H.264 specification pdf

Continue AVC1 redirects here. It should not be confused with AV1 or VC-1. The most widely used for compression Isvanced video coding for general audiovisual servicesStatusIn forceYear launched2003Latest versionJune 2019OrganizationITU-T (SG16), ISO, IECCommitteeVCEG, MPEGBase standardsH.261, H.262 (aka MPEG-2 Video), H.263, H.263 MPEG-1Strapped StandardsH.265, H.266Domainvideo compressionWebsite (AVC), also referred to as H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (MPEG-4 AVC), is a video compression standard based on block-oriented, traffic-compensated DC-Coding. This is by far the most commonly used format for recording, compressing and distributing video content used by 91% of video industry developers compared to September 2019. It supports solutions before and including 8K UHD. The purpose of the H.264/AVC project was to create a standard capable of providing good video quality at a significantly lower than previous standards (i.e. half the bit speed of MPEG-2, H.263, or MPEG-4 Part 2) without increasing the complexity of the design so much that it would be impractical or excessively expensive to implement. This was achieved with features such as reduced complexity of integrator discrete cosy transformation (integer DCT), variable block size segmentation, and a variety of intercautant forecasting. An additional goal is to provide sufficient flexibility so that the standard can be applied to a wide range of applications across a wide variety of networks and systems, including low and high-speed bits, low-resolution and high-resolution video, , DVD storage, RTP/IP package networks and ITU-T multimedia systems. The H.264 standard can be seen as a family of standards consisting of a number of different profiles, although its high profile is by far the most commonly used format. A specific decoder deciphers at least one, but not necessarily all profiles. The standard describes the format of the coded data and the method of decoding the data, but it does not specify the video coding , that is, remains open for coders to choose for themselves, and a wide range of coding schemes have been developed. H.264 is commonly used for loss-making compression, although it is also possible to create truly non-loss-coded regions in unprofitable coded images or to support rare uses for which all encoding is without loss. H.264 was standardized by the ITU-T Video Coding Expert Group (VCEG) of the 16 study group in conjunction with the ISO/IEC JTC1 (MPEG) Panel of Experts. The partnership efforts under the project are known as the Joint Video Commission (CPT). ITU-T H.264 and ISO/IEC MPEG-4 AVC (formally ISO/IEC 14496-10 - MPEG-4 Part 10, Advanced Video Coding) are joint joint So they have identical technical content. The final editorial work on the first version of the standard was completed in May 2003, and various extensions were added to the subsequent editions. High-efficiency video coding (HEVC), the same H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2 is the successor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC developed by the same organizations, while the earlier standards are still in general use. H.264 is perhaps best known as the most commonly used on Blu-ray Discs. It is also widely used by streaming sources such as video from , Hulu, Prime Video, , YouTube and iTunes Store, web software such as and Silverlight, as well as various HDTV broadcasts over terrestrial (ATSC, ISDB-T, DVB-T or DVB-T2), cable (DVB-) and satellite (DVB-C). H.264 is protected by patents owned by different parties. The license covering most (but not all) patents required for H.264 is administered by a patent pool operated by MPEG LA. The commercial use of patented H.264 technologies requires the payment of MPEG LA royalties and other patent-free technologies. MPEG LA has authorized the free use of H.264 technology for streaming , which is free for end users, and Cisco Systems pays MPEG LA royalties on behalf of users of the dia file for its open source H.264 encoder. The name H.264 follows the ITU-T convention, where the standard is a member of the VCEG H.26x line of video coding standards; The name MPEG-4 AVC refers to the iso/IEC MPEG naming convention, where the standard is part of 10 ISO/IEC 14496, which is a set of standards known as MPEG-4. The standard was developed jointly in partnership with VCEG and MPEG, following earlier development work at ITU-T as a VCEG project called H.26L. Thus, you can often refer to the standard with names such as H.264/AVC, AVC/H.264, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, or MPEG-4/H.264 AVC to emphasize common heritage. It is sometimes also referred to as the JVT code with reference to the Joint Video Team (JVT) organization that developed it. (Such partnerships and multiples of name are not uncommon. Some programs (e.g. VLC media player) internally identify this standard as AVC1. History Common History In early 1998, the Video Coding Expert Group (VCEG - ITU-T SG16 No.6) has called for proposals for a project called H.26L, with the aim of doubling the coding efficiency (which means doubling the bit rate required for this level) compared to any other level of accuracy video coding standards for a wide range of applications. The chairman of VCEG was Gary Sullivan (Microsoft, formerly PictureTel, PictureTel, The first draft of this new standard was adopted in August 1999. In 2000, Thomas Wiegand (Henry Hertz Institute, Germany) became co- chairman of VCEG. In December 2001, VCEG and the Image Movement Expert Group (MPEG - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11) formed a Joint Video Group (SPT) with a charter to refine the video coding standard. The specification was formally approved in March 2003. JVT was chaired by Gary Sullivan, Thomas Wiegand and Ajay Lutra (Motorola, USA: later Arris, USA). The Fidelity Range Extension Project (FRExt) was completed in July 2004. From January 2005 to November 2007, the SPT worked on expanding H.264/AVC toward scalability with an (G) app called Scalable Video Coding (SVC). JVT's management team was expanded by Jens-Rainer Om (RWTH Aachen University, Germany). From July 2006 to November 2009, JVT worked on (MVC), extending H.264/AVC to 3D and a limited range of free-view television. This work included the development of two new standard profiles: Multiview High Profile and Stereo High Profile. Throughout the development of the standard, additional messages have been developed to provide additional information on the increase (SEI). SEI messages may contain different types of data that indicate the time of the video or describe the different properties of the coded video or how it is used or expanded. SEI messages that may contain arbitrary user-defined data are also defined. SEI messages do not affect the kernel decoding process, but may indicate how the video is recommended to be processed or displayed after