners is incomplete. livestock, lands, wildlife, industry and mining. resources in Tanzania Mainland were found

4. Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism (MNRT), [Tanzania Forest Services (TFS) Agency] in collaboration with the Government of Finland and Food and Agriculture 5. MNRT. (2015). Table 4.7 on page 40 Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. (2015). National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania Mainland (NAFORMA): Main Results, May 2015. 33 34 Despite being multifunctional in nature, Research is also important for forest the National Forest Policy 1998 also under value was USD 620 million. [6] Similarly, their management is neither integrated nor development. The Tanzania Forest Research review, the Forest Regulations of 2004 water users (both domestic and industrial coordinated. Despite their critical ecological and Institute (TAFORI) is mandated to provide (GN. 153), and various forest management and for irrigation) need to contribute to environmental importance, wetlands other than research leadership. TAFORI was established guidelines, such as Participatory Forest water conservation. For example, in 2017, the great lakes are severely encroached upon, by Act No. 5 of 1980. Under Section 4 of the Management Guidelines (PFM). about 567.7 megawatts of electricity were under-valued, over-exploited or neglected as Act, its functions include: harnessed from water sources (equivalent wastelands. Challenges and recommendations to 40.54% of the total 1400.34 megawatts To promote the development, improvement for forest management of electricity produced in the country). and protection of the forestry industry; and However, no portion of this income went Existing institutional and regulatory Dr. Mwakalukwa identified two major challenges frameworks for forest management back to the conservation sector. To carry out, and promote the carrying out with respect to forest management: in Tanzania of, experiments and research relating to the Increased sectoral coordination is required planting, growth, development, conservation Inadequate capacity (human, financial in the development of management or Dr. Mwakalukwa then gave an overview of the and use of local and foreign trees and and technological) to manage the utilization plans. All sectors related to forest institutional and regulatory frameworks for evaluate their suitability for adaptation country’s forest resources, which results in management need to be involved, including forest management in Tanzania. The principal and alternative use in the wood and other encroachment on forested areas for farming, agriculture, land, water, livestock and urban institutions in forest management include the industries in the United Republic. livestock grazing, tree cutting for fuel, and planning. following: illegal mining. For instance, coordinated efforts are needed Other important entities include the Tanzania The Ministry of Natural Resources and Recurrent fire incidences within natural to ensure that cultivation is abandoned Forest Fund (TaFF), training institutions Tourism (MNRT) is responsible for the forests and to a lesser extent on plantations on hills and steep slopes. An increasing such as Forestry Training Institute (FTI) and coordination of cross-sectoral aspects of causing severe loss of forest resources. number of barren hills and slopes are found Forest Industries Training Institute (FITI) natural resources management. in Tanzania due to unsustainable agricultural and the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation activities, which subsequently pose severe Within the MNRT, the Forest and Endowment Fund (EAMCEF). To ensure efficient management of forests and risk of erosion and loss of productive Beekeeping Division (FBD) is mandated water resources, Dr. Mwakalukwa offered two capacity of the land. To strengthen sectoral to lead all aspects of forest policy, TaFF was established for the purpose of funding main recommendations. coordination, participants were informed strategy, regulatory frameworks and forest country-wide forest-related activities that aim that the FBD is setting up an integrated administration in Mainland Tanzania to ensure the sustainable management of the Stakeholders need to contribute to the land-use and restoration program for country’s forest resources, while the EAMCEF The Tanzania Forest Services Agency cost of conserving forest resources. To Tanzania’s productive forest landscapes. provides more localized funding to promote (TFS) is mandated to provide professional do so, a payment for ecosystem services The program is placing emphasis on sustainable conservation of the Eastern Arc forest management services for the forest (PES) scheme needs to be instituted for multisectoral collaboration and coordination. Mountains. resources owned by the central government, all users of forest services. Some studies Under the Global Environment Facility, the while local government authorities (LGAs) on the valuation of catchment forests have program has secured funding worth USD Existing policy and legal frameworks for the are responsible for the management estimated the actual value of the forests to 8.7 million. conservation of forest and water resources of forests under their ownership and be USD 496 million whereas the potential include the National Forest Act, No. 14 of 2002, jurisdiction, and for approving by-laws on which is currently under review, 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2017). Analysis of forests and climate change in Eastern Africa. Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 16. village forest reserves. Rome: FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7757e.pdf 35 36 Basic principles for managing forestry and water resources in Tanzania: Opportunities and challenges

Presentation 1: Basic principles for Protected area and participatory forest managing forest resources management;

Climate change mitigation and Ms. Bettie Luwuge adaptation; Communications Officer, Tanzania Forest Conservation Communication and advocacy on policy Group and social issues, environment and research; Ms. Luwuge made the presentation on behalf of Mr. Charles Meshack, the Director of Tanzania Environmental Education (community Forest Conservation Group (TFCG). TFCG is a and other stakeholders); and local NGO, based in Morogoro, that operates in Networking (working with other people) the Eastern Arc Mountain and coastal forests of and partnerships; and Tanzania. Community Development. Ms. Luhuge commenced her presentation by describing TFCG’s scope of work. She said that the organization works towards the vision of TFCG’s mission of reducing poverty and Tanzanians and the rest of humanity enjoying conserving high biodiversity forests directly the diverse benefits from well-conserved, high- contributes to Tanzania’s development vision. biodiversity forests. To do so, TFCG programs She emphasized that the rapid economic are implemented in the following thematic growth needed to realize Vision 2025 will areas: depend on the extent to which adverse trends in the loss and degradation of its natural resources are reversed.

Responding to questions from the floor at the end of their presentations; Dr. Ezekiel Mwakalukwa (left) and Ms. Pamela Temu (right). 37 38 Importantly, the principle of Participatory ensure that various actors working across Village Land Use Planning Process; Additionally, user-friendly approaches need be Forest Management (PFM) was introduced different scales (local, national and global) of incorporated in policies to ensure their easy in the Forest Act, 2002. This provides a clear forest and water utilization are accountable Community Based Forest Management understanding at the grassroots level. For legal basis for communities across Tanzania for their activities on the management and (CBFM); and example, capacity building on the application to own, manage or co-manage forests under a utilization of water and forest resources. Joint Forest Management (JFM). and use of Geographic Information Systems wide range of conditions. The law recognizes (GIS) and land use management are necessary two different types of PFM: Community Based to ensure all stakeholders can participate in Transparency Forest Management (CBFM) and Joint Forest decision making. To make participation more meaningful may Management (JFM). [7] The expected outcomes and beneficiaries of require challenging power relations and Recognizing and rewarding forest and water conservation interventions power dynamics across and within levels contributions Core principles for designing and should be transparently monitored and of governance. Participation at national, managing the use of forestry and communicated to all on a regular basis. regional and local level is essential for water resources Without transparent information-sharing, uptake and to build the sense of ownership. Local people’s stewardship of forest and water affected stakeholders cannot adequately Participatory approaches are necessary to resources and their contribution to flows Under its legal frameworks and management participate in decision making. Without proper implement decisions. To achieve a meaningful of ecosystem services and goods must be regimes, TFCG activities adhere to the following water management schemes even the forest participation, local people should be made adequately recognized early in the decision- core principles: management schemes won’t work effectively. aware so that they make informed decisions. making process and sufficiently rewarded. TFCG’s initiatives have trialled ways of making Conditional transfers of cash and in-kind the use of forest and water resources more Capacity development resources are one way of achieving this but Recognising and Granting rights transparent, including the use of information may need to be augmented by other forms of recognition and rewards. Based on TFCG and communication technologies (ICTs) as well It is not only the local people affected by Under this principle, affected local people implementation, various pilot initiatives as Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). the use of forest and water resources who need statutory rights to access, manage and implemented for Payment for Ecosystem may need support so as to participate in govern forest and water resources. Rights- Services (PES), such as REDD+ and Payments the programme design and implementation. based approaches have existed for decades Participation for Watershed Services (PWS), have shown Programme managers themselves often as an important commitment to ensure that all good prospects for benefit sharing. need support and training to build the skills interventions identify and respect the rights of Socially marginalized groups, including women, necessary to run effective, participatory and all affected actors. should be empowered and actively supported inclusive process. They need support to be Adaptive process and learning to participate in forest and water resources ecologically and socially literate. Facilitators are management decision-making. TFCG adopts Accountability needed to steer forest management processes effective participatory approaches in decision As the physical sustainability of forest and water skillfully, which requires knowledge of resource making which have achieved positive outcomes resources use is measured and monitored Policies and programmes should be designed assessment, management and harvesting for marginalized groups. These include: over time, so, too, the social impacts must be with effective mechanisms in place to plans, by laws, conflict analysis and resolution, measured and monitored. and stakeholder analysis.

