DOCSLIB.ORG

The Trouble with Accessing the Countryside in Northern Ireland:A Comparison with Great Britain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Trouble with Accessing the Countryside in Northern Ireland:A Comparison with Great Britain The trouble with accessing the countryside in Northern Ireland:A comparison with Great Britain Price, L., & Simpson, M. (2017). The trouble with accessing the countryside in Northern Ireland:A comparison with Great Britain. Environmental Law Review, 19(3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452917720632 Published in: Environmental Law Review Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2017 The Authors. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:27. Sep. 2021 This is the accepted version of a published article: L Price and M Simpson, ‘The trouble with accessing the countryside in Northern Ireland: a comparison with Great Britain’ (2017) 19(3) Environmental Law Review 183 Copyright © 2017 the authors. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452917720632 The trouble with accessing the countryside in Northern Ireland: a comparison with Great Britain Linda Price* and Mark Simpson† Submission to Environmental Law Review Abstract The 21st century has seen a shift in emphasis from enabling local authorities to provide opportunities for recreation on private land to the conferment of a general right to access certain types of land in Great Britain. Similar liberalisation has not occurred in Northern Ireland. This article examines features of the Northern Ireland context that might explain why landowners’ rights continue to trump those of recreational users, drawing on stakeholder interviews and a rural geography conceptual framework. Following historic struggles for land in Ireland, any erosion of owner control is perceived to undermine hard- won rights; in a relatively rural society and agrarian economy, farmers are readily accepted as having the ‘right’ to determine the function of rural land; and recent conflict has depressed outdoor leisure and tourism. Consequently, productive uses of land remain central to rural policy and a countryside movement able to overcome objections to liberalisation has not emerged. Conflict and instability have also left a legacy of social problems and ‘legislative lag’ in higher priority areas that must be addressed before countryside access can move up the political agenda. The paper reveals how, in stakeholders’ eyes, these factors combine to limit the prospects of reform. The authors would like to thank Dr. Brian Jack (School of Law, Queen’s University Belfast) for his contribution to the earlier stages of the research on which this article is based and feedback as it has come together. The authors would also like to express their sincere * Dr Linda Price, Lecturer, School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, Elmwood Avenue, Belfast BT7 1NN. l.price @qub.ac.uk ¦ http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/linda-price(32efb2c0- 21b9-4732-a23c-f4fbf0e031f5).html † Dr Mark Simpson, Lecturer, School of Law, Ulster University, Northland Road, Derry-Londonderry, BT48 7JL. [email protected] ¦ http://ulster.academia.edu/marksimpson This is the accepted version of a published article: L Price and M Simpson, ‘The trouble with accessing the countryside in Northern Ireland: a comparison with Great Britain’ (2017) 19(3) Environmental Law Review 183 Copyright © 2017 the authors. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452917720632 gratitude to the generous input of the fifteen interviewees and the useful and constructive comments of the peer reviewers on previous versions. This is the accepted version of a published article: L Price and M Simpson, ‘The trouble with accessing the countryside in Northern Ireland: a comparison with Great Britain’ (2017) 19(3) Environmental Law Review 183 Copyright © 2017 the authors. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452917720632 1. Introduction An outdoor enthusiast visiting Northern Ireland might be surprised to find that, unlike in Great Britain, until recently it had no statutory right of public access to the countryside and that recent limited reform only applies to publicly owned forests: otherwise access to the countryside remains dependent on a limited number of public rights of way, exercise of discretionary powers by local government and tolerance by landowners. This matters, firstly, as Northern Ireland has been largely ignored in UK literature on countryside recreation and access. As part of the UK this lack of parity with Great Britain demands exploration. Secondly, as tourism becomes increasingly important to economic development, the contrast between the aspiration to exploit Northern Ireland’s natural beauty and the relative lack of opportunity to legally explore its wild places is brought into relief. Statutory provision for outdoor recreation in the various UK regions tended to converge throughout the 20th century, but has diverged again in the 21st century as England, Wales and particularly Scotland have liberalised their access regimes to a much greater extent than Northern Ireland. An explanation for this divergence