414 Genus Hypolycaena C. Felder

AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb

Genus Hypolycaena Felder, 1862

Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12: 493? (473-496). Type-species: Myrina sipylus Felder, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 195 (91-293).). Extralimital.

= Tatura Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1887: 572 (567-574). Type-species: Thecla lebena [sic] Hewitson, by monotypy.

The genus Hypolycaena belongs to the Family Lycaenidae Leach, 1815; Subfamily Theclinae Swainson, 1831; Tribe Hypolycaenini Swinhoe, 1910. The other genera in the Tribe Hypolycaenini in the Afrotropical Region are Hemiolaus and Leptomyrina.

Hypolycaena (Hairstreaks) is an Old World genus containing 46 species, 24 of which occur in the Afrotropical Region.

*Hypolycaena amanica Stempffer, 1951

Hypolycaena amanica Stempffer, 1951. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 56: 123 (119-128). Hypolycaena amanica Stempffer, 1951. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Amani, Usambara”. Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Recorded, in error, from Mozambique and Zimbabwe by Dickson & Kroon (1978). Recorded, in error, from Mozambique by Congdon et al., 2010. Specific localities: Tanzania – Amani, Usambara (TL); East and West Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa rift (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Submontane forest, from 800 to 1 300 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Hypolycaena antifaunus (Westwood, [1851]) Large Fairy Hairstreak

1 Perching individuals of the Large Fairy Hairstreak (Hypolycaena antifaunus latimacula). Kibale Forest, Uganda. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Iolaus antifaunus Westwood, [1851]. In: Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: pl. 75 [1851], 482 [1852] (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. Hypolycaena antifaunus Westwood, 1851. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Hypolycaena antifaunus antifaunus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 28 November, 2011. J. & C. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Hypolycaena antifaunus antifaunus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November, 2011. J. & C. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone; Ghana: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Primary forest. Also in heavy woodland (subspecies latimacula) (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania subspecies latimacula occurs at altitudes between 800 and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A fairly common, widespread butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Males defend territories from perches on leaves, from one to two metres above the ground, along forest roads or on the edges of clearings. The long tails may be very evident when males engage in combat. It may also inhabit the forest canopy (Larsen, 1991c). Males sometimes mud-puddle (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Hypolycaena antifaunus antifaunus (Westwood, [1851])

Hypolycaena antifaunus antifaunus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 28 November, 2011. J. & C. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Hypolycaena antifaunus antifaunus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November, 2011. J. & C. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Sierra Leone; Ghana: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Guinea – Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Ashanti (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998); Bangui (female illustrated above). Democratic Republic of Congo – Bilembo (Dufrane, 1953). Zambia – Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). 3

latefasciata Dufrane, 1953 (as ab. of Hypolycaena antifaunus). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 89: 52 (41-57). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bilembo”.

Hypolycaena antifaunus latimacula (Joicey & Talbot, 1921)

Zeltus antifaunus latimacula Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 94 (40-166). Hypolycaena antifaunus latimacula Joicey & Talbot, 1921. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Hypolycaena antifaunus latimacula male upper- and underside. Mabira Forest, Buikwe Road, 17 November 2007, P Ward. Images courtesy Jeremy and Chris Dobson.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Lumpunga River, Malagarassi Valley, Urindi District”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Uganda – Lumpunga River, Malagarassi Valley (TL); Kibale Forest (R. Schutte, unpublished); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Suna (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d).

*Hypolycaena auricostalis (Butler, 1897)

Iolaus auricostalis Butler, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 832 (817-850). Hypolycaena auricostalis Butler, 1897. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

Hypolycaena auricostalis auricostalis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 20mm. Greystone Park, Kitwe, Zambia. 23.x.78. I. Bampton. (Henning collection – H374).

Hypolycaena auricostalis auricostalis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 29mm. Vipya Plateau. 16.12.71. I. Bampton. (Henning collection – H374A).

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Kasitu River, Angoni county, W. of Lake Nyassa”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Habitat: Deciduous woodland (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from 200 to 2 000 m; commoner at higher altitudes (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Males are attracted to bird droppings and also mudpuddle (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Hypolycaena auricostalis auricostalis (Butler, 1897)

Iolaus auricostalis Butler, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 832 (817-850). Hypolycaena auricostalis auricostalis Butler, 1897. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

Hypolycaena auricostalis auricostalis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 20mm. Greystone Park, Kitwe, Zambia. 23.x.78. I. Bampton. (Henning collection – H374).

Hypolycaena auricostalis auricostalis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 29mm. Vipya Plateau. 16.12.71. I. Bampton. (Henning collection – H374A).

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Kasitu River, Angoni county, W. of Lake Nyassa”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Shaba), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo: Elisabethville (Hulstaert, 1924). Tanzania – Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Kasitu River, Angoni county (TL); Vipya Plateau (female illustrated above). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kanona (Heath et al., 2002); Changwena Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002); Makutu Mountains (Heath et al., 2002); Greystone Park, Kitwe (male illustrated above).

sebasta Hulstaert, 1924 (as sp. of Hypolycaena). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 12: 176 (112-122, 173-194). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Elisabethville”.

Hypolycaena auricostalis frommi Strand, 1911

Hypolycaena frommi Strand, 1911. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 288 (275-304). Hypolycaena auricostalis frommi Strand, 1911. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “von Msamwia, S. Utipa”. Distribution: Tanzania (east). Specific localities:

6 Tanzania – Msamwia (TL); Kiono Forest near Sadani (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Masagati Forest south of Ifakara (Kielland, 1990d).

*Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson, 1874# Buxton’s Hairsteak

Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 206 (205-206). Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. Trimen & Bowker, 1887b. Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Hypolycaena (Hypolycaena) buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. Pringle et al., 1994: 161. Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Hypolycaena buxtoni buxtoni. Male (Wingspan 28 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umdoni Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 30 December 2007. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Hypolycaena buxtoni buxtoni. Female (Wingspan 31 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umdoni Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 28 April 2005. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “(River Asuto)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Misattributed to the Nigerian fauna by Larsen (1971) (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Usually on forest edges or in clearings in forest. Also in heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania subspecies rogersi occurs at altitudes from near sea-level to 1 500 m and subspecies spurcus from 900 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is quite slow and specimens settle frequently, on low vegetation (Pringle et al., 7 1994). Males defend territories from perches 1.5 to 3 metres above the ground (Larsen, 1991c). Males of subspecies spurcus are known to hilltop (Kielland, 1990d). Flight period: September to May (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Pavetta species (Rubiaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 100]. Tarenna pavettoides (Harv.) Sim (Rubiaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003; flower buds; Sanje, Tanzania]. Tricalysia species (Rubiaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 100]. Tricalysia pallens Hiern (Rubiaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Sanje, Tanzania].

Hypolycaena buxtoni buxtoni Hewitson, 1874#

Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 206 (205-206). Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. Trimen & Bowker, 1887b. Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Hypolycaena buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Hypolycaena (Hypolycaena) buxtoni buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. Pringle et al., 1994: 161. Hypolycaena buxtoni buxtoni Hewitson, 1874. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “(River Asuto)”. Distribution: Tanzania (south-east), Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (eastern border), South Africa 8 (KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province). Specific localities: Tanzania – Rondo near Lindi (Kielland, 1990d). Mozambique – Vila Gouveia (Pennington); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Chimanimani Mountains, at 1 500 m (D. and R. Plowes). KwaZulu-Natal – Asuto River [?Usutu] (TL); Pinetown (Trimen, 1874); Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle et al., 1994); False Bay (Pringle et al., 1994); Umdoni Park (Pringle et al., 1994); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Pringle et al., 1994); Kei Mouth (Pringle et al., 1994); Embotyi (Pringle et al., 1994).

seamani Trimen, 1874 (as sp. of Hypolycaena). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1874: 332 (329-341). [South Africa]: “Pinetown, Natal”.

Hypolycaena buxtoni rogersi Bethune-Baker, 1924

Hypolycaena buxtoni f. rogersi Bethune-Baker, 1924. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 14: 131 (130-135). Hypolycaena buxtoni rogersi Bethune-Baker, 1924. Larsen, 1991c: 202. Hypolycaena buxtoni rogersi Bethune-Baker, 1924. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: Kenya: “Rabai, Mombasa”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Rabai, Mombasa (TL); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Mrima Hill (Larsen, 1991c). Apparently not north of Mombasa (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d).

Hypolycaena buxtoni spurcus Talbot, 1929

Hypolycaena buxtoni spurcus Talbot, 1929. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 3: 141 (139-142). Hypolycaena spurcus Talbot, 1929. Kielland, 1990d: 195. Hypolycaena buxtoni spurcus Talbot, 1929. Heath et al., 2002. Hypolycaena buxtoni spurcus Talbot, 1929. d’Abrera, 2009: 766 stat. rev.

Hypolycaena buxtoni spurcus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. 9 Wingspan: 28mm. Kundalila Falls, Zambia. 11.3.73. I. Bampton. (Henning collection – H375).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Abercorn”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Shaba), Tanzania (south-west), Zambia (widespread), Angola (Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2012). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain, Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi, Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Abercorn (TL); Lake Young to Mpika (Talbot, 1935); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Msamfu, Kasama (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002); Kundalila Falls (male illustrated above). Angola – Huila (Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2012).

Note: Kielland (1990d: 195) treats spurcus as a good species (stat. nov.) but this was not followed by Heath et al., 2002. D’Abrera (2009: 766) formally revised its status.

divisa Talbot, 1935 (as f. of Hypolycaena buxtoni). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 71: 116 (69-78, 115-127, 147-153). [Zambia]: “N.E. Rhodesia: Lake Young to Mpika”.

*Hypolycaena clenchi Larsen, 1997 Clench’s Fairy Hairsteak

Hypolycaena clenchi Larsen, 1997. Metamorphosis 8 (4): 177 (172-182). Hypolycaena clenchi Larsen, 1997. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: Ghana: “Ghana, Cape Coast, Kakum (Kruwa) (01.15W 05.25N), iv. 1994. (T.B. Larsen leg.). Holotype in the Natural History Museum, London.” Description based on examination of over 100 specimens. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon? Congo? Equatorial Guinea? Specific localities: Ghana – Kakum National Park (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Atewa Range (Aduse-Poku & Doko-Marfo, 2007). Habitat: Forest in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rather scarce butterfly, with habits similar to those of Hypolycena lebona (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: The taxonomic status of the populations in Cameroon, and eastwards, is uncertain (Larsen, 2005a).

*Hypolycaena coerulea Aurivillius, 1895 Shining Fairy Hairsteak

Shining Fairy Hairstreak (Hypolycaena coerulea). Male underside. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Hypolycaena lebona var coerulea Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 210 (195-220, 255-268). Hypolycaena lebona coerulea Aurivillius, 1895. Stempffer, 1967 (Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 10: 120 (332 pp.)). Hypolycaena coerulea Aurivillius, 1895. Larsen, 1997: 178 stat. rev. Hypolycaena coerulea Aurivillius, 1895. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: Cameroon: [“Itoki, Kitta, N’Dian”]. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Nigeria (Niger Delta, east and Cross River loop), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Itoki (TL); Kitta (Aurivillius, 1895); N’Dian (Aurivillius, 1895); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Primary, undisturbed forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rare species with a restricted geographical range (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Hypolycaena condamini Stempffer, 1956 Senegal Hairsteak

Hypolycaena condamini Stempffer, 1956. Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (48): 207 (207-208). Hypolycaena condamini Stempffer, 1956. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: Senegal: “Oussadou, Parc National du Niokolo-Koba, Sénégal”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2016), Guinea. Specific localities: Senegal – Niokolo-Koba National Park (TL); Tougha (ABRI, vide Larsen, 2005a). Guinea – Mont Loura (Larsen, 2005a); Mamou area (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a); Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Guinea savanna (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a poorly known butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: This species perhaps deserves a genus of its own (Larsen, 2005a).