7. From the Forest Act 2002 (p.6) “Joint forest management” means involvement of local communities or non-governmental organizations in the management and conservation of forests and forest land with appropriate user rights as incentives. 39 40 Governance systems must be adaptive and In addition, ongoing delays in finalizing and Safeguarding ecosystem services, such Presentation 2: Basic principles for be able to cope with often rapid changes in signing Joint Forest Management (JFM) as water, local and regional climate, soil managing water resources the local context. Benefit-sharing mechanisms agreements hinder mutual accountability and pollinators should also be clear. among the rights holders and duty bearers. Dr. Herbert Kashilila Promoting climate change adaptation [9] Chairperson, Shahidi wa Maji and livelihood diversification Challenges on the management of Opportunities to strengthen forest This presentation focused on water resources Generating revenues for community forest and water resources management management (WRM) and its links with forest development projects management. To start, Dr. Kashilila remarked Ms. Luhuge then identified several key Ms. Luhuge said that the completion of the new Supplying biomass energy that 97% of the world’s water is salt water that challenges facing the management of forest National Forest Policy, which is currently under is unfit for consumption (Figure 2). and water resources in Tanzania. First and review, will be a milestone towards enhancing In total, fresh water sources constitute only 3% foremost, expanded cultivation for agriculture the governance of forest resources in Tanzania. In closing, Ms. Luhuge said that now is the of the water on the planet, and it is estimated has been driving deforestation in many parts of She recommended this process should be fast time to get behind CBFM and encourage that by 2025, two-thirds of the world’s the country. Historical trends from the 1990s tracked and strategized for implementation. every forest-owning village to establish a population will be facing severe to moderate reveal increasing rates of deforestation over village land forest reserve. For communities to water stress. This adds up to a monumental the last 30 years. Tanzania loses about 4,690 Incorporating the core principles discussed benefit directly, they need to be supported and management challenge if Sustainable square kilometres from deforestation annually earlier—including transparency, accountability, facilitated by their local government authorities Development Goal 6 (SDG 6)—which aims to as indicated in Tanzania’s Forest Reference participation, recognition of rights and to develop ecologically viable and sustainable [7] ensure availability and sustainable management Emission Levels (FREL). Based upon the reward for forest contributions to local people forest-based enterprises including eco-tourism. country’s existing forest area of around 320,000 across scales of governance—help to create of water and sanitation for all—is to be met. square kilometres, unless action is taken, all momentum towards fairer and more ecologically Most importantly, dialogue needs to be Moreover, the long-term sustainability of water forests in Tanzania will disappear in the next 50 sustainable forms of forest and water resources encouraged between stakeholders in the key resources is dependent on their co-existence to 60 years. management and use. sectors of agriculture, forestry, energy and water with forest resources. The presence of forests: so as to make balanced decisions on how land Ms. Luhuge also highlighted that local Notably, pilot studies conducted in Morogoro is allocated as deforestation is mainly driven by Influences the quality and quantity of people have poor access to legal information. indicate that investing in Community Based the demand for land, not the demand for trees. water in water bodies by regulating water Most of the documents applicable to Forest Management (CBFM) can reduce the flow and sediment transport; forest management, including the National effects of deforestation. Maintaining forest Forest Policy and Act, forest guidelines and on village land through CBFM can help to Protects watersheds and provide habitats regulations, and harvesting guidelines have retain a mosaic of forest within predominantly for biodiversity; not been produced as simplified/popular agricultural landscapes, which bring multiple Reduces the frequency and intensity of versions that can be more easily understood by benefits. These include: floods; and communities. Contributes to the protection of both aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity.

8. Forest Reference Emission Levels (FREL) is a benchmark against which all emission reduction efforts will be compared in the future. It is a requirement for receiving results- 9. Formed in 2008, Shahidi wa Maji is a Tanzanian civil society organization dedicated to sustainability, equity and accountability in water resource management. based payments under REDD+. Tanzania submitted its FREL to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2016. See The United See http://www.shahidiwamaji.org/ 41 Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania’s Forest Reference Emission Level Submission to the UNFCCC, November 2017. 42 However, it is estimated that almost 30% of the Water resources management in Water allocation Industrial discharges flowing into the world’s major watersheds have lost about 75% Tanzania Msimbazi River, Dar es Salaam’s main of their original forest cover (World Resources In Tanzania, water availability is widely river, from NIDA Textiles put the health Institute, 2000). [10] Dr. Kashilili identified several pertinent issues perceived as a gift and thus does not really of thousands of people at risk. Formal with respect to water resources management in need to be regulated. In turn, this has resulted complaints to the Wami/Ruvu Basin Tanzania. in: Water Board (WRBWB) and the National Environment Management Council Long waiting times and a backlog of (NEMC) have been made since 2014. permit applications to be processed by Figure 2: Global distribution of water Despite a ministerial visit and fines of Basin Water Boards (BWBs) TZS 30 million, pollution is ongoing. Surface Water No environmental flow needs Other assessment, hence sustainable limits for Discharges from water treatment ponds 0.3% water use are poorly understood of the Morogoro Urban Water Supply and 0.9% Groundwater Sanitation Authority (MORUWASA), and Compensation flow or seasonal variations from 21st Century Textiles in Morogoro not specified within Water Use Permits 30.1% and others, have resulted in dangerous Icecaps & Glaciers (WUPs). levels of faecal contamination and WUPs are unenforceable as they fail industrial waste in the Ngerengere River, to specify requirements for measuring Morogoro’s main river, which is also 68.7% devices or for users to monitor use; and a source of drinking water for Dar es Salaam. This pollution has serious health Basin Water Boards have inadequate 3% and livelihood impacts on thousands Fresh Water budgets to inspect or enforce 2% Rivers of people and businesses downstream. compliance. Swamps Yet, again, despite formal complaints to WRBWB and NEMC since 2014, senior 11% Protection and conservation of level visits and stop orders, pollution of water sources the watercourse continues. Saline (Oceans) 97% Lakes Implementing water pollution control measures 87% Around 3000 kg/year of mercury (Hg) have been problematic due to the overlapping enter the Lupa River through mining roles of different key institutions. He provided activity. Multiple studies have found unsafe three examples. levels of mercury in sediments, fish and humans. Mercury bio-accumulation

Earth’s Water Fresh Water Fresh Surface Water

10. See https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-2000-2001 43 44 in the fish of Lake Rukwa, which is one of are available but not used. As a Integrated Water Resources Manage- Water resources management lacks the principal sources of freshwater in the consequence, government revenue is lost ment and Development (IWRMD) political attention as compared to water country, poses risks to millions of people and pollution continues. supply; supplied. Requests for help from mining Dr Kashilili explained that IWRMD planning Low awareness of most stakeholders on communities to control pollution yield Floods, drought and the impact of means: their roles to implement IWRMD plans; no response. A 2016 report from the climate change and Ministry of Water reported it was unable Moving from sector-based planning to monitor mining pollution because of a Dr. Kashilili explained that floods and towards coordinated or fully integrated Limitations to use trans-boundary water lack of facilities. droughts have significant impacts on people, planning for water, land and related due to existing agreements among states development and the economy, and the resources; or lack of the same. Dr. Kashilili pointed out that Tanzania has incidence and severity of these events is Moving from a view that the state alone world-class, powerful pollution control laws, but increasing due to climate change. However, at is the one responsible for water and Water governance in Tanzania the actual powers to control pollution have been present, there are no processes that link the land resource management towards one ineffective due to: management of catchments, land-use and that promotes shared responsibility with The principal institutions governing and water resources, or measurement of weather society as a whole; managing water resources in Tanzania are as Limited persistence in enforcement events for effective flood protection. follows: and accountability. Polluters can Moving from a centralized and controlled ignore enforcement action and orders At the same time, the implementation of the decision-making towards sharing The Ministry of Water (MoW), which with impunity, especially given limited Disaster Management Act, 2015 is lagging results and opportunities, transparent is responsible for policy, legislation, monitoring and follow up. behind. The law calls for establishment of a negotiation or dialogue, cooperation and regulation and guidelines through the Disaster Management Agency, Committees and concerted action among stakeholders; Water Resources Division. Interference with enforcement processes. Emergency Preparedness and Response Plans. Enforcement orders are prematurely Being strategic, i.e., seeking solutions The National Water Board is an Advisory lifted and there is a misguided narrative that address the causes of water and Board to the Minister made up of Water financing that preventing pollution will come at the land problems rather than symptoms representatives from different sectors. costs of jobs. The Ministry of Water (MoW) Financing Options Basin Water Boards (BWBs) are Regulators cannot function and inspect study in 2019 found that WRM receives, on However, he identified several challenges that Executive Boards in their respective water sites because of limited resources. At average, 18% of total funds requirement. It was Tanzania is facing in implementing IWRMD. basins. Under each BWB, catchment present, BWBs are provided with 9% of similarly reported that in terms of the Basin These included: committees are operational units. the budget needed for regulation and Water Boards, the annual funding requirement Financial constraints to implement the Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) enforcement. was lower compared to current annual projects proposed in the IWRMD plans; spending and ranged between 3% and 40%. are the lowest (grassroots) level of Polluter pays powers are dormant. Inadequate coordination among sectors water management in Tanzania with Powerful financial incentives to comply to implement the IWRMD plans; representation in catchment committees and BWBs.

