Power Engineering in Agriculture and Its Efficiency

International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25

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Power engineering in agriculture and its efficiency

Aziza Demessinova *, Zhamilya Kydyrova, Tofik Aydarov, Gulnara Moldogaziyeva, Marzhan Daurbayeva, Indira Kozhamkulova, Dilyara Zhakipbekova

Department of Management and Marketing, South Kazakhstan State University Named After M. Auezov, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: During the exacerbation of global economic problems, the development of Received 21 September 2017 renewable power engineering has been gaining traction. In the next decade, Received in revised form this trend will not only persist, but also increase its dynamics, primarily due 28 December 2017 to the increasing frequency of multifactorial global crises in power Accepted 28 December 2017 engineering. Consideration of all factors, including natural and climatic ones, will ensure the energy security of the region. In this study, we focus on Keywords: climate change as one of the main threats to the development of renewable Agrarian economy power engineering in Kazakhstan. Power engineering is a strategic branch of Energy security Kazakhstan’s economy, the foundation of the functioning of all economic Rural power engineering spheres and the population, which generates a considerable share of the Renewable energy sources budgetary revenue of the country. Energy source shortage in rural areas is a Power efficiency serious disadvantage for the development of the economy. This necessitates the development of bio- and geothermal power engineering, with a view to supplying enough power to the rural areas of the South Kazakhstan Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

1. Introduction food supply, employment, and economic development is increasing.

*Nowadays, new trends are emerging in the global Power supply to rural areas that host economic agrarian economy and demography; integrative entities has become one of the main research processes are developing actively; global climate subjects for many prominent contemporary changes are occurring. Kazakhstan has joined the scientists and politicians. Researchers have analyzed Eurasian Customs Union (EACU). In July of 2017, the current need for energy resources with regard to Kazakhstan joined the World Trade Organization the trends of socioeconomic development of regions (WTO). However, the poor level of labor and developed scenarios of development of the effectiveness in the industry, flawed technologies, power engineering industry up to 2030 and 2050; in small-scale production, and flawed rural power addition, they researchers various sources of their engineering do not allow running agricultural investment (Grechukhina and Kiryushin, 2015; production on an intensive basis, ensuring the fullest Kiushkina, 2016; Energy Outlook 2030, 2011). utilization of material, labor, and other resources, Kiushkina (2016) examined the trends in the and meeting environmental requirements. These utilization of various energy resources. Her analysis factors undermine the competitiveness of the showed that the trends in the modern development Kazakh agrarian industry, which, in the conditions of of world power engineering were multidirectional. the WTO and the EACU, can lead to the dominance of In the long run, the development of the world imported foreign products on the market and force economy and power engineering is determined by local domestic producers out of the sales markets. various scenarios and forecasts, which are given in The population of the country grows, as does the multiple information and scientific sources and rate of consumption of food; the structure of works of analysts, experts, and companies. Some consumption is shifting towards higher-quality points in these scenarios and forecasts are different, products. The role of agriculture in the country’s but most of them have common points and opinions. According to experts of many companies, the predictive assessments are associated with risks and * Corresponding Author. uncertainty, since they are related to events and Email Address: [email protected] (A. Demessinova) https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.03.003 circumstances that may emerge in the future – actual 2313-626X/© 2017 The Authors. Published by IASE. results can differ from estimated ones and depend This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license on various factors: product supply, demand, and (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

13 Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 pricing, political stability, general economic renewable energy sources. However, many conditions, changes in legal and regulatory acts, researchers do not take into account the trends in availability of cutting-edge technologies, climate the changes of factors that affect the development of change, etc. The initial groundwork in the long-term power engineering (Jenner et al., 2013; Rutovitz and strategy that was developed by experts of Harris, 2012). For instance, the continuously ExxonMobil is the Energy Outlook 2030. Its main increasing global warming can affect the parameter is the increase in the global energy development of wind power, hydroelectric power, demand by 60% versus 2000. Oil, gas, and coal will and bioenergy. Based on the predictions of remain the main sources of energy. Demand for gas environmentalists regarding climate change, it is and coal will grow faster than that for oil due to the possible to assume that renewable energy sources stimulation of the development of electric power may become nonrenewable in the foreseeable future. engineering. Coal will be the leader in terms of the Therefore, when predicting and planning the growth of generating capacity, followed by gas and development of renewable power engineering, it is hydropower with renewable sources, while nuclear necessary to take into consideration the trends in power will play a minor role. Gas and renewable the development of all factors that affect its energy sources will be the “winners” of the development. Scientists from all around the world development trend in world power engineering as should unite to solve environmental problems and the shares of various types of fuel even out. establish international “environmental foundations” The current development of world power that would implement environmental programs on a engineering is determined by multidirectional global scale, since climate change is a global trends: the development of power generation and phenomenon. Flawless information technologies transportation technologies, increase in the share of should be used to achieve accurate forecasts, figure renewable energy sources, and improvement of out the trends in the changes of factors that affect power-saving technologies on the one hand and the development of power engineering, and develop rapid energy source price hikes and increasing plans to take appropriate measures. Much depends public awareness of the environmental problems of on the politicians’ stance on the resolution of these power engineering on the other hand (Ferroukhi et problems. In the twenty-first century, many al., 2013). scientists and politicians consider renewable energy Scientists have drawn a map that shows sources as the main source of power of the future renewable energy sources in 139 countries (De Jager et al., 2008; McCollum et al., 2011). One of (Kateneva, 2016). According to them, a global the proofs of increased attention of researchers and transition to renewable energy sources would help businesses to the development of renewable energy create 20 million jobs, which would compensate for sources is their participation in EXPO-2017, held in the economic losses in the nonrenewable energy June-September in Astana. source sector. In recent years, researchers have It is necessary to simultaneously develop “green” acknowledged the urgent need to design new technologies of power generation that would be technologies of production and utilization of power independent from exhaustible natural resources. For that require cheaper and more efficient power instance, electric power generation based on the plants. Scientists admit that the abandonment of magnetic field of permanent magnets, sand, living hydrocarbons will be protested against by politicians trees, physical motion of humans or animals, heat- and representatives of the businesses involved. They insulating coating that is capable of generating believe that the transition to renewable power electric power from the difference between the engineering is necessary and practically possible, temperature of building walls and that of the considering the resource potential (natural, climatic, environment, etc. These technologies have yet to raw material, human, innovative, etc.) of the global become widespread, but they can be regarded as economy. “green” technologies of power generation that utilize In recent years, the cost of production of “green” inexhaustible natural resources. These energy power continues to decrease, which is why the technologies are not mentioned in a single energy prediction of American scientists no longer seem as program of any country; however, they do exist and fantastic as they used to (Farrell, 2009; Mitchell et require further improvement and investment al., 2011; Verbruggen and Lauber, 2012). From 2008 support from the state and businesses. to 2016, the cost of power generated by wind farms Unfortunately, renewable power engineering is has dropped by 41%, while that of solar power had underdeveloped in Kazakhstan, which is why dropped by 54%. fundamental studies on its development are few and Scientists evaluate alternative technologies of far between. This is because renewable power generation and distribution of power from the engineering in Kazakhstan has not yet become a full- perspective of their safety, affordability, and fledged branch of power engineering. Therefore, the environmental stability. They propose this or that Kazakh sector of renewable energy sources as a type of renewable energy source or complexes research object requires special attention from both thereof with regard to natural, climatic, geographic, the government and business. and economic characteristics of the development of The efficient use of electric energy in agriculture their country. By 2050, many countries plan to meet has been considered in Kazakh scientific literature more than half of the demand for power via up to this point within the framework of the 14