*Hypolycaena dubia Aurivillius, 1895 Dubious Fairy Hairsteak

Hypolycaena dubia Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 211 (195-220, 255-268). Hypolycaena dubia Aurivillius, 1895. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Hypolycaena dubia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 21 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki, Kitta Bonge”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/d). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (south – Shaba and north-east), Uganda. Specific localities: Ghana – Mount Afagjato (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Itoki, Kitta Bonge (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Lambarene (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest, but also in degraded habitats (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: The most common species in the lebona-group (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) observed courtship behaviour in this species. He noted that a male hovered about five cm above a perched female for about six seconds before landing just behind her and advancing towards her. On being reached by the male she flew up and landed on another leaf. This behaviour was repeated five times without copulation occurring, the ‘escape flight’ of the female possibly an indication of rejection. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Hypolycaena hatita Hewitson, [1865] Common Fairy Hairsteak

Hypolycaena hatita Hewitson, [1865]. In: Hewitson, [1862-78]. Illustrations of diurnal lepidoptera. Lycaenidae: 51 (1: 1- 228; 2: 95 pp.; Supplement: 1-48.). London. Hypolycaena hatita Hewitson, 1865. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Type locality: Ghana: “Ashanti”; Sierra Leone. Diagnosis: Throughout its range this butterfly has two male phenotypes (Larsen, 1991c). The rarer male is steely blue and the other has a purple sheen. Distribution: Senegal?, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Records from the Basse Casamance, Senegal may refer to this species or to Hypolycaena anara. Habitat: Primary forest and dense secondary growth (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania subspecies japhusa

12 occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 600 m, occasionally up to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A fairly common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). The habits are similar to those of Hypolycaena antifaunus. The long tails are very conspicuous when the butterfly is flying. Courting individuals perform a spectacular aerial pas-de-deux, circling around each other more slowly than when males make aggressive sorties from their territorial perches (Larsen, 1991c). Males perch on green leaves, about two metres above the ground (Larsen, 2005a). Males are often seen feeding from bird droppings and occasionally also mud-puddle (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Syzygium species (Myrtaceae) [Roberts, 1969].

Note: The steel-blue and purple male phenotypes may not be conspecific (Larsen, 1991c). The former also has a defined apical black patch and the androconia on the forewing are less well developed.

Hypolycaena hatita hatita Hewitson, [1865]

Type locality: Ghana: “Ashanti”; Sierra Leone. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mongala, Uele, Ituri, Tshopo, Tsuapa, Kinshasa, Cataractes, Bas-Fleuve, Sankuru, Maniema). Specific localities: Guinea – Conakry area (Larsen, 2005a); Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Ashanti (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Cameroon – Korup (Lees, 1989). Gabon – Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010).

Hypolycaena hatita japhusa Riley, 1921

Hypolycaena japhusa Riley, 1921. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 246 (234-259). Hypolycaena hatita japhusa Riley, 1921. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Hypolycaena hatita japhusa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 26mm. Ndola, Zambia. 16 May 74. I. Bampton. (Henning collection – H376).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Yiafusa R. (a tributary of the Lukanga River), near Kashitu, N.W. Rhodesia”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (Copperbelt, northwards). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Sitebi (Kielland, 1990d); Wanzizi Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe Stream National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, vide Congdon & Collins, 1998); Mpanda District (Kielland, vide Congdon & Collins, 1998). Zambia – Yiafusa River, near Kashitu (TL); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Kabompo River (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002; male illustrated above); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

Hypolycaena hatita ugandae Sharpe, 1904

Hypolycaena ugandae Sharpe, 1904. Entomologist 37: 203 (202-204). Hypolycaena hatita ugandae Sharpe, 1904. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Entebbe”. Diagnosis: Smaller than subspecies japhusa, and with a darker upperside (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Lomani, Kivu), Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Entebbe (TL); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Munene Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Rumanyika Game Reserve (common in all these localities) (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

Note 2: The populations in Ethiopia constitute an undescribed subspecies (Kielland, 1990d; Ackery et al., 1995; Larsen, 2005a).

*Hypolycaena anara Larsen, 1986 Savanna Fairy Hairstreak

Hypolycaena anara Larsen, 1986. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental de l’Afrique Noire (A) 45: 160 (151-172). Hypolycaena anara Larsen, 1986. Larsen & Mei, 1998 stat. rev. Hypolycaena hatita anara Larsen, 1986. d’Abrera, 2009: 764 stat. rev. Hypolycaena anara Larsen, 1986. Collins et al., 2014: 111 stat. rev.