is sought through an empirical, socio- legal study involving expert participants from outdoor recreation stakeholders. Findings suggest the persistence of an illiberal access regime is intimately linked with the region’s distinctive rural geography and Ireland’s long history of territorial conflict, each of which impacts on the political feasibility of reform. The Northern Ireland ‘troubles’ of the late 20th century, 1 and Ireland’s longer history of political conflict, emerge as important factors in this continued resistance to liberalisation. After a period of relative isolation and little call for tourism infrastructure, tourism has in recent decades been identified as a significant potential contributor to the regional economy2 as one aspect of a ‘peace dividend’, or wider 1 P. Dixon and E. O’Kane, Northern Ireland since 1969 (Longman: Harlow, 2011); A. Edwards, The Northern Ireland troubles: Operation Banner 1969-2007 (Osprey: Oxford, 2011) 2 Department for Regional Development, Regional development strategy 2035: building a better future (DRD: Belfast, 2010); Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment, A Draft Tourism Strategy for Northern Ireland to 2020 (DETI:Belfast, 2010) <http://www.detni.gov.uk/northern-ireland-tourism-strategy-2> accessed 26/10/10; R. McAreavey and J. McDonagh, ‘Sustainable rural tourism: lessons for rural development’ (2012) 51(2) Sociologia Ruralis 175; Northern Ireland Tourist Board, NI2012: our time, our place – an incredible year of opportunity (NITB: Belfast, 2012); Northern Ireland Executive, Building a better future: programme for government 2011-2015 (OFMDFM: Belfast, 2012) This is the accepted version of a published article: L Price and M Simpson, ‘The trouble with accessing the countryside in Northern Ireland: a comparison with Great Britain’ (2017) 19(3) Environmental Law Review 183 Copyright © 2017 the authors. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452917720632 economic improvement linked to reduced violence and relative political stability.3 Outdoor recreation has been core to three of five ‘signature projects’ central to marketing the region as a tourist destination since 2008 and the Ulster countryside is gaining international exposure as a major location for film and television production.4 While Northern Ireland is hardly unique in seeking to economically exploit its natural beauty,5 this aggressive marketing contrasts sharply with the relative lack of opportunity for recreational access to rural land, other than as a trespasser. The article first examines the development of statutory provision for recreational access to private land in the various UK regions, highlighting the previously mentioned process of convergence followed by divergence. The empirical study is then introduced and its key findings highlighted and contextualised with reference to a rural geography conceptual framework centred on competing visions of the countryside. The productivist perspective views rural land as an economic resource, principally ‘for’ exploitation by the agri-food and extractive industries. Post-productivist or multi-functional perspectives afford equal or higher priority to other uses, particularly nature conservation, recreation and aesthetic appreciation. As shall be demonstrated, competition between these two visions is hardly unique to Northern Ireland, with 21st century authors challenging earlier assertions that rural land use the developed world has moved away from the productivist paradigm.6 Nonetheless, the findings indicate that there are region-specific factors that, in the view of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Property Outlaws Eduardo M
    Cornell Law Library Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository Cornell Law Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 5-1-2007 Property Outlaws Eduardo M. Peñalver Cornell Law School, [email protected] Sonia K. Katyal Fordham Law School Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the Property Law and Real Estate Commons Recommended Citation Peñalver, Eduardo M. and Katyal, Sonia K., "Property Outlaws" (2007). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. Paper 28. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROPERTY OUTLAWS EDUARDO MOISitS PE&ALVERt & SONiA K. KATYAL" Most people do not hold those who intentionallyflout property laws in par- ticularly high regard. The overridingly negative view of the property lawbreaker as a "wrongdoer" comports with the status of property rights within our charac- teristically individualist, capitalist, political culture. This reflexively dim view of property lawbreakers is also shared, to a large degree, by property theorists, many of whom regard property rights as a relatively fixed constellation of enti- tlements that collectively produce stability and efficiency through an orderly sys- tem of ownership. In this Article, Professors Peihalverand Katyal seek partially to rehabilitate the reviled characterof the intentional property lawbreaker, and to show how property outlaws have played an important role in the evolution and transfer of property entitlements.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Davitt 1846 – 1906