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 command and administration system, wherein the Kazakh and foreign researchers in the field market functioning of commodity-money relations is limited. economy. The sources of information included A deformed system of planning, crediting, and taxing Manifestoes of the Government of the Republic of of agricultural companies caused low rates of Kazakhstan, materials of the Ministry of Agriculture development of agriculture and a chronic food of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Committee on shortage in the country. In such conditions, most Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the agrarian companies were unprofitable or marginally Republic of Kazakhstan, regulatory documents, profitable and operated at the expense of budgetary recommendations of research and development allocations and grants. institutions, as well as personal observations of the Market relations require new approaches to this authors of this paper. problem and set new goals and tasks for the further expansion of the area of application and rational 3. Results utilization of electric energy in agriculture. The purpose of this research is to propose ways A new industry-specific program for the of improving the energy security of agriculture in the development of the agricultural sector of the region with regard to the peculiarities of electric Republic of Kazakhstan has been developed due to energy utilization in this field. the changing conditions in the external and internal The research subjects are alternative variants of environments caused by Kazakhstan joining the generation and distribution of electric energy in the EACU and the WTO and the need to use new rural area of the region. instruments of state regulation and modernization of The research object is the rural area of the South the industry. Kazakhstan Region, Republic of Kazakhstan. The development of agriculture in Kazakhstan is characterized by the following trend: the gross 2. Theoretical and methodological framework output of agriculture tends to grow from 1641352.40 million tenge (currency of Kazakhstan) The research is based on theoretical and in 2009 to 2386103.50 million tenge in 2015 (Table methodological principles that have been described 1 and Fig. 1). Average annual growth rate of in the works of classical authors of economics and agricultural products over the last five years was management, as well as the works of contemporary 109.2%.

Table 1: Dynamics of electric power consumption by agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan Year Indicator Unit of measurement 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Gross output of agriculture (in constant million tenge 1641352.4 1442630.1 2286042.3 1999046.6 2386103.5 prices) Total energy consumed million kWh 63049.40 64955.60 61887.86 62832.80 64406.80 Energy consumed by agriculture million kWh 819.6422 779.4672 1547.1965 1460.4724 1631.3475 Source: MNERKCS (2017)

Gross output of agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan 2700000

2200000

1700000

Gross output Gross 1200000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year

Fig. 1: Gross output of agriculture (in constant prices), million tenge

Studies on agriculture showed that one of the The equation shows that an increase in the power factors that affects the growth of the gross output of consumption rate in agriculture by 1 kWh increases agriculture was energy consumption. the gross output of agriculture by 946.6 tenge. The following equation demonstrates the Many contemporary studies cover the problem of dependency of the gross output of agriculture on the energy security. Energy security has many aspects to electric energy consumed by agriculture: it, but a universal definition of this concept is still lacking. The most general definition is that energy 푌 = 770025.4 + 946.6 ∗ х1, security is the state of protection in the aspect of prospects of development of national and global where Y is the gross output of agriculture (in power engineering. constant prices), million tenge; x1 is the energy For most economic entities that are located in the consumed by agriculture, million kWh. southern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, most

