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11111111111I111iii11 Scientific Excellence • Resource Protection & Conservation • Benefits for Canadians Excellence scientifique • Protection et conservation des ressources • Benefices aux Canadiens DFO Library MPO Bibliotheque 111111 11 111I111III11 080010 9 Hydrology and Water Use for Salmon Streams in the Nechako Habitat Management Area, British Columbia Kenneth M. Rood and Roy E. Hamilton Fraser River Action Plan Department of Fisheries & Oceans 555 West Hastings Street Vancouver, B.C. V6B 5G3 1995 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2299 Fisheries Peches 141 and Oceans et Oceans Canada Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Manuscript reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which deals with national or regional problems. Distribu- tion is restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. However, no restriction is placed on subject matter, and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Manuscript reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and indexed in the Department's annual index to scientific and technical publications. Numbers 1-900 in this series were issued as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Biological Board of Canada, and subsequent to 1937 when the name of the Board was changed by Act of Parliament, as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 901-1425 were issued as Manuscript Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 1426-1550 were issued as Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Manuscript Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 1551. Manuscript reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Out-of-stock reports will be supplied for a fee by commercial agents. Rapport manuscrit canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports manuscrits contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techni- ques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui traitent de problemes nationaux ou regionaux. La distribution en est limitee aux organismes et aux personnes de regions particulieres du Canada. 11 n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la serie reflete la vaste gamme des interets et des politiques du ministere des Peches et des Oceans, c'est-A-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports manuscrits peuvent etre cites comme des publications completes. Le titre exact parait au-dessus du résumé de chaque rapport. Les rapports manuscrits sont résumés dans la revue Resumes des sciences aquatiques et halieutiques, et ils sont classes dans ('index annuel des publications scientifiques et techniques du Ministere. Les numeros 1 a 900 de cette serie ont ete publies a titre de manuscrits (serie biologique) de l'Office de biologie du Canada, et apres le changement de la designation de cet organisme par decret du Parlement, en 1937, ont ete classes comme manuscrits (serie biologique) de l'Office des recherches sur les !lecheries du Canada. Les numeros 901 a 1425 ont ete publies a titre de rapports manuscrits de l'Office des recherches sur les pecheries du Canada. Les numeros 1426 a 1550 sont parus a titre de rapports manuscrits du Service des peches et de la mer, ministere des Peches et de l'Environne- ment. Le nom actuel de la serie a ete etabli lors de la parution du numero 1551. Les rapports manuscrits sont produits a l'echelon regional, mais numerotes l'echelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l'etablissement auteur dont le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les rapports epuises seront fournis contre retribution par des agents commerciaux. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2299 1995 HYDROLOGY AND WATER USE FOR SALMON STREAMS IN THE NECHAKO HABITAT MANAGEMENT AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA by Kenneth M. Rood' and Roy E. Hamilton 2 Fraser River Action Plan Department of Fisheries & Oceans 555 West Hastings Street Vancouver, B.C. V6B 5G3 1 Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. #2 - 40 Gostick Place North Vancouver, B.C. V7M 3G2 2 Consultant 1138 Handsworth Road North Vancouver, B.C. V7R 2A8 Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1995 Cat. No. Fs 97-4/2299E ISSN 0706-6473 Correct citation for this publication: Rood, K.M., and R.E. Hamilton. 1995. Hydrology and water use for salmon streams in the Nechako Habitat Management Area, British Columbia. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2299: 132 pp. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables List of Figures vi List of Appendices vi Abstract vii Resume viii Foreword ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of the Study 1 1.2 Scope of the Study 1 1.3 Report Structure 2 1.4 Acknowledgements 2 2. OVERVIEW OF THE SALMON STREAMS IN THE NECHAKO HMA 3 2.1 Physiography 3 2.2 Surficial Geology ' 4 2.3 Climate 5 2.3.1 Climate and Hydrology 5 2.3.2 Temporal Variation in Climate 6 2.3.3 Global Warming and Climate Change 6 2.4 Channel Pattern and Streamflow 7 2.5 Groundwater Resources 8 2.6 Stream Stability 8 3. CALCULATING FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE SALMON STREAMS.. 11 3.1 Reference Point for Flow Characteristics 11 3.2 Period of Record for Calculating Flow Characteristics 12 3.3 Hydrometric Data in the Nechako HMA 12 3.4 Other Sources of Hydrometric Data 13 3.5 Gauged Salmon Streams 13 3.5.1 Water Extractions and Flow Characteristics 13 3.5.2 Storage and Flow Characteristics 14 3.5.3 Annual Flow Characteristics 14 3.5.4 Seasonal Flow Characteristics 14 3.6 Gauging Records on the Stream Summary Sheets 15 3.7 Ungauged Salmon Streams 15 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS continued 4. LAND USE 17 4.1 Forest Harvesting 17 4.2 The Effect of Logging on Hydrology 18 4.2.1 Forest Harvesting and Streamflow Quantities 18 4.2.2 Forest Harvesting and Flood Flows 19 4.2.3 Forest Harvesting and Sedimentation 19 4.3 Agricultural and Hydrology 20 4.4 Physiography 20 5. WATER LICENCES 21 5.1 Classification of Water Licences 21 5.1.1 Consumptive Licences 21 5.1.2 Non-Consumptive Licences 21 5.2 Licensed Versus Actual Water Use 22 5.2.1 Domestic and Waterworks Licences 22 5.2.2 Irrigation Licences 22 5.3 Calculation of Licensed Demand 23 6. SENSITIVITY INDICES FOR THE SALMON STREAMS 25 6.1 Summer Water Demand 26 6.2 Summer and Winter 7 day Low Flows 27 6.3 Peak Flows 27 6.4 Logging 28 7. DISCUSSION OF THE SALMON STREAMS 29 7.1 Sensitive Streams 29 7.2 Discussion by Stream 29 8. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 35 8.1 Effects of Development on Hydrology 35 8.2 Technical and Management Recommendations 37 8.2.1 Estimation of Flows and Demands in the Salmon Streams 38 8.2.2 Water Licensing and Water Use 38 8.2.3 Groundwater Extractions 39 8.2.4 Forest Harvesting 39 8.2.5 Sedimentation and Sediment Sources 40 9. REFERENCES 43 iv LIST OF TABLES 1 Salmon Streams in the Nechako HMA 47 2. Physiography and Ecoregions in the Nechako HMA 48 3. Regional Climate in the Nechako HMA 4. Hydrologic Characteristics of the Ecoregions 50 5. Channel Stability in the Nechako HMA 51 6. Definitions of Flow Characteristics 52 7. Hydrology of the Salmon Streams in the Nechako HMA 53 8. Storage in the Salmon Streams of the Nechako HMA 54 9. Sensitivity Indices -- Nechako HMA 55 10. Most Sensitive Streams -- Nechako HMA 56 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Fraser River Habitat Management Areas 59 2. Salmon Streams in the Nechako HMA 60 3. Physiography and WSC Gauging Stations in the Nechako HMA 61 4. Long-Term Precipitation and Temperature Trends at Fort St. James 62 5. Calculation of Natural and "Naturalized" Flows for the Salmon Streams 63 6. Long-Term Variation in Discharge: Stellako River at Glenannen 64 7. Classification of British Columbia Water Licences 65 LIST OF APPENDICES A. Estimating Flows at the Mouth of Ungauged Streams A 1 B. Stream Summary Sheets B 1 vi ABSTRACT The Fraser River Action Plan (FRAP) is developing plans for environmentally sustainable salmon production in streams of the Fraser River watershed. This report focuses on the Nechako Habitat Management Area (HMA). The HMA includes streams lying within the watershed of the Nechako River, which joins the Fraser River at Prince George. Hydrology and water use in twelve salmon streams are discussed. The Nechako HMA extends west from Prince George to the Coast Mountains and includes three physiographic regions, the Nechako Plateau, Nechako Lowlands, and Tahtsa Ranges. Most of the HMA receives 500 to 600 mm of precipitation annually, spread throughout the year. Peak stream flows accompany snow melt in May and June and minimum flows occur under ice in winter. Small streams have low summer flows. The Kenney Dam has regulated flows on the Nechako River since 1952. Plans for a second dam on the Nechako were approved in 19--, but are currently under review. Large lakes regulate stream flow on several streams. The upper Nechako watershed extends into the Tahtsa Ranges. This area has 2000 mm of precipitation annually, mostly falling during winter. Maximum stream flows result from snow melt in spring and rainstorms in fall and early winter. The hydrologic regimes and the effects_of human development on the regimes are emphasized. Ten indices use hydrologic, water use, and land use data to rank habitat sensitivity of the streams.
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