processing. Some other high-level video content properties are transmitted to video usability information (VUI), such as the color space for video content interpretation. As new color spaces, such as high dynamic range and wide color , were developed, additional VUI identifiers were added to point to them. The extension of Fidelity's range and professional profiles of Standardization of the first version of H.264/AVC was completed in May 2003. In the first project to expand the original standard, JVT then developed what was called Fidelity Range Extensions (FRExt). These extensions allowed for higher quality video coding, supporting increased depth accuracy of bit sampling and higher-resolution color information, including sampling structures known as Y'CBCR 4:2:2 (also known as YUV 4:2:2) and 4:4:4. Some other features have also been included in the FRExt project, such as adding an 8×8 integrator of discrete cosin conversion (integer DCT) with adaptive switching between 4×4 and 8×8 conversions, encoder-defined perceptive basis Weight , effective coding between images without loss, and support for additional color spaces. FrExt FRExt design work completed in July 2004 and editorial work on them was completed in September 2004. Then five other new profiles (see version 7 below) were developed, designed primarily for professional applications, adding support for the extended range color space, identifying additional aspect ratios, identifying two additional types of additional information about improvement (post-filter hint and tone display) and decrepiing one of the previous FRExt profiles (high profile 4:4:4) that should have been developed differently? Scalable video coding The next main feature added to the standard was scalable video coding (SVC). Listed in the G H.264/AVC application, SVC allows you to create bitstreams that contain layers of sub-bitstreams that also meet the standard, including one such bitstream, known as the base layer, which can be deciphered by the H.264/AVC code, which does not support SVC. For the temporary scalability of the Bitstream (i.e. sub-bitstream with a lower sampling time rate than the main bitstream), full access blocks are removed from the bitstream when the sub-bitstream is received. In this case, the high-level syntax and the inter-prediction of reference images in the bitstream are built accordingly. On the other hand, for the spatial and high-quality scalability of the bitstream (i.e. the presence of a sub-bitstream with a lower spatial resolution/quality than the main bitstream), NAL (Network Layer of Abstraction) is removed from the bitstream when receiving a sub-bitstream. In this case, inter-layer forecasting (i.e. forecasting a higher spatial resolution/quality signal based on low spatial resolution/quality signal data) is usually used for effective coding. The expansion of scalable video coding was completed in November 2007. Multiview video coding The next main feature added to the standard was Multiview Video Coding (MVC). In the H.264/AVC app, MVC allows you to create bitstreams that represent more than one kind of video scene. An important example of this functionality is stereoscopic 3D video coding. MVC has developed two profiles: Multiview High profile supports an arbitrary number of views, and the Stereo High profile is designed specifically for two-type stereoscopic video. The Multiview Video Coding extensions were completed in November 2009. 3D-AVC and MFC Stereoscopic coding Additional extensions were later developed that included 3D video coding with joint coding of map depth and texture (the term 3D-AVC), multi-resolution frame-compatible (MFC) stereoscopic and 3D-MFC coding, various additional combinations of features, and higher frame sizes and Frames. Versions of the H.264/AVC standard include the following completed changes, corrogendu and amendments (dates are the final approval dates in ITU-T, while the final International International THE approval periods for ISO/IEC are somewhat different and, in most cases, somewhat later). Each version represents a change in relation to the next lower version, which is integrated into the text. Version 1 (Edition 1): (May 30, 2003) The first approved version of H.264/AVC containing basic, basic and extended profiles. Version 2 (Edition 1.1): (May 7, 2004) Corrigendum, containing various minor fixes. Version 3 (Edition 2): (March 1, 2005) The main first amendment supplement establishing the Fidelity Range Extension (FRExt). This version added High, High 10, High 4:2:2, and High 4:4:4 profiles. A few years later, the High Profile became the most commonly used standard profile. Version 4 (Edition 2.1): (September 13, 2005) Corrigendum contains various minor fixes and adds three aspect ratio indicators. Version 5 (Edition 2.2): (June 13, 2006) An amendment consisting of the removal of the previous profile High 4:4:4 (treated as a corrigendum in ISO/IEC). Version 6 (Edition 2.2): (June 13, 2006) An amendment consisting of minor extensions, such as support for the extended range color space (complete with the aforementioned aspects ratio in ISO/IEC). Version 7 (Edition 2.3): (April 6, 2007) An amendment containing the addition of a high 4:4:4 Predictive Profile and four intra-only profiles (High 10 Intra, High 4:2:2 Inside, High 4:4:4 Inside, and CAVLC 4:4:4 Intra). Version 8 (Edition 3): (November 22, 2007) A major addition to H.264/AVC containing an amendment for scalable video coding (SVC) containing scalable base, scalable high and scalable high Intra profiles. Version 9 (Edition 3.1): (January 13, 2009) Corrigendum, containing minor fixes. Version 10 (Edition 4): (March 16, 2009) An amendment that defines a new profile (limited baseline profile) with a common subset of features supported in various previously stated profiles. Version 11 (Edition 4): (March 16, 2009) A major addition to H.264/AVC, containing an extension amendment to Multiview Video Coding (MVC), including multiview high profile. Version 12 (Edition 5): (March 9, 2010) An amendment that defines a new MVC (Stereo High profile) profile to encode videos with two views with intertwined coding tools and provide additional additional information about the enhancement (SEI) message, a sei location-covered message. Version 13 (Edition 5): (March 9, 2010) Corrigendum containing minor fixes. Version 14 (Edition 6): (June 29, 2011) Amendment defining a new level (level 5.2), supporting higher processing speeds in terms of maximum macro blocks per second, and a new profile (progressive high profile) supporting only coding frames of a previously specified high profile. Version 15 (Edition 6): (June 29, 2011) Corrigendum containing minor minor Version 16 (Edition 7): (January 13, 2012) An amendment defining three new profiles designed primarily for real-time communication applications: limited high, scalable limited base and scalable limited high profiles. Version 17 (Edition 