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 of the demand for electric energy is satisfied by The role and significance of agricultural supply from the outside. The unresolved problems in electrification increase considerably due to the task this field can become a real threat to the energy of improvement of its effectiveness. security of this region in the near future. Therefore, Nowadays, prerequisites exist to transform ensuring stable power supply to even the smallest agriculture into a highly effective industry. rural settlements is regarded as an energy security Mechanization and electrification of agriculture and issue. reclamation of thousands of hectares of virgin and The main goal of rural electric power engineering fallow land have had a positive impact on the growth is to ensure the progressive development of of the output of agriculture, which, in turn, improved production capacities, improve the efficiency of the supply of agricultural products to the rapidly production in the agrarian sector of the economy, growing urban population and the supply of raw and create the necessary living and social conditions material to processing facilities. Mechanization and in rural areas. electrification of agriculture increase the need for In order to detect the trends and predict the energy resources. Further electrification of development of rural power engineering, it is agricultural production is a crucial condition for the necessary to assess the threats to energy security, technological progress in Kazakhstan. because this knowledge will enable taking timely One of the prerequisites for the successful measures, with a view to preventing and avoiding development of the regional agricultural sector is the the most probable issues. improvement of the system of power supply to One can distinguish five types of threat to energy agricultural producers through the construction of security: economic; technical; managerial and legal; new and reconstruction and modernization of sociopolitical; natural-climatic. The most significant existing electric networks of centralized power ones are economic and natural-climatic threats. The supply. In turn, the development of rural electric levels of energy security can be analyzed and power engineering is a prerequisite for the assessed via indicative analysis, which allows solving maintenance of the optimal level of national and the problems of functioning of large social, technical, economic security of the region. and economic systems, which includes the energy Power supply to consumers can use three system. These systems are characterized by diverse options: decentralized, centralized, and mixed. The properties, parameters, complex internal and main arguments against centralized power supply to external connections, and uncertain states and rural areas and remote consumers are its conditions of development. The current state of unprofitability due to the high cost of power lines energy systems, the dynamics of changes in the state and low consumption capacities. of the systems during a retrospective period, and the At that, the problem of power supply is solved estimated development within a forecasted based not on the capacities of the big generation timeframe can be determined based on indicators. center, but on the consumption location, the The assessment of energy security in general and interests of specific consumers, the availability of this or that indicator thereof in particular is resources, and other possibilities. Therefore, the conducted by comparing the values of indicators to area of application is determined specifically: power the indicators of threshold (boundary) levels. zones (a counterpart of foreign insular energy Depending on the impact of regulatory factors, the systems) and weak points of networks that require energy system can be in one of four qualitative additional capacities. In European countries, this states: normal, pre-critical, critical, and post-critical. variant of power supply is regarded as an important Inefficient use of energy resources increases the strategic direction. Practice shows that decentralized cost of agricultural products. The prime cost of energy systems can be a profitable area for agricultural products consists of power costs by investment if said systems are capable of more than a half. Agricultural products cannot be simultaneously generating thermal energy and competitive with the current prices of fuel and placing the source of energy generation near energy. In such conditions, the main emphasis consumers. The power transfer costs usually should be placed on the implementation of tools for constitute almost 30% of its production cost, while the electrification and automation of agricultural heat generation adds 20-40% of profit. production, which requires an appropriate state of The existing methods of design of remote the power-grid facilities, with a view to ensuring consumer power supply system's usually regard reliable power supply to the consumer – the power supply via the generation of electric power on agricultural producers. the basis of renewable energy sources or the use of In agriculture, electric power is used for different boilers or diesel generators that operate in mono- causes: to heat greenhouses, set in motion new generation mode as an alternative to centralized improved production mechanisms, to conduct power supply. electric machine irrigation. In addition, electric There is a real possibility to solve the problems of power is used in agricultural processes that utilize power supply to remote and difficult to access rural radio-frequency currents, ultraviolet and infrared areas by using hybrid stations as energy sources. rays, ultrasound, etc. Household use of electric The current state of development of agriculture power brings the living conditions in rural areas requires shifting as soon as possible to new models closer to those in cities. of energy efficiency and power supply by improving 16

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 the efficiency of primary fuel and energy resources, stimulation for the managers of agricultural using secondary fuel and energy resources, companies and organizations, involvement of renewable energy sources, as well as local and young specialists, state and regional support of alternative fuel. implementation of cutting-edge technologies, etc. International organizations and national Inhibiting factors include: governments are paying more attention to the transition to a new economic model and  high cost of implementation of energy-efficient “intellectual” agriculture as its integral part. technologies; “Intellectual” agriculture is based on the use of  flawed mechanism of implementation of energy- automated decision-making systems, comprehensive efficient technologies; automation and robotization of production, and  shortage of personnel required to work with ecosystem design and modeling technologies (Cook, cutting-edge technologies; 2005). It implies the minimization of the use of  shortage of funding of production reformation; external resources (fuel, fertilizers, and agricultural  use of outdated production systems and chemicals) and maximizing the involvement of local mechanisms; production factors (renewable energy sources,  lack of tax concessions and state support in the biofuel, organic fertilizers, etc.). Energy saving and development of the agricultural sector; improvement of energy efficiency should be  poor awareness of successful cases of managed by creating a special organizational and implementation of cutting-edge technologies. economic mechanism. The main goal of energy consumption management in production is to The solution of these problems should be minimize consumption and rationalize energy considered on the national and regional levels; utilization while maintaining appropriate output and special systems of state support and monitoring product quality. Energy consumption management is should be developed. Any managerial decision a dynamic and systemic process of regulation of the should be analyzed subsequently and adjusted or level of consumption of energy resources, with a canceled if it turns out to be ineffective. Mechanisms view to achieving the planned output of agricultural of management of energy resource utilization products while maintaining economically and efficiency will enable accomplishing the set technologically reasonable energy consumption objectives within a short time. The stages of levels. There are four directions of energy saving in improvement of resource utilization efficiency are agriculture: defined by the necessity to take such measures as to take a complex approach to the problem, develop a  absolute cutting of the number of energy types monitoring system for the functioning of the consumed via rationalization of economic mechanism of efficient energy resource utilization, management methods, intensification, and search for new concepts of improvement of energy implementation of energy- and resource-saving resource utilization efficiency, design methods of production technologies; energy consumption management at each stage of  replacement of expensive energy resources that the technological process, develop a system of are in short supply with resources that are more nonfinancial criteria for monitoring the activity of easily available; companies, and develop a set of measures for the  expansion of the area of application of improvement of the effectiveness of the nonconventional and renewable energy sources; implemented model. Organizational and  change of the organization management system, technological measures imply an improvement of the creation and implementation of an organizational production culture, adherence to rated duties, and economic energy-saving mechanism. sorting out the energy economy, assurance of proper loading and utilization of devices, and timely When developing these four directions, it is adjustments and repairs (Sidorovich, 2015). necessary to take into account the presence of both The combination of all these measures will enable stimulating and inhibiting factors. This will allow utilizing resources with maximum efficiency and finding problematic points in the development of the reducing the amount of power consumed by energy saving concept and making appropriate production. corrections. Stimulating factors include: In the current state of development of agriculture, new models of energy saving and improvement of  development of a concessional lending system for energy efficiency should be implemented with an the energy-saving measures of agricultural active use of renewable energy sources. companies and farms; In recent years, the world has made a major step  state support of the development of agriculture; towards using renewable energy sources. According  implementation of cutting-edge and progressive to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the growth technologies and scientific projects that suit the rate of conventional coal and gas power engineering climate; has been about 2% per annum since the start of the  development of special social-production twenty-first century (including big hydraulic power programs that would allow designing a system of engineering – 2%, atomic power engineering –

