Geologic Resources Inventory Map Document for Ninety Six National Historic Site

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate Geologic Resources Division

Ninety Six National Historic Site

GRI Ancillary Map Information Document

Produced to accompany the Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) Digital Geologic Data for Ninety Six National Historic Site nisi_geology.pdf

Version: 1/9/2014 I Ninety Six National Historic Site

Geologic Resources Inventory Map Document for Ninety Six National Historic Site

Table of Contents Geolog.i.c. .R...e..s.o..u..r.c..e..s.. .I.n..v.e..n..t.o..r..y. .M...a..p.. .D..o..c..u..m...e..n..t...... 1 About th..e.. .N...P..S.. .G...e..o..l.o..g..i.c. .R...e..s.o..u..r.c..e..s.. .I.n..v.e..n..t.o..r..y. .P...r.o..g..r.a..m...... 2 GRI Dig.i.t.a..l. .M...a..p..s. .a..n..d.. .S...o..u..r.c..e.. .M..a..p.. .C...i.t.a..t.i.o..n..s...... 4 Map Un.i.t. .L..i.s..t...... 5 Map Un.i.t. .D..e..s..c..r.i.p..t.i.o..n..s...... 6 PPNMc.g..o.. .-. .G...r.a..n..i.t.e..,. .C..o..r.o..n..a..c..a.. .p..l.u..t.o..n.. .(.C...a..r.b..o..n..i.f.e..r.o..u..s.. .t.o.. .P..e..r..m..i.a..n..)...... 6 PZmyg. .-. .M...y..lo..n..i.t.e.. .g..n..e..i.s..s.. .(.L..a..t.e.. .P..a..l.e..o..z..o..ic..)...... 6 DScgg .-.. .G..a..b..b..r..o..,. .G..r..e..e..n..w...o..o..d.. .p..l.u..t.o..n.. .(.S..i.l.u..r.i.a..n.. .t.o.. .D..e..v..o..n..i.a..n..)...... 6 PZZgn .-.. .B..i.o..t.it.e.. .q..u..a..r..t.z..-.p..l.a..g..io..c..l.a..s..e.. .g..n..e..i.s..s.. .(.N..e..o..p..r..o..t.e..r.o..z..o..i.c.. .t.o.. .P..a..le..o..z..o..i.c..)...... 6 PZZgr .-. .M...e..t.a..m..o..r..p..h..o..s..e..d.. .g..r.a..n..i.t.o..id.. .r..o..c..k.s..,. .u..n..d..i.v..i.d..e..d.. .(.N..e..o..p..r..o..t.e..r.o..z..o..i.c.. .t.o.. .P..a..le..o..z..o..i.c..)...... 6 di - Dio.r.i.t.e.. .(.u..n..d..e..t.e..r.m...i.n..e..d.. .a..g..e.. .a..n..d.. .a..f.f.i.n..i.t.y..)...... 7 GRI Sou..r.c..e.. .M...a..p.. .C..i.t.a..t.i.o..n..s...... 8 Open-F..il.e.. .2..0..0..5..-.1..3..2..3...... 8 White, .2..0..1..2.. .U..n..d..e..r.g..r..a..d..u..a..t.e.. .S..e..n..i.o..r. .R..e..s..e..a..r..c..h.. .d..a..t.a...... 8 Addition..a..l. .M...a..p.. .U..n..i.t. .D...e..s.c..r.i.p..t.i.o..n.. .I.n..f.o..r.m...a..t.i.o..n.. .a..n..d.. .G...e..o..l.o..g..i.c.. .R..e..p..o..r.t...... 9 Open-F..il.e.. .R..e..p..o..r..t. .0..1..-.2..9..8...... 9 Appa..l.a..c..h..i.a..n.. .P..ie..d..m...o..n..t. .a..n..d.. .B..l.u..e.. .R..i.d..g..e.. .G...e..o..lo..g..i.c.. .M...a..p.. .R..e..p..o..r.t...... 10 References C..it.e..d.. .a..n..d.. .S...o..u..r.c..e..s.. .o..f. .G...e..o..l.o..g..ic.. .D...a..t.a...... 20 GRI Di.g..i.t.a..l. .D..a..t.a.. .C..r..e..d..i.t.s...... 27