8): (April 13, 2013) Amendment with additional SEI message indicators. Version 18 (Edition 8): (April 13, 2013) Amendment by clarifying the encoding of deep map data for 3D stereoscopic video, including high profile Multiview Depth. Version 19 (Edition 8): (April 13, 2013) Corrigendum to correct an error in the process of extracting the sub-bitstream for a multi-watch video. Version 20 (Edition 8): (April 13, 2013) Amendment, clarifying additional color space identifiers (including support for the ITU-R BT.2020 recommendation for UHDTV) and an additional type of model in the SEI message to display the tone. Version 21 (Edition 9): (February 13, 2014) Amendment, clarifying the extended profile of Multi Depthview High. Version 22 (Edition 9): (February 13, 2014) An amendment that identifies an upgrade of the MFC-compatible frame for 3D stereoscopic video, high profile MFC and minor fixes. Version 23 (Edition 10): (February 13, 2016) An amendment clarifying MFC stereoscopic video with card depth, high MFC Depth profile, SEI display volume, and additional color vuI code identifiers. Version 24 (Edition 11): (October 14, 2016) Amendment to specify additional levels of decoder capabilities supporting larger image sizes (Levels 6, 6.1 and 6.2), green metadata SEI message, alternative information depth of SEI message, and additional color-related VUI code point identifiers. Version 25 (Edition 12): (April 13, 2017) Amendment, clarifying the progressive profile of High 10, hybrid log-Gamma (HLG), as well as additional color code points VUI and SEI messages. Version 26 (Edition 13): (June 13, 2019) Amendment to include additional SEI messages for the viewing environment, light content information, content volume, uniform projection, cuprate projection, sphere rotation, regional packaging, omnidirectional viewport, SEI manifesto, and SEI set-top box. Patent Holders Additional information: MPEG LA Part of this section is transposed from MPEG LA. (edit history) The following organizations have one or more patents in the MPEG LA H.264/AVC patent pool. H.264/AVC patent holders (as of July 2019) (as of July 2019) Organization (30) Active Patents Term Of Patents Total Patents Total Patents Corporation 1,137 60 1,197 Godo Kaisha IP Bridge 1.111 19 130 LG Electronics 949 41 990 Dolby Laboratories 1.19 1130 LG Electronics 949 41 990 Dol Labs 759 16 358 33 391 Microsoft 208 7 215 Nippon Telegraph and phone (including NTT Docomo) 187 2 189 116 31 147 Fraunhofer Society 125 16 141 Google 136 3 139 GE Video Compression 136 0 136 136 136 136 102 4 106 54 50 104 Tagivan II LLC 77 0 77 23 40 63 Maxell 51 2 53 Philips 5 39 44 Vidyo 41 2 43 Ericsson 34 0 34 Electronics and T Science The Research Institute of (ETRI) Korea 32 0 32 Applications Additional information: The list of video services using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Video Format H.264 has a very wide range of applications that covers all forms of digital compressed video from low bit streaming Internet applications to HDTV broadcasting and applications with almost no loss of coding. Using H.264, a bit savings rate of 50% or more compared to MPEG-2 Part 2 is reported. For example, H.264 reportedly provides the same quality of digital as current MPEG-2 sales with less than half of the bitrate, with current MPEG-2 sales running at around 3.5 Mbps and H.264 at only 1.5 Mbps. Sony claims that the 9 Mbit/s AVC recording mode is equivalent to hdV image quality, HDV format. which uses approximately 18-25 Mbit/s. to ensure compatibility and no problem adopting H.264/AVC, many standards bodies have amended or added to their video-related standards so that users of these standards can use H.264/AVC. The Blu-ray Disc format and the now discontinued HD DVD format include the high profile H.264/AVC as one of the three mandatory video compression formats. The Broadcasting Project (DVB) approved the use of H.264/AVC for in late 2004. In July 2008, the Committee on Advanced Television Systems (ATSC) in the United States approved the use of H.264/AVC for television broadcasting, although this standard is not yet used for ATSC fixed gears in the United States. It was also approved for use with the later ATSC-M/H standard (Mobile/Handheld), using parts of AVC and SVC H.264. The Closed Circuit TV and CCTV markets have incorporated this technology into many products. Many common DSLRs use H.264 videos wrapped in fast MOV containers as a native recording format. AvCHD derivative formats are a high-definition recording format developed by Sony and Panasonic that uses H.264 (according to H.264, adding additional features and restrictions associated with applications). AVC-Intra is an in-frame compression format developed by Panasonic. XAVC is a recording format developed by Sony that uses the 5.2 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC level, which is the highest level supported by this video standard. The XAVC can maintain a 4K resolution (4096 × 2160 and 3840 × 2160) with up to 60 frames per second (fps). Sony has announced that the cameras that support XAVC include two CineAlta cameras- the Sony PMW-F55 and the Sony PMW-F5. Sony PMW-F55 can record 4K at 30 fps at 300 Mbit/s and 2K resolution at 30 fps at 100 Mbit/s. Mbit/s. At 60 fps with 4:2:2 chrome sampling at 600 Mbit/s. 4142 Design Features Block Chart H.264 H.264/AVC/MPEG-4 Part 10 contains a number of new features that allow it to video much more efficiently than old standards and provide greater flexibility for applying to a wide range of networking environments. Specifically, some of these key features include: Multi-picture inter-photographic forecasting, including the following features: Using previously coded images as links in a much more flexible manner than in past standards, allowing up to 16 reference frames (or 32 reference fields, in the case of intertwined coding) in some cases. In profiles that support frames that are not in typical of IDR, most levels indicate that sufficient buffering should be available to provide at least 4 or 5 reference frames at maximum resolution. This contrasts with previous standards, where the limit is usually one; or, in the case of conventional B photos (B-frames), two. Variable block-sized (VBSMC) with blocks up to 16×16 and up to 4×4 in size, allowing you to precisely segment moving regions. Supported lum prediction block sizes include 16×16, 16×8, 8×16, 8×8, 8×4, 4×8 and 4×4, many of which can be used together in a single . The size of the chromium prediction blocks is smaller, respectively, when using chromium filling. The ability to use multiple motion vectors on a macro block (one or two per section) with a maximum of 32 in the case of macro block B, built from 16 4×4 sections. Motion vectors for each 8×8 or larger region of the section may indicate different reference images. The ability to use any type of macroblock in B-frames, including I-, leads to much more efficient coding