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25

1.6%). At the same time, the growth rate of wind and engineering facility or even in an ordinary village solar power engineering has been 25% and more for workshop. several years straight, which exceeds the growth rate It is also necessary to use renewable energy of conventional power engineering significantly. source because the structure of formation of the A crucial positive property of power engineering prime cost and tariffs for centralized electric energy with renewable energy sources is the fact that its is such that if the prime cost of generation and nodes and devices can be repaired using tools that distribution of power is taken as 100%, its can be found in the workshop of any mechanical components by stages of formation will be as follows (Table 2).

Table 2: Structure of the prime cost and tariffs of electric power Stage level Prime cost by stages of its formation yield,% Electric power generation at base load power plants 28 1 Transportation of electric power along backbone power lines 5 2 Transportation and distribution of electric power among high-voltage networks 14 3 Transportation and distribution of electric power among medium-voltage networks 15 4 Transportation and distribution of electric power among low-voltage networks 24 5 Technical accounting and settlement with consumers 14 6 Total 100

Table 2 shows that the prime cost of electric In several regions of Kazakhstan, it is possible to power generation by power stations constitutes bring electric power generation closer to rural areas about ¼ of the total prime cost. This is caused by the by constructing small hydroelectric power stations, fact that Kazakhstan mostly runs big and medium- but this is not enough to meet the demand for sized heat power plants, combined heat and power electric power in full. plants, hydroelectric power stations, etc. with vast One of the factors that affect the development of distribution networks (areas). rural electric power engineering is power supply Agriculture in Kazakhstan consumes only 2.5- that is achieved by using heat insulation of industrial 3.0% of the total amount of energy consumed. This and nonindustrial rural buildings that were makes the maintenance of rural power lines constructed at the time when cheap energy sources unprofitable. were used. This would cut fuel consumption significantly (Table 3).

Table 3: Level of heat protection of rural buildings Heat protection level, kJ/(m2∙K∙day) 270 380 420 650 1200 Percentage of buildings 0.07 0.18 0.38 0.18 0.08

The table shows that the specific rate of heat the European market while forcing out local energy consumption for heating in the rural area manufacturers. China holds the first place in the exceeds modern standards by two-five times. world in terms of the number of installed wind Furthermore, fuel supply to remote settlements farms, while also holding a leading position in terms comes with increased financial and material of the growth rate of power engineering based on expenses. renewable energy sources. Modern practice shows that the strategic Kazakhstan has all the natural conditions development of the fuel and energy complex of any required to develop solar, bio-, and wind power region should be connected with the use of engineering. However, nowadays, the percentage of renewable energy sources and fuel and energy renewable energy sources does not exceed 0.2% of resources. the total electric power output. Wind power The use of so-called “green” technologies engineering in Kazakhstan is underdeveloped, is becomes especially relevant. spite of the existence of necessary natural “Green” power stations use renewable energy conditions. For instance, wind speed near the sources, such as the Sun, wind, and hydraulic energy, Dzungarian Gate and the Shelek Corridor ranges which generate environmentally friendly electric from 5 to 9 m/s. In December of 2011, the first wind power. Solar and wind power stations are currently farm in Kazakhstan – the Kordanay Wind Farm (first incapable of competing with nuclear power and stage) with a capacity of 21 MW – was launched in high-capacity power plants. However, “green” the Jambyl Region. In December of 2014, the first stations already have their niche in global power stage of the nine wind generations was constructed, engineering. The leaders in power engineering based which increased the capacity by 9 MW. In addition, on renewable energy sources are Eastern and the construction of a second wind farm with a Southeastern Asian countries, probably due to the capacity of 21 MW is nearing completion in the favorable combination of natural, resource, and Korday District. The construction of the Ereymentau economic prerequisites. In particular, the share of wind farm with a capacity of 45 MW started in China in the global manufacturing of solar batteries October of 2013. The implementation of projects for exceeded 60% in 2014; in terms of this product, the Zhanatas wind farm with a capacity of up to 400 China dominates not only the Asian market, but also MW (Jambyl Region) and the Shokpar wind farm

