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Firewood Knowledge, Use and Selection by Rural Populations in the Dry Chaco of Sierra De Ancasti, Catamarca, Argentina N

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Firewood Knowledge, Use and Selection by Rural Populations in the Dry Chaco of Sierra De Ancasti, Catamarca, Argentina N RESEARCH ARTICLE Ethnobiology and Conservation 2019, 8:3 (29 November 2018) doi:10.15451/ec2019-01-8.03-1-19 ISSN 2238­4782 ethnobioconservation.com Firewood knowledge, use and selection by rural populations in the Dry Chaco of Sierra de Ancasti, Catamarca, Argentina N. David Jiménez­Escobar1* and Gustavo J. Martínez1 ABSTRACT Firewood extraction and consumption are practices that require specific knowledge as well as detailed analysis of the cultural context in which they take place. The appropriation, use and selection of wood fuel resources were determined through open and semi­structured interviews, guided walks, participant observation and re­call. Currently, the rural inhabitants of the Sierra de Ancasti, Catamarca (Dry Chaco´s forest) know about, manage, use, and appropriate firewood resources to meet their needs related to heating and preparing food in their homes. We identified 52 species (corresponding to 44 genera, 23 families) associated with the domestic use of fire. Among these, 42 species (81%) are currently used for food preparation, 23 species (44%) in heating and 16 species (31%) in fire ignition and production. Based on an analysis of frequency of mention and the Cognitive Salience Index, the most important and preferred species among the inhabitants are Condalia spp., Lithraea molleoides and Vachellia caven. Factors that determine the selection of the species include firewood quality, accessibility and distance. Additional factors such as the high richness of firewood species used and known in the region, the flexibility of the inhabitants in their choice of species, the exclusive use of firewood for domestic purposes, collection of dead wood, and the use of several adventitious­cultivated species associated with domestic spaces, could be reducing the pressure on the native species and on the Dry Chaco forest in general. Keywords: Dry Chaco; Ethnobotany; Fuelwood; Rural Communities; Sierra de Ancasti. 1 IDACOR­CONICET, Museo de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Hipólito Yrigoyen 174 ­ X5000JJC­ Córdoba, Argentina. * Corresponding author. E­mail address: [email protected] INTRODUCTION water heating (Albuquerque et al. 2010). The use of fuelwood resources is the one of main Firewood or fuelwood species are defined energy sources of rural populations in as those plants used for combustion, a various ecosystems worldwide (Fox 1984; process through which heat is produced and Valderrama and Linares 2008; Martínez thus, energy is released. It is mainly used for 2015). It is favored over other alternatives room heating and food cooking, including because it is relatively accessible, 1 Jiménez­Escobar and Martínez 2019. Firewood knowledge, use and selection by rural populations in the Dry Chaco of Sierra de Ancasti, Catamarca, Argentina Ethnobio Conserv 8:3 affordable, and easy to use, among other (rapid growth, easy cutting, quick drying, low socio­economic, cultural, climatic and weight and good combustion regional reasons (e.g. availability or characteristics), resorting to other species abundance) (Abbot et al. 1997; Ghilardi et al. only in the absence of preferred species 2007; Ramos et al. 2008). (Abbot et al.1997; Kituyi et al. 2001; Ramos Fuelwood gathering for fire production is et al. 2008). Conversely, other studies show a topic of paramount importance worldwide that inhabitants use all the firewood species (FAO 1983, 2008). Population growth, associated with a collection area (San et al. increasing poverty and expansion of 2012), which, in turn, could explain the wide agricultural borders are some of the main variety of species used. Ramos and factors leading to the shortage and lack of Albuquerque (2012) established that use firewood supplies (Kataki and Konwer 2002; and local abundance are related to San et al. 2012). In places where there is not seasonality. Nonetheless, only a few studies, enough vegetation to meet inhabitants’ including that of Ramos et al. (2008), needs, and the demand is higher than the focused on the differences between firewood replacement rate, pressure is put on natural species and how these are related to resources, which has a negative impact on preference and selection. environmental balance (Chettri et al. 2002; In rural and peri­urban populations of Tabuti et al. 2003; Ramos et al. 2008). Not Argentina, firewood is one of the main only do these negative impacts (including sources of fuel for heating indoor spaces deforestation and loss of natural habitats) and cooking food (Arre et al. 2015). Several affect ecosystems, but they also put the studies related to the management and inhabitants´ economic and social well­being diversity of