when using B-frames. This feature was particularly left out of MPEG-4 ASP. Filtering with six touches to obtain predictions of a semi-smooth lum sample for sharper subpixel motion compensation. The movement of quarter-pixel pixels occurs by linear interpolation of semipixel values to save processing power. A quarter of the pixel accuracy to compensate for the movement, allowing an accurate description of the displacement of moving areas. For chromium, resolution is usually halved both vertically and horizontally (see 4:2:0), so chromium motion compensation uses one-eighth of a pixel chrome mesh. A weighted forecast that allows the coder to indicate the use of scaling and compensation when performing motion compensation, as well as providing a significant performance advantage in special cases such as black fade, disappearance, and cross-fading transitions. This includes an implicit, weighted prediction for and a clear weighted prediction for P- frames. Spatial prediction from the edges of neighboring blocks for inside coding, not D.C. forecast only found in MPEG-2 Part 2 and conversion factor forecast found found H.263v2 and MPEG-4 Part 2. This includes the size of the 16×16×16, 8×8 and 4×4 prediction unit (of which only one type can be used in each macro unit). Integer discrete cosine conversion (integer DCT), a type of discrete cosine conversion (DCT) where conversion is an integrator of the approximation of standard DCT. It has the selected size of the blocks and the exact matching of integrator calculations to reduce complexity, including: the exact match of the integer 4×4 spatial conversion block, allowing the exact placement of residual signals with a small amount of ringing often found with previous designs. It is similar to the standard DCT used in previous standards, but uses smaller block size and simple integrator processing. Unlike cosine-based formulas and tolerances expressed in earlier standards (such as H.261 and MPEG-2), integer processing provides a well- defined deciphered result. The exact match of the 8×8 spatial block integrator, which allows you to compress areas with high correlation more effectively than with the conversion of 4×4. This design is based on a standard DCT, but is simplified and made to provide a well-defined decryption. Adaptive coder selection between 4×4 and 8×8 conversion block sizes for integer conversion operation. Hadamard's secondary transformation, performed by DC Primary Spatial Transformation Ratios, is applied to DC chromium ratios (as well as luma in one special case) to get even more compression in smooth regions. No loss of macro block encoding function, including: no-loss PCM macro block view mode, in which video data samples are presented directly, allowing an ideal representation of specific regions and allowing a strict limit to be placed on the amount of coded data for each macroblock. An improved, loss-free macroblock view mode that allows for an ideal representation of specific regions, usually using significantly fewer bits than PCM mode. Flexible video scanning coding features, including: macro-adaptive frame field (MBAFF) coding, using macro-block steam structure for photos encoded as frames, allowing 16×16 macro units in field mode (compared to MPEG-2, where the field mode in the picture, which is encoded as a frame leads to the processing of 16×8 semi-macroblocks). Image-adaptive coding of the frame field (PAFF or PicAFF), allowing a freely selected mix of images encoded either as full frames, where both fields are combined together for coding, or as separate separate fields. Quantification design including: Logarithmic pitch size control to facilitate the control of bit speed coders and simplified inverse quantitative scaling assessment customized scaling matrix selected by the coder for perception based on quantitative optimization optimization in the release filter cycle, which helps prevent blocking artifacts common to other DCT-based image images techniques that leads to improved appearance and compression efficiency entropy coding design including: Context-adaptive binary (CABAC), an for non-loss compress syntax elements in the video stream knowing the likelihood of syntax elements in this context. CABAC data more efficiently than CAVLC, but requires much more decoding processing. Context-adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC), which is an alternative to the lower complexity of CABAC for encoding the quantitative values of the conversion rate. Despite the lower complexity than CABAC, CAVLC is more complex and effective than the methods commonly used for code-ratios in other previous projects. A common simple and highly structured method of accoding variable length (VLC) for many syntax elements not coded by CABAC or CAVLC, referred to as exponential-go-block coding (or Exp-Golomb). Loss sustainability features, including: Definition of the Network Abstraction Layer (NAL), which allows you to use the same video syntax in many network environments. One of the very fundamental design concepts of H.264 is to create standalone packages to remove title duplication, as in MPEG-4 in the title Extension Code (HEC). This was achieved by disengaging information related to more than one slice of the media thread. A combination of higher-level settings is called a set of parameters. The H.264 specification includes two types of settings: the SPS and the Image Settings Set (PPS). The active sequence set remains the same throughout the coded video series, and the active picture settings remain the same in the encoded picture. The sequences and image settings contain information such as image size, additional coding modes used, and a macroblock to slice a group map. Flexible ordering of macro blocks (FMO), also known as cut groups, and arbitrary ordering slices (ASOs), which are methods of restructuring the way fundamental regions (macroblocks) are presented in pictures. Usually considered a function of error/loss reliability, FMO and ASO can also be used for other purposes. Data sharing (DP), a feature that allows you to separate more important and less important syntax elements into different data packets, allowing for the application of unequal error protection (UEP) and other types of improvements in error/loss reliability. Excessive Slices (RS), a error/loss reliability feature that allows the coder to send an additional view of the image region (usually at less accuracy) that can be used if the primary view is damaged or Frame measurement, a feature that allows you to create contracting, allowing time scalability by adding additional images between other images, as well as detecting and concealing loss losses photos that may arise from the loss of a network package or channel errors. Switch slices, called SP and SI slices, allowing the encoder to send a decoder to go into the current video stream for purposes such as switching video speed and stunt