Population Ecology and Distribution of Pelophylaxcaralitanus (Arikan, 1988)

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Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database

Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature

Zeitschrift/Journal: Herpetozoa

Jahr/Year: 2017

Band/Volume: 29_3_4

Autor(en)/Author(s): Baskale Eyup, Sözbilen Dogan, Polat Fatih

Artikel/Article: Population ecology and distribution of Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ARIKAN, 1988), in the Lakes District, southwestern Anatolia, Turkey (Anura: Ranidae) 143-153 hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 1

herPetoZoA 29 (3/4): 143 - 153 143 Wien, 30. Jänner 2017

Population ecology and distribution of Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988), in the Lakes district, southwestern Anatolia, turkey (Anura: ranidae)

Populationsökologie und Verbreitung von Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) im südwestanatolischen seendistrikt (türkei) (Anura: ranidae)

eyuP BAşkALe & d oğAn söZBiLen & F Atih PoLAt

kurZFAssung die untersuchung präsentiert eine Analyse der morphometrischen und Farbmerkmale bei Pelophylax caralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) von fünf türkischen Fundorten, schätzt die Populationsgrößen und bringt weitere Ver- breitungsdaten, die das bekannte Verbreitungsgebiet der Art vergrößern. Weibchen der Art werden größer als männchen, während morphometrische und Färbungsmerkmale zwischen den geschlechtern aber auch zwischen den Fundorten/Populationen nicht signifikant variierten. das bisher bekannte Verbreitungsgebiet von P.carali - tanus wurde um die Provinz Burdur und zwei darin gefundene Populationen erweitert. die Populationsgröße ermittelt auf grundlage einer rückfang-methode betrug 5046 individuen im gölcük-see, 1198 im Lebensraum bei Beysehir-kuşluca und 1211 in einem teich bei derebucak. die Art kam in natürlichen seen und teichen aber auch in angelegten gewässern wie Bewässerungskanälen, tümpeln und teichen vor; alle waren sie reichlich bewachsen. ABstrAct

this study provides the external features of Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988), sampled in five local - ities in turkey, estimates its population sizes and presents new distribution sites extending the known range. Pelophylaxcaralitanus exhibit sexual size dimorphism, females become larger than males. in contrast, morpho - metric characters and coloration patterns do not differ significantly among sexes or localities/populations. the known distributional range of P.caralitanus was extended to the province of Burdur, where two new populations were detected. the sizes of these populations, estimated using the capture-marking-recapture (cmr) method, were 5,046 individuals in Lake gölcük, 1,198 individuals in the Beysehir-kuşluca habitat, and 1,211 individuals in a pond at derebucak. this species was found in natural lakes and ponds but also artificial irrigation channels, pools and ponds. All these habitats were covered with aquatic vegetation. key Words Amphibia: Anura: ranidae: Pelophylaxcaralitanus ; ecology, population size, distribution, new locality record, Lakes district, Beyşehir, central south Anatolia, turkey

introduction

Bodenheimer (1944) described water described the Beyşehir population as Rana frogs with orange-colored venters from ridibundacaralitana . BeerLi et al. (1994), Lake Beyşehir, central south Anatolia, but did however, claimed that R.r.caralitana was not provide detailed information about the not a new subspecies and argued that R.r. specimens, which he classified as Pelophy- caralitana and Ranalevantina schneider laxridibundusridibundus (P ALLAs , 1771) , & s insch , 1992, should be regarded syn - Ranaridibundaridibunda in his terminol - onyms of Pelophylaxbedriagae (c AmerA- ogy. ArikAn (1988) was the first to de- no , 1882) ( Ranabedriagae in their termi - scribe this species as a new taxon. he found nology). ALPAgut & FALAkALi (1995) com- significant differences to the nominate sub - pared Beyşehir and İzmir specimens using species of ridibundus in morphometric char - karyologic methods and proposed that car - acters, color and pattern of the venter and alitana should be given the status of a sepa - hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 2