45 46 The important roles of Water Users Opportunities for improved water Lack of accountability and institutional overlaps Associations resources management on natural resources management must be resolved. At present, the lack of clarity on At the local level, WUAs are responsible for the Despite the challenges facing the water sector, mandates within the sector means that no management, distribution and conservation Dr. Kashilili highlighted the opportunities for one feels responsible for water resources of water from a source, which is used jointly improved water management in Tanzania. To management. Similarly, the coordination by members of the WUA, including the begin, existing policy and legal frameworks are between the water sector and the forest sector acquisition and operation of any water permits, in place and the ongoing review of the National needs to be improved. Regulators and users and collection of water user fees. The WUA is Water Policy offers a space to strengthen and for both sectors need to sit at the same table to also responsible for the resolution of conflicts harmonize intersectoral activities. The current achieve a truly integrated, mutually beneficial between members, and to represent the special Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) approach to water and forest management in interests and values arising from water used for also encourages an integrated approach and Tanzania. a public purpose, such as conservation. identifies innovative ways to finance the sector. However, in practice, WUAs encounter Integrated Water Resources Management significant challenges in fulfilling their and Development (IWRMD) plans provide mandated functions. key solutions on how the efforts of different stakeholders can be mobilized to implement The main setback has been in the selection integrated watershed management and and inclusion of members. WUAs also lack investments. financing and human resources. Most WUAs do not have substantial sources of revenue, so At the local administrative level, LGAs are in they rely on subsidies or levies. The majority of place to promote and enforce laws and by-laws associations are run by community members pertaining to water management within their with limited managerial and organizational jurisdictions, and at the catchment level, Basin skills. Hence, providing training, exposure Water Boards are vested with the power to to study visits and material support will be regulate users equitably and sustainably. important to build their capacity. Overlapping Therefore, in closing, Dr. Kashilili observed mandates between the associations and that the core components of the institutional, LGAs has hindered some WUA activities and regulatory and legal frameworks are in place conflicting legal and regulatory frameworks for the effective and efficient management, have contributed to weak enforcement in the development and protection of water resources conservation and protection of water sources. in Tanzania. But the weaknesses identified Mandates and frameworks need to be redefined in the current frameworks do need to be to prevent conflicts and improve effectiveness addressed. and efficiency.

47 48 If not mitigated, these current trends could lead and contributes to forest degradation and Good practice, experiences to the total loss of forest within 50 to 80 years. increasing desertification. Yet, the sector contributes not more that 4% of the GDP. and lessons learned in The drivers of deforestation Again, this low contribution is due to low productivity. The current rate of deforestation managing forest and water Prof. Nyange observed that increased is also linked with the country’s rapid resources in Tanzania population pressure, demand for agricultural urbanization, weak governance and corruption, land, livestock raising and rapid urbanization the influx of refugees in western parts of the are central to deforestation in Tanzania. Most country, and technological advancements, such A. Presentation: Good practice, Of this area, around 18 million hectares significantly, Tanzania’s population is projected as the use of chainsaws for felling trees. experiences and lessons learned are contained within forest reserves and to grow from 55 million to 100 million by 2035. in managing forest and water a further 3.67 million hectares are under At present, most forest land is being destroyed With proper management, forests can resources in Tanzania Participatory Forest Management (PFM). by the expansion of farming activities, which economically and ecologically support However, this means that half of the country’s centres mainly on increasing the area for livelihoods (especially of the poor), sustain Prof. David Nyange forest is on village government land. Given cultivation rather than improved productivity. On water cycles and soil conditions, ensure Policy Advisor, Agricultural Sector Policy and Institutional the management regime for these forests is average, per capita, production does not exceed biodiversity and mitigate greenhouse Reforms Strengthening (ASPIRES) project unclear, these areas are particularly vulnerable 1 ton per hectare. gas emissions (GHGs). In stark contrast, to deforestation. deforestation leads to disruption of livelihoods Prof. Nyange’s presentation focused on the The total area under cultivation in Tanzania is and the water cycle, increased soil erosion, loss intersection between the demand for food, Tanzania’s forest resources have been estimated to be 4.4 million hectares compared of biodiversity and increased emissions from water and energy, and the impact on natural subjected to increasing deforestation due to with 1.7 million hectares in Egypt, hence, there degraded land. resources management. Attaining a balance increasing demands for their consumption. is enormous scope to increase productivity between the three is central to sustainable Forest products contribute 90% of domestic through intensification. With adequate Good practices and lessons learned development, especially in the context of energy needs (firewood and charcoal) as well investment, food production can be increased from forest sector initiatives increasing demand driven by a rising global as 75% of construction materials. Forest goods four times using the same area without population, rapid urbanization and changing and services also contribute up to 5% of the destroying the country’s forests. Despite these negative trends, Prof. Nyange diets. country’s GDP and about 10-15% of export identified a series of good practices and lessons earnings over the past decade. Given increasing As the fifth largest country in Africa by learned from interventions in the forest sector, Opportunities for improved water demand, the country is losing an estimated population, Tanzania needs a revolution in its which have enabled the rescue of some forests resources management 469,000 hectares of forest per year, and a agriculture to become self sufficient. Tanzania from disappearance. These include: recent assessment shows land degradation in also has the largest livestock population in Around 55% (or approximately 48.5 million Tanzania has increased to 50% as compared to Africa, which is beyond carrying capacity hectares) of Tanzania’s land is covered by 42% in the 1980s. forest, of which 90% is woodland.

49 50 Increasing the area of forest land under The status of water resources in The research also suggested seasonal shifts And, at the local level, water users’ associations reserve for sustainable conservation, and Tanzania in rainfall, with less rain early in the season (WUAs) and water use fees help to rationalize implementation of Participatory Forest and stronger rains later in the season. These the allocation of water resources according to Management (PFM) initiatives with the Prof. Nyange then turned his attention to findings imply changes in water flows in major economic returns. Similarly, the existence of the inclusion of local communities through Tanzania’s water resources. He related that river basins. National Irrigation Policy and National Irrigation village environmental committees; annual renewable water resources were Commission are important given that the 89 cubic kilometres or 2,700 cubic metres Hydroelectric power also contributes one-third agriculture sector is the largest user of water. Establishment of the Tanzania Forest per person in 2001, but that this amount is of the total electricity supply with installed Going forward, Prof. Nyange highlighted the Service (TFS) Agency, which has projected to decline to 1,500 m3 per person by capacity of 562 MW. The Stiegler’s Gorge need for sustained investment in irrigation and recently implemented a strategy of using 2025, which is below the threshold of 1,700 m3 hydroelectricity project on the Rufiji River, water storage infrastructure. paramilitary units to improve surveillance per person that signifies water scarcity or stress. which is under construction, is expected to and prevent the invasion and illegal Additionally, only 50% of Tanzania’s population generate a further 2,115 MW. Given the strong These will contribute substantially towards harvesting of forest products; of 53 million have access to an improved links between the forest, water, agriculture and realizing Tanzania’s goal to become a semi- Adoption of a multi-sectoral approach source of safe water, and only 34% have access energy sectors, more effective and integrated industrialized, middle-income country. Tanzania to environmental management that is to improved sanitation. strategies are needed to sustainably manage needs to harness water harvesting technologies, coordinated under the Vice President’s Tanzania’s land, forest and water resources. including multiple small-scale dams in river Office; Rainfall patterns naturally vary across the basins. Water dams for industrial zones will also country. National mean annual rainfall is 1,071 Towards sustainable water be important, for example, the Mindu dam for The development of commercial forests mm, but the Lake Tanganyika basin and the resources management: Good the Kihonda Industrial Estate. There is also a (both public and private) has expanded, Southern Highlands can receive up to 3,000 practices and lessons learned need to build Kidunda dam for industries in Dar which offers opportunities of meeting mm annually while about half the country es Salaam and Coast regions. Experience from increased demand for timber and fuel receives less than 762 mm annually. However, As he had for the forest sector, Prof. Nyange road construction activities have shown that wood; a number of studies indicate the shifts in rainfall identified the good practices and lessons water dams excavated during road construction patterns and water availability due to the impact learned to date in water resources management could be improved for use by communities to The use of forest residues to generate of climate change. in Tanzania. Positively, the policy, regulatory, harvest rainwater for irrigation and livestock. electricity; and legal and institutional frameworks for water For example, the Climate System Analysis Integration of forest and wildlife resources management are in place. In Group study (2011) generally concluded some management with mutually beneficial particular, the establishment of Water Basin parts of the country may receive more rainfall outcomes, including reduced Boards was an important step in the sustainable under various climate change scenarios and deforestation and sustainable economic management of the environment, as they other areas, especially the central region, might benefits. ensure inter-sectoral coordination of water receive less. users.

