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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1969 Primary productivity studies in Quake Lake Montana Ronald Dale Arneson The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Arneson, Ronald Dale, "Primary productivity studies in Quake Lake Montana" (1969). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6078. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6078 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY STUDIES IN QUAKE LAKE, MONTANA by RONALD DALE ARNESON A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Botany Approved: Head, Major Department Chairman, Examining Committee Graduate Dean MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana March, 1969 UMI Number: EP36879 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT UMI EP36879 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProOuesf ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 -1346 ouf' - 11 - VITA Ronald Dale Arneson was born May 25, 1942, at Kalispell, Montana. He is the son of Ryder and Aldena F. Arneson and has one brother, Edward LeRoy Arneson. He attended public schools at Kalispell, Montana and was graduated from Flathead County High School in May, I960. He attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree in botany from the University of Montana at Missoula, Montana in June, 1964. In September, 1964, he entered the graduate school at Montana State University on a Water Supply and Pollution Control Fellowship. Present Address: Department of Biology, Angelo State College, San Angelo, Texas 76901 - lii - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. John C. Wright for his guidance and counseling throughout the course of this work and during the preparation of this paper. Sincere thanks are also extended to Drs. John H. Rumely and Don D. Collins for their time and effort spent in critically reviewing this manuscript. Special thanks are given Dr. Danny B. Martin for his sincere friendship and assistance during the entire course of the study, collection of data and preparation of this paper. The assistance of Frank Pickett and Ray Soltero, in the collection of field data, is greatfully acknowledged and Mrs. Joy Prather, of Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Kansas, is greatfully acknowledged for her assistance in the collection of data on zooplankton. Thanks are due Mr. Philip D. Thomson, of Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, for his assistance in drawing some of the figures for this manuscript. Sincere gratitude is also extended to the author's parents for their understanding and encouragement throughout the course of this work. This project was supported by Research Grant WP-00125 and Training Grant 5T1-WP-1 from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. - IV - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VlTAoooooooooooooooooococ*C' ''^ooooo« il ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ooooOQooocoooecor © ^ cceoooo 111 t a b l e of c o n t e n t s 0000000900000000000000000 IV LiST OF TABLES ooooooooocoooao'0 <oooooooc VI LIST OF FI^^JRESo oooooooo®oocoo«oo*«ooooccV l l l ABSTRACT ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo X INTRODUCTION oooooooooooooooo'^ o© / .oorooo 1 METHODS ooooooooooooooocoocoo':onooo«oo 5 WdL01* Sam|Dl0S OOOOOOOOOOOOOO'.'OOOOOOOOO 5 T0mp0ratur0 and Conductivityo © © o © c • . * c © o c © <> o © 5 Liglltoooooooooooocc OOt COi" coo ©oooo 6 DlSClldXQ0 D ata ooooooooooooooonoooooooo O W atai* ChO nH Stiy ooooooooeooaoroocoooooo "7 Phytoplankton and Standing Crop Maasuramonts © © oooo © © © 9 Chlorophyll ©o©©©©©©©©©©©©!-''©'"'^©©©©©© 9 Primary Productivity© © © © © © © © © © * © r. © © © . © © © 10 Zooplankton Standing Crop ©©©©©©©©o'-©©©©©©©© 11 Cooralation CoaFFiciants© © © © © © © © © o © © © © © © © © 11 Re s u l t s © ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©c©©*!!©©©©©©©© 13 Tamparatura and Conductivity© © © © c © ^ © © © © ^ © © © o Light OoOOOO©oooOOCO©0 ©1 ©'^OOCOOOOC l6 Discharge and Retention Time© © © © c o r . o © © © © © © © © 17 Water Chemistry ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©o©©©©©© 19 - V - Page O x y g e n ............ ...... o . 20 N i t r a t e . ................................. 21 Phosphate................... 23 S i l i c a ............... « .............. o .... o ... o 26 Phytoplankton Standing Crop. ................ 26 Chlorophyll. ................ o....... 34 Primary Productivity .................... 41 Zooplankton Standing Crop. ........ ............ 49 Correlation Coefficients .................. 54 DISCUSSION. ........................... 58 APPENDIX.. .... .... .... .0.00 64 LITERATURE CITED. ...o.................... 95 - VI - LIST OF TABLES Page Table Extinction Coefficients for Quake Lake, Summer, 1965 . .......... « , . 17 Table II. Discharge rates of the Madison River (cfs) during the summer of 1965 ........ .. ........ 18 Table III. Calculated retention periods (T) for water in the epilimnion of Quake Lake, 1965 ............ 19 Table IV, Euphotic zone values of nitrate, phosphate, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and cell volume in Quake Lake, Summer 1965. ......... 25 Table Algal taxa occurring in Quake Lake during the summer of 1965 ......................... 27 Table VI. Volumes of phytoplankton species occurring greater than 50% of the time and having volumes greater than 0.009 mm^/l. Suimer 1965 ................... 30 Table VII Productivity data (gm c/ n ? / day) for an 8 hour period in Quake Lake, Montana. Summer 1965. 42 Table VIII. Zooplankton (number / liter) in Quake Lake. Summer, 1965 52 Table IX, Correlation coefficients for the comparisons made in the results. Degrees of freedom - N-2 56 Table Partial correlation coefficients for the significant and near significant correlations from Table IX. The variable in parenthesis is being held constant for each calculation. Degrees of freedom = N-3. , 57 Table XI. Boron concentrations (mg/l) in Quake Lake 65 Table XII. Calcium concentrations (meq/l) in Quake Lake, Flame analysis 66 Table XIII, Calcium concentrations (meq/l) in Quake Lake, Titration.............. 67 Table XIV, Chloride concentrations (mg/l) in Quake Lake 68 - vil Table XV. Fluoride concentrations (mg/l) in Quake Lake 69 Table XVI. Iron concentrations (mg/l) in Quake Lake 70 Table XVII Light (microamps) profile in Quake Lake, Summer 1965. Station 1. Total is without filter. Colors indicate the use of a filter 71 Table XVIII Magnesium concentration (meq/l) in Quake Lake Titration. ............ o o o o o o o 75 Table XIX, Manganese concentration (mg/l) in Quake Lake 76 Table XX. Nitrate concentrations (ppb) in Quake Lake . 77 Table XXI. Oxygen concentration (mg/l) in Quake Lake. 79 Table XXII, Phosphate concentrations (mg/l) in Quake Lake 81 Table XXIII. pH profile in Quake lake 83 Table XXIV, Potassium concentrations (meq/l) in Quake Lake, Flame analysis ......... O O O O 0 o o 85 Table XXV. Silica concentrations (mg/l) in Quake Lake . 86 Table XXVI. Specific conductance (micromhos) profile in Quake Lake 87 Table XXVII. Sodium concentrations (meq/l) in Quake Lake Flame analysis cooooooooo 89 Table XXVIII, Sulfate concentrations (mg/l) in Quake Lake 90 Table XXIX. Temperature (°C) profile in Quake Lake O 0 o o o o 91 Table XXX. Total alkalinity (meq/l of bicarbonate) in Quake Lake ooooooeooo 93 - viii - LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1, Upper Madison River system showing location of Quake Lake 0 0 0 # 0 0 0 »*# 0 0 #* 0 *oro«0000 2 Figure 2, Photograph of Quake Lake showing original and present levels oooc*roooo*oooooceooooo 3 Figure 3. Quake Lake, showing sampling stations. ....... 8 Figure 4. Temperature profile (Isotherms, °C) for station 1 in Quake Lake, Summer, 1965 .............. 14 Figure 5. Conductivity profile (isobars, micromhos) for station 1 in Quake Lake, Summer, 1965, ........... 15 Figure 6. Oxygen (mg/l) and Temperature (°C) profile for Quake Lake on September 14, 1965 ............. 22 Figure 7. Monthly distribution of phytoplankton classes. Percent of volume. 1965 .............. 33 Figure 8. Comparison of chlorophyll (mg/m^) concentrations and discharge rates (cfs) in Quake Lake, Summer, 1965. 35 Figure 9. Comparison of chlorophyll (mg/m^) concentrations and total phytoplankton cell volume (mm^/l) in Quake J-i3lc0 ÿ SuinniG g 19^5 d>tooo« ooooooocooo 37 Figure 10. Comparison of chlorophyll (mg/m^) and phosphate (mg/l) concentrations in Quake Lake, Summer, 1965. 39 Figure 11, Comparison of chlorophyll (mg/m^) and nitrate (ppb) concentrations in Quake Lake, Summer, 1965 ..... 40 Figure 12. Comparison of net photosynthesis (gm C/m^/day) and discharge rates (cfs) in Quake Lake, Summer, 1965. 44 Figure 13. Comparison of net photosynthesis (gm C/m^/day) and phosphate concentration (ppm)
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