144 e. B AşkALe & d. s öZBiLen & F. P oLAt

Fig. 1: currently known distribution of Pelophylax.caralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) and the studied sites. on the map, stars represent new localities and diamonds those previously known. in the legend, the numbers of studied populations (6, 7, 9, 13, 16, and 17) are written in bold. Abb.1: gegenwärtig bekannte Verbreitung von Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) und Lage der Fundorte. in der karte stellen sterne die beiden neuen und rhomben die zuvor bekannten Fundorte dar. die nummern der untersuchten Populationen (6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17) sind nachstehend in Fettschrift gesetzt. 1 - Bor/niğde; 2 - İvriz/ereğli/konya; 3 - yağmapınar/karapınar/konya. ; 4 - Lake of hotamış/konya;. 5 - tınaztepe/seydişehir/konya;. 6 - Lake of suğla/konya; 7 - derebucak/konya; 8 - Lake of gencek/ derebucak/konya;. 9 - Akburun and kuşluca populations/Lake of Beyşehir/konya [terra typica of Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988)] ; 10 - Fele/şarkıkarağaç/isparta; . 11 - Lake of eğirdir/isparta; 12 - eber/Lake of konya; 13 - gölcük/Lake of isparta; 14 - Lake of işıklı/denizli; 15 - Acıgöl/denizli; 16 - Ağlasun/Burdur (new locality); 17 - yazıköy/Burdur (new locality); 18 - taşkesiği/korkuteli/Antalya; 19 - girdev Plateau/elmalı/Antalya;. 20 - kırkgöz/Antalya.

rate taxon. subsequent morphological, Lakes district ( AtAtür et al. 1990). Later, genetic and bioacoustic studies of the ArikAn et al. (1994) found P.caralitanus Beyşehir population revealed that carali - also in the lakes of gölcük (isparta) in west - tana differed considerably from ridibundus ern Anatolia, hotamış in eastern Ana tolia, (ArikAn et al. 1994, 1998; BudAk et al. and in water bodies at the foothills of the 2000; Jdeidi 2000; Jdeidi et al. 2001; taurus mountains in southern Anatolia. the PLötner et al. 2001; kAyA et al. 2002). known range of P.caralitanus was further thus, caralitana was raised to species level extended in recent years ( AtAtür et al. 1990; (Jdeidi 2000; Jdeidi et al. 2001; PLötner et ArikAn et al. 1994, 1998; BudAk et al. 2000; al. 2001). kAyA et al. 2002; düşen et al. 2004; studies conducted on this new species tosunoğLu et al. 2005; AyAZ et. al. 2007) showed that Pelophylaxcaralitanus inhabits resulting in the view that P.caralitanus is the Lakes of eğirdir and suğla, and the endemic to the Lakes district and its close Çarşamba river and its channels in the vicinity in Anatolia (turkey). hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 3

Population ecology and distribution of Pelophylaxcaralitanus 145

Pelophylaxcaralitanus is listed as near this paper evaluates the significance threatened (nt) because of ongoing habitat of distinctive external features of P.carali - loss and overexploitation (iucn 2016). tanus and presents new distribution sites, this comparatively low rating was based on extending its known range. moreover, esti - its relatively wide distribution, presumed mates based on the capture-mark-recapture large populations and the unlikeliness to (cmr) technique are presented of the annu - decline fast enough to qualify for listing in a al population sizes, survival rates and cap - higher red List category. continued ex - ture probabilities in three populations of P. ploitation for trade, however, could threaten caralitanus . Also, the habitat features of this this species in the future. species are specified more precisely.