    MICHAEL DAVITT 1846 – 1906 An exhibition to honour the centenary of his death MAYO COUNTY LIBRARY www.mayolibrary.ie MAYO COUNTY LIBRARY MICHAEL DAVITTwas born the www.mayolibrary.ie son of a small tenant farmer at Straide, Co. Mayo in 1846. He arrived in the world at a time when Ireland was undergoing the greatest social and humanitarian disaster in its modern history, the Great Famine of 1845-49. Over the five or so years it endured, about a million people died and another million emigrated. BIRTH OF A RADICAL IRISHMAN He was also born in a region where the Famine, caused by potato blight, took its greatest toll in human life and misery. Much of the land available for cultivation in Co. Mayo was poor and the average valuation of its agricultural holdings was the lowest in the country. At first the Davitts managed to survive the famine when Michael’s father, Martin, became an overseer of road construction on a famine relief scheme. However, in 1850, unable to pay the rent arrears for the small landholding of about seven acres, the family was evicted. left: The enormous upheaval of the The Famine in Ireland — Extreme pressure of population on Great Famine that Davitt Funeral at Skibbereen (Illustrated London News, natural resources and extreme experienced as an infant set the January 30, 1847) dependence on the potato for mould for his moral and political above: survival explain why Mayo suffered attitudes as an adult. Departure for the “Viceroy” a greater human loss (29%) during steamer from the docks at Galway.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change... Health) and the Community
    THE JOURNAL OF THE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY & ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SPRING 2006 environment YALE Conservationists Thinking Big to Save the Last Great Places INSIDE: Gift for Land Conservation page 11 Spurring Action on Climate Change page 15 Developing World Gaining Access to Online Research page 19 letters To the Editor: Editor’s Note: Below are excerpts from national spokesman for taking meaningful, I read your article about forests as a a letter sent to Yale University President national action on climate change. remedy for global warming [“As a Remedy Richard Levin on February 7 and We believe that the president of Yale can to Global Warming, Do Forests Matter?,” President Levin’s response. get some attention, particularly if you turn Fall 2005] and was perplexed, because your own commitment to rallying the nowhere in the article was the fact that the Dear President Levin, commitments of the presidents of other carbon taken up by a tree part remains out We were struck by a juxtaposition of major U.S. universities to join you in calling of circulation as long as that tree part is two articles in the January 29 for meaningful action on climate change not degraded to its con- Washington Post, one a headline that reflects our most current scientific stituent molecules or article entitled “Debate on knowledge. elements. This should Climate Shifts to Issue of V. A LARIC SAMPLE be a major tenet of the Irreparable Change,” and the PRESIDENT tree-based sequestration other on how the State of the PINCHOT INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. argument, and it should Union address has become M.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Indicators for Relational Values of Nature's Contributions to Good
    Ecosystems and People ISSN: (Print) 2639-5916 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbsm22 Indicators for relational values of nature’s contributions to good quality of life: the IPBES approach for Europe and Central Asia Matthias Schröter, Esra Başak, Michael Christie, Andrew Church, Hans Keune, Elena Osipova, Elisa Oteros-Rozas, Stefanie Sievers-Glotzbach, Alexander P. E. van Oudenhoven, Patricia Balvanera, David González, Sander Jacobs, Zsolt Molnár, Unai Pascual & Berta Martín-López To cite this article: Matthias Schröter, Esra Başak, Michael Christie, Andrew Church, Hans Keune, Elena Osipova, Elisa Oteros-Rozas, Stefanie Sievers-Glotzbach, Alexander P. E. van Oudenhoven, Patricia Balvanera, David González, Sander Jacobs, Zsolt Molnár, Unai Pascual & Berta Martín-López (2020) Indicators for relational values of nature’s contributions to good quality of life: the IPBES approach for Europe and Central Asia, Ecosystems and People, 16:1, 50-69, DOI: 10.1080/26395916.2019.1703039 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2019.1703039 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa Published online: 10 Jan 2020. UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 628 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tbsm22 ECOSYSTEMS AND PEOPLE 2020, VOL. 16, NO. 1, 50–69 https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2019.1703039 REVIEW: THE SCIENCE-POLICY INTERFACE OF ECOSYSTEMS AND PEOPLE Indicators for relational values of nature’s contributions to good quality of life: the IPBES approach for Europe and Central Asia Matthias Schröter a,EsraBaşakb, Michael Christie c, Andrew Church d,HansKeunee,f, Elena Osipovag, Elisa Oteros-Rozash,i, Stefanie Sievers-Glotzbachj, Alexander P.
