LISTS OF SYMBOLS AND PHONETIC LABELS

The conventions and symbols of the International Phonetic Asso- ciation (IPA) and their acceptable substitutes are listed below and they have been used throughout this book. The al- phabet and its diacritics are also listed because they have been employed where necessary. The following is a list of symbols and conventions used:

Vowels Phonetic Description  Close front with spread lips  Close front to close-mid (somewhat central- ized) with spread lips  Close-mid front with unrounded lips  Open-mid front with unrounded lips  Open-mid central with unrounded lips  Near-open front with unrounded lips  Open front with unrounded lips  Open back with unrounded lips  Open-mid back with rounded lips  Close-mid back with rounded lips u Close back with rounded lips  Near-close near-back with rounded lips  Open-mid back with unrounded lips  Mid central (neutral) (schwa) ɚ -colored (rhotacized) mid central (schwar) ɝ R-colored (rhotacized) open-mid central

xxi xxii PRONUNCIATION IS IN THE BRAIN

Consonants Phonetic Description b Voiced bilabial p Voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive ph Voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive d Voiced alveolar plosive t Voiceless unaspirated alveolar plosive th Voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive  Voiced palatal plosive g k Voiceless unaspirated velar plosive kh Voiceless aspirated velar plosive c Voiceless unaspirated palatal plosive ch Voiceless aspirated palatal plosive q Voiceless (unaspirated) uvular plosive  ʤ Voiced postalveolar ʧ Voiceless postalveolar affricate v Voiced labialdental f Voiceless labialdental fricative  Voiced interdental fricative  Voiceless interdental fricative z Voiced alveolar fricative s Voiceless alveolar fricative  Voiced postalveolar fricative  Voiceless postalveolar fricative   Voiceless uvular fricative  Voiced pharyngeal fricative  Voiceless pharyngeal fricative h Voiceless glottal fricative LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PHONETIC LABELS xxiii

 Voiced labialdental  Voiced labialpalatal approximant  Voiced alveolar approximant  Voiced retroflex approximant l Voiced alveolar lateral approximant j Voiced palatal approximant w Voiced labialvelar approximant m (approximant) n Voiced alveolar nasal (approximant)  (approximant)  Voiced dental/alveolar tap  Voiced retroflex tap r Voiced dental/alveolar trill

Diphthongs in RP English au as in ai as in oi as in ou as in ei as in i as in e as in u as in

Conventions / / Phonemic transcription [ ]  Vowel full length  Vowel half-length _ Superscript indicating aspiration _ Superscript indicating strong stress xxiv PRONUNCIATION IS IN THE BRAIN

– Subscript under /d t  s/ = [    ] indi- -the emphatic sounds of Ar / ص , ظ , ط ,ض/ cates abic C In structure patterns, ‘C’ stands for a ‘Con- sonant’ V stands for a ‘Vowel’

Arabic Symbols

Consonants IPA Phonetic Description ] glottal stop] ء ] ] ب h] voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive] ت ] voiceless interdental fricative] ث (p] voiceless bilabial plosive (Farsi] ﭖ ʤ] voiced postalveolar affricate] ج (ʧ] voiceless postalveolar affricate (Farsi] ﭺ ] voiceless pharyngeal fricative] ح ] voiceless uvular fricative] خ d] voiced alveolar plosive] د ] voiced interdental fricative] ذ ] voiced alveolar trill] ر ] voiced alveolar fricative] ز (] voiced postalveolar fricative (Farsi] ﮊ ] voiceless alveolar fricative] س ] voiceless postalveolar fricative] ش s voiceless emphatic alveolar fricative] ص d voiced emphatic alveolar plosive] ض t voiceless (unaspirated) emphatic alveolar] ط plosive  voiced emphatic interdental fricative] ظ LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PHONETIC LABELS xxv

ʕ] voiced pharyngeal fricative] ع ] voiced uvular fricative] غ ] voiceless labialdental fricative] ف (v] voiced labialdental fricative (Farsi] ﭪ ] voiceless unaspirated uvular plosive] ق ] ] ك (g] voiced velar plosive (Farsi] ﮒ ] voiced alveolar lateral] ل ] bilabial nasal] م ] alveolar nasal] ن ] voiceless glottal fricative] ه ] labialvelar approximant] و ] palatal approximant] ي Superscript on indicating geminated ــّــ (double) consonant.

Vowels (Letters) [a] long counterpart of [a] ا [i] long counterpart of [i] ي [u] long counterpart of [u] و

Vowels (Diacritics) [Superscript over consonant indicating short [a ــَــ vowel. -Subscript over consonant indicating short [i] vow ــِــ el. [Superscript on consonant indicating short [u ــُــ vowel. Superscript on consonant indicating absence of ـــْـ vowel.