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 with a capacity of 200 MW (Jambyl Region) has this output could be used for energy purposes, then begun. the output of energy would exceed 87 GW. The most The utilization of solar power in Kazakhstan is promising projects that involve the use of biomass also insignificant, despite the fact that the annual for energy purposes are related to straw. Another sunlight duration is 2200-3000 hours per annum, promising direction is the use of biogas, which is while the estimated capacity is 1300-1800 kW per 1 produced from the waste of farms and poultry farms, m2 per annum. In 2010, the KazPV project was by agricultural companies for their own needs. launched, the main goal whereof is to create a Kazakhstan has a considerable livestock of cattle and complete vertically integrated manufacturing of poultry. The potential of methane production from photoelectric modules on the basis of Kazakh silicon. the waste of cattle is more than 85 thousand tons or The Kaz Silicon Company mines silicon the town of more than 52 thousand tons of oil equivalents. The Ushtobe (Amlaty Region). The Kazakhstan Solar potential of methane production from utilities Silicon company processes the raw material and wastewater treatment is about 3 thousand tons or manufactures silicon cells in Ust-Kamenogorsk. The almost 1800 tons of oil equivalents. Astana Solar Company (located in Astana) is Bio-power engineering is an actively growing responsible for the final stage of manufacturing – the sector of the world economy that uses biomass, i.e. assembly of the photoelectric modules. In late 2012, energy sources of plant origin that accumulate solar the first stage of the Otar solar power plant with a energy in the form of hydrocarbons, instead of capacity of 504 kW (designed capacity – 7 MW) was conventional hydrocarbon raw materials (coal, oil, commissioned in the Korday District, Jambyl Region. and gas). Nowadays, biomass satisfies 15% on The Kapshagai solar power plant with a capacity of 2 average of the total consumption of primary energy MW was launched on December 20, 2013 in the sources in the world: 48% in developing countries town of Kapshagai, Almaty Region. The project was and 2-3% on average in industrially developed realized by the Samruk-Green Energy Company, a countries (3.2% in the USA, 6% in Denmark, 12% in subsidiary of Samruk-Energo JSC. The Nazarbayev Austria, 18% in Sweden, 23% in Finland). The University Center of Energy Research is growth rate of production of various biofuels is implementing several projects in the field of about 40% per annum in the world. renewable power engineering and power efficiency: A considerable advantage of biogas plants is that they simultaneously act as treatment facilities that  “Third-Generation Solar Photocells”; reduce the bacterial and chemical contamination of  “Photon-Crystal Light Concentrators for the the soil, water, and air. When compared to small Collection and Transfer of Electromagnetic hydroelectric, wind, and solar power stations, which Energy”; are passively eco-friendly, i.e. they use  “Research and Development of Technologies for environmentally friendly energy sources, biogas Renewable Power Engineering and Intelligent plants are actively “eco-friendly”, because they Networks for Use in the Republic of Kazakhstan”. remove the environmental hazard of products that are used as a primary energy source. The use of Since Kazakhstan is mostly an agrarian country, it biomass energy has many unique properties that is reasonable to develop bio-power engineering give environmental advantages. It can alleviate the extensively here. The potential of agricultural waste problem of climate change, reduce the frequency of processing in Kazakhstan is estimated at 35 billion acid rains, soil erosion, water pollution, and the load kWh and 44 Gcal of heat energy per annum. The on domestic solid waste dumps, provide an production of biogas, which can be done in devices of environment for wild animals, and help maintain various sizes, is especially efficient in agricultural healthy living conditions for forests through better complexes that are able to implement a full management. ecological cycle. Biogas is used in lighting, heating, About 60 varieties of biogas production cooking, mechanism, transport, and power technologies are currently used and developed in the generation actuation. Kazakhstan has more than 10 world. The most widespread technique is anaerobic million hectares of forests, which amounts to 4% of fermentation in digesters or anaerobic columns. Part the total area of the country, 4700 thousand hectares of the energy that is produced during the recycling of of which are covered with sexual. In 2013, the forest biogas is used to maintain the process (up to 15-20% harvesting output in the country was about 3 million in wintertime). In countries with a hot climate, there m3 per annum. The amount of wood waste that is is no need to heat the digester. Bacteria transform generated at felling areas and woodworking facilities the biomass into methane at a temperature from and the amount of wood that is used as firewood is 25°C to 70°C. Biogas plants can be installed at about 1.3 million m3 or 1 million tons. Thus, the treatment facilities at farms, poultry farms, alcohol energy potential of wood waste is more than 200 plants, sugar refineries, and meatpacking plants. thousand tons of oil equivalents. The advantages of biofuel produced via waste Cereal crop straw is the most important recycling include its accessibility, especially for renewable energy resource in the Republic of people who live in rural areas and can organize a Kazakhstan. In 2013, the output of straw was almost closed production cycle at farms and its rich, 37 million tons. If one were to assume that 20% of virtually inexhaustible, and self-replenishing raw material stock. Biogas plants offer one of the most 19

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 practical solutions to the issue that concerns scenarios of biomass production indicate that the environmentalists: what to do with trash? Organic annual potential is 200-500 EJ/year (with the trash recycling and the production of highly effective exception of water-based biomass). fertilizers with byproducts (biofuel and carbon The long-term potential of energy crop farming dioxide, which is useful at farms, and pure water if largely depends: the plant is equipped with special filters) is virtually beyond the competition of other track recycling  on the availability of unoccupied land, which facilities. depends on the development of the food sector Despite the environmental friendliness of biogas, (growth of the demand for food and increase in the this type of fuel still does not rule out the greenhouse yield of agricultural crops) and factors that limit effect. Biogas burning minimizes hazardous access to land, such as water and environmental emissions into the atmosphere, but does not remove protection; them entirely. The second problem of biogas is the  on the choice of energy crop that determine the fact that it is easy to obtain only in rural areas that output of biomass and can be grown on are abundant with raw materials that are used in its unoccupied land; production. This problem is organizational and  on other factors that can affect the potential of solvable by proper development of the biomass include the effect of biotechnologies, such infrastructure; however, while as long as biogas as genetically modified organisms, the availability plants remain an exception to the rule, rather than of water, and consequences of climate change. an everyday standard, the problem of an underdeveloped production complex remains The use of biomass depends on several factors: relevant. Although industrial plants are relatively inexpensive, not any farmer can afford small  the cost of biomass production – $4 per 1 GJ is individual biogas plants, which is why they take bank often regarded as the upper limit, when bioenergy loans to purchase them. In order to pay back the engineering can become widespread in all sectors; loan, farmers grow energy crops that exhaust the  logistics – similar to all agricultural crops, energy land, which, in turn, has a negative effect on land crops and waste require an appropriate chain of ecology. supply and infrastructure; Unfortunately, biogas production technologies  resources and environmental protection – are still imperfect; however, state grants and an production of raw materials for biomass can have active stance of citizens enable these technologies to both positive and negative effects on the develop rapidly. After the flaws are removed, environment (availability and quality of water, production costs are reduced, and production quality of soil, and biodiversity). It is necessary to efficiency is improved, biogas and biogas plants will take into consideration the laws that could restrict play a major role in the normalization of the or stimulate existing practices (for instance, deteriorating environmental situation on the planet, environmental laws, sustainability standards, etc.). including global warming. Nowadays, forestry, agriculture, and housing and Drivers of wider use of bioenergy (for instance, utility waste is the main raw material for the state priorities in the field of renewable energy generation of electric and heat energy from biomass. sources) can increase the demand for biomass, Furthermore, an insignificant part of agricultural which will lead to competition for land that is crops – sugar, cereal, vegetable oil – are used as raw currently being used to produce food. This will materials in the production of liquid biofuel. require governmental intervention, with a view to Nowadays, the amount of biomass-generated energy regulating the development of bioenergy that is consumed worldwide is about 50 EJ, which engineering and land utilization and ensuring constitutes about 10-15% of the worldwide annual consistent demand and production. The consumption of primary energy. This usually is development of an appropriate policy will require an traditional biomass for cooking and heating. understanding of complex issues and international However, there is considerable potential for cooperation, with a view to taking measures to expanding the area of application of biomass in the ensure consistent global production of biomass. large amount of unutilized residue and waste. The In order to use the bioenergy potential, long-term use of ordinary crops for power generation can also efforts should be aimed at increasing the output of be expanded if the demand for food and available biomass, modernizing agriculture, directly increased unoccupied areas are determined properly. In the the global output of food products, thus producing mid-term, cellulose-fiber crops (both grass and more resources for biomass. This can be achieved by wood) will be obtainable on marginal, degraded, and improving technologies and ensuring sustainable excess agricultural lands; said crops can potentially agricultural management. In addition, it is necessary provide a considerable amount of biomass. to reward and stimulate the sustainable use of In the long run, water-based biomass (seaweed) residue and waste for biomass production, which is a can also make a significant contribution. Considering limited or zero environmental hazard. the wide range of raw materials, the technical Power supply to autonomous economic entities potential of biomass is estimated at more than 1500 nowadays uses advanced wind farms. For instance, JK/year by 2050, although current trends and 20

