Reordering Hawaiian Space: A View of Tourism in Settler Kate B. Schlott City University of New York – The Graduate Center American Association of Geographers Annual Meeting Washington, D.C. April 5th, 2019

Methodology Results Conclusion Abstract Comparative analysis of tourism on and using archival research • The State of Hawaii plays a direct role in marketing and developing Hawaii The human geography and physical geography of Hawaii’s past and present The arrival of Europeans in 1778 in the ushered in a of Hawaii. Observations and data collection on Oahu made over the course for tourism – Hawaii Tourism Authority (HTA). have been shaped by globalization. As a settler society, ethnic stratification period of cultural, societal, and economic transformations. The th th of three visits from December 28 , 2008 to January 20 2009; December • Marketed as an island paradise. in Hawaii is linked with economic and political development. This impacts drastic decline in the native population coupled with the rise of 28th, 2009 to January 20th, 2009; and December 27th, 2013 to January 22nd, • Loss of native peoples and mixed ethnic backgrounds prominent in how particular groups are able to respond to competition and access to immigrant labor over the course of the nineteenth century 2014. Observations and data collection on Kauai made during the week of historical narratives for tourists. resources, economic development and crises, urban development, and permanently altered the demographic composition of the Hawaiian July 20th to July 27th, 2017. • US West and US East markets account for majority of Hawaii’s visitors. migration and climate change. As the economic engine of Hawaii, the Islands. With the annexation of Hawaii by the United States in 1898 • Visitors from Asian major marketing areas increasing. tourism industry is how groups within the stratification order will engage in the islands became subject to American federal policies. The passage • Plantation history a significant part of tourism narrative on Kauai. Caters the development of Hawaii. of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act (HHCA) of 1921 drew primarily to visitors from California. boundaries around native and non-native identities, and created • Oahu is center of “tourism industrial complex.” official categories of Hawaiian through the utilization of blood Visitors Arriving by Air: 1951 to 2016 Visitor Arrivals to Hawaii by Island: 1990 - 2016 Visitor Arrivals by Major Marketing Area Total Expenditures in Millions by Major Marketing Area: 2001 - 2016 quantum technology for homesteading eligibility. Hawaii’s Statehood 10,000,000 10,000,000 $35,000.00 was contingent on the adoption of the HHCA, further entrenching 9,000,000 9,000,000 9,000,000 $30,000.00 8,000,000 8,000,000 8,000,000 Hawaii in economic development that was supported by a settler 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,000,000 $25,000.00 6,000,000 colonial framework. Since statehood the tourism industry has been 6,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 $20,000.00 5,000,000 Visitors 5,000,000 3,000,000

as the economic engine of Hawaii, and as such it wields a significant Visitors Visitors 4,000,000 2,000,000 4,000,000 $15,000.00 1,000,000 Expenditures amount of economic and political power, directly influencing 3,000,000 - 3,000,000 $10,000.00 2,000,000 2,000,000 development across the islands with the largest impacts seen on 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1,000,000 2001 2002

2003 1,000,000

2004 Total $5,000.00 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Oahu. Over-dependence on the tourism industry at times conflicts 2010 2011 2012 0 2013 2014

2015 0 2016 $-

with the expectations of local communities, but this does not prevent 1951 1958 1965 1972 1979 1986 1993 2000 2007 2014 Years 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Years Years the state from pursing efforts to expand the tourism market to the Years Total Domestic International US-WEST US-EAST JAPAN CANADA EUROPE OTHER ASIA LATIN AMERICA OTHER more rural neighbor islands of Oahu. This poster provides case Total Oahu Lanai Kauai Hawaii US-WEST US-EAST JAPAN CANADA OTHER TOTAL studies of tourism on Oahu and Kauai to compare how these islands have embraced the industry. This study examines how the state links Oahu Kauai the formation and deployment of identity and place with the economic expansion of tourism in Hawaii.

Introduction and Objectives

Settler societies are forged through the structural “elimination of the indigenous population.” Through its economic, cultural, and political relationship with the United States, Hawaii meets the criteria of a settler society.

• The Hawaiian Homes Commission Act (HHCA) of 1921 defines Native Hawaiians as “any descendant of not less than ½ part of the races inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous to 1778.” • Local Haole are descendants of merchants and missionaries who arrived in the early to mid nineteenth century. References • “Locals” are descendants from plantation workers who migrated to Hawaii in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Ahluwalia, P. (2001). When Does a Settler Become a Native? Citizenship and • State with the highest rates of intermarriage and mixing. Identity in a Settler Society. Pretexts: literary and cultural studies, 10(1), • Residents from the mainland United States. 63-73. Echo-Hawk, W. R. (2010). In the Courts of the Conqueror: The 10 Worst 1. To what extent does historical and contemporary globalization construct Indian Law Cases Ever Decided. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. Hawaii’s tourism industry? Hawaii Tourism Authority www.hawaiitourismauthority.org 2. How is Hawaii represented and constructed for residents and visitors of Takaki, R. (1983). Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii 1835 - Hawaii? 1920. : University of Hawaii Press. Trask, H.-K. (1999). From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Van Dyke, J. M. (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaii? Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387-409. Acknowledgements

This research was partially funded by an award from the Society of Women Geographers (SWG). Thank you to Dr. Ines Miyares for her guidance and support during my years of research.