mode operations. When the decoder jumps into the middle of the video stream using the SP/SI feature, it can get an exact match with the decrypted images at that location in the video stream, despite using different photos, or no photos at all, as links before switching. A simple automatic process to prevent random emulation of start codes, which are special bit sequences in coded data that allow random access to bitstream and recovery alignment by the side in systems that may lose synchronization byte. Additional information about Enhancement (SEI) and information about the use of video (VUI), which are additional information that can be inserted into the bitstream for various purposes, such as specifying the color space used by video content or the various limitations that apply to coding. SEI messages may contain arbitrary metadata payloads determined by the user, or other messages with the syntax and semantics defined in the standard. Auxiliary images that can be used for purposes such as alpha composition. Monochrome support (4:0:0), 4:2:0, 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 chrome sampling (depending on the chosen profile). Support the accuracy of the sample bit depth from 8 to 14 bits per sample (depending on the profile chosen). The ability to encode individual color planes as individual images with their own slice structures, macroblock modes, motion vectors, etc., allowing you to create coders with a simple parallelization structure (supported only in three profiles capable of 4:4:4). The number of image orders, a feature that serves to maintain the order of the photos and the value of the samples in the deciphered photos are isolated from the information of the timeline, allowing the time of the information to be carried out and controlled/changed separately by the system without affecting the deciphered content of the image. These methods, along with several others, help H.264 work significantly better than any previous standard under a variety of circumstances in a wide variety of applications. H.264 can often perform radically better than MPEG-2 video-usually getting the same quality at half a bit speed or less, especially at high speed bits and high-resolution video content. Like other ISO/IEC MPEG video standards, H.264/AVC has a reference software implementation that can be freely downloaded. Its main purpose is to give examples of H.264/AVC features, rather than being a useful app as such. Some reference hardware design work was also carried out in the Moving Picture group of experts. The above aspects include features in all H.264 profiles. A profile for a codec is a set the functions of this codec, defined to meet a certain set of specifications of the intended applications. This means that many of these features are not supported in some profiles. The next section discusses various H.264/AVC profiles. Profiles Standard identifies several sets of features that are called profiles that target certain application classes. They are entered using the profile code (profile_idc) and sometimes a set of additional restrictions applied in the code. The profile code and these restrictions allow the decoder to recognize the requirements for deciphering that particular bitstream. (And many system environments only allow one or two profiles, so decoders in these environments should not be associated with recognition of less commonly used profiles.) By far the most commonly used profile is a high profile. Profiles for non-scalable 2D video applications include: Limited Base Profile (CBP, 66 with a set of restrictions 1) Primarily for low-cost applications, this profile is most commonly used in video conferencing and mobile applications. This corresponds to a subset of features that are common between basic, core, and high profiles. Basic Profile (BP, 66) Primarily for low-cost applications that require additional reliability of data loss, this profile is used in some video conferencing and mobile applications. This profile includes all features that are supported in a limited base profile, as well as three additional features that can be used to lose reliability (or for other purposes such as low latency many currents of video stream compositing). The value of this profile has declined slightly since the limited baseline was defined in 2009. All limited base-profile bitstreams are also considered baseline bitstreams because these two profiles have the same profile id code value. Extended Profile (XP, 88) Designed as a streaming video profile, this profile has a relatively high compression capability and some additional tricks for the reliability of data loss and server flow switching. The main profile (MP, 77) This profile is used for standard definition broadcasts that use the MPEG-4 format as defined in the DVB standard. It is not, however, used for high-definition television broadcasts, since the importance of this profile disappeared when The High Profile was developed in 2004 for this app. High Profile (HiP, 100) Is the main profile for broadcast and storage drive applications, especially for high-definition television apps (for example, this is a profile adopted by blu-ray disc storage format and DVB HDTV broadcasting service). Progressive The profile (PHiP, 100 with a set of limits 4) is similar to a high profile, but without supporting field coding features. Limited high profile (100 (100 4 and 5) Similar to the Progressive High Profile, but without the support of B (two-pronged) slices. High 10 Profile (Hi10P, 110) goes beyond the typical core capabilities of consumer products, this profile is built on top of a high profile, adding support to 10 bits per sample deciphered image accuracy. High Profile 4:2:2 (Hi422P, 122) Primarily focused on professional applications that use intertwined video, this profile is built on top of the High 10 profile, adding support for the 4:2:2 chromium sampling format when using up to 10 bits per sample of deciphered image accuracy. High 4:4:4 Predictive Profile (Hi444PP, 244) This profile is built on top of a high profile of 4:2:2, supporting up to 4:4:4 chrome sampling, up to 14 bits per sample, and additionally supporting effective non-terror coding of the region and encoding each pattern as three separate color planes. For video cameras, editing and professional applications, the standard contains four additional profiles inside the frame, which are defined as simple subsms of other relevant profiles. This is mainly for professional (such as camera and editing systems) applications: High 10 Inside Profile (110 with a set limit of 3) High 10 Profile is limited to all-inside use. High 4:2:2 Inside Profile (122 with Set Limited 3) High 4:2:2 Profile Is Limited to All-Inside Use. High 4:4:4 Inside Profile (244 with Set 3 limit) High 4:4:4 Profile is limited to all-inside use. CAVLC 4:4:4 Inside Profile (44) High Profile 4:4:4 is limited to all-in use and CAVLC entropy