    [Show full text]
  • Lomfeld 2017 Property
    Bertram Lomfeld A Political Grammar of Property Law Preliminary Draft 02/2017 DELIBERATING PROPERTY: A POLITICAL GRAMMAR OF PROPERTY LAW Bertram Lomfeld 1 Political Properties: What? Who? Why? 2 Justificatory Reasons for Property 3 A Bundle of Property Rights 4 A Bundle of Property Duties 5 Property As Deliberation 6 Applying the Grammar: Some Tentative Case Studies Some people understand property as a natural human right. Meant to depoliticize property it is perhaps one of the most political arguments one could take. This paper is starting from an opposite perspective, i.e. fundamental value pluralism. Starting from value pluralism, it is impossible to define a ‘universal’ core of property either on a conceptual or a normative (justificatory) level. To understand property as a clear ‘human right’ might still allow for a conceptual ‘structural’ pluralism, 1 but it accepts only private autonomy and subjective freedom as justificatory basis. For an economic perspective, the core function of property rights is the internalization of social cost.2 So, it all depends on the perspective: ‘How one defines the core of property depends on what values one thinks property serves‘.3 This paper attempts to sketch a more freestanding genuinely pluralistic property theory relying on a ‘deliberative’ discourse theory.4 The strategy of a ‘deliberative legal theory’ is pragmatic and idealistic at the same time.5 Considering law as a constitutive structure of social cooperation, it analyzes social practices of law and theory discourses (scholarship, legislation and judicial cases). It deconstructs or ‘liquefies’ monistic normative principles or policies and tries to reconstruct them as an integrative yet plural ‘political grammar’ for legal argumentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Immigration to America, 1630 to 1921 by Dr
    Irish Immigration to America, 1630 to 1921 By Dr. Catherine B. Shannon Reprinted courtesy of the New Bedford Whaling Museum Introduction The oft quoted aphorism that "Boston is the next parish to Galway" highlights the long and close connections between Ireland and New England that extend as far back as the 1600s. Colonial birth, death, marriage, and some shipping records cite the presence of Irish born people as early as the 1630s. For instance, in 1655 the ship Goodfellow arrived in Boston carrying a group of indentured servants, and John Hancock's ancestor, Anthony Hancock, arrived from Co. Down in 1681. According to the story of The Irish Gift of 1676, which provided aid after King Phillip's War, Rev. Cotton Mather and Governor Winthrop corresponded with their Irish friends and relatives, with as many as 105 soldiers of Irish origin serving in various militias during the war. However, up until 1715, the numbers of Irish in New England were less than 1%, a small percentage of the population.1 The First Wave of Irish Immigration, 1715 to 1845 The first significant influx of Irish immigrants to Boston and New England consisted primarily of Ulster Presbyterians and began in the early eighteenth century.2 They comprised about ten percent, or 20,000 of a larger migration of over 200,000 Ulster Presbyterians who fled the north of Ireland to America between 1700 and 1775. The majority arrived in Boston between 1714 and 1750, as most Ulster immigrants went to the mid-Atlantic area via Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston beginning in the 1750s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Government's Executions Policy During the Irish Civil
    THE GOVERNMENT’S EXECUTIONS POLICY DURING THE IRISH CIVIL WAR 1922 – 1923 by Breen Timothy Murphy, B.A. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: Professor Marian Lyons Supervisor of Research: Dr. Ian Speller October 2010 i DEDICATION To my Grandparents, John and Teresa Blake. ii CONTENTS Page No. Title page i Dedication ii Contents iii Acknowledgements iv List of Abbreviations vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The ‗greatest calamity that could befall a country‘ 23 Chapter 2: Emergency Powers: The 1922 Public Safety Resolution 62 Chapter 3: A ‗Damned Englishman‘: The execution of Erskine Childers 95 Chapter 4: ‗Terror Meets Terror‘: Assassination and Executions 126 Chapter 5: ‗executions in every County‘: The decentralisation of public safety 163 Chapter 6: ‗The serious situation which the Executions have created‘ 202 Chapter 7: ‗Extraordinary Graveyard Scenes‘: The 1924 reinterments 244 Conclusion 278 Appendices 299 Bibliography 323 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to extend my most sincere thanks to many people who provided much needed encouragement during the writing of this thesis, and to those who helped me in my research and in the preparation of this study. In particular, I am indebted to my supervisor Dr. Ian Speller who guided me and made many welcome suggestions which led to a better presentation and a more disciplined approach. I would also like to offer my appreciation to Professor R. V. Comerford, former Head of the History Department at NUI Maynooth, for providing essential advice and direction. Furthermore, I would like to thank Professor Colm Lennon, Professor Jacqueline Hill and Professor Marian Lyons, Head of the History Department at NUI Maynooth, for offering their time and help.