14 Hypolycaena anara. Male, Guinea. Left – upperside; right – underside. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Hypolycaena anara. Female, Guinea. Upperside. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Kaduna, Anara Forest Reserve”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Ackery et al., 1995), Guinea, Burkina Faso (south) (Prost and ABRI, vide Larsen, 2005a), Ivory Coast (north) (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Nigeria (north-east), Cameroon (Tropek et al., 2014). Specific localities: Guinea Bissau – Labe area of the Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a) Guinea – Parc National du Haut Niger (M. Mei, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Mount Sangbe (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Anara Forest, Kaduna (TL); Mubi in the Adamawa area (Larsen, 2005a); Amurum Forest Reserve (9.874º, 8.977º, 1320 m a.s.l.) (Tropek et al., 2014); Kurra Falls (9.4º, 8.7º, 700-1150 m a.s.l.) (Tropek et al., 2014). Cameroon – Tchabal Gandoua mountain (7.028º, 11.703º) (Tropek et al., 2014); Abongphen, Sabga (6.0394º, 10.2953º, 1900 m a.s.l.) (Tropek et al., 2014). Habitat: Dense savanna and dry forest in hilly country at relatively high altitudes (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rare species of Hypolycaena (Tropek et al., 2014). Males are known to mud-puddle (Tropek et al., 2014). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Hypolycaena jacksoni Bethune-Baker, 1906

Hypolycaena jacksoni Bethune-Baker, 1906. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 17: 106 (104-110). Hypolycaena jacksoni Bethune-Baker, 1906. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: Uganda: “Toro”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Kisaba, Ruwenzori), Uganda (west), Rwanda, Burundi. Specific localities: Uganda – Toro (TL); Ruwenzori (Joicey & Talbot, 1921). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

puella Joicey & Talbot, 1921 (as ssp. of Hypolycaena buxtoni). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1:

15 93 (40-166). Uganda: “Ruwenzori, western slope, 2500 m”.

*Hypolycaena kadiskos Druce, 1890 Scarce Hairsteak

Hypolycaena kadiskos Druce, 1890. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 5: 27 (24-31). Hypolycaena kadiskos Druce, 1890. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: Nigeria: “W. Africa, Lagos”. Distribution: Ghana, Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Ghana – Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Lagos (TL), Omo Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Tanzania – Kere Hill, Minziro Forest (single male) (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Munene Forest (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Appears to be a very rare species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Hypolycaena kakumi Larsen, 1997 Kakum Fairy Hairsteak

Hypolycaena kakumi Larsen, 1997. Metamorphosis 8 (4): 180 (172-182). Hypolycaena kakumi Larsen, 1997. d’Abrera, 2009: 766.

Type locality: Ghana: “Ghana, Cape Coast, Kakum (Abrafo) (01.25W 05.20N), xii.1993 (T.B. Larsen leg.). Holotype in the Natural History Museum, London.” Described from more than 500 specimens. Distribution: Ivory Coast (east), Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Congo. Specific localities: Ghana – Kakum National Park (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Congo – Odzala National Park. Habitat: Forest of fair to good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A fairly common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Hypolycaena lebona (Hewitson, [1865]) Fairy Hairsteak

Thecla lebona Hewitson, [1865]. In: Hewitson, [1862-78]. Illustrations of diurnal lepidoptera. Lycaenidae: 51 (1: 1-228; 2: 95 pp.; Supplement: 1-48.). London. Hypolycaena lebona Hewitson, 1865. d’Abrera, 2009: 765.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Good quality forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: An uncommon hairstreak that flies along paths and in clearings in forest, often settling on bushes. Known to mud-puddle and has also been seen imbibing moisture from moist wood ash (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Males of the lebona-group defend territories from perches on the upperside of flat green leaves. They only attack members of their own species group. The long tails 16 make their flight appear somewhat laboured. Courting males hover over the female for extended periods, possibly releasing pheromones while doing so. Clusters of males are sometimes seen on leaves that are covered by an exudation falling from above, possibly hemipteran honeydew. Males are also frequently found imbibing fluids from bird droppings (Larsen, 2005a). On a number of occasions females of the lebona-group have been seen on the stems of at least two types of creeper, about one metre above the ground. Here they walk about agitatedly, rubbing their hindwings, antennating the surface, and touching it with their abdomen. Oviposition, however, was not proved as no eggs could be found. Early stages:

Lamborn, 1914: 473. DNO present in larva but TO’s not discerned. The larva is deep green in colour. The orifice of the DNO has reddish lips. White spots mark the location of the TO’s but these were not seen to be exserted. Pupal period 9-11 days (n = 2).

Eltringham, 1921b: 483 [determination of species uncertain; ex Lamborn, Oni, Nigeria]. “Plate XIII, fig. 16. A small perfectly smooth pupa, pale in colour with slightly darker markings. Length 6 mm.”

Larval food: ‘Ewo’ (Yoruba language) [Lamborn, 1914: 473; Nigeria]. Associated ant: Pheidole aurivillii Mayr. race kasaiensis For. (Formicidae) [Lamborn, 1914: 473; Nigeria]. Pheidole species (Formicidae) [Congdon & Collins, 1998: 98].

Hypolycaena lebona lebona (Hewitson, [1865])

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Bilembo (Dufrane, 1953).

anomala Dufrane, 1953 (as ab. of Hypolycaena lebona). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 89: 52 (41-57). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bilembo”.

splendens Dufrane, 1953 (as ab. of Hypolycaena lebona). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 89: 52 (41-57). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo Belge”.

Hypolycaena lebona davenporti Larsen, 1997

Hypolycaena lebona davenporti Larsen, 1997. Metamorphosis 8 (4): 177 (172-182). Hypolycaena lebona davenporti Larsen, 1997. d’Abrera, 2009: 765.

Type locality: Uganda: “SW Uganda, Kayonza Forest, Kigezi District, (00S 30E) June, 1951 (van Someren leg., in the Natural History Museum, London).” Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). 17 Specific localities: Uganda – Kayonza Forest, Kigezi (TL). Tanzania – Kere Hill and Bulembe in Minziro Forest (not uncommon) (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

*Hypolycaena liara Druce, 1890 Black-patch Hairsteak

Hypolycaena liara Druce, 1890. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 5: 27 (24-31). Hypolycaena liara Druce, 1890. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Type locality: Ghana: “W. Africa, Addah, Lagos”. Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Forest and secondary growth (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to 1 600 m, occasionally up to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This appears to be a rare butterfly, which is shy and has somewhat skulking habits. At times it may be locally common. Males are quite sedentary and perch on leaves in the shade of the forest (Larsen, 1991c; Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Vitex species (Verbenaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 100]. Vitex ferruginea Schumach & Thonn. (Verbenaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Minziro, Tanzania].