coding (i.e. does not support CABAC). As a result of the expansion of scalable video coding (SVC), the standard contains five additional scalable profiles, which are defined as a combination of the H.264/AVC profile for the base layer (identified by the second word in the scalable profile name) and the tools that reach a scalable expansion: Scalable base profile (83) Primarily video conferencing, mobile, and surveillance applications, this profile is built on top of a limited base profile to which the baseline should fit. For scalability tools, a subset of available tools is included. A scalable limited base profile (83 with a set of limits 5) A subset of scalable base profile, designed primarily for real-time communication applications. Scalable high profile (86) Primarily targeting broadcast and streaming applications, this profile is built on top of the H.264/AVC High Profile to which the base layer must fit. Scalable limited high profile (86 with a set of limits 5) scalable high profile, designed primarily for real-time communication applications. Scalable high intraprofi profile (86 with a set of restrictions 3) Primarily focused on production applications, this profile is a scalable high profile, limited to a limited Использовать. В результате расширения Multiview Video Coding (MVC) стандарт содержит два многопросмотрных профиля: Stereo High Profile (128) Этот профиль нацелен на двухвидовое стереоскопическое 3D-видео и сочетает в себе инструменты высокого профиля с возможностями межвидового прогнозирования расширения MVC. Multiview High Profile (118) Этот профиль поддерживает два или более представлений, используя как межвидовой (временный), так и межвидовой прогноз MVC, но не поддерживает полевые изображения и макроблок-адаптивное кодирование кадров. Расширение Multi-resolution Frame-Compatible (MFC) добавило еще два профиля: MFC High Profile (134) Профиль для стереоскопического кодирования с двухслойным разрешением. MFC Глубина Высокий профиль (135) Расширение 3D-AVC добавил еще два профиля: Multiview Глубина Высокий профиль (138) Этот профиль поддерживает совместное кодирование глубины карты и видео текстуры информации для улучшения сжатия 3D видео-контента. Улучшенный Multiview Depth High Profile (139) Расширенный профиль для комбинированного многопросмотрного кодирования с информацией о глубине. Feature support in particular profiles Feature CBP BP XP MP ProHiP HiP Hi10P Hi422P Hi444PP I and P slices Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Bit depth (per sample) 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 to 10 8 to 10 8 to 14 Chroma formats 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0/4:2:2 4:2:0/4:2:2/4:4:4 Flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) No Yes Yes No No No No No No Arbitrary slice ordering (ASO) No Yes Yes No No No No No No Redundant slices (RS) No Yes Yes No No No No No No Data Partitioning No No Yes No No No No No No SI and SP slices No No Yes No No No No No No Interlaced coding (PicAFF , MBAFF) No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes B slices No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple reference frames Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In-loop deblocking filter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CAVLC entropy coding Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CABAC entropy coding No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4:0:0 (Monochrome) No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8×8 vs. 4×4 transform adaptivity No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Quantization scaling matrices No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Separate CB and CR QP control No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Separate color plane coding No No No No No No No No Yes Predictive lossless coding No No No No No No No No Yes Levels As the term is used in the standard , «уровень» — это определенный набор ограничений, указывающих на степень требуемой производительности декодера для профиля. Например, уровень поддержки в профиле определяет максимальное разрешение изображения, частоту кадров и частоту бита, которую может использовать декодер. Декодер, соответствующий данному уровню, должен быть в состоянии расшифровать все битстримы, закодированные для этого уровня и всех нижних уровней. Уровни с максимальными значениями свойств ( уровень максимальная скорость (macroblocks/s) Maximum frame size (macro blocks) Maximum video beat speed for video coding layer (VCL) (VCL) Baseline,Baseline, Extendedand Main Profiles)(kbits/s) Examples for high resolution@ highest (maximum stored frames) Toggle additional details 1 1,485 99 64 128×[email protected] (8)176×[email protected] (4) 1b 1,485 99 128 128×[email protected] (8)176×[email protected] (4) 1.1 3,000 396 192 176×[email protected] (9)320×[email protected] (3)352×[email protected] (2) 1.2 6,000 396 384 320×[email protected] (7)352×[email protected] (6) 1.3 11,880 396 768 320×[email protected] (7)352×[email protected] (6) 2 11,880 396 2,000 320×[email protected] (7)352×[email protected] (6) 2.1 19,800 792 4,000 352×[email protected] (7)352×[email protected] (6) 2.2 20,250 1,620 4,000 352×[email protected] (12)352×[email protected] (10)720×[email protected] (6)720×[email protected] (5) 3 40,500 1,620 10,000 352×[email protected] (12)352×[email protected] (10)720×[email protected] (6)720×[email protected] (5) 3.1 108,000 3,600 14,000 720×[email protected] (13)720×[email protected] (11) 1,280×[email protected] (5) 3.2 216,000 5,120 20,000 1,280×[email protected] (5)1,280×1,[email protected] (4) 4 245,760 8,192 20,000 1,280×[email protected] (9)1,920×1,[email protected] (4)2,048×1,[email protected] (4) 4.1 245,760 8,192 50,000 1,280×[email protected] (9)1,920×1,[email protected] (4)2,048×1,[email protected] (4) 4.2 522,240 8,704 50,000 1,280×[email protected] (9)1,920×1,[email protected] (4)2,048×1,[email protected] (4) 5 589,824 22,080 135,000 1,920×1,[email protected] (13)2,048×1,[email protected] (13)2,048×1,[email protected] (12)2,560×1,[email protected] (5)3,672×1,[email protected] (5) 5.1 983,040 36,864 240,000 1,920×1,[email protected] (16)2,560×1,[email protected] (9)3,840×2,[email protected] (5)4,096×2,[email protected] (5)4,096×2,[email protected] (5)4,096×2,[email protected] (5) 5.2 2,073,600 36,864 240,000 1,920×1,[email protected] (16)2,560×1,[email protected] (9)3,840×2,[email protected] (5)4,096×2,[email protected] (5)4,096×2,[email protected] (5)4,096×2,[email protected] (5) 6 4,177,920 139,264 240,000 3,840×2,[email protected] (16)7,680×4,[email protected] (5)8,192×4,[email protected] (5) 6.1 8,355,840 139,264 480,000 3,840×2,160-257.9 (16)7,680×4 320-64,5 (5)8,192×4,320-60.4 (5) 6.2 16,711,4 680 139 264 800 000 3 840×2 160-300,0 (16)7680×4 320 128,9 (5)8,192×4,320-120.9 (5) Максимальная битовая ставка для высокого профиля в 1,25 раза выше, чем у ограниченного базового уровня, базового