    [Show full text]
  • Course Document --- 'The Irish Home Rule Party and Parliamentary Obstruction, 1874-87' in I.H.S
    SCHOOL OF DIVINITY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-2019 HI304U THE MAKING OF MODERN IRELAND 30 CREDITS: 11 WEEKS PLEASE NOTE CAREFULLY: The full set of school regulations and procedures is contained in the Undergraduate Student Handbook which is available online at your MyAberdeen Organisation page. Students are expected to familiarise themselves not only with the contents of this leaflet but also with the contents of the Handbook. Therefore, ignorance of the contents of the Handbook will not excuse the breach of any School regulation or procedure. You must familiarise yourself with this important information at the earliest opportunity. COURSE CO-ORDINATOR Dr Colin Barr Crombie Annexe 203 [email protected] Tel: 01224 272219 Office hours: Tuesdays 2-4pm and by appointment Discipline Administration Mrs Barbara McGillivray/Mrs Gillian Brown 50-52 College Bounds 9 Room CBLG01 201 01224 272199/272454 - 8 [email protected] 201 | - Course Document 1 TIMETABLE For time and place of classes, please see MyAberdeen Students can view their university timetable at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/infohub/study/timetables-550.php COURSE DESCRIPTION This course offers a chronological survey of Ireland and the Irish from the Act of Union with Great Britain to the present day. It will consider the social, political, cultural and economic aspects of that history, and will place the island of Ireland within its wider contexts, as part of the United Kingdom, as part of Europe, as part of the British Empire, and as the source of the global Irish Diaspora.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientist Letter to Senate on Natural Resources
    Dear Senator, We the undersigned signatories, leading researchers and practitioners from the various biological and earth science disciplines, are writing to urge the Senate to pass legislation that will reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and begin to substantively address the impacts of climate change on our communities, wildlands and wildlife this year. The science is clear: we must both reduce greenhouse gas pollutants and safeguard wildlife and natural resources already impacted from climate change. The time to act is now. The increase in human-caused emissions is responsible for driving climatic changes worldwide, and negatively impacting both human and natural systems. Climate change is already causing serious damage and disruptions to wildlife and natural ecosystems, threatening the collapse of natural systems that cross ecological or biological thresholds. This collapse will result in the loss of the environmental goods and services they provide to society, as well as the loss of the biological diversity that sustains their production. The warming of rivers, streams, lakes and wetland, the changes in natural disturbance regimes and increased incidence of pest and disease outbreaks, and changes in the seasonal timing of both plant and animal life history events such as reproduction, migration, and species ranges are disrupting ecological communities. Profound changes such as the melting polar ice caps and glaciers, acidification of the oceans, rise in sea levels, and an increasing incidence of intensified storms, drought and catastrophic fires will stress natural systems and have devastating implications for people, our treasured landscapes and wildlife. Wildlife, natural resource and water managers will be increasingly challenged by species assemblages and climate-related stressors that have never previously occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Contracting the Right to Roam
    Contracting the Right to Roam Wallace McNeish and Steve Olivier © 2017, Palgrave Macmillan, reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan This extract is taken from the author's original manuscript and has not been edited. The definitive, published, version of record is available in the Palgrave Handbook of Leisure Theory, edited by K. Spracklen et al., available from: http://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781137564788 Contracting the Right to Roam Wallace McNeish and Steve Olivier Introduction This chapter critically examines the issue of free recreational access to the environment – the right to roam, from the perspective of political philosophy. We begin by setting the right to roam within a comparative socio-legal context that indicates how ongoing social and economic change has moved it to centre stage in the increasingly contested sphere of what Rojek (2001; 2010) calls leisure politics. We then move on to consider the political- philosophical debate that has traditionally revolved around rights and duties pertaining to private property, and the conception of the social contract. In recent decades the emergence of environmental ethics – and in particular conceptions of environmental sustainability and environmental justice, have added extra dimensions of complexity to the philosophical terrain upon which the right to roam is contested. Two very different versions of the social contract will be juxtaposed to bring the key arguments into high relief. On the one hand we consider Hardin’s influential eco-Hobbesian Tragedy of the Commons (2000, [1968]) thesis. This positions human beings as possessive, selfish and competitive individuals who will inevitably be responsible for generalized environmental degradation, unless their restless desires (including to roam) are held in check by a coercive Green Leviathan.