51 52 Land and water for agriculture Biomass fuel demand and Policy implications for the deforestation sustainable management of food, Turning to the water needs of the agricultural energy and water in Tanzania Echoing earlier speakers, Prof. Nyange sector, Prof. Nyange explained that 20% of remarked that biomass fuels—charcoal and cultivated land globally is irrigated. In Africa, To conclude his address, Prof. Nyange wood are the primary source of domestic energy this percentage falls to 5%, while in Tanzania highlighted a series of policy implications for the in Tanzania; 91% of households rely on these only 2.5% of its cultivated land (around sustainable management of food, energy and fuels for cooking and heating, which contributes 475,000 hectares) is under irrigation. Hence, water in Tanzania. Addressing questions from the floor at the end of their presentations; to the country’s alarming rate of deforestation. Dr. Herbert Kashilila (left), Ms. Bettie Luwuge, (middle), most of Tanzania’s water drains into the ocean. and Prof. David Nyange (right). However, by tapping its available water He said that the strong nexus between these Charcoal consumption is estimated at 2.3 resources, Tanzania has 2 million hectares of three essential elements for people’s lives and million tons annually. To date, alternative land with high potential for irrigation. livelihoods necessitates an integrated approach Overall, a shift is needed from subsistence to sources of domestic energy for cooking and between stakeholders in all related sectors. modern commercial agriculture. lighting such as paraffin, liquefied petroleum The second phase of the Agriculture Sector Natural resources alone cannot be translated Public investments in water harvesting gas (LPG), electricity and renewable forms of Development Plan (ASDP II) and the National into wealth unless the resources are effectively and storage, and irrigation networks will be energy (such as solar and wind) are neither Irrigation Master Plan (NIMP) are both geared and efficiently harnessed into production and important as increasing squatter irrigation widely accessible nor viable for the majority of to increase the land under irrigation to one value chain processes. can be very wasteful and detrimental to water the population. million hectares by 2035. Irrigation schemes resources and the surrounding environment. are pivotal for transformation of the agriculture Land use planning—and its implementation Similarly, investment and promotion of Only one-third (33%) of Tanzanians have sector, attractive to youth, and can help to and enforcement—will be critical to sustainable alternative energy sources are required to access to electricity. Urban households have mitigate impact of climate change. management of resources. In particular, the reduce household dependence on biomass more access to electricity (65.3%) compared institutional framework for managing village fuels. to rural areas (16.9%). Due to relatively high To enable multi-season irrigated agriculture, land will need to be strengthened to reduce cost of alternative energy sources as compared the country will need to invest in water storage deforestation and environmental degradation to charcoal and firewood, the majority of the infrastructure, which will also increase the due to over-utilization. households use electricity mainly for lighting. potential for aquaculture compared to water Only a small number of urban households can bodies. India and China have consistently To reduce dependence on forest resources, afford LPG. Hence, the need exists to review invested in irrigation and water storage facilities there is a need to improve agricultural fuel tariffs to promote the shift from biomass for several decades. There is also a need to productivity. To do so, not only does farming fuel to more sustainable energy sources. adopt water-efficient irrigation technologies, practice need to be intensified but post-harvest such as drip irrigation. losses from pests and other spoilage must be reduced through investments in education as well as storage and transport infrastructure to get produce from farm to markets.

53 54 B. Q&A Session Inclusion of Payments for Impact of planting eucalyptus and In addition, he said that older trees do not have Ecosystem Services (PES) in the new pine species on the environment, as much water uptake, but young eucalyptus Water Policy especially water catchments trees have much higher uptake and should After the presentations, participants engaged in not be grown close to catchment areas. He a question and answer session. The following Meagre funding was mentioned as one of the Several participants stressed their concern for added that water uptake for paddy, sunflower key issues emerged. challenges in the management of forests and the negative impacts of planting eucalyptus and cotton sometimes exceeds eucalyptus water and one solution towards addressing species on conservation of water catchments, depending on the particular area and therefore Stakeholder participation in financial constraints was the implementation specifically their effect on depleting water development of new water policy the effects of plants on water catchments of a Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) sources. and its harmonization with other should be broadened to include agricultural national policies programme. Therefore, one participant queried crops. Generally, research evidence indicates whether PES was being considered in the In response, Dr Revocatus Mushumbuzi that eucalyptus should not be planted close to During the discussion, a number of delegates development of the new Water Policy as a from the Tanzania Forest Research Institute water sources. were interested to know to what extent the means of raising funds. (TAFORI) said that currently about 900 species process for development of the new Water of eucalyptus have been reported in Tanzania, The representative of the Iringa RC, Hon. Policy was inclusive and participatory of In response, the presenters confirmed that PES and that almost all tree species were introduced Jamuhuri William (DC for Mafundi) also raised stakeholders from other sectors as well as is being considered in drafting the new water from Australia. He explained that in extreme concerns about the situation at Mzakwe grassroots community involvement and whether policy. Previously, it was difficult to implement areas of Same, eucalyptus species grow well Catchment where trees are not growing despite the policy was being harmonized with other PES due to the absence of the established and have not caused water scarcity problems. the pool of experts available in the forestry national policies. regulations. Also, the implementation of PES in However, it is true that, on average, eucalyptus sector. He wanted the members of the forum Tanzania is relatively new. To date, it has been species consume about 5,000 litres of water to come up with practical resolutions on the In response, the representatives from the trialled on a pilot basis. Various initiatives are per year which is relatively high compared appropriate tree species to be planted at Ministry of Water affirmed that the policy review ongoing in collaboration with the private sector, with other species such as 2,000 litres for Mzakwe. Based on his experience in Iringa, he process is participatory, more so in the initial e.g., PES is being implemented in Tanzania acacia trees. But he added that the selection emphasized that many pine tree species are stages when stakeholders’ meetings were held. Breweries Limited (TBL) but not formally. of species needs to consider the concept of planted around catchments and still the region At the advanced stage, the policy will also be Formal arrangements will be included in the “water uptake” versus “water use”. In terms maintains reliable rainfall and water availability. circulated to various stakeholders for inputs. new policy. of water uptake, eucalyptus draw about 5,000 Besides, pines are useful commercial trees. He In addition, national water boards, as higher litres of water per year, but the amount of was concerned on how far it has been proven organs within the sector, are multi-stakeholder Progress is ongoing to operationalize PES in the water used to make one gram of biomass is that pines are detrimental. institutions. Water basin authorities and national new policy. The PES should be broadened to relatively low compared to acacia, and, more water forums are also multi-sectoral. The include various consumers of water and forest or less, similar to other species. Hence, these Later in discussion, Joram Lyimo from draft policy will be presented in the national resources, apart from TANESCO. It is necessary data indicate that eucalyptus can be grown ActionAid suggested that an agro-ecological water forums to solicit comments. Regarding that a framework for implementation be well with modest effects, particularly because water approach should be applied as a new model for harmonization within the policy review process, defined, including mechanisms for revenue is re-circulated into the ecosystem through sustainable forest management. Dr Nancy Pima stakeholders in the water sector have reviewed collection, and a range of institutions should be evapotranspiration. said the use of multi-purpose tree species for the draft National Energy Policy and are involved. satisfied on the efforts.

