LISTS OF SYMBOLS AND PHONETIC LABELS
The conventions and symbols of the International Phonetic Asso- ciation (IPA) and their acceptable substitutes are listed below and they have been used throughout this book. The Arabic al- phabet and its diacritics are also listed because they have been employed where necessary. The following is a list of symbols and conventions used:
Vowels Phonetic Description Close front with spread lips Close front to close-mid (somewhat central- ized) with spread lips Close-mid front with unrounded lips Open-mid front with unrounded lips Open-mid central with unrounded lips Near-open front with unrounded lips Open front with unrounded lips Open back with unrounded lips Open-mid back with rounded lips Close-mid back with rounded lips u Close back with rounded lips Near-close near-back with rounded lips Open-mid back with unrounded lips Mid central (neutral) vowel (schwa) ɚ R-colored (rhotacized) mid central (schwar) ɝ R-colored (rhotacized) open-mid central
xxi xxii PRONUNCIATION IS IN THE BRAIN
Consonants Phonetic Description b Voiced bilabial plosive p Voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive ph Voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive d Voiced alveolar plosive t Voiceless unaspirated alveolar plosive th Voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive Voiced palatal plosive g Voiced velar plosive k Voiceless unaspirated velar plosive kh Voiceless aspirated velar plosive c Voiceless unaspirated palatal plosive ch Voiceless aspirated palatal plosive q Voiceless (unaspirated) uvular plosive Glottal stop ʤ Voiced postalveolar affricate ʧ Voiceless postalveolar affricate v Voiced labialdental fricative f Voiceless labialdental fricative Voiced interdental fricative Voiceless interdental fricative z Voiced alveolar fricative s Voiceless alveolar fricative Voiced postalveolar fricative Voiceless postalveolar fricative Voiced uvular fricative Voiceless uvular fricative Voiced pharyngeal fricative Voiceless pharyngeal fricative h Voiceless glottal fricative LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PHONETIC LABELS xxiii
Voiced labialdental approximant Voiced labialpalatal approximant Voiced alveolar approximant Voiced retroflex approximant l Voiced alveolar lateral approximant j Voiced palatal approximant w Voiced labialvelar approximant m Voiced bilabial nasal (approximant) n Voiced alveolar nasal (approximant) Voiced velar nasal (approximant) Voiced dental/alveolar tap Voiced retroflex tap r Voiced dental/alveolar trill
Diphthongs in RP English au as in
Conventions / / Phonemic transcription [ ] Phonetic transcription Vowel full length Vowel half-length _ Superscript indicating aspiration _ Superscript indicating strong stress xxiv PRONUNCIATION IS IN THE BRAIN
– Subscript dot under /d t s/ = [ ] indi- -the emphatic sounds of Ar / ص , ظ , ط ,ض/ cates abic C In syllable structure patterns, ‘C’ stands for a ‘Con- sonant’ V stands for a ‘Vowel’
Arabic Symbols
Consonants IPA Phonetic Description ] glottal stop] ء ] voiced bilabial plosive] ب h] voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive] ت ] voiceless interdental fricative] ث (p] voiceless bilabial plosive (Farsi] ﭖ ʤ] voiced postalveolar affricate] ج (ʧ] voiceless postalveolar affricate (Farsi] ﭺ ] voiceless pharyngeal fricative] ح ] voiceless uvular fricative] خ d] voiced alveolar plosive] د ] voiced interdental fricative] ذ ] voiced alveolar trill] ر ] voiced alveolar fricative] ز (] voiced postalveolar fricative (Farsi] ﮊ ] voiceless alveolar fricative] س ] voiceless postalveolar fricative] ش s voiceless emphatic alveolar fricative] ص d voiced emphatic alveolar plosive] ض t voiceless (unaspirated) emphatic alveolar] ط plosive voiced emphatic interdental fricative] ظ LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PHONETIC LABELS xxv
ʕ] voiced pharyngeal fricative] ع ] voiced uvular fricative] غ ] voiceless labialdental fricative] ف (v] voiced labialdental fricative (Farsi] ﭪ ] voiceless unaspirated uvular plosive] ق ] voiceless velar plosive] ك (g] voiced velar plosive (Farsi] ﮒ ] voiced alveolar lateral] ل ] bilabial nasal] م ] alveolar nasal] ن ] voiceless glottal fricative] ه ] labialvelar approximant] و ] palatal approximant] ي Superscript on consonant indicating geminated ــّــ (double) consonant.
Vowels (Letters) [a] long counterpart of [a] ا [i] long counterpart of [i] ي [u] long counterpart of [u] و
Vowels (Diacritics) [Superscript over consonant indicating short [a ــَــ vowel. -Subscript over consonant indicating short [i] vow ــِــ el. [Superscript on consonant indicating short [u ــُــ vowel. Superscript on consonant indicating absence of ـــْـ vowel.