Glossary of Structural Geology and Tectonics
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TO BE DONE in BOOK} A
CLASS6 DATE: 16.05.2020 CHAPTER 2. LANDFORMS EXERCISE WITH QUESTION ANSWERS AND MAP WORK. 1. TICK THE RIGHT OPTION {TO BE DONE IN BOOK} a. Aravallis. b. Intermontane plateau. c. Faulting. d. Deposition. 2. FILL IN THE BLANKS {TO BE DONE IN BOOK} a. Pointed. b. Minerals. c. Fault zone. d. Old fold. 3. Differentiate between: {TO BE DONE IN NOTEBOOK} a. Old Fold Mountain Young Fold Mountain These mountains have been subjected to the They are newly formed and having forces of denudation for a long geological heights higher than old fold mountain. period. They are much lower with rounded peaks They have pointed peaks, steeper and and gentle slopes. deeper slopes. Eg: Aravalli in India. Eg: The Himalayas in India. b. Rift Valley Block mountain The lowland mass remaining after the The uplifted land mass remaining after faulting are known as Rift valley. the faulting are known as Block mountains It is bordered by fault zones and separated Block mountains are steep sided and flat by land masses. topped. Eg: Great Rift Valley of Africa. Eg: Vindhyas in India. c. Erosional Plains Depositional Plains This type of plains are formed as result of It is formed as a result of deposition of erosion and weathering. sediments. These plains have been flattened by the These plains are made by depositing the erosion of soil and rocks away from a soil and rocks on a lower surface. higher feature. Eg:- Upper Mississippi valley of USA. Eg:- The Indo-Gangetic Plains in India. d. Intermontane Plateaus Piedmont Plateaus They are the highest and the most extensive They are relatively low rolling hills with type. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Sediment Activity Answer Key
Sediment Activity Answer Key 1. Were your predictions close to where calcareous and siliceous oozes actually occur? Answers vary. 2. How does your map compare with the sediment distribution map? Answers vary. 3. Which type of ooze dominates the ocean sediments, calcareous or siliceous? Why? Calcareous sediments are formed from the remains of organisms like plankton with calcium-based skeletons1, such as foraminifera, while siliceous ooze is formed from the remains of organisms with silica-based skeletons like diatoms or radiolarians. Calcareous ooze dominates ocean sediments. Organisms with calcium-based shells such as foraminifera are abundant and widely distributed throughout the world’s ocean basins –more so than silica-based organisms. Silica-based phytoplankton such as diatoms are more limited in distribution by their (higher) nutrient requirements and temperature ranges. 4. What parts of the ocean do not have calcareous ooze? What might be some reasons for this? Remember that ooze forms when remains of organisms compose more than 30% of the sediment. The edges of ocean basins bordering land tend to have a greater abundance of lithogenous sediment –sediment that is brought into the ocean by water and wind. The proportion of lithogenous sediment decreases however as you move away from the continental shelf. In nutrient rich areas such as upwelling zones in the polar and equatorial regions, silica-based organisms such as diatoms or radiolarians will dominate, making the sediments more likely to be a siliceous-based ooze. Further, factors such as depth, temperature, and pressure can affect the ability of calcium carbonate to dissolve. Areas of the ocean that lie beneath the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), below which calcium carbonate dissolves, typically beneath 4-5 km, will be dominated by siliceous ooze because calcium-carbonate-based material would dissolve in these regions. -
The Geology of the Enosburg Area, Vermont