уровня, Расширенные и основные профили; 3 times for Hi10P and 4 times for Hi422P/Hi444PP. The number of lusma samples is 16×16-256 times the number of macroblocks (and the number of lusma samples per second is 256 times the number of macroblocks per second). A deciphered buffer image of previously encoded photos is used by H.264/AVC coders to provide predictions of sample values in other images. This allows the coder to make effective decisions about the best way to encode the image. In the decoder, such images are stored in a virtual buffer of deciphered images (DPB). The maximum dpB capacity, in units of frames (or pairs of fields), as shown in the brackets in the right column of the table above, can be calculated as follows: DpbCapacity and min (floor (MaxDpbMbs / (PicWidthInMbs) and FrameHeightInMbs is the width of the image and the height of the frame for coded video data expressed in macroblock units (rounded to integrative values and taking into account pruning and macroblocking if necessary). This formula is listed in the A.3.1.h and A.3.2.f sections of the 2017 standard edition. Level 1 1b 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2 MaxDpbMbs 396 396 900 2,376 2,376 2,2,2 3 76 4 752 8100 8100 18 000 20 480 32 768 32 768 34,816 110 400 184 320 184 320 696 320 696 320 696 696 320 For example, for HDTV picture, which is 1,920 samples wide (PicWidthInMbs No. 120) and 1080 samples height (FrameHeightInMbs No 68), Level 4 decoder has maximum storage capacity DPB floor (32768/ (120'68)) - 4 frames (or 8 fields). Thus, the value of 4 is displayed in brackets in the table above in the right column of the line for level 4 with the frame size of 1920×1080. It is important to note that the current decryption of the image is not included in the DPB completeness calculation (unless the coder indicated that it would be stored for use as a reference to decrypt other images or to delay withdrawal time). Thus, the decoder should actually have sufficient memory to handle (at least) one frame larger than the maximum DPB capacity as stated above. Implementation In 2009, the HTML5 working group was split between supporters of , a free video format that is considered unencumbered by patents, and H.264, which contains patented technology. Back in July 2009, Google and Apple are said to support H.264, while and Opera support Ogg Theora (now Google, Mozilla and Opera all support Theora and WebM with VP8). Microsoft, with the release of Internet Explorer 9, has added support for HTML 5 video encoded with H.264. At the Gartner/ITXpo symposium in November 2010, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer answered the question HTML 5 or Silverlight?, saying, If you want to do something universal, there's no doubt that the world will be HTML5. In January 2011, Google announced that they were pulling support for H.264 from their Chrome browser and supporting Theora and WebM/VP8 to only use open formats. On March 18, 2012, Mozilla announced its support for H.264 in Firefox on mobile devices, due to the prevalence of H.264 video and the increased energy efficiency of the use of dedicated H.264 decoders equipment distributed on such devices. On February 20, 2013, Mozilla introduced support in Firefox to decrypt H.264 on Windows 7 and above. This feature relies on Windows built in decoding libraries. Firefox 35.0, released on January 13, 2015, supports H.264 on OS X 10.6 and above. On October 30, 2013, Rowan Trollope of Cisco Systems announced that Cisco would release both binary files and source code H.264 under the name OpenH264 under simplified BSD license and will pay for royalties for its use in MPEG LA for any software projects that use Cisco's pre-binari, making Cisco OpenH264 binary files free to use. However, any software projects that use Cisco source code instead of their dia files will be legally liable for the payment of all royalties to MPEG LA. Current target and ARM processor architectures, and current target operating systems Linux, Windows XP and later, Mac OS X and Android; iOS is notably absent from this list because it prevents apps from receiving and installing binary modules from the Internet. Also on October 30, 2013, Brendan Eich of Mozilla wrote that he would use Cisco's diavers files in future versions of Firefox to add support for H.264 to Firefox, where platform codecies are unavailable. Cisco published the source openH264 on December 9, 2013. [60] Software encoders AVC software implementations Feature QuickTime Nero OpenH264 Main-Concept Elecard TSE Pro-Coder Avivo Elemental IPP B slices Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Multiple reference frames Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Interlaced coding (PicAFF, MBAFF) No MBAFF MBAFF MBAFF Yes Yes No Yes MBAFF Yes No CABAC entropy coding Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 8×8 vs. 4×4 transform adaptivity No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Quantization scaling matrices No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Separate CB and CR QP control No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Extended chroma formats No No No 4:0:0[61]4:2:04:2:2[62]4:4:4[63] 4:2:2 4:2:2 4:2:2 No No 4:2:04:2:2 No Largest sample depth (bit) 8 8 8 10[64] 10 8 8 8 8 10 12 Predictive lossless Coding No No Yes (No No No No No Hardware See also: H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Products and Implementation Because H.264 coding and decryption requires significant computing power in specific types of arithmetic operations, However, the latest x86 general-purpose processors have enough processing power to code SD and HD in real time. The effectiveness of compression depends on the algorithmic implementation of the video, not on whether the hardware or software is used. or to assist in accelerating in a processor-controlled environment. CPU-based solutions are known to be much more flexible, especially when coding needs to be done simultaneously in formats, a few bits of betting and permissions (multiscreen video), and perhaps with additional container support features, advanced integrated advertising advertising Etc. A CPU-based software solution usually makes it much easier to download multiple simultaneous coding sessions within a single processor. Intel's 2nd generation Intel Sandy Bridge Core i3/i5/i7 processors, unveiled at CES in January 2011 (Consumer Electronics Show), offer full HD H.264 encoder hardware, known as Intel Fast Video Synchronization, on the chip. The H.264 hardware coder can be ASIC or FPGA. Asic coders with H.264 encoder functionality is available from many different semiconductor companies, but the basic design used by ASIC is usually licensed from one of several companies such as Chips'Media, Allegro DVT, On2 (formerly Hantro, acquired by Google), Imagination Technologies, NGCodec. Some companies offer both FPGA and ASIC. Texas Instruments manufactures a line of