    [Show full text]
  • National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Draft Business Plan for the Path of the Pronghorn March 24, 2009
    National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Draft Business Plan for the Path of the Pronghorn March 24, 2009 NFWF Pronghorn Biz Plan.indd 1 8/12/09 11:29:01 AM What Is a Business Plan? A business plan serves two broad, primary functions. First, it provides specific information to those (e.g., prospective investors) not familiar with the proposed or existing business, including its goals and the management strategy and financial and other resources necessary to attain those goals. Second, a business plan provides internal guidance to those who are active in the operation of the business, allowing all individuals to understand where the business is headed and the means by which it will get there. The plan helps keep the business from drifting away from its goals and key actions through careful articulation of a strategy. In the context of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s conservation efforts, business plans represent the strategies necessary to meet the conservation goals of Keystone and other initia- tives. Each business plan emphasizes the type(s) and magnitude of the benefits that will be realized through the initiative, the monetary costs involved, and the potential obstacles (risks) to achieving those gains. Each of the Foundation’s business plans has three core elements: Conservation Outcomes: A concrete description of the outcomes to which the Foundation and grantees will hold ourselves accountable. Implementation Plan with Strategic Priorities and Performance Measures: A description of the specific strategies that are needed to achieve our conservation outcome and the quantitative measures by which we will measure success and make it possible to adaptively revise strategies in the face of underperformance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Deep Roots of Rebellion: Evidence from the Irish Revolution∗
    The Deep Roots of Rebellion: Evidence from the Irish Revolution∗ Gaia Narciso Battista Severgnini Trinity College Dublin Copenhagen Business School September 14, 2017 Abstract This paper studies how cultural norms shaped by negative historical shocks can explain con- flicts in the long-run. Exploiting a unique dataset constructed from historical archives, we test whether the Irish Famine (1845-1850), one of the most lethal starvation in history, changed po- litical attitudes and contributed to the Irish Revolution (1913-1921). First, we investigate the determinants of joining the rebellion movement on the basis of the 1911 Irish Census and the official lists of rebels. We find that rebels are more likely to be male, young, catholic and literate. Second, we explore whether the famine played a role in the probability of joining rebellion activ- ities. Controlling for the level of economic development and other potential concurring factors, we provide evidence in support of the famine's inter-generational legacy of rebellion. JEL classification: Z10, F51, N53, N44. Keywords: conflict, cultural values, inter generational transmission, Great Famine, Irish revo- lution. ∗We would like to thank Philipp Ager, Dan Bogart, Steve Broadberry, Davide Cantoni, Matteo Cervellati, Gregory Clark, Giacomo De Giorgi, Peter Sandholt Jensen, Ronan Lyons, Laura McAtackney, Moti Michaeli, Tara Mitchell, Carol Newman, Nathan Nunn, Cormac O´ Grada, Kevin O'Rourke, Jared Rubin, Paul Sharp as well as seminar participants at Trinity College Dublin, Copenhagen Business School, Hohenheim, the conference Long-Run Perspectives on Crime and Conflict in Belfast, 5th Workshop of the fRDB Fellows and Affiliates in Bologna, the Odense FRESH meeting, the ASREC 2017 in Boston, the EEA Congress in Lisbon and the EHES Conference in T¨ubingen.
    [Show full text]