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 in the USA, the Urban Green Energy (UGE) Company energy sources, diesel (gas) power plants, and has recently offered its new vertical wind turbine various energy accumulation systems. The system of Vision Air. The new concept is an advancement of design planning of the parameters and modes of the previous series of 4K turbines that were supplied energy complexes based on renewable energy for the equipment of autonomous charging stations sources is complicated, which requires well of Watt Station electric cars. When compared to developed informational, mathematical, and previous models, the major change is the structure of software support to solve the problem of financial blades, which increased the effectiveness of power and economic rationalization of the designed energy generation at low wind speeds. The new blades will complexes in Kazakhstan, where the current state of be manufactured based on a technique of molding of development of the energy sector is characterized by resin-saturated components. According to the many uncertainties and risks that affect the experts of the company, the service life of a Vision efficiency of energy complexes based on renewable Air wind turbine is at least 20 years. The company energy sources. An autonomous energy complex has received several certificates of quality and safety should be capable of ensuring reliable supply of from third parties, as well as certificates of electricity and heat to the consumer. conformance to multiple international standards, An example of the use of new technologies for which is enough to start the manufacturing of alternative electric energy generation is a scheme turbines. Nowadays, the turbine, the first in its class, that combines a “green” electric power plant based is undergoing tests in the USA, with a view to on renewable energy sources and a diesel (gas) receiving the IEC-61400 certificate. generator as a reserve. The “green” or, in other The new turbine is set to become the standard words, hybrid power plant operates in sunny or option for the main hybrid energy concepts of the windy weather and charges accumulator batteries or company, which is intended for power supply to supplying power to the consumer. As soon as the autonomous business and telecommunication hybrid power plant ceases to generate the necessary objects. Vision Air is capable of integrating with the amount of energy, the diesel generation kicks in and Seamless Grid management system, which the UGE compensates for the shortage. Such a power supply Company developed specially for combining wind scheme has the following advantages: reliable power turbines and solar photoelectric panels in hybrid supply system, fuel saving, increased service life of plants. The system allows for remote monitoring and the diesel generation, and environmental control and provides additional security functions friendliness. Such “green” power plants have not yet that improve the reliability and durability of electric become widespread in Kazakhstan. plants. Hybrid power plants can be used to create The turbine is 5.2 meters tall and requires an area multifunctional energy complexes. Their main of 16.6 m2 to be installed. At a wind speed of 5.5 m/s, functions are uninterrupted supply of set amounts of the annual output of Vision Air is 3600 kWh. Rated electric power to the consumer and generation of a wind speed is 11 m/s, while maximum wind speed is maximum amount of energy from two or more 30 m/s. At that, the turbine is capable of alternative energy sources. Alternative energy withstanding winds up to 50 m/s. Furthermore, the sources can include a solar electric generation or new turbine is notable for the low level of noise it wind electric generation. A diesel generator and a generates. At a wind speed of 12 m/s, the noise level reserve generator (accumulator) can serve as is only 38 dB. The UGE Company assumes that Vision additional generators. They are convenient to install Air’s ability to operate effectively at low wind speeds at farms or power consumers that are located far will ultimately make it more effective. This energy from power grids. If used year-round, these complex can be used to supply power to remote complexes cut the consumption of liquid fuel by agricultural objects. four-six times. A combined power plant is a A promising area in the development of complicated complex. It requires an optimization of renewable power engineering the rural areas is the parameters of separate elements of the complex, use of hybrid (combined) energy complexes. their operating modes, and means of control of these modes. Reliable operation of such power plants 4. Discussion requires modern management system automation based on computers. The world experience of utilization of renewable Conditions for determining the optimum are not energy sources shows that using only a single type of always constant and can vary considerably with renewable energy source does not always provide time; this includes the cost of equipment, its type, reliable and uninterrupted power supply due to the consumer load, etc. Therefore, recommendations physical features of the renewable energy sources and maps become irrelevant over time, while for themselves (Dinica, 2006). Power supply to different equipment and consumers, the results of autonomous consumers with the use of renewable optimization can differ significantly. The developed energy sources is usually organized by using a software complex takes into account multiple factors combination of different types of primary and and peculiarities of the present and produces secondary energy within the framework of so-called reliable results that are relevant for the current energy complexes. These complexes generally operating conditions of combined systems of include power plants that are based on renewable autonomous power supply based on renewable 21