Hypolycaena liara liara Druce, 1890

Hypolycaena liara Druce, 1890. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 5: 27 (24-31). Hypolycaena liara liara Druce, 1890. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Type locality: Ghana: “W. Africa, Addah, Lagos”. Distribution: Guinea (east), Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mongala, Uele, Kivu, Tshopo, Kinshasa, Sankuru, Lomani, Lualuba, Tanganika), Sudan (south), Uganda, Somalia, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Guinea – Labe (Larsen, 2005a); Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Addah (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Bitje (Bethune-Baker, 1926); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Sasa Region (Hulstaert, 1924). Tanzania – Luntampa (Kielland, 1990d); Ntakatta (Kielland, 1990d); Kasoge (Kielland, 1990d); Kemfu (Kielland, 1990d); Mukuyu (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe (Kielland, 1990d).

symmacha Hulstaert, 1924 (as sp. of Hypolycaena). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 12: 175 (112-122, 173-194). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Region de Sasa”.

bitjeana Bethune-Baker, 1926 (as sp. of Hypolycaena). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 17: 394 (384-402). Cameroon: “Bitje”. Note: Stempffer (1967: 120) treats this taxon as a valid species.

Hypolycaena liara plana Talbot, 1935

18 Hypolycaena liara plana Talbot, 1935. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 71: 116 (69-78, 115-127, 147-153). Hypolycaena liara plana Talbot, 1935. d’Abrera, 2009: 765.

Hypolycaena liara plana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 30mm. Kalungwishi R., Kabweluma F., Zambia, 3000'. 7/7/75. Bampton. (Henning collection – H378).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “N.E. Rhodesia: Mouth of the Chambezi to Mansya River and Lake Young, 4,500 ft”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Tanzania (south-west), Zambia (Lusaka, northwards). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Sitebi (Kielland, 1990d); Wanzizi (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Mouth of Chambesi to Mansya River and Lake Young (TL); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Chililabombwe (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Kasama (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River, Kabweluma Forest (male illustrated above).

Hypolycaena liara suda Lamas, 2007

Hypolycaena liara f. obscura Stempffer, 1947. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 52: 37 (35-41). Hypolycaena liara obscura Stempffer, 1947. Larsen, 1991c: 203. Hypolycaena liara suda Lamas, 2007. Lamas, 2007: 129, nom. nov.

Type locality: Sudan: “Laboni, Mts Acholi, Soudan meridional”. Distribution: Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Sudan – Laboni, Acholi Mountains (TL). Kenya – Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Soy (Larsen, 1991c); Trans-Nzoia (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kasoge (Kielland, 1990d); Kemfu (Kielland, 1990d); Luntampa (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: Larsen (2005a: 214) notes that subspecies obscura (now suda) is sympatric with the nominate subspecies in Uganda and western Kenya, and probably is a distinct species. He does not, however, formally revise its status. D’Abrera (2009: 764) disagrees with Larsen and simply considers obscura (now suda) to be a dark form of liara.

*Hypolycaena lochmophila Tite, 1967# Coastal Hairsteak

19 Hypolycaena pachalica Butler. Swanepoel, 1953a. [Misidentification for lochmophila] Hypolycaena lochmophila Tite, 1967. Entomologist 100: 166 (166-168). Hypolycaena lochmophila Tite, 1967. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Hypolycaena (Hypolycaena) lochmophila Tite, 1967. Pringle et al., 1994: 160. Hypolycaena lochmophila Tite, 1967. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

Hypolycaena lochmophila. Left – female, upperside. Right – male underside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Type locality: South Africa: “Hluhluwe”. Diagnosis: Close to Hypolycaena philippus. Hypolycaena lochmophila differs from Hypolycaena philippus in that the upperside ground-colour is darker in both sexes; the underside ground-colour is bright whitish grey (dull grey-brown in philippus); on the forewing underside the postdiscal transverse band bends outwards below vein 3, forming an elbow which nearly approximates the submarginal band in area 1B (in philippus it is in a straight line, roughly parallel to the submarginal band) (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Malawi (Mlanje and Zomba), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (KwaZulu- Natal – north). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Mutare (Pinhey). KwaZulu-Natal – False Bay, near Hluhluwe (TL; Pennington); Belvedere, north of False Bay (the Millars); Makatini Flats (Pringle et al., 1994); Emanguzi Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); KwaNgwanase (Pringle et al., 1994); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle et al., 1994); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Specimens are usually found flying in the shade of large trees. Here it flutters about in the broken sunshine, often settling on epiphytes growing on the massive tree trunks (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: Probably flies all year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 61. “The larva is green.”

Larval food: Deinbollia oblongifolia (E.Mey. ex Arn.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) [S. & G. Henning, 1989: 61].

*Hypolycaena naara Hewitson, 1873

Hypolycaena naara Hewitson, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 124 (122-125). Hypolycaena naara Hewitson, 1873. d’Abrera, 2009: 765.

Type locality: Angola: “West Africa (Angola)”.

