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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting GLORIA STEINEM: THE TRANSNATIONAL LIFE OF AN AMERICAN FEMINIST By JESSICA LANCIA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Jessica Lancia This dissertation is dedicated to all the freedom fighters, everywhere. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Seeing this project to completion would not have been possible without the support of the following people, who encouraged, cajoled, critiqued, and in many other ways helped see this work into fruition. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Louise Newman, my advisor and committee chair. For the last six years, she has mentored me and this project and has helped me become a stronger thinker and more precise writer. I am lucky to have had such a responsive advisor who pushed me to create my best work, and then taught me to polish it. I am also grateful to my committee: Bill Link, Paul Ortiz, Sheryl Kroen, and Trysh Travis, whom I selected because I value their intellect and perspectives, and because they teach inspirational graduate classes. I also want to thank past advisers, who encouraged me to pursue a PhD, especially George Hopkins at the College of Charleston, Dominick Cavallo and Marsha Darling at Adelphi University. Their courses brought history to life, and made me want to follow in their tracks. The students and staff in the history department at the University of Florida have also been a huge support. My cohort and UF friends, with whom I shared classes and beers, especially in the first few years, provided the emotional and intellectual support to keep going. I’m especially indebted to Tim Fritz, who brought me to UF in the first place, and my colleagues Allison Fredette, Chris Ruehlen, Brenden Kennedy, Michael Brandon, Andrea Ferreira, Scott Huffard, Nicole Cox, Johanna Mellis and Greg Mason. Thank you also to Erin Smith, Linda Opper, and Hazel Phillips, who helped me navigate the bureaucratic organ that is the University. Finally, thank you to the dissertation writing group, especially “el Capitan” Rob Taber, who kept me focused in the final push. 4 This work would not have been possible without the financial support of several institutions. The University of Florida provided primary funding, but I also received grants and scholarships from the following: Smith College, Harvard University, and Duke University. I have also been privileged to have wonderful friends and family who have let me stay in their beautiful homes when I needed to get away to write: Alida DePaz and Milena Gamboa in San Jose, Costa Rica, and Steve and Susan Hoffius in Savannah, Georgia. As a former archivist, I have to give special thanks to the archivists Amy Hague and Maida Goodwinn at Smith who gave me so many tips and advice and allowed me to go through the unprocessed Ms. Magazine papers, as well as all of the other archivists who have answered countless queries. Finally, I am lucky to have such a wonderful and extensive personal support crew. The most important person in this regard is my spouse, Johnny Ibañez. Throughout this process, Johnny has been my anchor, patient guide, first phone call, puppy wrangler, and generally the most amazing “pit crew” leader anyone could ask for. I truly am the luckiest, and I love you. Thank you also to my family, who stopped asking me, finally, when I was going to be done. Mamma, Bennie, Ale, Dawn, and Julian –I love you. Papa’, I wish you could have been around to see this to the end with me. To my new family in Gainesville, especially Wanda DePaz and Jorge Ibañez and the rest of the De Paz clan, who are thankfully too many to name, thank you for being the biggest side-line cheer-leaders. To my closest Gainesville friends: Lorna Bracewell, Paola Aguirre, Lauren Hannahs, Valerie Malivuk, Cindy Tarter and Amanda Bisson, thanks for always being there for me. Thank you to everyone else who helped get me here, 5 especially my first USA family: Anna Hoffius, Danielle Corneille, Michael Morrison, Steve and Susan Hoffius, Susan Dunn, Harlan Greene. Thank you. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 9 2 EARLY YEARS: OHIO TO INDIA, 1934-1959 ........................................................ 26 3 A RISING STAR: FROM FAMED JOURNALIST TO FEMINIST ICON, 1958- 1972 ........................................................................................................................ 58 4 MS MAGAZINE AS TRANSNATIONAL NEXUS ..................................................... 85 5 INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S YEAR, 1975: STEINEM AS FEMINIST AMBASSADOR .................................................................................................... 119 6 STEINEM AND GLOBAL POLITICS ..................................................................... 147 7 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 176 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 195 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 201 7 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy GLORIA STEINEM: THE TRANSNATIONAL LIFE OF AN AMERICAN FEMINIST By Jessica Lancia August 2015 Chair: Louise Newman Major: History This dissertation uses Gloria Steinem, the United States’ most internationally prominent feminist of the 1970s, to demonstrate that women's movement activists in the United States were involved in and connected to women's movements and feminist activists in other parts of the world. It explores how they understood their actions and conceptualized their movement as part of a more global movement. Through Steinem's experience, the dissertation explains the appeal that US feminists had in reaching out to a global audience in both legitimizing their own movement and in giving them continued access to feminist activism. The dissertation argues that, in attending to Steinem's life, we see the internationalization of the US women's movement and how it fits into a growing global feminist movement. 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Known as much for her looks as for her unwavering public support of women’s rights, Gloria Steinem, a recent winner of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, is arguably the iconic symbol of the U.S. women’s movement of the 1970s. With her streaked blond hair, oversized aviator glasses, long legs and disarming smile, Gloria Steinem remains one of the most recognized figures of the 1970s. She was profiled by newspapers and magazines, consistently photographed, quoted (often mis-quoted), and interviewed in the print media, radio, and television. As far as the women’s movement goes, only Betty Friedan maintained this level of visibility in the press during this time. Yet, Steinem is far more than a sexy symbol of American feminism. As a writer, magazine editor, and public speaker, Steinem’s list of accomplishments is impressive. As a freelancer, she frequently published in the New York Times and other major news organs in the United States and abroad. In 1968, she helped to found New York Magazine, and, in 1972 she co-founded Ms. magazine. She published several best- selling books, including three highly biographical works, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions (1983), Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem (1992), and Moving Beyond Words (1994), as well as a biography of Marilyn Monroe, Marilyn: Norma Jean, in 1986.1 Her writing earned her many accolades, including the Penny-Missouri Journalism Award, the Lifetime Achievement in Journalism Award from the Society of Professional Journalism, and the Society of Writers Award from the United Nations. 1 Gloria Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983; Gloria Steinem, Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1993; Gloria Steinem, Moving Beyond Words. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994; Gloria Steinem and George Barris, Marilyn: Norma Jean, (New York: H. Holt, 1986). 9 As an activist, in 1971 Steinem helped found the Women’s Action Alliance, a national information center formed to coordinate women’s movement resources at the grass-roots level, and the National Women’s Political Caucus, dedicated to increasing women’s participation in public life and to supporting feminist politicians. That same year, she also co-founded the Ms. Foundation for Women, a national fund supporting girl’s and women’s empowerment projects. Her service in these and other organizations led to many more tributes, including induction into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York, an honorary Doctorate of Human Justice from Simmons College, and the Ceres Medal awarded by the United Nations. Organized thematically and chronologically, my dissertation examines Gloria Steinem’s life from her early years as a young, nomadic, and cosmopolitan American woman to her mature adulthood as a world-renowned feminist activist, arguing that Steinem’s life can be used
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