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 energy sources. For instance, the studies of various The proposed complex approaches to improving accumulator batteries shows that a new type of the efficiency of combined systems of autonomous battery was promising – lithium iron phosphate power supply based on renewable energy sources batteries (LiFePO4). Their use instead of will bring the power supply systems that are used in conventional lead-acid accumulator batteries agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan to a new reduces the prime cost of electric power when level of quality. supplying it to the consumer via combined systems An important factor for the development of of autonomous power supply based on renewable alternative power engineering in Kazakhstan is the energy sources for the examined five geographic training of skilled personnel, which is performed locations by up to 20% (by 17% on average). Energy under special programs. Specialized programs effectiveness is increased by using a special design investigate various subjects and issues related to structure that is based on a modern component base power engineering, resources, and raw materials – and coordinating the processes of electric energy nuclear power engineering, solar power engineering, generation and consumption. The results of a and renewable energy resources. These programs theoretical simulation of the operation of combined include studies in nuclear physics, thermodynamics, systems of autonomous power supply based on material science, design and construction of nuclear renewable energy sources by the example of five power plants, renewable energy sources, heating geographic locations showed that an increase in the systems that run on solar power, design and voltage directly at the output of the generators construction of solar power plants, and management before the inverter input reduces the loss of electric in this field. Training programs that cover power during transformation by up to 16% (by 13% environmentally friendly energy sources train on average). By running on increased voltage, the specialists that are able to implement cutting-edge generator also reduces current loss in the system, technologies to improve the energy efficiency of thus additionally increasing the general energy existing systems and reduce their impact on the conversion efficiency. In addition, the division of environment. Other programs combine the consumers into groups enables a reasonable environmental, social, and governmental aspects, distribution of the load and increasing the volume of which are important when dealing with issues “direct” consumption of energy, which, in turn, related to the development of power engineering reduces the amount of energy that is compensated and resource utilization. Training programs that via accumulators and, consequently, the associated cover this area of power engineering make a energy loss, as well. This function can be realized considerable contribution to the solution of more efficiently by estimating the energy output problems related to the ever-growing need of the from renewable energy sources thanks to the ability country’s population for energy resources. to plan the operation of the system for an upcoming The power supply problem is especially evident time period. in the rural areas of the South Kazakhstan Region. The choice of primary sources for combined The South Kazakhstan Region is located in a desert systems of autonomous power supply based on area and its terrain is mostly flat. In the north lies the renewable energy sources was rationalized by the Betpak-Dala clay desert; south of Chu River lies the improvement of the reliability of power supply to the Muyunkum Desert. In the southwest – the Kyzylkum consumer, which can be classified as a generalized Desert and the Shardara steppe. In the far south – efficiency characteristic. the Mirzashol steppe. In its central part – the Karatau Improvements in technological efficiency is Mountains; in the southeast – the Talas Ala-Too, associated with the development of the logic and Qarschantau, and Ogem ranges. Vast pastures, fertile algorithms of a specialized two-level automated soil, and abundant sunshine create all the necessary management and monitoring system within the prerequisites for the development of various framework of the centralized management principle branches of agriculture, primarily irrigated farming with regard to the peculiarities of renewable energy and pasture animal husbandry. sources and consists in the execution of more The South Kazakhstan Region is a region that is efficient system functioning processes and expansion experiencing power shortages. The amount of power of its functional capacities. This allows implementing that the region produces itself covers 45-47% of the new principles in the power supply system, which demand of said region. The average daily power corresponds with the Smart Grids concept, thus shortage is 45-47% in wintertime and 60% in enabling combined systems of autonomous power summertime. The average daily consumption of supply based on renewable energy sources to electric power is 430-470 MW in wintertime and become active participants of distributed power 330-350 MW in summertime. The power shortage is engineering in the future. Technologies such as compensated for by power supplies from the Prointek, Switched Ethernet, Foundation Fieldbus, northern regions and the Jambylstate district power Profibus, ASI, Device Net, etc. are widely used by plant. The main consumer of power in the region is both suppliers and users of systems. Nowadays, it is its citizens, whose consumption constitutes 60% of certain that most automation systems in the power the total power consumption of the region. industry have different service packages that are In this region, electric power is distributed by the specific for the industry. OntustikZharyk Transit LLP regional power company. The total length of overhead power lines in 22