20 Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kisangani). Recorded, in error, from Togo by Karsch (1895) (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: An exceedingly rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Hypolycaena nigra Bethune-Baker, 1914 Black Fairy Hairsteak

Hypolycaena nigra Bethune-Baker, 1914. In: Lamborn, 1914. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1913: 502 (436-526). Hypolycaena nigra Bethune-Baker, 1914. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Lagos”; Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2012), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mongala, Uele, Ituri, Kivu, Tshopo, Tshuapa, Sankuru, Lualaba), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Lagos (TL); Oni (Eltringham, 1921b). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (zone SEGC and Mikongo) (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Angola – Kuanza Norte (Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2012). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Kere Hill, Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Munene Forest (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Apparently scarcer than either Hypolycaena antifaunus or Hypolycaena hatita (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Lamborn, 1914: 473. Nine larvae were found on two adjacent leaves [of an unspecified plant], implying that they may have originated from a single batch of eggs. The larvae were soft, green and onisciform in shape. Pupal period 8 to 9 days.

Eltringham, 1921b: 483 [ex Lamborn, Oni, Nigeria]. “Pupa (Plate XIII, fig. 19). The pupa is attached along its ventral surface to the underside of a leaf and resembles somewhat that of Pilodeudorix diyllus (fig. 8), and is darkly marbled on a slightly paler ground-colour. The cuticle is smooth, but bears numerous very minute hairs. A portion of the larval skin remains attached to the leaf, and from this I have made a preparation which shows the larval cuticle to be covered with chitinanths of the forms shown at fig. 19. Length of pupa 10 mm.”

Larval food: Nothing published. Associated ant: Pheidole aurivillii race kasaiensis (Formicidae) [Lamborn, 1914: 473; Nigeria].

Note: According to Ackery et al. (1995: 603) Uganda specimens have larger white spots and may represent an undescribed subspecies.

*Hypolycaena ogadenensis Stempffer, 1946

Hypolycaena (?) ogadenensis Stempffer, 1946. Revue Française d’Entomologie 13: 10 (8-19). Hypolycaena ogadenensis Stempffer, 1946. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Dagahbur, environ 2500 pieds, Ogaden”. Distribution: Ethiopia. Known from the holotype only. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Dagahbur, Ogaden (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Hypolycaena pachalica Butler, 1888 Eastern Hairsteak

Perching male Eastern Hairstreak (Hypolycaena pachalica), Pugu Hills, Tanzania. Image courtesy Sudheer Kommana

Hypolycaena (Tatura) pachalica Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1888: 69 (56-85). Hypolycaena pachalica Butler, 1888. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

Hypolycaena pachalica. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 26mm. Nairobi-Magadi Road, mile 34, 4000'. 16/11/72. J.G.W. (Henning collection – H373).

Alternative common name: Coast Hairstreak. Type locality: Uganda: “Wadelai”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, Mahagi-Port, Kivu, Semliki), Sudan (Kielland, 1990d), Ethiopia (Kielland, 1990d), Somalia (Kielland, 1990d), Uganda, Kenya (east, north), Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (according to Ackery et al., 1995 but not substantiated by Heath et al., 2002), Saudi Arabia (south-west), Yemen.

22 Specific localities: Uganda – Wadelai (TL); Toro (Bethune-Baker, 1906). Kenya – Ortum (Larsen, 1991c); Samburu (Larsen, 1991c); Lake Baringo (Larsen, 1991c); Kibwezi (Larsen, 1991c); Isiolo (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); coast (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi-Magadi road (male illustrated above). Tanzania – Northern Highlands (Kielland, 1990d); Ruaha National Park (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Savanna, including dry thornbush, and open forest. In Tanzania at altitudes from 1 000 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A fairly common butterfly (Larsen, 1991c). Males occasionally mud-puddle and both sexes avidly visit flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Combretum constrictum (Benth.) M.A.Lawson (Combretaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 328]. Talinum portulacifolium (Forssk.) Asch. ex Schweinf. (Portulacaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003; Ruaha, Tanzania].

aureolineata Bethune-Baker, 1906 (as sp. of Hypolycaena). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 340 (339-346). [Uganda]: “Toro”.

*Hypolycaena philippus (Fabricius, 1793)# Purple-brown Hairsteak

Purple-brown Haistreak (Hypolycaena philippus) male (left), female (centre) and underside (right). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Hesperia philippus Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 283 (488 pp.). Amblypodia erylus Godart. Trimen, 1866a. [Synonym of Hypolycaena philippus] Hypolycaena philippus (Fabricius, 1793). Trimen & Bowker, 1887b. Hypolycaena philippus Fabricius. Swanepoel, 1953a. Hypolycaena philippus (Fabricius, 1793). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Hypolycaena (Hypolycaena) philippus (Fabricius, 1793). Pringle et al., 1994: 160. Hypolycaena philippus Fabricius, 1793. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

Hypolycaena philippus philippus. Male (Wingspan 26 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Black Rock, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 27 February 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Hypolycaena philippus philippus. Female (Wingspan 28 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hartbeespoort Dam, North West Province, South Africa. 12 January 2002. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Alternative common name: Common Hairstreak. Type locality: [Africa]: “India”. [False locality.] Probably Sierra Leone (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Sub-saharan Africa, including Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Mendes et al., 2008), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Gabon, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland. Also Arabia, Yemen, Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Seychelles. Habitat: Dry savanna to forest (i.e. has a wide ecological tolerance). In Madagascar it occurs in forest (Lees et al., 2003). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs from sea-level to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common butterfly. The flight is not particularly rapid and it settles frequently, on the leaves of shrubs or trees, usually only a metre or so from the ground (Pringle et al., 1994). Flowers are avidly visited, especially those of the weed Tridax species. Males defend territories from perches on the leaves of bushes (Larsen, 1991c). Males mud-puddle, especially during dry periods (Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Lamborn & Poulton, 1911 [Proceedings pp. c-ci].

Lamborn, 1914: 474. Pupal period 7 to 9 days (n = 2).