ARM and DSP cores that encode DSP H.264 BP at 30fps. This provides flexibility for (which are implemented as highly optimized DSP code) by being more efficient than the software on the overall processor. Licensing See also: Microsoft Corp. vs. Motorola Inc. vs. Motorola Inc. vs. Kvalcomm Inc. vs. Broadcom Corp. In countries where software algorithms are upheld, suppliers and commercial users of products that use H.264/AVC must pay royalties for patent licensing for the patented technology their products use. This also applies to the basic profile. A private organization known as MPEG LA, which is not affiliated in any way with the MPEG standardization organization, manages patent licenses applicable to this standard, as well as other patent pools such as MPEG-4 Part 2 Video, HEVC and MPEG-DASH. Patent holders include , Panasonic, Sony, Mitsubishi, Apple, Columbia University, KAIST, Dolby, Google, JVC Kenwood, LG Electronics, Microsoft, NTT Docomo, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Toshiba and TE, although most of the patents in the pool are available Panasonic (1197 patents), Godo Kaisha IP Bridge (1,130 patents) and LG Electronics (1,130 patents) On August 26, 2010, MPEG LA announced that royalties would not be charged for the coded H.264 Internet video, which is free for end users. All other royalties remain in place, such as royalties for products that encode and encode H.264 videos, as well as operators of free TELEVISION and subscription channels. The terms of the license are updated in 5-year-old blocks. Since the first version of the standard was completed in May 2003 (17 years ago) and the most commonly used profile (high profile) was completed in June 2004 (16 years ago), a significant number of patents that originally applied to the standard have expired, although one of the U.S. patents in the MPEG LA H.264 pool lasts until at least 2027. In the The company filed a lawsuit against Broadcom in U.S. District Court alleging that Broadcom infringed two of its patent patents products that met the H.264 video compression standard. In 2007, the District Court found that patents could not be subject to resup various, as the company had not disclosed their SPT until the release of the H.264 standard in May 2003. In December 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld a district court's ruling that the patents should be unenforceable, but returned to the District Court with instructions to limit the scope of H.264 products. See also the high-interface video coding VP8 VP9 AOMedia Video 1 Comparison H.264 and VC-1 Dirac (video compression format) Ultra-high-definition television IPTV Group Photos Intra-frame encoding Inter-frame links : H.264 : Advanced video coding for general audiovisual services. www.itu.int archive from the original dated October 31, 2019. Received on November 22, 2019. Lake, Jan. Coding for multiple screen delivery, section 3, Lecture 7: Introduction to H.264. Let's go. Received on October 10, 2016. Video Developer Report 2018 (PDF). . September 2019. Video Developer Report 2019. Bitmovin. September 2019. Delivery 8K using AVC/H.264. Mysterious box. Received on August 23, 2017. b c Wang, Hanley; Kwong, S.; Kok, K. (2006). An effective algorithm for predicting CCT coefficients to optimize H.264/AVC. IEEE Deals on Schemes and Systems for Video Technology. 16 (4): 547–552. doi:10.1109/TCSVT.2006.871390. S2CID 2060937. a b Thomson, Gavin; Shah, Athar (2017). 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Received June 18, 2019. AVC/H.264 - Patent List (PDF). MEG L.A. Received July 6, 2019. The AVC MPEG LA license will not charge royalties for internet video, which is free for end users for the duration of the license (PDF). MEG L.A. August 26, 2010. Received on August 26, 2010. Mark Hatchman (August 26, 2010). MPEG LA cuts royalties from free web video, forever. pcmag.com received on August 26, 2010. The ASC frequently asked questions. MEG L.A. August 1, 2002. Archive from the original on May 7, 2010. Received on May 17, 2010. Archive copy (PDF). Archive from the original (PDF) dated May 14, 2015. Received November 20, 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - has a patent MPEG LA US 7826532, which was filed on September 5, 2003 and has a 1546-day extension period. b c see Kvalcomm Inc. vs. Broadcom Corp., No. 2007-1545, 2008-1162 (Fed Cir. December 1, 2008). For articles in the popular press, see signonsandiego.com, Kvalcom loses its patent case rights and the patent case by Kvalcom goes to the jury; and bloomberg.com Broadcom wins the first trial in the patent dispute of Kvalcomm Further Reading Wiegand, Thomas; Gary J. Sullivan; Bjorttegaard, Gisle; Lutra, Ajay (July 2003). Review of the H.264/AVC video coding standard (PDF). IEEE Deals on Schemes and Systems for Video Technology. 13 (7): 560–576. doi:10.1109/TCSVT.2003.815165. Received on January 31, 2011. Topival, Pankaj; Gary J. Sullivan; Lutra, Ajay (August 2004). Tescher, Andrew G (E.R. Advanced Video Coding Standard H.264/AVC: Review and Introduction to Fidelity Range Extension (PDF). SPIE Digital Imaging Apps XXVII. Application of digital imaging XXVII. 5558: 454. Bibkod:2004SPIE.5558. 454S. doi:10.1117/12.564457. S2CID 2308860. Received on January 31, 2011. Ostermann, J. Bormans, J. List, P.; Marpe, D.; Naroskke, M.; Pereira, F.; Stockhammer, T.; Vedi, T. (2004). Video coding with H.264/AVC: Tools, Performance and Complexity (PDF). IEEE circuit and system magazine. 4 (1): 7–28. doi:10.1109/MCAS.2004.1286980. S2CID 11105089. Archive from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2012. January 31, 2011. Gary J. Sullivan; Wiegand, Thomas (January 2005). Video Video H.264/AVC (PDF) concept. IEEE Procedures. 93 (1): 18–31. doi:10.1109/jproc.2004.839617. S2CID 1362034. Received on January 31, 2011. Ian E.G. Richardson (January 2011). Learn about compression video and H.264. VKODEX. Vcodex Limited. Received on January 31, 2011. External LINKS ITU-T Publishing Page: H.264: Advanced Video Coding for General Audiovisual Services MPEG-4 AVC / H.264 Information Doom9 Forum H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 Tutorials (Richardson) Part 10: Advanced Video Coding. ISO publishing page: ISO/IEC 14496-10:2010 - Information Technology - Coding of Audiovisual Objects. H.264/AVC JM Background Software. IP Home. Received on April 15, 2007. The site of the archive of SPT documents. Archive from the original august 8, 2010. Received on May 6, 2007. Publishing. Thomas Wiegand. Received on June 23, 2007. Publishing. Detlev Marpe. Received on April 15, 2007. The fourth annual comparison of videocomexes is H.264. Msu. (dated December 2007) Discussion of H.264 with regard to IP cameras that are used in security and surveillance. (dated April 2009) 6th Annual H.264 video comparison codecs. Msu. (dated May 2010) Extracted from the h.264 specification pdf

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