55 56 commercial and afforestation purposes should Staffing and human resources management provide for the involvement areas to 2 million hectares will only be feasible be encouraged to overcome the negative capacity in the forestry sector of women, and their participation has been if technology is applied. impacts of deforestation. Tree planting should increasing. Efforts have been undertaken to be encouraged professionally, and people Hon. Juma Homera, Katavi Regional diversify income-generating activities for local Hon. Chalamila agreed on the need for advised on the most suitable tree species for Commissioner, made a number of communities, women in particular, through strategies for climate adaptation. He said that their specific locations. recommendations on staffing, given the empowerment and raising awareness to reduce in many parts of the country, including Mbarali challenges earmarked during the FBD the dependency on and use of forest resources. District, a rice-growing area in the Southern Regulatory overlap in water sector presentation. To overcome the staff deficit, he Echoing earlier remarks, she also stressed the Highlands, indicators of desertification are in Ruvuma proposed that the FBD consider mobilizing their need to reduce tariffs on alternative sources of more visible due to unsustainable water use. human resources at the zonal level. He also fuel and encourage the use of resource-efficient Therefore, suitable strategies for climate Hon. Christina Mndeme, Ruvuma Regional expressed the need for better supervision of and cost-effective technologies to replace the adaptation are inevitable for the area. Evidence- Commissioner raised her concern that two existing personnel, highlighting the problem of use of wood biomass. based findings on the quantity of water and water basins—Ruvuma and Nyasa basins— unfaithful staff in the forest and water sectors, amount of rice to be produced are needed to traverse Ruvuma Region, but they are managed e.g., security guards. Hence, staff issues need Hon. Juma Homera, the Regional manage water more effectively. Pilot irrigation/ separately by two different regulatory boards to be reviewed and human resources capacity Commissioner for Katavi, and the Hon. water resources management studies need based in Mbeya and Mtwara. She questioned enhanced. He also stressed that all sectors Albert Chalamila, Regional Commissioner for to be undertaken and successful approaches whether it would be better to have one must be involved to ensure that strategies Mbeya, also remarked on the need to diversify need to be scaled up all over the country. regulatory body at the regional level in Ruvuma. incorporated directives on how encroachment livelihood opportunities (e.g., beekeeping) for She believed that bringing the authorities will be managed. local communities and raise awareness and together at the regional level would ease service participation in water and forest management. delivery. Strong guidelines should be developed from the grassroots specifying how forests and water Climate change, water use and In response, the representatives from the sources will be managed. Later in discussion, irrigation for agriculture Ministry of Water said that water resources Prof. Nyange remarked that new technology were previously supervised on administrative can be used to effectively manage forests and boundaries. However, this arrangement reduce the requirement for manual labour, for Dr Kashilili remarked that climate change complicated implementation of water example, the use of drones to patrol the forests. projections show that the majority of farmers interventions so the government changed the will shift towards irrigation and away from rain- fed agriculture, hence, more resources are basis of supervision to hydrological boundaries. Livelihood diversification and needed for investment in rainwater harvesting It was added that, although regulatory functions women’s participation in the are not at regional level, as in the case of forestry sector and storage. In turn, this will drive a shift from Ruvuma, water basin offices are available at expanded to more efficient land use. However, attempts to limit production will compromise different regional and district sites, including In response to questions from the floor, Ms the balance between food, energy and water representative offices in Ruvuma. Luhuge from TFCG said that laws pertaining to requirements. Hence, the expansion of irrigated forest

57 58 Participants during the Q&A session.

59 60 C. Panel discussion The role of basin water boards Question 2: Directed to Ms. Temu

Question 1: Directed to Mr. Segule What are the criteria for a basin that performs well? And what are the criteria for a Moderator: Pangani is known as one of the successful basin that is not performing very well? What Prof. Andrew Temu basins in the country. Based on your is our vision for a better performing water experience, what makes it successful? system? Panellists: In response, Mr. Segule explained that Pangani Ms. Temu emphasized the mandates bestowed Ms. Pamela Temu Ms. Rahima Njaidi Principal Hydrogeologist, Ministry of Water, Tanzania Executive Director, MJUMIT River Basin is one of the 9 water basins in upon the basins. Therefore, the best performing Tanzania. The Pangani Basin Water Board basin is the one that fulfils the following roles: Mr. Segule Segule Ms. Clara Makenya (PBWB) is the oldest in the country. It was Executive Director, United Nations Environment Pro- Basin Water Officer, Pangani Basin Water Board Manages and conserves the basin established as a pilot in 1991 and all other gramme, Tanzania Eng. Ngwisa Mpembe resources Managing Director, Lahmeyer Consulting Engineers Ltd. basin authorities were derived from there. As to its success, Mr. Segule remarked that given the Collects data relating to water historical challenges of water use in the area, management communities had established their own local Puts in place an appropriate follow-up/ institutions for water management, including monitoring system The panellists were asked for their perspective Questions 3 and 4 focused on the role of allocation. on a series of pre-determined questions. development partners while questions 5 and 6 Protects strategic water sources, The questions focused on the roles of major related to the roles of the private sector and civil Since its establishment, the PBWB has been including setting boundaries and stakeholder groups in water and forest society, respectively. The main issues emerging responsible for water resource assessment, providing education to local communities management. The first two questions focused from the discussion are summarized below. allocation and conservation. Mr Segule said Implements an effective water allocation on the role of the government through its Basin that to ensure appropriate implementation system Water Boards. water users must be recognised and the Employs an effective revenue collection governing laws and guidelines applied fairly mechanism and transparently. Proper water planning, allocation and use must also be followed. The role of development partners Importantly, collaborative planning approaches are recommended over working in silos. Water Question 3: Directed to Ms. Makenya users need to be actively involved in the planning stages, otherwise ad hoc initiatives What is your perspective on the roles that which do not work may be the end result. development partners have in natural resources management?

61 62 From L-R: Eng. Ngwisa Mpembe, Ms. Clara Makenya, Ms. Pamela Temu, Ms. Rahima Njaidi, and Mr. Segule Segule. In response to the question, Ms. Makenya Question 4: Directed to Mr. The role of the private sector The role of civil society reiterated that the day’s discussions have Kari Leppänen, Forestry Sector been revolving around the global challenge of Innovation Systems, Embassy of Question 5: Directed to Question 6: Directed to Ms. Njahidi deforestation. With 7 million hectares of forest Finland Eng. Mpembe disappearing every year, deforestation is an Can you tell us about civil society’s economically driven paradox. The Embassy of Finland is one of the What role could be played by the private contribution to this process? leading development partners on the sector if it was involved at all stages with Referring to the work undertaken by MJUMITA The world needs to find a balance between the environment. What is your perspective? regards to forest policy? goods and services taken from forests and the and TFCG, Ms. Njahidi said that civil society has done much to restore degraded ecosystems food needs for the projected 10 billion people in In response, Mr. Leppänen pointed out that In response, Eng. Ngwisa said that the private in the last ten years. She said that the key to 2050. the water cycle is a global issue; no one is sector has the muscle to finance forest success is placement of the local stakeholders independent. Referring to the role of the management activities provided that legal at the centre of planning, designing and She felt that the main role of development Finnish Prime Minister on climate change backing to support financing by the private implementation. Local communities should be partners is to provide evidence that will within the Nordic countries, he underscored sector is put in place. made aware and have their capacity enhanced influence policy decision making. Better the importance of engaging young people by so that they are able to fully participate in coordination of interventions by development providing hands-on skills from the planning to Importantly, the Tanzanian government decision making and implementation of partners (DPs) are also needed to avoid the implementation phase of forest projects. For has a positive attitude on the participation projects, including the power to accept or reject the duplication of efforts in the same areas. example, he cited involvement of young people of the private sector in the financing and specific approaches. DPs should also strive for local ownership of in planting 10 million seedlings in the field over implementation of forest and water resources initiatives. She emphasized that many times a three-year period. He felt that Tanzania can management initiatives. Water is an economic She said that the management of the forest will resources are invested, but once the donor tap into Finland’s experience in climate change good as it has a value. Having the perspective hardly be sustainable without tangible benefits funding ends, all implementation ceases. financing. of financing water-related initiatives will give it a to the surrounding communities. For example, value. Therefore, building ownership from the very TFCG is piloting a sustainable charcoal project in Kilosa where some benefits have trickled beginning of the planning and design phases Referring to Prof Nyange’s presentation, down to fund community projects. She stressed through to the implementation and transition his emphasis on technology to transform that avoiding charcoal extraction may not phases is crucial. This is a challenge in relation agriculture will bring in the private sector. be realistic. Rather, communities should be to many donor-funded projects. Natural capital In addition, he believed that Tanzania has empowered to undertake sustainable harvesting accounting is relatively new, but UNEP is trying huge potential to develop solar energy and from their surrounding forests based on agreed to work with TFS to see how forest services decentralize the energy supply. Again, the procedures. can be monetized. GDP needs to be linked to private sector can join in to minimize energy natural capital, and development partners have prices. a big role to play in capturing the contribution of She also cited cases where CSOs are looked at ecosystem services to the economy. as enemies of development. Therefore, there is a need for stakeholders from the government,