Jackson, 1937: 213 [North Kavirondo: Kitosh, slopes of Mt. Elgon, Kenya]. “The larva feeds on the seed capsules and leaves of Ximenia americana Linn., Oleaceae. Egg. White, 24 circular and domed, with a prominent black central spot; the surface ornamented with a deeply cut reticulated pattern. Diameter, 0.5 mm. It is laid on or near the small seed capsules. Larva. Clear dark green and immaculate, with smooth velvety skin and segment divisions sharply defined, but not incised. The margins are slightly scalloped and are fringed with short brownish hair. In shape regular, barely narrowing at the extremities and much like some species of typical Lycaeninae. Collar broad, rounded and paler green. There is a distinct gland, fringed with short brown hair and having a dark oval orifice; there are apparently no tubercles which, if true, is most unusual. Length, 17 mm; breadth, 4 mm. Pupa. The pupa is dark green with a few lighter chalky markings and a fine pale dorsal line. It is regular in shape and rather like an Anthene pupa, but broader than most. Thorax ridged with a slight central depression between it and the abdominal segments. Length, 8 mm; breadth, 5 mm. Locality. North Kavirondo: Kitosh, slopes of Mt. Elgon, about 5,500 feet, May, 1934.”

Clark & Dickson, 1971: 129, plate 62 [as Hypolycaena philippus philippus; near East London, Eastern Cape]. “Egg: 0.6 mm diam. x 0.25 mm high. Laid singly on the surface of a young leaf or its stalk; final colour pale greenish-blue, with slightly raised, white ribbing. Eggs hatch after 4-12 days. The discarded shell is not eaten. Larva (with 5 instars): 1st instar 1 mm, growing to 2 mm in 4 days; 2nd instar growing to 3.5 mm in 3 days; 3rd instar growing to 6 mm in 4 days; 4th instar growing to 8.5 mm in 4 days; 5th instar growing to 17.5 mm in 7 days. Larva (with 4 instars: 1st instar 1 mm, growing to 1.75 mm in 8 days; 2nd instar growing to 4.25 mm in 7-13 days; 3rd instar growing to 8,5 mm in 10 days; 4th instar growing to 17.5 mm in 15 days. The duration of the instars is variable, in the case of the 4-instar larvae. There is a honey-gland from and including the 2nd instar, but there are no tubercles. Larvae eat out troughs in the leaves and occupy the eaten-out portion. Later they move to another part and soon a series of discolouring troughs is left, among which a larva is not easily detected. The larvae are of various shades of green, in later instars, but in the early instars may be pale bluish or pale dull yellow. Pupa: 10 mm. Secured to a leaf or twig by the cremastral hooks entangled in a silken mat. The colour varies from shades of green to bluish-green or grey, matching its surroundings. When disturbed, the pupa taps its body rapidly against its support. Emergence takes place after 11-18 days.” “Ant-association, where the larva is concerned, does not appear to be particularly close in the case of H. philippus, although one may often find ants in the vicinity of the larvae and they are known to ‘milk’ the latter.” “Recorded from eggs and larvae from near East London, Cape Province.”

Bampton, in Pringle et al., 1994: 160 [as Hypolycaena philippus philippus; locality not specified]. “Larvae have been recorded by Bampton, feeding on the flowers of X. caffra Sond. and pupating in the soil at the foot of the tree, in association with ants.”

Early stages of Hypolycaena philippus. Left – eggs. Right – 2 nd instar larva. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Early stages of Hypolycaena philippus. Left – 4th instar larva. Right – pupa. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Larval food:

25 Allophylus species (Sapindaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 202]. Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey. (Verbenaceae) [Clark & Dickson, 1971: 129]. Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey. (Verbenaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 328; as Clerodendrum capense Thunb.]. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Cucurbitaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 202]. Cultivated beans (Fabaceae) [Fontaine, 1988; Democratic Republic of Congo]. Cuscuta epithymum Murray (Convolvulaceae) [Otto et al., 2013: 72; exotic; oviposition only – requires confirmation]. Deinbollia oblongifolia (E.Mey. ex Arn.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) [Clark & Dickson, 1971: 129]. Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 328; as Loranthus dregei; oviposition only]. Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. (Celastraceae) [Ficq, in Pringle et al., 1994: 160; as species of Maytenus]. Ixora species (Rubiaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 202]. Kraussia floribunda Harv. (Rubiaceae) [Otto et al., 2013: 72]. Maytenus gracilipes (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell (Celastaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 100]. Millingtonia species (Bignoniaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Pachystigma venosum Hochst. (Rubiaceae) [Otto et al., 2013: 72]. Punica granatum L. (Puniaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 202]. Scutia myrtina (Burm. f.) Kurz (Rhamnaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Mkwaga, Tanzania]. Vangueria infausta Burch. (Rubiaceae) [Williams, 1996: 134; Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal; oviposition only]. Vangueria randii S.Moore (Rubiaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 202; Walter, vide Pringle et al., 1994]. Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) [Jackson, 1937: 213]. Ximenia caffra Sond. (Olacaceae) [Mullin, vide Pringle et al., 1994: 160]. Ximenia species (Olacaceae) [Bampton et al., 1991; Congo]. Associated ant: Camponotus akwapimensis Mayr. var. poultoni For. (Formcidae) [Lamborn, 1914: 474; Nigeria]. Camponotus maculatus F. (Formcidae) [Lamborn, 1914: 474; Nigeria]. Pheidole aurivillii Mayr. kasaiensis For. (Formicidae) [Lamborn, 1914: 474; Nigeria]. Pheidole rotundata For. (Formcidae) [Lamborn, 1914: 474; Nigeria].