this resource in the Patagonian at risk. Therefore, detailed studies on the steppe have been published recently selection, extraction and consumption of (Cardoso and Ladio 2011; Cardoso et al. firewood should consider both the 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017; Arre et al. 2015; environmental and socioeconomic contexts Morales et al. 2017). The link between in which these activities take place (Cardoso firewood use and cultural practices has also et al. 2013; Martínez 2015). been documented in rural communities of In the specific case of fuelwood Córdoba province (Martínez 2015; resources, some characteristics such as Rodríguez et al. 2015; Fernández 2017), abundance, quality, access, and availability and relevant contributions to the study of may have a significant influence on the local resource use in the Ambato Valley (Dry perception of nearby forests and ecosystems Chaco) area were made by Gadban (1999) (FAO 2008; Martínez 2015). However, the and Marconetto (2008). criteria that local inhabitants use when From an ethnobotanical perspective, the selecting species for extraction, or for aim of this study is to gain insights into how preferring some species over others are still important firewood is for the rural inhabitants unclear, and generally far from being fully of Sierra de Ancasti, and to answer the understood in scientific terms (Chettri and following questions: What species of Sharma 2009). Some studies suggest that firewood are known in the area? What are the domestic use of firewood is related to they used for? Where are they obtained? wood quality, in which preference is shown What criteria are followed to gather and use for species with desirable intrinsic properties them? Which are the most important for the 2 Jiménez­Escobar and Martínez 2019. Firewood knowledge, use and selection by rural populations in the Dry Chaco of Sierra de Ancasti, Catamarca, Argentina Ethnobio Conserv 8:3 inhabitants? To answer these questions, two hypotheses are discussed: 1) Whether there is any relation between preferred firewood species and those that are actually used; 2) Whether the perceived quality of the wood (defined using local categories) is a determining factor in the selection of firewood species. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study area Sierra de Ancasti is a town located in the Ancasti District, Catamarca Province, Argentina. Its urban center lies between 28o Figure 1. Study area, Ancasti district, Catamarca 23'29.3'' S, and 65o 20'65.40'' W (Figure 1). Province, Argentina. This mountain range, which is part of the Chaco phytogeographic region (Dry Chaco), elements typical of the montane Chaco, is a system of Pampean Sierras (Pampean such as Parasenegalia visco (Lorentz ex mountains) measuring over 1,200 m in Griseb.) Seigler & Ebinger, Ruprechtia altitude. Several ecoregions converge there, apetala (Wedd.) and Zanthoxylum coco including the Yungas (Transition Forest, (Gillies ex Hook. F. & Arn.) and species from Montane Forest), the Monte de Sierras and the Yungas eco­region —transition forest or Bolsones, and the region stretching from Cebil forest— such as Anadenanthera Chaco Seco to Chaco Serrano (Morláns colubrina (Vell.) Brenan, Erythroxylum 1995; Perea et al. 2007; Palmeri et al. 2008; argentinum (O.E. Schulz) and Xylosma Maldonado 2011). The region is pubescens (Griseb.). Tall meadows or misty characterized by a warm­humid climate with pastures are one of the most representative an average annual temperature of 19o C landscapes of the Sierra at 1000­1200 m and average annual rainfall ranging from 500 altitude. This region is characterized by to 1,200 mm per year, mostly occurring strongly marked climatic seasonality with a during the summer season (Bazán 2006; broad range of native grasslands (Elionurus Palmeri et al. 2008). muticus (Spreng.) Kuntze, Festuca Characterized by mountainous relief, the hieronymi Hack., Jarava ichu Ruiz & Pav., region features high meadows with natural Poa calchaquiensis Hack., Setaria pastures, streams and small intermontane macrostachya Kunth, among others), with valleys and mountainsides with woody some herbaceous to shrubby elements formations. The vegetation in the area is a (Baccharis flabellata Hook. & Arn., Berberis mixture of arboreal elements typical of the ruscifolia Lam., Croton lachnostachyus Baill., semi­arid Chaco, such as Geoffroea and Ephedra tweediana Fisch. & CA Mey.). decorticans (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn) Burkart., The vegetation in the environments of Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.), Reissek eastern Catamarca has been documented in and Schinopsis lorentzii (Griseb.) Engl, with phytogeographic studies (Morláns 1995), 3 Jiménez­Escobar and Martínez 2019. Firewood knowledge, use and selection by rural populations in the Dry Chaco of Sierra de Ancasti, Catamarca, Argentina Ethnobio Conserv 8:3 floras (Perea et al. 2007; Quiroga and changing
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