63 64

Mr. Kari Leppänen contributing from the floor. private sector and civil society to work in Ongoing discussions with community members Water management and the Traditional livestock keeping is very detrimental harmony. Coordination and partnership are are important for them to understand the environment to the environment. Hence, sensitization of important to understand what others are doing. process and be able to weigh up the associated herders is important. They should be part of the Based on lessons learned, investment in costs and/or benefits of the proposed The ongoing initiatives to develop the Stiegler’s GGP. Towards efficient land use and resource community-based forest management (CBFM) action. The publication of guidelines and Gorge HEP project will help to increase allocation, participants highlighted the need for has the potential to sustainably manage forest regulations in user-friendly, popular language availability of water for irrigation and affordable land allocation for livestock keepers. resources and provide community benefits. is recommended to increase awareness and energy. However, ensuring the protection However, to ensure the sustainability of donor- understanding at the grassroots level. of the surrounding environment is essential funded initiatives, communities need to change for sustainability of the project and related their mindset from donor dependency to direct Private sector involvement activities. ownership of the initiatives. The private sector is already involved in Another participant cited the example of D. Issues emerged from the discussion environmental projects in Tanzania, including Egypt, which has very strong legal and forest plantations and development of policy frameworks for water, including water Following the Q&A session with the panellists, alternative sources of energy. For example, harvesting. Tanzania’s new water policy should a plenary discussion was facilitated. Important the mining sector in Chunya District has been similarly consider and incorporate provisions for issues emerging from the discussion are working collaboratively with the private sector water harvesting. summarized in the sections below. to rollout a new technology involving the use of coal dust to make charcoal. Land management, agriculture and Local communities need to be livestock keeping actively engaged by the private Some participants stressed the need for sector and the government to obtain the government and civil society to work To protect the environment, interventions in the a social licence for forest and water collaboratively with the private sector to develop agricultural sector need to focus on increasing resources management projects alternative sources of energy to address forest farm efficiency and productivity through degradation, and for the government to put intensification rather than expanding the land Planning for the management and utilization in place incentive mechanisms. Discussion under cultivation. Farmers should be educated of forest and water resources should actively also emphasized the importance of multi- and facilitated to boost productivity within small engage local communities. Transparently stakeholder forums citing the experience in areas. communicating the nature of a project and the Rufiji and Lake Victoria water basins, specifying opportunities for economic benefits where successful working groups have been The government should specify the quantities or alternative income-generating activities will established inclusive of the private sector. The of production needed and encourage private help to foster community buy-in and support for latter forum has been actively contributing sectors to produce efficiently. Focusing on a implementation, i.e., government and private towards water use efficiency. multitude of individual subsistence farmers is sector initiatives need to obtain and maintain a time consuming and inefficient. social licence for initiatives that will impact on the lives and/or livelihoods of local people.

65 66 Hon. Asia Juma Abdallah Hon. Juma Njwayo Field visits to Chenene Kilolo District Commissioner Rufiji District Commissioner

Forest Reserve and The Hon. Abdallah highlighted that facilitated The Hon. Juma Njwayo, Rufiji District field visits of selected villages to other forest Commissioner related his experience in Mzakwe Catchment Area areas, such as Mufindi, Njombe and Kililo, are managing forests and water catchments. He recommended to enable local people to learn emphasized that strong collaboration (and A. Remarks by government leaders at time to manage the Chenene Forest Reserve. from successful conservation and tree-planting coordinated efforts) between the responsible Chenene Forest Reserve However, more financial and human resources activities. In this way, communities can see institutions including TFS, TAWA, Water are needed to ensure the sustainable first-hand the tangible benefits from effective Basin Boards, regional and local government Hon. Mwanahamisi Munkunda management of the forest which serves as a management of forests and catchments, and authorities and villages help to minimize Bahi District Commissioner catchment area for water used by Dodoma government authorities won’t have to expend illegal activities and ensure the sustainable City. She added that as a result of a two-week resources on evictions to prevent forest management of water and forest resources. To The Hon. Munkunda welcomed visitors from campaign to close down illegal activities, degradation. achieve the best results, he said it was essential the GGP. She related that the Tanzania Forest there has been a substantial reduction in to engage stakeholders at the grassroots level Service (TFS) and district, local and village deforestation and degradation in the Reserve. Most importantly, the activities of governmental in all stages of forest management, including authorities have collaborated from time to institutions and entities responsible for forests planning and implementation. and water management should be harmonized to ensure effective management. Due to lack Hon. Sophia Kizigo of coordinated activities, some authorities issue Namtumbo District Commissioner permits for charcoal extraction while other institutions within the same jurisdiction enforce Namtumbo District Commissioner Hon. Sophia bans. Kizigo shared her experience and insights to address forest and water management Hon. Jamhuri William challenges in Dodoma. She said that Mufindi District Commissioner Namtumbo District is well endowed with tree resources inclusive of natural forests The Hon. William remarked that tree planting and planted woodlots. As in Mufindi District, has a substantial impact on the livelihoods of the majority of local people are inspired to local people in Mufindi. Given the economic voluntarily plant trees given the economic benefits, most local people in villages are benefits. She said that, on average, households inspired to plant trees. He added that tree have 20 trees or more. planting and conservation initiatives in Mufindi District offer great lessons for villagers around the Chenene Forest Reserve to visit and learn from.

Hon.67 Mwanahamisi Munkunda explaining some of the 68 initiatives undertaken to manage Chenene Forest Reserve. Echoing the remarks of the Kilolo DC, she Forest staff reported that the process of evicting should not only focus on the construction and said that, instead of telling success stories, people from the reserve was very expensive. distribution of beehives, which has been the communities can be motivated through field One mission can cost between TZS 80 to 100 common trend. In-depth research on honeybee visits to successful villages where they can million. Therefore, if missions were undertaken species, their suitability for the area, and acquire direct practical advice and hands-on on a monthly basis, the annual cost would production capacity should also be carried out. skills to translate back to their local areas. exceed TZS 1 billion. Based on experience from forest conservation She added that the utilization of forest resources in Botswana, tree labeling to include scientific Sustainable practical solutions to is closely linked with people’s needs, and that names, age of trees and other unique factors encroachment most resource degradation is poverty-centered. has the potential to create a positive impact, Therefore, the management of water and encourage ecotourism and attract study Participants highlighted the need for forest catchments should carefully focus on visits by researchers and academics, thereby sustainable solutions to prevent/discourage addressing practical needs of the local people reducing degradation over time. encroachment and illegal activities in the by diversifying alternative income-generating reserve. Notably, interventions need to address activities rather than focusing efforts mainly on the needs of local people. For example, a Monitoring and protection of the eviction. proportion of the funds invested to expel people Chenene Forest Reserve from the reserve could be redirected to expand/ B. Key issues observed during visit to scale up the livelihood projects for neighbouring Participants said that a sufficient number of Chenene Forest Reserve communities in the Chenene area. forest guards need to be recruited to monitor and enforce forest regulations, and equipped Through the creation of alternative income with modern transport, security equipment and During the field visit inside Chenene FR, sources and employment, the government protective gear. At present, forest operations by participants were able to directly observe the can reduce the activities that are contributing guards mainly relied on bicycles and local bush status of the forest and the following key issues to deforestation and land degradation in the knives without efficient protective gear. During on its management were discussed. reserve. Field visits for local people to learn the visit, one guard showed evidence of severe conservation approaches in other villages injuries he had sustained in protecting the Encroachment on the reserve will be very important to change mindsets reserve. In response, the District Commissioner and behaviour towards management of the for Bahi offered a motorcycle to the injured Despite many efforts to stop people resources. forest guard. Despite the hazardous conditions encroaching in the forest reserve, evidence of encountered by forest guards including long charcoal burning and livestock grazing in the For example, bee-keeping activities are being distances travelled to patrol the forest, none forest were clearly seen, including charcoal promoted in surrounding villages. However, were covered by any insurance scheme for bags as well as animal tracks and cow dung to date, the economic gains have not been health, damage or injuries. near a stream inside the reserve. substantial. Delegates advised that efforts to facilitate beekeeping

