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The White-Rot Fungus, Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, Under Combinatorial Stress Produces Variable Oil Profiles Following Analysis of Secondary Metabolites R

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The White-Rot Fungus, Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, Under Combinatorial Stress Produces Variable Oil Profiles Following Analysis of Secondary Metabolites R The whiterot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, under combinatorial stress produces variable oil profiles following analysis of secondary metabolites Item Type article Authors Whiteford, R.; orcid: 0000-0002-2315-8252; email: [email protected]; Nurika, I.; Schiller, T.; Barker, G. Citation Journal of Applied Microbiology, volume 131, issue 3, page 1305-1317 Rights Licence for VoR version of this article: http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Download date 26/09/2021 03:05:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/625760 Journal of Applied Microbiology ISSN 1364-5072 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, under combinatorial stress produces variable oil profiles following analysis of secondary metabolites R. Whiteford1 , I. Nurika2, T. Schiller3 and G. Barker1 1 School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK 2 Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 3 Warwick Manufacturing Group, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Keywords Abstract fatty acids, fungal biodegradation, metabolism, solid waste, white rot. Aims: The effects of combinatorial stress on lipid production in Phanerochaete chrysosporium remain understudied. This species of white-rot fungi was Correspondence cultivated on solid-state media while under variable levels of known abiotic Rory Whiteford, Faculty of Life Sciences, and biotic stressors to establish the effect upon fungal oil profiles. University of Manchester, Michael Smith Methods and Results: Environmental stressors induced upon the fungus Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, included the following: temperature, nutrient limitation and interspecies UK. E-mail: [email protected] competition to assess impact upon oil profiles. Fatty acid type and its concentration were determined using analytical methods of gas 2020/1506: received 29 June 2020, revised chromatography and mass spectrometry. Growth rate under stress was 10 November 2020 and accepted 15 January established using high-performance liquid chromatography with ergosterol as 2021 the biomarker. Fungi grown on solid-state agar were able to simultaneously produce short- and long-chain fatty acids which appeared to be influenced by doi:10.1111/jam.15013 nutritional composition as well as temperature. Addition of nitrogen supplements increased the growth rate, but lipid dynamics remained unchanged. Introducing competition-induced stress had significantly altered the production of certain fatty acids beyond that of the monoculture while under nutrient-limiting conditions. Linoleic acid concentrations, for example, À increased from an average of 885 ng ll 1 at monoculture towards À 13 820 ng ll 1 at co-culture, following 7 days of incubation. Conclusions: Interspecies competition produced the most notable impact on lipid production for solid-state media cultivated fungi while the addition of nitrogen supplementation presented growth and lipid accumulation to be uncorrelated. Combinatorial stress therefore influences the yield of overall lipid production as well as the number of intermediate fatty acids produced, deriving similar oil profiles to the composition of vegetable and fish oils. Significance and Impact of the Study: Fungal secondary metabolism remains highly sensitive following combinatorial stress. The outcome impacts the research towards optimizing fungal oil profiles for biomass and nutrition. Future investigations on fungal stress tolerance mechanisms need to address these environmental factors throughout the experimental design. filamentous fungi (Burdsall and Eslyn 1974; Burdsall Introduction 1985) which possesses both ecological and genomic inter- The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium,isa est within the mycological research community (Kersten species belonging to the Basidiomycota phylum of and Cullen 2006; Singh and Chen 2008; Liu and Qu Journal of Applied Microbiology 131, 1305--1317 © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 1305 on behalf of Society for Applied Microbiology. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fatty acid composition analysis of Phanerochaete R. Whiteford et al. 2019). White-rot fungi generally function as important accumulation have the potential to be independent of members within both the carbon and nitrogen cycles by one another. Notable PUFA production is thus proposed converting carbon-rich lignocellulose into glucose and to change as a result of inducing different types of abi- other sugars from non-living organic substrates via otic/biotic stress regardless of fungal mass. The ability to decomposition. This complex process is achieved by uti- significantly alter the yields of multiple types of short-/- lizing a specialized array of hydrolytic enzymes which long-chain fatty acids presents oleaginous fungi as a allow these organisms to colonize a variety of niches potential resource for SCOs of commercial value. This while continuing the recycling of nutrients. However, the commercial value extends towards using fungal oil for adopted consensus by which fungal lignocellulosic degra- human nutrition in the form of omega-3/-6 PUFAs dation achieves the production of glucose remains which are important for human health as intermediates incomplete as notable by-products are also derived. These for eicosanoids (Shinmen et al. 1989; Stressler et al. 2013; include single cell oils (SCOs). This species, among other Bellou et al. 2016). The aim of this investigation, there- fungi, have been characterized as oleaginous organisms, fore, is to understand the environmental factors which capable of producing lipids of variable chain lengths trigger the shift of lipid production towards creating throughout growth as microbial oils (Cohen and Ratledge PUFAs from SFAs. Phanerochaete chrysosporium itself has 2010; Athenaki et al. 2018). These secondary metabolites been identified as a fungal model organism with notable are derived from de novo lipid accumulation, a mecha- environmental adaptations towards temperature fluctua- nism comprising various enzymes specialized in altering tions and nutritional alteration (Burdsall and Eslyn 1974; the chain length and double bond number of saturated Lamar et al. 1987). This flexibility in adaptation presents fatty acids (SFAs) and converting them to monounsatu- this species as a suitable organism to analyse the oil pro- rated fatty acids (MUFAs) or polyunsaturated fatty acids files while grown under varying conditions beyond the (PUFAs) (Chemler et al. 2006; Tang et al. 2015; Ochsen- optimal range. In this work, we investigated the ability of reither et al. 2016; Athenaki et al. 2018). These special- the fungus to convert SFAs to PUFAs by inducing combi- ized metabolites are commonly produced by oleaginous natorial stresses towards P. chrysosporium to mediate bacteria, fungi and microalgae with some species accumu- stress tolerance secondary metabolism. We then assessed lating SCOs higher than 20–70% w/w of their dry cell the extent environmental factors have towards influencing weight (Ratledge 2004; J.P and C 2005). Although this the abundance of specific PUFAs for this species. The adaptation has been fully characterized among many spe- results gathered allude to the possible functions lipid cies of fungi, the overarching purpose behind long-chain accumulation possesses towards tolerating environmental fatty acid production remains partially obscure. Multiple stressors. Multiple stressors were considered such as studies have attempted to ascribe various functions introducing the fungi to nutrient-rich and nutrient-limit- behind de novo lipid accumulation (Sumner 1973; Da ing agar media. These included the mycological peptone- Rocha Campos et al. 2008), particularly in filamentous rich malt extract agar (MEA) and the sucrose-based soil fungi, with many speculations falling under the assump- bacterium media Czapek Dox agar (CDA), as well as tion of storage material production, cell membrane con- others, all possessing variable carbon and nitrogen stituents as well as extracellular products for cell sources. Organic waste biomass such as wheat straw was signalling, energy supply and cell death (Klug and Daum also considered as a feedstock. Wheat straw not only con- 2014). Genomic sequencing of P. chrysosporium from tains the appropriate lignocellulose needed for growth 2004 (Martinez et al. 2004; Kersten and Cullen 2006) also but is also a common by-product of the agricultural supports the potential for flexible yet specialized sec- industry. Assessing the effect nutritional composition has ondary metabolite production and therefore presents an on specific secondary metabolite production may allow avenue for mycological research. The complexity of this the optimization of acquiring a suitable substrate remarkable process highlights the possible basis of how required to yield commercially desirable PUFAs for nutri- certain species of filamentous fungi can adapt within con- tional needs. Wheat-straw-cultivated fungi were also trea- stantly changing environmental conditions by altering ted with variable nitrogen-based supplements: the organic their metabolism and enzymatic activity. Currently amino acids glycine and L-methionine. Comparing the accepted reports of lipid accumulation have specified the growth rate with the
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