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An Exploratory Study of the Development of Perceived Body Image in Elite Female Artistic Gymnasts in One Central Programme

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An Exploratory Study of the Development of Perceived Body Image in Elite Female Artistic Gymnasts in One Central Programme Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 1993 An exploratory study of the development of perceived body image in elite female artistic gymnasts in one central programme Michelle A. Saliba Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons Part of the Sports Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Saliba, M. A. (1993). An exploratory study of the development of perceived body image in elite female artistic gymnasts in one central programme. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/267 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/267 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEIVED BODY IMAGE IN ELITE FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS IN ONE CENTRAL PROGIVMME By Michelle A. Saliba Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Bachelor of Applied Science (Sports Science) Honours at the Faculty of Science and Technology Edith Cowan University December 1993 USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis. u ABSTRACf Women's elite gymnastics is characterised by subjective and aesthetic judgement and together with increasing technical requirements imposes strict body composition and body image requirements throughout the international gymnastic community. Limited research has been conducted on the younger, smaller, leaner and almost prepubescent gymnasts who now dominate the International arena. The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of the way in which current and retired elite, female artistic gymnasts perceive their own and the "ideal" gymnast's body image, and to identify factors influencing the development of these perceptions. Nineteen subjects were drawn from one Australian women's artistic gymnastics training programme. They included: (a) current gymnasts in the sub-junior level aged eight to 10 years and junior level aged II to 14 years; (b) retired gymnasts aged 16 to 19 years who had trained and competed in the senior level of the programme, and (c) the coaches of the gymnasts in the programme. Data was collected using open-ended interviews to expose thoughts, feelings, knowledge and experiences relating to the gymnasts' perceptions of body image and the factors contributing to these perceptions. Content analysis of the interview transcripts allowed categories to emerge and identified common perceptions of the gymnasts toward their body image. The retired and junior gymnasts described varying degrees of pressure to achieve their desired body image. The gymnasts generally expressed total body satisfaction and a posiHve body image, however several gymnasts were dissatisfied with some aspects of their body image as to its appropriateness to elite gymnastics. The gymnasts and coaches indicated that several factors contributed to the gymnasts' perceived body image with the underlying factor being the requirement to confonn to a certain skinfold level set by the national governing body. All gymnasts participating in this study, including the sub-junior gymnasts, were aware of their weight and skinfold levels. The sub-junior gymnasts presented unclear opinions of their body image, with the gymnasts' perceived body image becoming clearer with age. Responses from the junior and retired gymnasts and coaches indicated that understanding of the importance of body image in gymnastics became clearer as the gymnasts passed through adolescence and experienced the demands of elite gymnastics at the senior level. iii DECLARATION 11 1 certify that this thesis does not incorporate, without acknowledgement, any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it does not contain / any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text". iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to extend my sincere appreciation to the following people for their contributions toward this research: Dr Lynn Embrey for her constant patience, support, understanding and guidance she has given me throughout the duration of this research. The director of the selected centralised elite gymnastics training programme for allowing the gymnasts and coaches of this programme to participate in this study. For reasons of confidentiality this programme will remain anonymous. Each of the retired gymnasts., junior gymnasts, sub-junior gymnasts and coaches who for reasons of confidentiality must also remain anonymous, their contributions to this study were invaluable. Appreciation is also extended to the parents of the gymnasts for their support of this study. Peggy Browne and Peter Sharpe from the Australian Gymnastics Federation as well as the Director of the State Gymnastics Association with which the study took place for their support of this research. My fiance, Ross. Mum and Dad and my sisters and brother for their love, support and understanding which made this research possible. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACf n DEClARATION m ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES X CHAPTER I INTRODUCfiON Background to the study Significance of the study 3 Purpose of the study 4 Research questions 4 Limitations 4 2 REVIEW OFTHE LITERATURE 6 The female Body Image 6 The Self-Concept 6 Development of the Body Image 10 Relationship of Body Image to Self-Concept II Social Role and the Female Body Image 12 The Body Image of Children and Adolescents 13 Body Image and the Adolescent female Athlete 15 Body Images of Female Athletes where Leanness is Emphasised 16 Measures of Boay Image 18 3 CONCEPfUAL FRAMEWORK 20 4 MEfHODOLOGY 23 Research Design 23 Subjects 23 vi 4 Ethical Considerations 25 Data Collection 25 lnteJView 25 Pilot study 26 Journal 27 Data Analysis 27 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 Subject Characteristics 30 Background Information 30 Sub-Junior Gymnasts 30 Junior Gymnasts 30 Retired Gymnasts 30 Coaches 31 Reasons for Participation 31 Gymnasts' perceptions of reasons for participating 31 Perceptions of the coaches 33 Requirements of Gymnasts 35 Physical Characteristics 35 General body type 35 Natural physical qualities 39 Psychological Characteristics 39 Training and Competition Demands 40 Gymnastics as life 40 Gymnastics prepz.ration 42 Control of body weight and body fat 43 ' Summary 47 Gymnasts' Perceptions of Body Image 48 Feelings about Self as an Elite Gymnast 48 Opinion of the physical appearance of other elite gymnasts 49 Gymnasts' Feelings about Own Body Image 50 Retired gymnasts' feelings about body tmaoe.... 50 Junior gymnasts' feelings about body image 52 Sub-junior gymnasts' feelings about body image 54 vii 5 Gymnasts' perceptions of other gymnasts' feelings about body image 54 The Ideal Physical Appearance of an Elite Gymnast 56 Ideal physical appearance 56 Importance of the physical appearance 58 Where perceptions of the ideal physical appearance originated 60 Own Physical Appearance Compared with their ideal 61 Perceptions of retired gymnasts compared with their ideal 61 Perceptions of junior gymnasts compared with their ideal 62 Perceptions of sub-junior gymnasts compared with their ideal 62 Skinfold Requirements and Procedures 63 Retired gymnasts 63 Junior gymnasts 64 Sub-junior gymnasts 65 Weight Requirements and Procedures 65 Retired gymnasts 65 Junior gymnasts 66 Sub-junior gymnasts 67 Gymnasts' Feelings about Skinfold 68 Retired gymnasts' feelings about skinfold 68 Junior gymnasts' feelings about skinfold 69 Sub-junior gymnasts' feelings about skinfold 70 Gymnasts' Feelings about Weight 71 Retired gymnasts' feelings about weight 71 Junior gymnasts' feelings about weight 74 Sub-junior gymnasts' feelings about weight 76 Cheating on Weight 77 Emphasis on Weight and Skinfold 78 Effect of weight and skinfold on training 81 Gymnasts' Understanding of Weight and Skinfold 82 Maintaining the required weight and skinfold levels 85 viii 5 Effect of injuries on weight and skinfold levels 88 Eating disorders 89 Summary 92 The Coaches 94 Physical Appearance of Australian Gymnasts Compared to other Elite Gymnasts 94 Comparison between generations of Australian elite gymnasts 95 Physical Appearance of Own Gymnasts Compared to Ideal % Gymnasts' perceptions of coaches feelings of their physical appearance % Coaches Perceptions of their Gymnasts' Feelings of their Physical Appearance 98 Maintaining weight
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