A charcoal bag abandoned within the Reserve by illegal charcoal makers. 69 70 In collaboration with other stakeholders, it was Coordination of water and forest recommended that responsible authorities management activities should devise mechanisms to better equip and safeguard forest staff. To ensure the sustainability of Chenene FR Expanding the technology used in the and Mzakwe Catchment, which was referred to management of the forest would assist to as the life of Dodoma, integrated and holistic meet monitoring challenges in Chenene and management approaches are required, that are overcome the shortage of human resources inclusive of grassroots communities and aligned reported. For example, TFS provided training with proper land use planning and management of trainers on the use of simple electronic in the area. One of the water sanitation and storage gadgets such as drones to monitor forest areas facilities installed at the Mzakwe Catchment Area. and identify illegal activities. However, it was To achieve these objectives, coordination will reported that these innovations were yet to be need to be strengthened between the ministries trialled in Chenene FR. responsible for forest and water sector and Engagement of local communities D. Plenary discussion following the their agencies as well as local government field visits Entry and exit points to the forests should also authorities. The collaboration between the Participants further emphasized that be clearly marked to ensure easy visibility of the central and local government, forest authorities responsible authorities build the capacity of Plenary discussion mainly focused on what gazetted forest area. At present, warning signs and water basins boards can be facilitated grassroot communities and empowerment should and could be done at the grassroots were located every 32 kilometres, hence, more through regular meetings and joint steering through creation of alternative income- level to enhance forest and water management. demarcation and warning signs are required to committees to restore the endangered area. generating activities (IGAs). The legal and policy The following resolutions were proposed: mark forest boundaries. frameworks as well as guidance issued by the A regular supply of clean water is the first Undertake an in-depth study to identify forest and water sectors should be available in priority for the City. To ensure its sustainability, practical solutions for restoring the health C. Key issues observed during field easy to understand language. management strategies for the catchment must of the ecosystem health of Mzakwe visit to Mzakwe Catchment take account of population growth projections catchment through tree planting If done successfully, government spending on for Dodoma, as large increases are expected Following the field visit to Chenene FR, regular forest patrols or expulsion missions can For recovery of Mzakwe catchment, allow for the capital. Forest management also participants visited the Mzakwe catchment be reduced. In certain areas, the relocation natural regeneration of native species needs to be prioritized to safeguard the flow area. Equipped with large water storage tanks, of villages whose activities are negatively in the area instead of introducing new and quality of supply. Much emphasis was the catchment together with Chenene Forest impacting on the water sources may need to be species also placed upon water harvesting. Delegates Reserve is the principal water source for considered. recommended that the government should Dodoma City. Key issues emerging during the Restrict human activities and planting of embark on water harvesting in the area. Roads visits are summarized below. imported trees species and housing should be designed to enable water harvesting.

71 72 Finalize and implement a Payment for the forum and coordinate implementation Ecosystem Services (PES) mechanism of the issues identified during field Closing remarks to address challenges on resource studies. management facing local communities. As part of PES implementation, Strengthen collaboration among Hon. Mwanahamisi Munkunda responsible authorities should engage stakeholders of the GGP to ensure that Bahi District Commissioner with the Tanzania Tourism Board to resolutions made on key issues are see how a portion of the earnings from put into practice and every participant Given the important issues raised during the tourism, which essentially benefit from becomes an agent of change. conference and the resolutions made following forest conservation will be injected back a visit in Chenene Forest Reserve and Mzakwe to forest management. Improve collaboration between the Catchment area, Hon. Munkunda proposed Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority that the 2020 GGP conference be convened Ensure the inclusion of grassroots (TAWA) and the Tanzania Forest Service in Dodoma to follow-up on the outcomes of communities at all stages of forest and Agency (TFS) to address the issues of the resolutions from the current meeting. She water management to help build rapport wildlife in forest reserves and catchment requested that officials attending the 2019 GGP and a sense of ownership of forest and areas. TFS should not bear the conference incorporate the recommendations water-related initiatives. Sensitizing conservation problem alone. related to conservation of forest and water local people will be an essential part of resources in Chenene FR and the Mzakwe community engagement. In anticipation of earnings from the Catchment area in their respective budgets. development of the Rufiji hydroelectricity In closing, she thanked her fellow government Strengthen the coordination mechanisms project, the Ministry of Energy and leaders and all participants for their contribution between government agencies, the the ministries responsible for forest to the success of the GGP conference. private sector, non-state actors and and water management should hold LGAs, for example, through collaborative formal discussions to agree on how steering committees, to ensure effective economic gains from the project should and transparent management of forest be equitably distributed given that the and water resources. management activities of the forest and water sectors are central to the operation Organize a forum that brings together and sustainability of the project. stakeholders at all levels to discuss and deliberate issues in the water, forest and related sectors. Participants proposed that the Vice President’s Office would be best placed to facilitate establishment of

73 74 Appendix A: Programme

TIME DESCRIPTION TIME DESCRIPTION

DAY 1 08.00 – 08.30 Registration DAY 1 11.00 – 11.40 and challenges 1. Ms. Bettie Luwuge, Communications Officer, 08.30 – 08.35 Introductory remarks by Prof. Joseph Semboja, Chief Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) Executive Officer, UONGOZI Institute 2. Mr. Herbert Kashilila, Shahidi wa Maji Moderator: Moderator: 8.35 – 08.40 Welcoming remarks by Hon. Dr. Binilith Mahenge, Prof. Andrew Temu Regional Commissioner, Dodoma Region Prof. Andrew Temu 11.40 – 12.10 Discussion

08.40 – 08.50 Remarks by Hon. George Simbachawene (MP), 12.10 – 12.30 Presentation 3: Good practice, experiences and Minister of State in the Vice President’s Office for Union lessons learnt in managing forest and water resource in Affairs and Environment Tanzania 1. Dr. David Nyange 08.50 – 09.00 Welcoming the Guest of Honour: Hon. George Mkuchika (MP), Minister of State, President’s Office— 12.30 – 13.00 Discussion Public Service Management and Good Governance 13.00 – 14.00 Lunch Break

09.00 – 09.40 Opening address by H.E. Samia Suluhu Hassan, Vice 14.00 – 15.00 Panel discussion: President of the United Republic of Tanzania and 1. Ms. Pamela Temu, Principal Hydrogeologist, Ministry Patron of the GGP of Water, Tanzania 2. Ms. Clara Makenya, Executive Director, United 09.40 – 10.20 Group Photo and Tea Break Nations Environment Programme, Tanzania 10.20 – 11.00 Presentation 1: Policy and institutional frameworks for 3. Ms. Rahima Njaidi, Executive Director, MJUMITA managing forestry and water resources in Tanzania: 4. Mr. Segule, Basin Water Officer, Pangani Basin The missing links Water Board 1. Ms. Pamela Temu, Principal Hydrogeologist, 5. Eng. Ngwisa Mpembe, Managing Director, Lahmeyer Ministry of Water, Tanzania Consulting Engineers Ltd. 2. Dr. Ezekiel E. Mwakalukwa, Director of Forestry and Beekeeping, Ministry of Natural 15.00 – 16.00 Discussion Resources & Tourism 16.00 – 16.30 Summary of key messages: Prof. Andrew Temu

11.00 – 11.40 Presentation 2: The basic principles for managing 16.30 – 16.45 Field visit arrangement: Dr. Felician Kilahama, Field forestry and water resources in Tanzania: Opportunities Coordinator