Hypolycaena philippus philippus (Fabricius, 1793)#

Hesperia philippus Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 283 (488 pp.). Amblypodia erylus Godart. Trimen, 1866a. [Synonym of Hypolycaena philippus] Hypolycaena philippus (Fabricius, 1793). Trimen & Bowker, 1887b. Hypolycaena philippus Fabricius. Swanepoel, 1953a. Hypolycaena philippus (Fabricius, 1793). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Hypolycaena (Hypolycaena) philippus philippus (Fabricius, 1793). Pringle et al., 1994: 160. Hypolycaena philippus philippus Fabricius, 1793. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

26 Hypolycaena philippus philippus. Male (Wingspan 26 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Black Rock, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 27 February 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Type locality: [Africa]: “India”. [False locality.] Probably Sierra Leone (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Sub-saharan Africa, including Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Mendes et al., 2008), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Gabon, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. Also Arabia, Yemen. Specific localities: Ghana – Cape Coast (Larsen, 2005a); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016). Nigeria – Lagos (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Widespread (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kitosh (Jackson, 1937). Tanzania – Throughout (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Bridge (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kasaba Bay (Heath et al., 2002); Nyika (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010). Botswana – Shashe (G. Bailey vide Larsen, 1991); Tswapong Hills (MCC vide Larsen, 1991); Ngotwane Sidings south of Gaborone (Larsen, 1991). Limpopo Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams); Mountain Sanctuary N.R. (Williams); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009). Gauteng – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Estcourt (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Peace Cottage (male illustrated above); La Lucia (female illustrated above). Eastern Cape Province – Bashee River (Trimen, 1866); King William’s Town (Trimen, 1866); 27 Alicedale (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Sihota (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Mlawula Nature Reserve (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja Nature Reserve (www.sntc.org.sz).

orejus Hopffer, 1855 (as sp. of Jolaus). Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 641 (639-643). Mozambique: “Mossambique”.

erylus Trimen, 1866 (as sp. of Amblypodia). Rhopalocera Africae Australis Part 2. Satyridae, Eurytelidae, Lycaenidae, and Hesperidae [sic]: 228 (183-353 pp.). Cape Town. South Africa: “Bashee River, Kaffraria; King William’s Town, British Kaffraria”. According to Trimen (1866a) this taxon was described by Godart!! (MCW)

Hypolycaena philippus ramonza (Saalmüller, 1878)

Cupido ramonza Saalmüller, 1878. Bericht über die Senckenbergischen Naturforschen Gesellschaft 1878: 84 (71-96). Hypolycaena philippus ramonza Saalmüller, 1878. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagaskar”. Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Seychelles. Specific localities: Seychelles – Aldabra (Lawrence, 2014); Cosmoledo (Lawrence, 2014).

vittigera Mabille, 1879 (as sp. of Hypolycaena). Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques 2: 289 (289). Madagascar: “Madagascar”.

*Hypolycaena schubotzi Aurivillius, 1923

Hypolycaena schubotzi Aurivillius, 1923. In: Schultze & Aurivillius, 1923. Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral- Afrika Expedition 1(17): 1223 (1113-1242). Hypolycaena schubotzi Aurivillius, 1923. d’Abrera, 2009: 764.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Belg. Kongo: Yakoma (Uelle-Distrikt)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Apparently known only from the holotype. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Yakoma, Uelle (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: Larsen (2005a) states that, judging from the painting of the holotype of schubotzi, it appears to be a junior synonym of Hypolycaena kadiskos Druce, 1890 but he does not formally emend its status.

*Hypolycaena scintillans Aurivillius, 1895 Scintillating Fairy Hairsteak

Hypolycaena lebona ab. scintillans Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 210 (195-220, 255-268). Hypolycaena scintillans Stempffer, 1957. Synonym of Hypolycaena lebona coerulea Stempffer. Ackery et al., 1995: 603. Hypolycaena scintillans Stempffer, 1957. Larsen, 1997: 179. [authorship erroneous] Hypolycaena scintillans Aurivillius, 1895. d’Abrera, 2009: 765.

Hypolycaena scintillans. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 20 November, 2011. J. & C. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Hypolycaena scintillans. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 20 November, 2011. J. & C. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki, Kitta, N’Dian”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/l). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Cameroon – Itoki, Kitta, N’Dian (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a); Mundemba (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Primary and secondary forest, including poor secondary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A fairly common species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: D’Abrera (2009: 765) gives authorship for scintillans to Aurivillius, in accordance with the rules of the Code.

*Hypolycaena similis Dufrane, 1945

Hypolycaena similis Dufrane, 1945. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 118 (90-143).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kinumbe, 1000 m. alt”. 29 Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kinumbe (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: D’Abrera (2009: 764) avers that Hypolycaena similis Dufrane, 1945 may be a synonym of antifaunus but makes no formal taxonomic changes to the status of the former and does not include it in his book.

*Hypolycaena tearei Henning, 1981 Teare’s Hairsteak

Hypolycaena amanica Stemppfer, 1951. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. [Misidentification] Hypolycaena tearei Henning, 1981. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 93: 55 (55-57). Hypolycaena (Hypolycaena) tearei G.A. Henning, 1981. Pringle et al., 1994: 161. Hypolycaena tearei Henning, 1981. d’Abrera, 2009: 767.

Type locality: Zimbabwe: “Chirinda forest, Melsetter District, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, 22.II.1972, W. Teare.” Holotype in Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Diagnosis: Similar to Hypolycaena philippus but the ground-colour of the underside of the wings in both sexes is paler. Females of Hypolycaena tearei, on the upperside, have more extensive white markings and the ground-colour is a paler brown than in philippus (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Specific localities: Mozambique – Amatongas Forest (Teare). Zimbabwe – Chirinda Forest (TL; Teare). Habits: During the day males fly around the tops of the trees but in the early morning can be found flying low down (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All of the warmer months of the year, with peak emergence in February and March (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.