mAteriALs And methods

study sites Akburun and kuşluca populations.‒ the aquatic habitats of these populations the morphometric studies analyzed (village of Akburun: 37°46’n, 31°36’e; specimens from the newly discovered Ağla - 1,126 m a.s.l.; village of kuşluca: 37°50’n, sun and yazıköy populations and previously 31°34’e; 1,127 m a.s.l.) are the shores of known gölcük, suğla Lake and Akburun Lake Beyşehir in the province of konya, populations. Population size was estimated type locality of P.caralitanus . Lake Bey - in the gölcük, kuşluca and derebucak şehir is the second largest lake in turkey, its Ponds. the known distribution of P.carali- surface area is 65,600 ha and its maximum tanus and the study sites are shown in Fig. 1. depth is 10 m. the shores at the study areas Ağlasun population.‒ the aquatic Akburun and kuşluca cover 15 ha and 80 ha, habitat (37°36’n, 30°32’e; 1,013 m a.s.l.) is respectively, with shallow water up to 3 m located in the village of kibrit, municipality deep. residential areas (Akburun and kuş- of Ağlasun, district of Burdur. specimens luca) and farmland are located close to both were collected from a quarry area belonging populations. in early spring, the coastal to a brick factory where several water bod - areas become inundated as water levels rise ies (surface area 52 ha, depth 2 m) filled due to rainfall which creates spawning sites. with rain- and underground water had suğla Lake population.‒ the lake developed after excavation of clay soil. the (surface area 3,740 ha, depth 2 m) (province periphery and water surface of these ponds of konya, 37°21’n, 32°01’e; 1,213 m a.s.l.) had covered by aquatic vegetation ( Myrio- is connected to irrigation channels and fed phyllumspicatum and Cladophora sp.) with- by underground water sources, creeks and in a few years. this area is private property melting water. most of the coastal area is and closed to the public. covered with reed and willow trees, minor yazıköy population.‒ the aquatic parts are bordered by big stones and a con - habitat (37°38’n, 30°03’e; 859 m a.s.l.) is crete wall. located between the villages of yazıköy and derebucak Pond population.‒ the kumluca, district of Burdur. the small artificial water body (surface area less than wetland area is surrounded by agricultural 1 ha, depth 0.5 m) in the vicinity of the vil - land and connected with Lake Burdur by a lage of derebucak, province of konya (37° channel. the periphery and the surface of 22’n, 31°31’ e; 1,226 m a.s.l) is fed by the water body (surface area 155 ha, depth underground water sources, a creek and 2 m) are covered with aquatic vegetation. melting water. the population of this local - this permanent aquatic site represents a ity is closed which is why it was used to natural amphibian habitat that is fed by estimate its size. underground water sources and rain. Agri - gölcük Lake population.‒ the lake cultural activities, water extraction from the (surface area 81 ha, depth 30 m) in the pro - channel for irrigation purposes and amateur vince of isparta (37°43’n, 30°29’e; 1,387 fishing characterize this site and its sur - m a.s.l.) is surrounded by coniferous trees roundings. (Pinusbrutia ), willows ( Salixalba ) and reed hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 4

146 e. B AşkALe & d. s öZBiLen & F. P oLAt

table 1: descriptive statistics of the studied morphometric parameters of male and female Pelophylaxcar - alitanus (ArikAn , 1988), and results of the independent t test. measurements as defined in terentJeV & chernoV (1965). sVL – snout Vent Length, hL – head Length, hW – head Width, tL – tibia Length, FtL – First toe Length, mtL – metatarsal tubercle Length, n – sample size. tab. 1: deskriptive statistiken der untersuchten morphometrischen Parameter männlicher und weiblicher Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) sowie t-test ergebnisse. meßstreckendefinitionen nach terentJeV & chernoV (1965). sVL – kopf-rumpf-Länge, hL - kopflänge, hW - kopfbreite, tL - tibialänge, FtL – Länge der ersten Zehe, mtL – Länge des metatarsaltuberkels, n – stichprobenumfang.

Parameter sex N mean (mm) std. error (mm) t df P mittelwert standardfehler

sVL male 60 75.83 0.772 -5.759 114 0.000 Female 56 82.56 0.882 tL male 60 38.59 0.615 -4.594 114 0.000 Female 56 43.14 0.788 hL male 60 25.06 0.273 -6.153 114 0.000 Female 56 27.52 0.293 hW male 60 28.18 0.286 -5.814 114 0.000 Female 56 30.69 0.326 FtL male 60 15.53 0.513 -9.678 114 0.000 Female 56 26.35 1.019 mtL male 60 4.33 0.064 -5.802 114 0.000 Female 56 4.81 0.051

