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2016 Host Utilization of the Endoparasitoid, glomerata L. (: ) in Different Instars of Pierls brassicae L. (: Pieridae) M. I. Ullah University of Sargodha, [email protected]

Muhammad Arshad University of Sargodha

S. Ali University of Sargodha

Yasir Iftikhar University of Sargodha

Jaime Molina-Ochoa Universidad de Colima, [email protected]

See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons

Ullah, M. I.; Arshad, Muhammad; Ali, S.; Iftikhar, Yasir; Molina-Ochoa, Jaime; and Foster, John E., "Host Utilization of the Endoparasitoid, L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Different Instars of Pierls brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)" (2016). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 627. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/627

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors M. I. Ullah, Muhammad Arshad, S. Ali, Yasir Iftikhar, Jaime Molina-Ochoa, and John E. Foster

This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/ 627 Egyptian Journal a/, 26(3), 2016,625-629 Host Utilization of the Endoparasitoid, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Different Instars of Pierls brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Ullahl , M. I.; M. Arshad1; S. Aut; Y. Iftikhar2; J. Molina-Ochoa3,4 and J. E. Foster4 IDept. of Entomology, University ofSargodha, Sargodha 40100 Pakistan, [email protected] 2Dept. of Plant Pathology, University ofSargodha, Sargodha 40100 Pakistan 3Universidad de Colima, Coordinacion General de Investigacion Cientifica, Centro Universitario de Investigaciony Desarrollo Agropecuario, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Crucero de Tecoman, autopista Colima­ Manzanillo, Km. 40, Tecom{m, Colima 28930, Mexico. 4Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 US (Received: June 20,2016 and Accepted: July 27,2016)

ABSTRACT

Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is a destructive pest of brassicaceous plants around the world. Biological control of this pest has attained much attention being environment friendly. Parasitism rate and growth of the endoparasitoid , Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied on first (L 1) and second (L2) larval instars of P. brassicae. Adult fresh mass and developmental time of the was higher when it parasitized LI than L2 of host larvae. Thus, host instars contributed significant variations to adult mass accumulation during their development. Parasitized host in L2 grew significantly larger than in LI due to less parasitism rate. Similarly, the development of C. glomerata was faster in LIas compared to L2. Larval mortality of the host and parasitoid was also significantly higher in case of LI. It is indicated from the study that C. glomerata has a promising role managing P. brassicae larvae at early stages.

Key words: Cotesia glomerata, brassicae, Parasitism rate, Developmental time, Fresh mass.

INTRODUCTION Similarly, C. glomerata can impose (100%) losses of its host larvae (Spieth and Schwarzer, 2001). Many brassicaceous plants and their hybrids are the /bost important commercial crops worldwide The objective of this study was to observe the host (Hopkins et al., 2009). Vegetables belonging utilization and development of C. glomerata at two to family Brassicaceae are important source for different instars of P. brassicae along with adult human diet, consumed by a large number of people parasitoid mass, developmental time and pupal in the world, especially in Asia and Europe (Cartea survival. The growth and development of parasitized et al., 2011). herbivores like and un-parasitized caterpillars were also compared to L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are the major pests that evaluate the effects of parasitism. cause significant losses of economic importance (Tanaka et al., 2007). The caterpillars are herbivores MATERIALS AND METHODS feed only on the order Capparales plants that produce a toxin named 'glucosinolates' (OS) (Harvey et al., Insect culture 2010). P. brassicae caterpillars and C. glomerata cocoons were collected from the cabbage field near For safer environment and to avoid the issues of University College of Agriculture, University of resistance against synthetic chemicals, biological Sargodha, Pakistan. Host and parasitoids were reared control of insect pests is considered a suitable method at 2S±I°C and 65±5 RH in laboratory at the to keep the insect damages below threshold levels Department of Entomology. Caterpillars of P. (Metspalu et al., 2003). Traditionally, biological brassicae were maintained on Brassica oleracea var. control of P. brassicae depends on entomopathogenic capitata and C. glomerata was reared on lSI ins tar of viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasitoids and predators P. brassicae caterpillars to maintain its culture. Adult (van Driesche et al., 2003). Braconid parasitoid wasps were fed on 10% sugar solution given on species of CQtesia parasitize the pierids cotton wool and allowed for egg laying. Afterwards, effectively. Among these, Cotesia glomerata L. parasitoid cocoons were collected and transferred into (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the most important new cages for further experiments. parasitoid of P. brassicae. It is a cosmopolitan endoparasitoid of many lepidopteran larvae, Growth line of parasitized and un-parasitized especially P. brassicae. Typically, it produces a larvae of P. brassicae single brood of cocoons in cluster form with an Thirty P. brassicae pI (Ll) and 2nd instar (L2) average of 25-30 wasps (Ou et al., 2003). This larvae were collected from the insect culture and koinobiont parasitoid attacks its hosts and kills them placed on central leaves of cabbage plants in at 4th or 5th instars (Harvey et al., 1994). ventilated glass cages (45 x 43 x 43cm) at 626