THE GEOLOGY OF THE ENOSBURG AREA, VERMONT By JOlIN G. DENNIS VERMONT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. DOLL, State Geologist Published by VERMONT DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT MONTPELIER, VERMONT BULLETIN No. 23 1964 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION ...................... 7 Location ........................ 7 Geologic Setting .................... 9 Previous Work ..................... 10 Method of Study .................... 10 Acknowledgments .................... 10 Physiography ...................... 11 STRATIGRAPHY ...................... 12 Introduction ...................... 12 Pinnacle Formation ................... 14 Name and Distribution ................ 14 Graywacke ...................... 14 Underhill Facics ................... 16 Tibbit Hill Volcanics ................. 16 Age......................... 19 Underhill Formation ................... 19 Name and Distribution ................ 19 Fairfield Pond Member ................ 20 White Brook Member ................. 21 West Sutton Slate ................... 22 Bonsecours Facies ................... 23 Greenstones ..................... 24 Stratigraphic Relations of the Greenstones ........ 25 Cheshire Formation ................... 26 Name and Distribution ................ 26 Lithology ...................... 26 Age......................... 27 Bridgeman Hill Formation ................ 28 Name and Distribution ................ 28 Dunham Dolomite .................. 28 Rice Hill Member ................... 29 Oak Hill Slate (Parker Slate) .............. 29 Rugg Brook Dolomite (Scottsmore -
NMAM 9000: Asbestos, Chrysotile By
ASBESTOS, CHRYSOTILE by XRD 9000 MW: ~283 CAS: 12001-29-5 RTECS: CI6478500 METHOD: 9000, Issue 3 EVALUATION: FULL Issue 1: 15 May 1989 Issue 3: 20 October 2015 EPA Standard (Bulk): 1% by weight PROPERTIES: Solid, fibrous mineral; conversion to forsterite at 580 °C; attacked by acids; loses water above 300 °C SYNONYMS: Chrysotile SAMPLING MEASUREMENT BULK TECHNIQUE: X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION SAMPLE: 1 g to 10 g ANALYTE: Chrysotile SHIPMENT: Seal securely to prevent escape of asbestos PREPARATION: Grind under liquid nitrogen; wet-sieve SAMPLE through 10 µm sieve STABILITY: Indefinitely DEPOSIT: 5 mg dust on 0.45 µm silver membrane BLANKS: None required filter ACCURACY XRD: Copper target X-ray tube; optimize for intensity; 1° slit; integrated intensity with RANGE STUDIED: 1% to 100% in talc [1] background subtraction BIAS: Negligible if standards and samples are CALIBRATION: Suspensions of asbestos in 2-propanol matched in particle size [1] RANGE: 1% to 100% asbestos OVERALL PRECISION ( ): Unknown; depends on matrix and ESTIMATED LOD: 0.2% asbestos in talc and calcite; 0.4% concentration asbestos in heavy X-ray absorbers such as ferric oxide ACCURACY: ±14% to ±25% PRECISION ( ): 0.07 (5% to 100% asbestos); 0.10 (@ 3% asbestos); 0.125 (@ 1% asbestos) APPLICABILITY: Analysis of percent chrysotile asbestos in bulk samples. INTERFERENCES: Antigorite (massive serpentine), chlorite, kaolinite, bementite, and brushite interfere. X-ray fluorescence and absorption is a problem with some elements; fluorescence can be circumvented with a diffracted beam monochromator, and absorption is corrected for in this method. OTHER METHODS: This is NIOSH method P&CAM 309 [2] applied to bulk samples only, since the sensitivity is not adequate for personal air samples. -
Rinded, Iron-Oxide Concretions in Navajo Sandstone Along the Trail to Upper Calf Creek Falls, Garfield County
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of 2019 Rinded, Iron-Oxide Concretions in Navajo Sandstone Along the Trail to Upper Calf Creek Falls, Garfield County David Loope Richard Kettler Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. M. Milligan, R.F. Biek, P. Inkenbrandt, and P. Nielsen, editors 2019 Utah Geological Association Publication 48 Rinded, Iron-Oxide Concretions in Navajo Sandstone Along the Trail to Upper Calf Creek Falls, Garfield County David B. Loope and Richard M. Kettler Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588-0340 [email protected] Utah Geosites 2019 Utah Geological Association Publication 48 M. Milligan, R.F. Biek, P. Inkenbrandt, and P. Nielsen, editors Cover Image: View of a concretion along a trail in Upper Calf Creek Falls. M. Milligan, R.F. Biek, P. Inkenbrandt, and P. Nielsen, editors 2019 Utah Geological Association Publication 48 Presidents Message I have had the pleasure of working with many diff erent geologists from all around the world. As I have traveled around Utah for work and pleasure, many times I have observed vehicles parked alongside the road with many people climbing around an outcrop or walking up a trail in a canyon. -