(Phragmitesaustralis ), the water surface is females and 56 males) were captured for covered with Myriophyllumspicatum . this morphological analysis (table 1). the mor - permanent, natural amphibian habitat is fed phometric measurements were done with a by underground water sources and rain; it dial caliper at 0.02 mm accuracy. measure- belongs to a protected natural Park. At this ments and the color pattern information locality both population size estimation and (maculation and presence or absence of ver - morphometric analyses were done. tebral stripes) were taken from adult frogs only. According to tArkhnishViLi & go- Field studies and kheLAshViLi (1999) and erişmiş & chin- morphometric measurements sAmy (2010), individuals exceeding snout- vent-lengths of 60 and 65 mm were consid - Field studies were conducted during ered adult males and females, respectively. the breeding seasons (late April to early Au- the following measurements were made as gust) 2010-2014. Pelophylaxcaralitanus defined in terentJeV & chernoV (1965): individuals were captured by two- or three- snout Vent Length (sVL), head Length person teams with a dip net or by hand after (hL), head Width (hW), tibia Length (tL), sunset using flashlights. the frogs were First toe Length (FtL) and metatarsal tu - kept in a plastic container until marking by bercle Length (mtL). digital photography and measurements were completed, and thereafter released to the statistical analyses places where they were collected. sex, dates and image numbers for all individuals the measurement data revealed nor - were recorded. the frogs were individually mal distribution (kolmogorov-smirnov d recognized by their dorsal pattern. to min - test, all P > 0.05), thus allowing compar - imize the probability of misidentification, isons using parametric tests. morphometric the congruence of images and individuals comparison of the sexes was done using an was verified by at least two persons; all of independent samples t test. to detect mor - the dorsal pattern was screened to ensure phometric differences between populations, correct identification. a one-way AnoVA test was applied. Apart from the frogs which entered discriminant function analysis was used to the cmc study, a total of 116 specimens (60 predict population membership of the spec - hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 5

Population ecology and distribution of Pelophylaxcaralitanus 147

imens. chi-square ( χ2) tests were employed includes the appropriate model selection to compare the ratio of females and males according to otis et al. (1978). the selec - among different localities. to determine the tion of the appropriate model, the number of deviation from a 1:1 sex ratio, a binominal the simulated data sets, the combination of test was used; P values ≤ 0.05 were consid - the χ2 test and the procedures executed in ered statistically significant. All statistical the program mark are based on the regres - analyses were computed with sPss ver. sion approach. Annual capture probabilities 20.0. and survival rates were estimated using the to estimate the annual population cormarck-Joly-seber method [model Φ(.) size, closed capture models under the pro - p(.); where survival and capture probability gram mark ver. 5.1 ( cooch & White 2016) is equal for both sexes and constant over were used. this program regards the varia - time] under the program mark. this model tion of the detection rate in closed popula - is a conjugate model of m0 according to tions, from a total of eight different models, otis et al. (1978) under the program mark including the null hypothesis, and also (cooch & White 2016).

resuLts And discussion

Pelophylaxcaralitanus inhabited per - frogs had fragmented vermiculate macula - manent natural or artificial water bodies at tions and small spots in both populations. the study sites and showed feeding, repro - in dorsal and ventral coloration, the duction and sheltering behaviors both dur - water frogs of the previously known locali - ing the night and day. individuals were fre - ties suğla, Akburun and gölcük, resembled quently observed in lakes, with aquatic veg - the new records at yazıköy and Ağlasun. etation generally covering the water surface two males and one female in suğla, one of the shoreline . the shorelines of the lakes male and three females in Akburun, and two were characterized by reed belts and, at males and two females in gölcük had an intervals, rotted Salix sp. and broken extensive vermiculate underside whereas, branches of these trees floating on the water the remaining specimens in these popula - surface. the species was also found in or tions had less vermiculate maculations and near artificial water bodies such as irrigation small spots. A dorsal stripe was present in channels, pools and ponds, where they were seven individuals (three females, four noted spawning. these anthropogenic habi - males) in suğla (33.3 %), eight (five tats, covered by aquatic vegetation, were females, three males) in Akburun (32 %) constructed to provide drinking water for and five (three females, two males) in grazing animals and to irrigate agricultural gölcük (21.8 %). areas. the species exhibited sexual dimor - the ground colors of the dorsum of phism in size: females were significantly the yazıköy and Ağlasun specimens were larger than males (table 1). male and greenish-brown or green with varied col - female measurements were not pooled ored spots. the presence of the vertebral because of significant sex-related differ - stripe varied among these localities; seven ences in several morphometric parameters of 24 captured specimens (three females, (table 1). morphometric differences rela - four males) had vertebral stripes in yazıköy tive to different localities were investigated (29.2 %), while nine of 23 captured speci - separately for each sex. one-way AnoVA mens (three females, six males) had verte - did not detect statistically significant differ - bral stripes in Ağlasun (39.1 %). the ven - ences in morphometric characters for indi - tral coloration, including the extremities and viduals collected from different localities the underside of the head, was off-white (table 2). discriminant analyses of the covered with orange vermiculate macula - morphometric data resulted in four signifi - tions; they were extensive in two male and cant discriminant functions (the first three female frogs in yazıköy and one male explaining 49.9 % of the total variance - and four females in Ağlasun. the remaining table 3A), and correctly assigned 29.3 % of hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 6