temperature of 25±loC. One plant of cabbage was attained 396.94mg and 401.21mg of 20 day old kept in each glass for each instar. After 2 hours of larvae, respectively. Overall larval body-mass of L2 releasing the larvae, 10 males and 10 females adult was observed higher when compared to Ll. The parasitoids were released in each cage. In one results showed that larvae of C. glomerata exerted experiment, wasps were removed from cages after 24 significant effect on the growth of host larvae as hrs and in another experiment wasps were removed compared to un-parasitized larvae. The parasitized L2 after 48 hrs to check parasitism rate at different larvae attained the maximum body-mass of 42.31 mg, durations. After cocoon formation, parasitoid when larvae were 18 days old. Overall, larval body­ cocoons were collected from the cages and placed in mass ofLI larvae did not increase 20mg (Fig. I). It is Petri plates until adult emergence. Male and female obvious that the nutritional requirements of adult wasps were separated and weighed to measure koinobiont parasitoids are highly intensive to cause their fresh masses. Number of days was recorded heavy weight losses in their host larvae because of from parasitism initiation to adult emergence to food shortage for them (Harvey et al., 2004 and calculate the developmental time from the host Mironids and Savoopoulou-Soultani, 2009). caterpillars. Host larval mortality, total number of Obviously, C. glomerata utilized its host larvae for its parasitoid cocoons and number of adult emergence development and caused significant host mortality. from cocoons were also counted. The experiments Growth and development of host larvae during were replicated three times. parasitism is a very interesting phenomenon that enables the stabilization of stored food in body of Measurement of parasitoids fate parasitoid because increased brood size require more Twenty Ll and L2 caterpillars of P. brassicae food (Harvey et al., 2010). were placed individually in glass vials. Ten pairs of wasp adults (male and female) were released in each Development of C. glomerata glass vial (Harvey et al., 2010). Ovipositor insertion Adult wasp development was faster when into host larval body was visualized to confirm the parasitized LI host caterpillars as compared to L2. parasitism and parasitized larvae were transferred The growth and development of parasitoid was more into clean glass cages. Fresh leaves of cabbage were when developed in LI larvae as compared to L2 provided to parasitized larvae. Data of host larval larvae of the host. It is due to fact that amount of death, parasitoid pupation, parasitoid cocoons that resources was higher in L 1 instars for utilization by failed to adult formation and total number of parasitized larvae as compared to L2 instar. parasitoid adult emergence were recorded. The experiment was replicated three til!les. Adult fresh mass of C. glomerata was significantly affected (F = 45.5, P

_ Ll (unparasitlzed) l2 (unparasltized) -+-L~ (Parasitized) --'-l2 (parasitized) 450 50 w 400 I 4S U> +I 350 40 35 .§: 300 30 :11 250 25 E200 20 I 150 15 11 100 10 :z: SO o . . .7:1., ..• ,.~ , .... , .:~- .. , .. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Host age (days) '------_._------' Fig. (I): 0?~~?line '"'?rplll1lsitized al1~.'lI1:Pll!llsiti~~~ P.~rassicae caterpillars.

_ L1 (unparasJt1zed) fo,.<~ L2 (unpa,..sftized) -.- L.1 (pa,..sftlzed) ...... - L2 (par.sltized)

~so so 400 1 45 ~ 350 40 300 3S 1: 30 I:: 2S 2 0 I '150 15 ,00 1 . 1.0 so 5 ",""." .. 0 2 4 6 H 10 .1.2 1.4 1.6 .1.8 2() 22 2.4 26 Host ag. (days)

Fig. (2): Fresh mass of adult male and female C. glomerata developed from P. Brassicae L 1 and L2 caterpillars. Numbers in brackets shows the total number of individuals.

_ I ~ l . (uop""II~ i tI2ftd)

450 50 w 400 45 :! 350 40 35 .§:3oo 30 250 1 I -, 7.5 e 200 1 20 ~ 150 .!! .1.5 • 100 1 ~ 10 so I 5 0 .i-a.::.....,.. A.:.. o 2 4 6 8 10 18 20 22 24 26 ---_._------_._------_. Fig. (3): Development time of male and female C. glomerata in P. brassicae Ll and L2 caterpillars after different time intervals.

_ Ll (un parasitized) L2 (unparilsltized) _Ll (Parasitized) _ L2 (parasitized) 450 50 ... 400 45 ." +I 350 40 35 I 300 30 ::I 250 ... 25 E 200 20 I 150 15 100 10 1 50 5 o o

Host age (days)

Fig. (4): Fate of parasitized Ll and L2 caterpillars of P. brassicae when parasitized by C. glomerata females for different time intervals.

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