Geology of the Devonian Marcellus Shale—Valley and Ridge Province
Geology of the Devonian Marcellus Shale—Valley and Ridge Province, Virginia and West Virginia— A Field Trip Guidebook for the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Eastern Section Meeting, September 28–29, 2011 Open-File Report 2012–1194 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Geology of the Devonian Marcellus Shale—Valley and Ridge Province, Virginia and West Virginia— A Field Trip Guidebook for the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Eastern Section Meeting, September 28–29, 2011 By Catherine B. Enomoto1, James L. Coleman, Jr.1, John T. Haynes2, Steven J. Whitmeyer2, Ronald R. McDowell3, J. Eric Lewis3, Tyler P. Spear3, and Christopher S. Swezey1 1U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192 2 James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 3 West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV 26508 Open-File Report 2012–1194 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Ken Salazar, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. -
Calcareous Soils Are Alkaline
By Mongi Zekri, Tom Obreza and Kelly Morgan alcareous soils are alkaline (pH > 7) due to the pres- ence of excess calcium carbonate (CaCO3). These soils Ccan contain from 1 percent to more than 25 percent CaCO3 by weight, with pH in the range of 7.6 to 8.4. In Florida, soil pH is usually not higher than 8.4 regardless of CaCO3 concentration. Many Florida flatwoods soils contain one or more hori- zons (layers) that are calcareous. A typical characteristic is an alkaline, loamy horizon less than 40 inches deep that can be brought to the surface during land preparation for citrus Calcareous soil in Southwest Florida planting. Increased nutritional management intensity is re- quired to successfully grow citrus on calcareous soils. Some lution of fixed P. Applied P is available to replenish the soil grove soils (e.g. ditch banks) contain considerable amounts solution for only a relatively short time before it converts to of lime rock or shell. It may not be economically justifiable less soluble forms of P. To maintain P availability to citrus to plant these sites with certain rootstocks considering the on calcareous soils, water-soluble P fertilizer should be ap- management problems and costs involved. plied on a regular, but not necessarily frequent, basis. Since Citrus fertilizer management on calcareous soils differs P accumulates in the soil, it is at least partially available as from that on non-calcareous soils because the presence of it converts to less soluble compounds with time. CaCO3 directly or indirectly affects plant availability of N, Potassium (K) P, K, Calcium (Ca), Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu. -
Trans-Lithospheric Diapirism Explains the Presence of Ultra-High Pressure
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00122-w OPEN Trans-lithospheric diapirism explains the presence of ultra-high pressure rocks in the European Variscides ✉ Petra Maierová1 , Karel Schulmann1,2, Pavla Štípská1,2, Taras Gerya 3 & Ondrej Lexa 4 The classical concept of collisional orogens suggests that mountain belts form as a crustal wedge between the downgoing and overriding plates. However, this orogenic style is not compatible with the presence of (ultra-)high pressure crustal and mantle rocks far from the plate interface in the Bohemian Massif of Central Europe. Here we use a comparison between geological observations and thermo-mechanical numerical models to explain their formation. 1234567890():,; We suggest that continental crust was first deeply subducted, then flowed laterally under- neath the lithosphere and eventually rose in the form of large partially molten trans- lithospheric diapirs. We further show that trans-lithospheric diapirism produces a specific rock association of (ultra-)high pressure crustal and mantle rocks and ultra-potassic magmas that alternates with the less metamorphosed rocks of the upper plate. Similar rock asso- ciations have been described in other convergent zones, both modern and ancient. We speculate that trans-lithospheric diapirism could be a common process. 1 Center for Lithospheric Research, Czech Geological Survey, Prague 1, Czech Republic. 2 EOST, Institute de Physique de Globe, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. 3 Institute of Geophysics, Department of Earth Science, ETH-Zurich, -