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Population ecology and distribution of Pelophylaxcaralitanus 149 9 8 7 8 9 2 8

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4 1 1 4 4 4 5 2 3 3 5 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

......

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d

n 7 1 5 5 8

6 2 8 7 1 4 4 0 2 9 9 9 9 0 0 3 5 5 3 6 5 5 2 1 9 0 9 2 4 6 a

1 3 3 9 0 5 6 0 5 0 2 2 7 5 8 8 8 8 9 . 9 . . . . 7 3 3 4 2 0 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 9 9

e ......

7 7 7 6 7

5 5 5 5 9 9 9 5 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 m

2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 7 3 0 3 5 8

3 0 9 5 5 3 6

P 7 9 6 9 5 9 8

......

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 2 9 6 4 4 4

0 5 5 7 6 0 1

5 2 5 1 7 2 3 ......

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

n e . h 4 3 4 8 3 3 3 3 3 0 9 2 9 6 7 3 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 9 9 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 c x 0 1 7 0 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 7 5 4 6 . . . . 9 9 9 9 9 . . . . . 6 6 6 6 6 8 7 8 6 5 1 1 1 1 5 a n ...... 0 0 7 0 9 9 9 9 9 n 3 6 3 6 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ä m

/ . 6 9 0 0 5

7 6 4 7 8 9 6 3 5 3 2 3 0 3 3 5 3 3 1 2 7 2 8 8 2 8 9 9 7 9 s n 7 6 9 8 0 i 2 8 2 2 2 4 5 9 8 5 8 8 8 8 8 . . . . . 5 7 7 7 7 2 6 6 3 4 8 8 8 7 0 e ...... l 4 5 5 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 7 7 7 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 a m 1 1 1 1 1 m r o

r 3 5 6 7 6 3 5 0 0 6 3 2 8 9 1 2 9 5 3 8 2 0 3 1 9 7 7 9 8 8 8 2 . 1 4 1 r ) 1 3 4 7 8 1 1 2 9 1 0 1 1 0 0 5 8 4 0 6 9 0 4 5 7 1 8 9 9 1 1 1 2 0 1 e g 1 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 9 2 0 0 0 0 4 3 3 5 3 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

...... n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d u t z t s e s

t r 8 6 3 2 9 n 9 5 0 5 6 6 6 2 2 4 8 9 8 0 9 7 7 0 0 4 3 7 7 3 9 2 7 8 5 7 o a 4 8 7 5 4 3 4 6 7 6 8 8 1 3 8 8 8 8 9 8 . . . . . 0 2 9 1 8 1 0 0 0 9 0 9 9 9 9 e F ...... ( 7 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 9 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 m 2

. b a 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 0 2 4 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

. ) d e y t n n n n n n n u i n n n n n n n y y y y y y y t k k k k k r k k u u u u u u u n i a a a a a a a u u u u u u u ö ö ö ö ö ö ö i ü ü ü ü ü o ü ü r r r r r r r l l l l l l l l s s s s s s s t k k k k k k k c c c c c c c a d u u u u u u u ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ı ı ı ı ı ı ı a a a a a a a l l l l l l l n l l l l l l l c n b b b b b b b z z z z z z z u u u u u u u ö ö ö ö ö ö ö o ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ o a a a a a a a u k k k k k k k s s s s s s s c g g g g g g g ( L F y y y y y y y A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

l /

b L L r l a L e t L t a L t t L t t c W m F h t m m a / / / / / k h r m / r L L L L / L a e L h L t V V V V F t h s s s c s m hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 8

