South Dakota State University

PSYC 451 - Psychology of Abnormal Behavior

Concepts addressed: Social Psychology, Personality and Abnormal Psychology: Types and Characteristics of Mental Disorders: Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders, , Personality Disorders, and Substance-Related Disorders. Issues included in defining normality versus abnormality.

DSM-IV - TR Mental Disorders (not a complete listing)

Note: Each disorder listed below has an essential feature and a diagnostic criteria set (of symptoms).

I. Anxiety Disorders a. Without b. Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia c. Agoraphobia Without History of Panic Disorder d. Specific i. Animal Type ii. Natural Environment Type iii. Blood-Injection-Injury Type iv. Situational Type v. Other Type e. Social Phobia ( Disorder) f. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder i. Obsessions ii. Compulsions g. Posttraumatic Disorder h. i. Generalized (Includes Overanxious Disorder of Childhood) j. Separation Anxiety Disorder k. Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specified II. Mood Disorders a. Major Depressive Disorder i. Single Episode ii. Recurrent Episodes b. Dysthymic Disorder c. Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified d. i. Single Episode ii. Recurrent Episodes e. Bipolar II Disorder i. Single Episode ii. Recurrent Episodes Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. f. Cyclothymic Disorder g. Not Otherwise Specified h. Specifiers for Mood Disorders i. Describing Clinical Status of Current Episode 1. Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic Features, Severe With Psychotic Features ii. Describing Features of Current Episode 1. Chronic, With Catatonic Features, With Melancholic Features, With Atypical Features, With Postpartum Features iii. Describing Course of Recurrent Episodes 1. Longitudinal Course Specifiers 2. With Seasonal Pattern 3. With Rapid Cycling III. Somatoform Disorders a. Disorder b. c. d. e. f. Somatoform Disorder Not Otherwise Specified IV. Dissociative Disorders a. Dissociative b. Dissociative Fugue c. Dissociative Identity Disorder d. Depersonalization Disorder e. Not Otherwise Specified V. Schizophrenia a. Paranoid Type b. Disorganized Type c. Catatonic Type d. Undifferentiated Type e. Residual Type VI. Other Psychotic Disorders a. b. Schizophreniform Disorder c. d. e. Shared Psychotic Disorder (Folie a Deux) f. Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified VII. Personality Disorders a. Cluster A Personality Disorders i. Paranoid ii. Schizoid Personality Disorder iii. Schizotypal Personality Disorder b. Cluster B Personality Disorders i. Antisocial Personality Disorder ii. Borderline Personality Disorder iii. Histrionic Personality Disorder iv. Narcissistic Personality Disorder c. Cluster C Personality Disorders i. Avoidant Personality Disorder Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. ii. Dependent Personality Disorder iii. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder VIII. Substance-Related Disorders a. Substance Use Disorders i. 1. With Physiological Dependence 2. Without Physiological Dependence ii. Substance b. Substance-Induced Disorders i. ii. Substance Withdrawal c. Alcohol-Related Disorders i. Alcohol Dependence ii. Alcohol Abuse iii. Alcohol Intoxication iv. Alcohol Withdrawal d. Use and Induced Disorders by Substance Type (generally follow C above) i. Amphetamine or Amphetamine-Like ii. Caffeine (Intoxication) or (Induced Anxiety or Sleep Disorders) iii. Cannabis iv. Cocaine v. Hallucinogens vi. Inhalants vii. Nicotine (Dependence) (Withdrawal) viii. Opioids ix. Phencyclidine or Phencyclidine-Like x. Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytics xi. Polysubstance Dependence xii. Other Substances

Defining Abnormality (versus Normality) (Rosenhan & Seligman 1995)

I. Psychological Abnormality a. No clear-cut, precise definition i. Normal and abnormal behavior are not completely distinct but lie on a continuum b. No necessary condition i. Single property or common element that all cases must share c. No sufficient condition i. One distinguishing element that only cases of abnormality share and no cases of "normality" share II. Family Resemble Approach to Psychological Abnormality a. The elements are members of the family of characteristics regarded as abnormal i. The more elements, the more likely one is considered: 1. Abnormal 2. Mentally disordered or mentally ill b. The Elements of Abnormality i. Experience of Personal Distress/Suffering 1. Does not have to be present (necessary condition) 2. Suffering is common in "normals" (sufficient condition) ii. Impairment in Functioning/Maladaptiveness 1. Behaviors that strongly interfere with individual or social well-being

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. iii. Irrationality and Incomprehensibility (of behavior) iv. Unpredictability and Loss of Control (of behavior) v. Vividness and Unconventionality 1. Behaviors that are rare (therefore vivid) and undesirable 2. Statistical deviation from the norm vi. Observer Discomfort 1. Vague observer discomfort when someone violates unwritten or residual rules of behavior vii. Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards 1. Behavior is judged against moral standards and idealized norms that are believed to characterize all right-thinking and right-acting people. c. Abnormality is, from this perspective, a matter of judgment and social perspective. III. Defining Normality a. In a psychological sense, normality is simply the absence of abnormality. IV. Beyond Normality: Living Optimally a. Six areas in which living optimally can be recognized i. Positive Attitudes toward Self (self-acceptance) ii. Growth and Development (ongoing use of one's abilities in several life areas) iii. Autonomy (responsiveness to one's own inner standards) iv. Accurate Perception of Reality (and ability to tolerate ambiguity) v. Environmental Competence (in work, love and play) vi. Positive Interpersonal Relations V. DSM-IV-TR Definition of (Abnormality, ) a. " ... although this manual provides a classification of mental disorders, it must be admitted that no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of "mental disorder." The concept of "mental disorder," like many other concepts in medicine and science, lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations." b. DSM-IV-TR Working Definition i. A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and; ii. That is associated with 1. Present distress or; 2. Disability or; 3. With a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. iii. This syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. iv. Whatever its original cause, it must currently be considered a manifestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. v. Neither deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of dysfunction in the individual, as described above.

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.