Subsurface Geology of Cenozoic Deposits, Gulf Coastal Plain, South-Central United States
REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY AND _^ SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY OF CENOZOIC DEPOSITS, GULF COASTAL PLAIN, SOUTH-CENTRAL UNITED STATES V U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1416-G AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications re leased prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may no longer be available. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices listed below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey offices, all of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Docu copies of Earthquakes & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of ments. Epicenters, and some miscellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Rm. -
GY 112 Lecture Notes D
GY 112 Lecture Notes D. Haywick (2006) 1 GY 112 Lecture Notes Archean Geology Lecture Goals: A) Time frame (the Archean and earlier) B) Rocks and tectonic elements (shield/platform/craton) C) Tectonics and paleogeography Textbook reference: Levin 7th edition (2003), Chapter 6; Levin 8th edition (2006), Chapter 8 A) Time frame Up until comparatively recently (start of the 20th century), most geologists focused their discussion of geological time on two eons; the “Precambrian” and the Phanerozoic. We now officially recognize 4 eons and the Precambrian is just used as a come-all term for all time before the Phanerozoic: Eon Time Phanerozoic 550 MA to 0 MA Proterozoic 2.5 GA to 550 MA Archean 3.96 GA to 2.5 GA Hadean 4.6 GA to 3.96 GA The “youngest” of these two new eons, the Archean, was first introduced by field geologists working in areas where very old rocks cropped out. One of these geologists was Sir William Logan (pictured at left; ess.nrcan.gc.ca ) one of the most respected geologists working with the Geological Survey of Canada. His study area was the Canadian Shield. Logan was able to identify two major types of rocks; 1) layered sedimentary and volcanic rocks and 2) highly metamorphosed granitic gneisses (see image at the top of the next page from http://www.trailcanada.com/images/canadian-shield.jpg). Logan found evidence that the gneisses mostly underlayed the layered rocks and hence, they had to be older than the layered rocks. The layered rocks were known to be Proterozoic in age. -
Northwestern Superior Craton Margin, Manitoba: an Overview of Archean
GS-7 Northwestern Superior craton margin, Manitoba: an overview of Archean and Proterozoic episodes of crustal growth, erosion and orogenesis (parts of NTS 54D and 64A) by R.P. Hartlaub1, C.O. Böhm, L.M. Heaman2, and A. Simonetti2 Hartlaub, R.P., Böhm, C.O., Heaman, L.M. and Simonetti, A. 2005: Northwestern Superior craton margin, Manitoba: an overview of Archean and Proterozoic episodes of crustal growth, erosion, and orogenesis (parts of NTS 54D and 64A); in Report of Activities 2005, Manitoba Industry, Economic Development and Mines, Manitoba Geological Survey, p. 54–60. Summary xenocrystic zircon, and in the The northwestern margin of the Superior Province in isotopic signature of Neoarchean Manitoba represents a dynamic boundary zone with good granite bodies (Böhm et al., 2000; potential for magmatic, sedimentary-hosted, and structur- Hartlaub et al., in press). The ALCC extends along the ally controlled mineral deposits. The region has a history Superior margin for at least 50 km, and may have a com- that commences in the early Archean with the formation mon history with other early Archean crustal fragments of the Assean Lake Crustal Complex. This fragment of in northern Quebec and Greenland (Hartlaub et al., in early to middle Archean crust was likely accreted to the press). Superior Province between 2.7 and 2.6 Ga, a major period South of the ALCC, the Split Lake Block repre- of Superior Province amalgamation. Sediments derived sents a variably retrogressed and shear zone–bounded from this amalgamation process were deposited at granulite terrain that is dominated by plutonic rocks and numerous locations along the northwestern margin of mafic granulite (Hartlaub et al., 2003, 2004).