150 e. B AşkALe & d. s öZBiLen & F. P oLAt

table 3: discriminant Function Analysis of the morphometric data of Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) from all study materials and localities: A – statistics of the canonical discriminant functions 1 to 4; B – Pre- dicted group memberships relative to record localities. tab. 3: diskriminanzanalyse der morphometrischen daten des gesamten untersuchungsmaterials von Pelo- phylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) aus allen Fundorten. A – kenngrößen der diskriminanzfunktionen 1 bis 4. B – Prognostizierte gruppenzugehörigkeit zu Fundortpopulationen.

A eigenvalues Wilks’ Lambda Function eigenvalue % of Variance canon. correlation Wilks’ Lambda χ2 df P 1 0.051 49.9 0.220 0.905 10.949 24 0.989 2 0.032 31.3 0.176 0.951 5.522 15 0.987 3 0.016 15.4 0.124 0.981 2.088 8 0.978 4 0.004 3.5 0.059 0.996 0.387 3 0.943

B Predicted group membership / Prognostizierte gruppenzugehörigkeit zu Fundortpopulationen group / gruppe suğla Akburun gölcük yazıköy Ağlasun total suğla 8; 38.1 % 3; 14,3 % 3; 14,3 % 4; 19,0 % 3; 14,3 % 21; 100 % Akburun 7; 28.0 % 8; 32.0 % 2; 8.0 % 5; 20.0 % 3; 12.0 % 25; 100 % gölcük 5; 21.7 % 3; 13.0 % 4; 17.4 % 6; 26.1 % 5; 21.7 % 23; 100 % yazıköy 4; 16.7 % 2; 8.3 % 3; 12.5 % 10; 41.7 % 5; 20.8 % 24; 100 % Ağlasun 6; 26.1 % 5; 21.7 % 2; 8.7 % 6; 26.1 % 4; 17.4 % 23; 100 %

Fig. 2: territorial map based on the canonical discriminant functions 1 (x axis) and 2 (y axix) derived from the morphometric characters taken from 116 specimens of Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) of five populations studied. group centroids are indicated by filled square. Abb. 2: territorialkarte auf grundlage der kanonischen diskriminanzfunktionen 1 (x-Achse) und 2 (y-Achse) aus den morphometrischen merkmalen von 116 exemplaren von Pelophylaxcaralitanus (ArikAn , 1988) der fünf untersuchten Populationen. gruppenzentroide sind durch gefüllte Quadrate symbolisiert. hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 9

Population ecology and distribution of Pelophylaxcaralitanus 151 , r d k e n t the individuals to their original population, ü . a n c

. 6 l u 0 6 a d 0 4 although similarity was conspicuous be - ö

c 8 . 4 l o 3 l u 1 0 1 g h l e

t 3 tween individuals of different localities ş d n e u e o t

m (Fig. 2; table 3B).

k r

. - m r 2 o r 6

e i 1 5 d 7 the cmr method yielded sufficient ) 0 8 3 4 6 b . h 0 7 9 . n 1 ( 7 4 5 e e 2 2 1 5 1 0 u . p

ş 0 0

s information to calculate the population

3 2 . . F 7

- y

k ) 1 0 0 6 e y . - n a l ( ± ±

sizes, capture probabilities and survival ± B e c o 4 4 3

1 Φ d , J u . 3 6 1 9

. .

k rates of the populations at Lake gölcük, b 6 2 0 n k 3 8 e 0 0 ü 0 5 m a 1 1 c r 3 . 6 c

6 r e l e kuşluca at Lake Beyşehir, and in the pond 2 8 1 a n d ö 1 d e

m f g of derebucak. About 25 % of the individu - ß

o u ö e r a c . h als of each population were captured per

g t 6 e s

n 2 2 t 0 h n e 9 . 9 0 a

t sampling day and almost 61 % of individu - r o

1 6 1 i e s g t i 1 e s a als survived a particular year. the results n l z i a i s u b s u and capture histories are given in table 4. p