6.45 – 17.00 End of day 1

75 76 TIME DESCRIPTION Appendix B: List of participants DAY 2 07:30 – 08:00 Arrival and registration at the National Bureau of Statistics premises 1 H.E. Samia Suluhu Hassan Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania 2 Hon. George Mkuchika (MP) Minister of State, President’s Office – Public Service Management and Good Governance 08:00 – 09:00 Travelling to the Chenene Forest Reserve 3 Hon. George Simbachawene (MP) Minister of State in the Vice President’s Office (Union Affairs and Environment) Moderator: 4 Hon. Binilith Mahenge Regional Commissioner – Dodoma Prof. Andrew Temu 09:00 – 10:15 - Brief history of the village and the forest activities 5 Mr. Albert Chalamila President’s Office – Regional Admin and Local Government - Challenges facing Chenene Forest Reserve and the 6 Mr. Ally Ngweja Regional Commissioner’s Office – Iringa 7 Mr. Aloyce Kwezi Kilolo District existing measures 8 Prof. Andrew Temu Diligent Consultant - Visit to Chenene Forest Reserve as case study on the 9 Ms. Annasia Kwayu District Commissioner’s Office – Dodoma effects of encroachment 10 Eng. Arafa Maggidi Pangani Basin Water Board 11 Mr. Archie Malale Katavi Regional Secretariat - Discussion 12 Hon. Asia Abdallah District Commissioner – Kilolo 13 Mr. Baraka Thomas Lawyer’s Environmental Action Team 10:15 – 10:45 Transit to the Mzakwe Catchment 14 Mr. Ben Sulus SHIVIMITA 15 Ms. Bettie Luwuge Tanzania Forest Conservation Group 10:45 – 12:00 - Brief history of the Mzakwe Catchment 16 Mr. Carlos Kinyoa Umojawa Wavunaji Mitinawenye Viwandavya Misitu (UWASA) Sao Hill - Initiatives for ensuring sustainability of the Catchment 17 Mr. Casian Siang Tanzania Natural Resource Forum 18 Mr. Castory Makeula Rungwe District Council - Visit to the Catchment as a case study on initiatives 19 Ms. Catherine Kongola Ministry of Water for ensuring sustainability of the Catchment 20 Mr. Charles Kidua Singida Regional Secretary - Discussion 21 Ms. Christina Mndeme Regional Commissioner – Songea 22 Ms. Clara Makenya UNEP 23 Mr. Cosmas Ngangaji President’s Office – Public Service Management & Good Governance 12:00 – 12:30 Key Summary 24 Prof. David Nyange USAID Aspires Project Mr. Godgift Swai, Sokoine University of Agriculture 25 Mr. Edmund Mkwama Regional Commissioner’s Office – Mbeya (SUA) 26 Mr. Elias Msuya Mwananchi Communications Ltd. 27 Ms. Elice Engelbert Lake Nyasa Water Basin 12.30 – 12.40 Closing 28 Ms. Elizabeth Mrema MLHHSD 29 Mr. Emmanuel Nahozya Ministry of Water 12:40 Lunch 30 Dr. Ezekiel Mwakalukwa Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism 31 Dr. Felician Kilahama African Forestry 32 Mr. Francis Sabuni Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund (EAMCEF) 33 Mr. Gabah Bugeraha Lake Rukwa Basin Water Board 34 Mr. Gabriel Kinyaiya Ministry of Water 35 Mr. Gerald Kitabu Environmental Journalists Association of Tanzania 36 Mr. Gerald Sakaya Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) 37 Ms. Gift Ally District Commissioner’s Office - Dodoma 38 Mr. Godgift Swai Sokoine University of Agriculture 39 Ms. Grace Chitanda Lake Rukwa Basin Water Board 40 Dr. Henry Njovu Wildlife Conservation Society Tanzania 41 Eng. Herbert Kashilila Shahidi wa Maji 42 Mr. Idris Msuya Rufiji Basin Water Board

77 78 43 Mr. Ildefonce Ndemela Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlements 85 Mr. Segule Segule Pangani Basin Water Board 44 Mr. Isaya Matata Mundemu Division – Bahi District 86 Ms. Sophia Kizigo President’s Office – Regional Administration and Local Government 45 Hon. Jamhuri William District Commissioner – Mufindi 87 Ms. Tumaini Mwamyalla Ministry of Water 46 Dr. Joel Nobert University of Dar es Salaam 88 Dr. Ubaldus Tumnini College of Business Education 47 Mr. John Lyakurwa National Bureau of Statistics 89 Mr. Vedastus Msungu IPP Media 48 Mr. Joram Wimmo ActionAid Tanzania 90 Mr. Vicent Kalungwana Kilolo District 49 Mr. Joseph Malongo Permanent Secretary – Vice President’s Office 91 Ms. Vicky Mubofu Wildlife Conservation Society Tanzania 50 Prof. Joseph Semboja UONGOZI Institute 92 Mr. Yusufu Kamote Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd. (TANESCO) 51 Hon. Juma Homera Regional Commissioner – Katavi 93 Mr. Zubery Mwachulla Mazingira Network Tanzania (MANET) 52 Hon. Juma Njwayo District Commissioner – Rufiji 53 Mr. Kari Leppänen Embassy of Finland 54 Mr. Kastory Timbula Tanzania Tree Growers Association 55 Dr. Kenneth Masuki Global Water Partnership – Tanzania 56 Mr. Kikolo Mwakasungula African Forestry 57 Mr. Leif Kindberg Water Resources Integration Development Initiative 58 Mr. Lucas Kambelenje Iringa 59 Ms. Lucy Lyatuu Habari Leo – Tanzania Standard Newspaper 60 Dr. Madaka Tumbo Water Institute 61 Ms. Magdalena Adwell President’s Office 62 Ms. Maria Hollela Dodoma Urban Water Supply & Sanitation Authority (DUWASA) 63 Ms. Martha Kabuzya Association of Tanzania Water Suppliers 64 Mr. Martin Ntemo Ministry of Works, Transport & Communication 65 Mr. Mathew Kiondo Tanzania Forest Services Agency 66 Mr. Mauri Starckman UONGOZI Institute/HAUS 67 Mr. Michael Mkunya Bahi Village 68 Ms. Monica Dedu - 69 Mr. Mussa Ngokwa - 70 Hon. Mwanahamisi Munkunda District Commissioner – Bahi 71 Dr. Nancy Pima Tanzania Forestry Research Institute 72 Ms. Neema Lugangira Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) 73 Mr. Nehemia James Ruvuma Regional Office 74 Eng. Ngwisa Mpembe Lahmeyer Consulting Engineers Ltd. 75 Mr. Novat Mfalamagoha Ruvuma Regional Commissioner’s Office 76 Mr. Oscar Kaduma Southern Highland Industries Association (SAFIA) 77 Ms. Pamela Temu Ministry of Water 78 Ms. Rahima Njaidi MJUMITA 79 Mr. Reginaldo Luberege - 80 Dr. Revocatus Mushumbusi TAFORI 81 Mr. Richard Shaba German Government Liaison Office - Dodoma 82 Ms. Salome Kisenge Envirocare 83 Mr. Samy David ITV & Radio One 84 Mr. Sangito Sumari Private Forestry Programme

79 80 Published by UONGOZI Institute. About UONGOZI Institute Dar es Salaam

©UONGOZI Institute, 2020 ‘Uongozi’ means leadership in Kiswahili, and inspiring and Plot No. 100 strengthening leadership is the core purpose of our organization. 1 Magogoni Street, Kivukoni Established in 2010 by the Government of Tanzania, UONGOZI P.O. Box 105753 Institute is dedicated to inspiring and equipping Tanzanian as well as Phone: +255 (0) 22 211 0372/3 African leaders to deliver inclusive and sustainable solutions for their Fax: +255 (0) 22 211 0374 nations and for Africa. Dodoma We apply a holistic and mutually reinforcing approach to capacity development which recognizes that leadership competencies are NHIF Building, 2nd Floor developed through a continuous, lifelong learning process. Our two 18 Jakaya Kikwete Road strategic pillars – leadership and sustainable development – are P.O. Box 1081 addressed through four main areas: executive education, policy Phone: +255 (0) 26 296 3882/3 dialogues, action-oriented research, and technical support. Our clients include organizations as well as individuals from the public Email: [email protected] sector, private sector, and civil society. Website: www.uongozi.or.tz Twitter: @UONGOZI To discuss how you could be involved with the Institute, whether as a Facebook: @UongoziInstitute supporter of our work, or as a client, please contact us. YouTube: www.youtube.com/UongoziInstitute LinkedIn: UONGOZI Institute

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