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Pennsylvania Lake Management Handbook

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Pennsylvania Lake Management Handbook PENNSYLVANIA LAKE MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK Project Sponsor: The Pennsylvania Lake Management Society P.O. Box 425 Lansdale, PA 19446 PENNSYLVANIA LAKE MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK March 2004 Project Sponsor: The Pennsylvania Lake Management Society P.O. Box 425 Lansdale, PA 19446 Handbook Authors: Dr. Frank X. Browne, P.E. F. X. Browne, Inc. Rebecca Buerkett F. X. Browne, Inc. Joseph Gallagher EcoSolutions Marlene Martin, P.E. F. X. Browne, Inc. Edward Molesky Aqua-Link, Inc. Jason Smith F. X. Browne, Inc. Shandor Szalay F. X. Browne, Inc. This Handbook was made possible through a grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Growing Greener Grant Fund. Pennsylvania Lake Management Handbook Table of Contents Title Page FORWARD...........................................................................................i Preface ........................................................................................i Acknowledgements ........................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................i Organization of the Handbook .............................................................i How to use the Handbook....................................................................i Regulatory Status ........................................................................ iii How to Obtain Printed Copies of the Handbook ....................................... v How to Find the Handbook on the Internet ............................................. v Contact Information ....................................................................... v Lake Ecology Primer ....................................................................... vi Chapter 1: LAKE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ..........................................1 1.1 Introduction................................................................................1 1.2 Aeration...................................................................................1 1.2.1 Surface Aeration ................................................................1 1.2.2 Conventional Aeration .........................................................3 1.2.3 Hypolimnetic Aeration ...........................................................5 1.3 Liming ......................................................................................1 1.4 Alum Treatment..........................................................................1 1.4.1 Batch Alum Treatment ..........................................................1 1.4.2 Continuous Alum Treatment ...................................................3 1.5 Chemical Algal Control BMPs.........................................................1 1.5.1 Algaecides..........................................................................1 1.5.2 Colorants .........................................................................5 1.6 Macrophyte Control BMPs .............................................................1 1.6.1 Water Level Drawdown ........................................................2 1.6.2 Beneficial Insects ...............................................................5 1.6.3 Grass Carp .......................................................................7 1.6.4 Weed Harvesting .................................................................11 1.6.5 Herbicides.........................................................................19 1.6.6 Benthic Mats.................................................................... 25 1.6.7 Hand Harvesting................................................................ 28 1.7 Shoreline Stabilization.................................................................1 1.8 Dredging .................................................................................1 1.9 Fishery Management.....................................................................1 1.9.1 Water Quality Monitoring.......................................................1 1.9.2 Physical Habitat Assessment ..................................................2 1.9.3 Fish Surveys .....................................................................4 1.9.4 Fish Habitat Enhancement......................................................6 1.9.5 Bio−manipulation..................................................................8 1.9.6 Fish Stocking .....................................................................9 Table of Contents - 1 Pennsylvania Lake Management Handbook Table of Contents, CONTINUED Title ...................................................................................... Page 1.10 Nuisance Wildlife Control ............................................................1 1.10.1 Nuisance Waterfowl: Swans, Ducks, and Geese..............................1 1.10.2 White−Tailed Deer ...............................................................3 1.10.3 Beaver, Muskrat, and Nutria..................................................7 1.10.4 Sea Lamprey..................................................................... 10 1.10.5 Mollusks: Zebra Mussel and Asian Clam .................................. 12 1.10.6 Non−Native Fish: Eurasian Ruffe and Round Goby........................ 15 1.10.7 Nuisance Wildlife Control Contact Information .......................... 18 1.11 Boat Operation and Maintenance .....................................................1 1.11.1 Boat Operation....................................................................1 1.11.2 Proper Boat Maintenance......................................................2 1.12 Aquatic Exotic and Invasive Plant Management...................................1 1.12.1 Integrated Pest Management Plans (IPMs)...................................1 1.12.2 Exotic and Invasive Species Prevention ......................................2 1.12.3 Exotic and Invasive Plant Species in Pennsylvania Lakes................3 Chapter 2: Watershed BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ...................................1 2.1 Introduction..............................................................................1 2.2 Environmental Planning................................................................1 2.2.1 Ordinances .........................................................................1 2.2.2 Environmental Advisory Councils (EACs) ....................................5 2.3 Stormwater Management BMPs .......................................................1 2.3.1 Water Quality Swales and Channels .......................................3 2.3.2 Sand Filters .....................................................................8 2.3.3 Bioretention Systems ......................................................... 12 2.3.4 Wet ponds ...................................................................... 17 2.3.5 Constructed Wetlands........................................................ 22 2.3.6 Porous Pavement................................................................ 31 2.3.7 Extended Detention Basins .................................................. 35 2.4 Agricultural Best Management Practices.........................................1 2.4.1 Crop Residue Management.......................................................1 2.4.1 Crop Residue Management......................................................2 2.4.2 Grassed Waterways.............................................................4 2.4.3 Contour Farming .................................................................5 2.4.4 Contour Stripcropping ..........................................................7 2.4.5 Crop Rotations...................................................................9 2.4.6 Terraces and Diversions .......................................................11 2.4.7 Grazing Management ........................................................... 12 2.4.8 Barnyard Runoff Management............................................... 14 2.4.9 Exclusionary Fencing .........................................................16 2.4.10 Protected Stream Crossing .................................................. 18 2.4.11 Spring Development .......................................................... 20 2.4.12 Animal Waste Storage Facilities .......................................... 23 2.4.13 Nutrient Management Plans ................................................ 25 Table of Contents - 2 Pennsylvania Lake Management Handbook Table of Contents, CONTINUED Title .................................................................................... Page 2.5 Forest Management.....................................................................1 2.6 Stream Restoration ....................................................................1 2.6.1 Streambank Stabilization and Soil Bioengineering .......................3 2.6.2 In−stream Habitat Enhancement Techniques ............................. 33 2.6.3 Natural Channel Design ..................................................... 41 2.7 Riparian Corridor Restoration........................................................1 2.8 Terrestrial Invasive Plant Management ............................................1 2.9 Construction Erosion and Sediment Pollution Control...........................1 2.10 Dirt and Gravel Road Management...................................................1 2.11 Septic Systems and Wastewater Management ....................................1 2.11.1 Septic System Management Issues.............................................1 2.11.2 Septic System Maintenance Recommendations...............................3
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