) n o ) . o P ( Φ

i the sex ratios (female : male) at these .

t ( p r 6

4 2 e l ) 0 2 e

. localities were 1.38 (Lake gölcük), 1.32 3 . 1 d t u ( 2

1 1 9 a p r d Φ 2

o (kuşluca at Lake Beysehir), and 1.13 s

2 n l p n 1 u

0 (derebucak Pond). Although the females d d e b . 2 i n o

e r 6 a

l 8 4

were more abundant in all three study local - o r 7 0 4 a m 8 4 5 t . 3 . 0 y

e c 3 5 s 6 7 r 2 4 1 1 1 e i b u ities, this difference was not significant ( χ = 4 0 0 o l 1 2 h h . . t t 1 ü ş 1 s

g 0 0

i u r - ± 1.196; df = 2; P > 0.05). the population n ± ±

d h e 8 . a k

0 2 5 n d - 9 6 e F 3 5 0 r u

3 sizes, survival rates and annual capture n r

. . 1 i 0 4 9 0

r . 1 u u 1 0 0 h 9 1 )

t e 1 1 9 e e p probabilities at these localities are shown in p d 1 ş (

d a y

a g c t

e table 4.

i n m e e B . u

h k s

e 6

t in full agreement with earlier observa - 3 3

s r h

f a 2 . 2 0 a c

i f

o 1 7 1 tions, Pelophylaxcaralitanus is a largely l

y n

1 i n

y e t i

r i

e aquatic species. it inhabits permanent water l

a m i

b c m

m bodies with rich aquatic vegetation, includ -

a s a

r m

b s

h u o u

. ing lakes, ponds, rain pools, streams, rivers, a

r s

Z 6

7 2

0 5

. 9 . 8

irrigation channels, reservoirs, marshes, ) g . ) 1

) 2 0 2 p

n 8

( 8 3 a

8 springs and fishponds ( BAşoğLu et al.

8 e F

9 r

. u 1 1994). inhabiting the wide range of the n t 1 , 6

e 3 5 , 1 5 3 p 0 8 n 4 9 . h 0 . 7 n a 0 8

2 turkish Lakes district, this highly oppor - 2 A 7 c 8 3 4 2 c A 2 0 i 0 9 k

. 2

l 2 . i k

r 5 d i 0 4 tunistic species proves to be able to adapt to 0 r

k h n r - ± ± ü

± ä . a A 6

2 A ( c

4 life in modified habitats where suitable wet - 6 ) ( l 6

6 6 7 1 . 9 0 9 r s . ö 4 1 . 4 s Φ 0 2 e 6 u 0 ( lands exist, just like the other water frogs in 0 3 8 2

u g 4 d

5 1

a e ArAn tAtür AşoğLu

turkey ( B & A 1994; B

t t a

l i r

8 8

ArAn a et al. 1994; B et al. 2012). r

a r

3 . 3 0

a e

a 3 2 3 z

t .

Adult P.caralitanus can be distin -

v ö

/ r

x h d

u g

l guished easily from P.ridibundus or P. c a

s s

y i n l

t h

a bedriagae by their orange colored venters. h o

e p

e i

i u

o n

l m n

o a /

/ oFFmAn Louin o e d Various studies ( h & B 2000;

l d l

i n

r n i

u e t u

t l

P e e

a d

p P / . i

a ummers kin l

i s et al. 2003; A et al. 2010) b u

f a f

e e

k d u

e u

v s d o u

o n ß k

i l a i

n P

d p

o ö h i i s a c pointed to the fact that the development of d s

v - i

o r r

i c e v

v e u u n

r y

v i e t p i

t g e

d i

l i e l d b

e /

a s t d a d n the ventral color maculation is unidirection - g i

n n o

d e n

r n a f n i e d a i l n J v r o y n e m r

e t

t l i i - o i o i i e i e l r

a n t i t

g a t g ally correlated with age: the pale or incon - d k l h e t i t e d n e s a d d n v n l c n a c l a l h n e i i e r i g r a