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 the region is 26,107.9 km, while the number of generated by autonomous sources (gas, diesel, and electric power substations and transformers is 7273. wind power plants). OntustikZharyk Transit LLP controls 88.9% of The region hosts the Kelesgidrostroy small hydro networks and equipment (22,941.3 km of power power plant with a capacity of 1.32 MW. In order to lines and 5639 units of equipment). The wear of further develop this area, 28 projects have been power lines and equipment is 59.5%. 1059.3 km of launched, including the construction of nine small power lines and 698 substations and transformers hydro power plants with a total capacity of 24.8 MW, are privately owned. five wind farms with a capacity of 310 MW, and 14 In recent years, the industry has begun taking solar power plants with a capacity of 419 MW. The measures to improve energy efficiency and cut projects are being implemented in all towns and energy losses. Automated commercial power districts of the region; land plots have been allocated accounting systems are being implemented, for research and development of alternative electric measures are taken to reconstruct and modernize power stations. networks and equipment. In 2015, 5.9 billion tenge The region has a considerable wind-energy were allocated from the national and regional potential. According to the United Nations budgets to the construction of 21 power supply Development Program, it is possible to construct facilities in Shymkent, Turkestan, and Kentau, and in wind farms with a capacity of 41.2 MW in the the Tole Bi, Saryagash, and Otyrar Districts. Electric territory of the Tulkibas and Kazygurt Districts. In power networks and equipment in the region is the Baydibek District (Zhuzimdik village), the being developed according to the “Plan for the Kazakhstan Utility Systems LLP company is Development of 11035 kV Electric Power developing a technological and economic Distribution Networks in the South Kazakhstan rationalization for the construction of a wind farm Region and Shymkent city 2015-2020”, which was with a capacity of 40 MW; a 100 m tall tower has developed in 2007 by the Kazselenergoproekt already been installed. The project is set to finish in Institute LLP. 2016-2017. Out of the 929 settlements in the region, 913 are The South Kazakhstan Region has well developed connected to the centralized electric system. Sixteen animal husbandry and crop farming. As shown in Fig. settlements, which are pastures for animal 2, the cattle livestock in the South Kazakhstan Region husbandry, are not connected to the centralized constitutes 14% of the total cattle livestock that is power supply system. They run on power that is bred in the 16 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Fig. 2: Head count of cattle in the Republic of Kazakhstan, thousand units

In our opinion, bio-power engineering can per day or 900 m3 per annum. The estimation of the achieve the best development and relevance in rural benzene energy equivalent of such an amount of areas in such a region as the South Kazakhstan biogas shows that one caw can “produce” energy in Region, which is experiencing power shortages. This an amount that is equivalent to 600 L of benzene per means that it is efficient to produce electric power annum. At the same time, fermentation deodorizes for the needs of agriculture and the local population and deworms manure, reduces the germinating by recycling farming and animal husbandry waste. capacity of weeds, and transforms organic fertilizers For instance, 1 ton of manure can produce 340 m3 of into their mineral form. In order to recalculate the biogas via anaerobic fermentation in optimal amount of biogas that can be generated by poultry conditions; in terms of one cattle unit, this is 2.5 m3 farms into that, which can be generated by animal 23

Demessinova et al/International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(3) 2018, Pages: 13-25 husbandry, one can use the following ratio: 1 cow = increasing the percentage of alternative energy 250 chickens. The amount of biogas that is generated sources in the total amount of power consumption in a 5000 m3 digester is enough to power a 200 kW by agriculture to 50% by 2050, increasing the generator. Biogas production is profitable and growth rate of the output of agriculture by 30%, and preferable for electric and heat power generation improving the environmental safety of power with constantly available raw material (waste of engineering for rural areas. animal husbandry, crop growing, etc.). Biogas can be produced in machines of different sizes, but it is 5. Conclusion especially effective in agricultural complexes that can implement a full ecological cycle. Biogas is also When making decisions regarding the use of used in lighting, heating, cooking, and actuation of renewable energy sources to supply power to mechanisms that are used in animal husbandry and territories, remote industrial and nonindustrial crop growing. facilities, it is necessary to take into consideration In addition, in the rural areas of the South not only its effect for the interested parties, but also Kazakhstan Region, it is efficient to use geothermal the effect for society in general (socio-ethical effect), energy, i.e. electric and heat power that is generated which includes the abandonment of technologies by energy from the entrails of the earth. Detection of that have a negative impact on the environment, geothermal steam fields in Kazakhstan is currently generation of additional budgetary revenues, and insufficiently active. Exceptions are the steam fields creation of jobs. that are located in Kaplanbek village (near The main directions for the development of rural Shymkent) and near Almaty. The water temperature power engineering are as follows: in the Kaplanbek steam field is 80°C, which allows using it to supply heat to living quarters that are  implementation of renewable energy sources used in animal husbandry and crop growing. (wind, solar, small and mini-hydro power plants, In order to develop nonconventional power bio-plants, geothermal plants, etc.); engineering, the government supports companies  low energy consumption of the economy, which is that develop alternative power engineering achieved by taking measures to ensure energy technologies. The Law on Renewable Energy Sources efficiency and energy saving; and certain other pieces of legislation that change  diversification of power supply, which is achieved the system of procurement of electric power from by decentralizing powerlines and organizing local entities that use renewable energy sources entered hybrid power plants; into force in January of 2014. In order to develop the  implementation of efficient network-based electric use of renewable energy sources, the government and heat power supply on the basis of renewable offers a wide range of advantages and privileges to energy sources; companies that work in this field, including:  expansion of production and utilization of new fuels that are obtained from different types of  it is not obligatory to have a license to produce biomass. renewable energy sources;  guaranteed buyout; The factors that affect the measures in the field of  predictable and long-term tariffs; power engineering include:  distribution of land for objects that use renewable energy sources;  Power tariffs, funding of research, and changes in  investment preferences; the structure of power engineering. These are the  taxation concessions. key uncertainty factors that have a considerable impact on the future of the energy sector The acquisition and operation of bio-plants to  Strategies for overcoming the electric power generate electric power, the development of shortage based on the needs that stem from the geothermal power engineering, the use of advanced key factors in power engineering and the “energy-saving” technologies to grow animals and development of energy markets crops, manufacturing of highly automated  The modernization of power engineering with equipment, and training of specialists for managing the use of cutting-edge technologies and funding “smart” animal husbandry and crop growing of research has been determined as a risk- complexes, when combined with governmental reducing strategy for the future support, will enable agriculture to achieve a higher  Availability of skilled specialists in production level of economic and power development. The and sales of alternative power. design, construction, and operation of alternative  Infrastructure of rural power engineering power plants and complexes thereof (both wind and (informational, consulting, etc.) solar) in the South Kazakhstan Region and other regions of Kazakhstan, thanks to innovative References technologies and training of next-generation power engineers will provide a significant boost to the Cook DJ (2005). Prediction algorithms for smart environments. In: improvement of rural power engineering by Lewis FL (Ed.), Smart environments: Technologies, protocols,

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