l e m s l r

v e u e g f e spicuous orange spots in juveniles become b b a r n d u r t

p u d p g e a u e . m a h t e n m p l n e m f o s a t n g a b a i m r p r u o prominent and darker in adult P.carali - e e o c a p n m o z a s e a s

u t i f P w

r g l a t t

n c r c

b a s / y e r i g

/ p a

l e p e

s AyA l c tanus . k et al. (2002) stated that the o

e f r

g s ü n

c a a :

d u e d e

e m d o w e l a i l c / : c r n t

4 t z n e f d e

ş h

r i e s F white ventered juveniles of P.caralitanus in e i

4 o u a u e

n n r r s l t a e e u

t d g

l . e e w o F i z d p b f f a

t k

n k f b b

h the tınaztepe population (konya) remain r a l l / o o - k u a

a a g

o n c m

r c

h h l m i i i r c r

d t t n y o u t l a a a l a i t e e inconspicuous, eluding identification and h u r n c % a n l i z s z a v

e b b l e b h i e p n n l u ş 5 a u e ä v a % w m m

n thus, deserve increased research attention. r y c g 9 J p r A A t m

e n u u n e o a o u o 5 d B L t A s n n P 9 A s Accordingly, colorpattern characters alone hg_Baskale_etal_Pelophylax_caralitanus:herPetoZoA.qxd 08.02.2017 15:39 seite 10

152 e. B AşkALe & d. s öZBiLen & F. P oLAt

are not enough to distinguish juvenile indi - correctly assigned only about 30 percent of viduals of P.caralitanus from juveniles of individuals to their original population, sug - other Pelophylax species, such as P.bedria - gesting that the individuals were so similar gae and P.ridibundus . Further investiga - in shape and body proportions that they tions defining molecular markers are re- were not clearly discriminated by the char - quired. acters measured. this characterizes P.cara- the pattern and coloration characteris - litanus as morphologically homogeneous. tics of the recently detected Ağlasun and From the above, it is clear that the newly de- yazıköy populations are almost identical tected populations belong to P.caralitanus with those reported in previous studies on P. and that its range area can be extended to caralitanus (ArikAn 1988; AtAtür et al. southwestern Anatolia including the pro- 1990; ArikAn et al. 1994, 1998; BudAk et al. vince of Burdur. 2000; kAyA et al. 2002; düşen et al. 2004; knowledge on the size of turkish ra- tosunoğLu et al. 2005; AyAZ et al. 2007). nid populations refers to P. ridibundus , P. Female P.caralitanus attain significantly bedriagae , Ranamacrocnemis BouLenger , larger size than males, as is the case in about 1885, Ranaholtzi Werner , 1898 , and Rana 90 % of anuran species ( shine 1979). tavasensis (B ArAn & A tAtür , 1986) (BA- the morphometric homogeneity of the rAn et al. 2001; kAyA & erişmiş 2001; studied samples was shown by both univari - AyAZ et al. 2007; kAyA et al. 2010; ÇiÇek et ate and discriminant function analyses. al. 2011; B AşkALe & k AyA 2012; ÇAPAr & univariate analyses revealed that the frogs’ BAşkALe 2016), and, by the present paper, morphometric characters did not vary sig - was extended to P.caralitanus , which had nificantly between female and male indi - remained unknown in this respect. viduals, respectively. discriminant analysis

AcknoWLedgments Permission for field work and handling the was supported by Pamukkale university scientific frogs was issued by the Animal ethics committee of research Projects unit BAP (Project no: 2010BsP Pamukkale university and turkish ministry of 017). thanks go to mevlüt yiğit, Aykut Ay and serdar Forestry and Water Affairs, general directorate of Çelik for assisting in the field studies. nature conservation and natural Parks. this research

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dAte oF suBmission: February 15, 2016 corresponding editor: Andreas maletzky

Authors: eyup BAşkALe (corresponding author < [email protected] >) 1) , doğan söZBiLen 2) & Fatih PoLAt 1) 1) department of Biology, Faculty of science and Letters, Pamukkale university, 20070 denizli, turkey. 2) Acıpayam Vocational school of higher education, Pamukkale university, 20800 Acıpayam-denizli, turkey.