2014 NPS Geologic Resources Inventory Program NISI GRI Ancillary Map Information Document 1

Geologic Resources Inventory Map Document Ninety Six National Historic Site, South Carolina

Document to Accompany Digital Geologic-GIS Data

nisi_geology.pdf

Version: 1/9/2014

This document has been developed to accompany the digital geologic-GIS data developed by the Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) program for Ninety Six National Historic Site, South Carolina (NISI).

Attempts have been made to reproduce all aspects of the original source products, including the geologic units and their descriptions, geologic cross sections, the geologic report, references and all other pertinent images and information contained in the original publication.

National Park Service (NPS) Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) Program staff have assembled the digital geologic-GIS data that accompanies this document.

For information about the status of GRI digital geologic-GIS data for a park contact:

Tim Connors Geologist/GRI Mapping Contact National Park Service Geologic Resources Division P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225-0287 phone: (303) 969-2093 fax: (303) 987-6792 email: [email protected]

For information about using GRI digital geologic-GIS data contact:

Stephanie O'Meara Geologist/GIS Specialist/Data Manager Colorado State University Research Associate, Cooperator to the National Park Service 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 200 Fort Collins, CO 80525 phone: (970) 491-6655 fax: (970) 225-3597 e-mail: [email protected]

2014 NPS Geologic Resources Inventory Program 2 NISI GRI Ancillary Map Information Document

About the NPS Geologic Resources Inventory Program Background

Recognizing the interrelationships between the physical (geology, air, and water) and biological (plants and animals) components of the Earth is vital to understanding, managing, and protecting natural resources. The Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) helps make this connection by providing information on the role of geology and geologic resource management in parks.

Geologic resources for management consideration include both the processes that act upon the Earth and the features formed as a result of these processes. Geologic processes include: erosion and sedimentation; seismic, volcanic, and geothermal activity; glaciation, rockfalls, landslides, and shoreline change. Geologic features include mountains, canyons, natural arches and bridges, minerals, rocks, fossils, cave and karst systems, beaches, dunes, glaciers, volcanoes, and faults.

The Geologic Resources Inventory aims to raise awareness of geology and the role it plays in the environment, and to provide natural resource managers and staff, park planners, interpreters, researchers, and other NPS personnel with information that can help them make informed management decisions.

The GRI team, working closely with the Colorado State University (CSU) Department of Geosciences and a variety of other partners, provides more than 270 parks with a geologic scoping meeting, digital geologic-GIS map data, and a park-specific geologic report.

Products

Scoping Meetings: These park-specific meetings bring together local geologic experts and park staff to inventory and review available geologic data and discuss geologic resource management issues. A summary document is prepared for each meeting that identifies a plan to provide digital map data for the park.

Digital Geologic Maps: Digital geologic maps reproduce all aspects of traditional paper maps, including notes, legend, and cross sections. Bedrock, surficial, and special purpose maps such as coastal or geologic hazard maps may be used by the GRI to create digital Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data and meet park needs. These digital GIS data allow geologic information to be easily viewed and analyzed in conjunction with a wide range of other resource management information data.

For detailed information regarding GIS parameters such as data attribute field definitions, attribute field codes, value definitions, and rules that govern relationships found in the data, refer to the NPS Geology- GIS Data Model document available at: http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/inventory/geology/ GeologyGISDataModel.cfm

Geologic Reports: Park-specific geologic reports identify geologic resource management issues as well as features and processes that are important to park ecosystems. In addition, these reports present a brief geologic history of the park and address specific properties of geologic units present in the park.

For a complete listing of Geologic Resource Inventory products and direct links to the download site visit the GRI publications webpage http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/gre_publications.cfm

GRI geologic-GIS data is also available online at the NPS Data Store Search Application: http://irma. nps.gov/App/Reference/Search. To find GRI data for a specific park or parks select the appropriate park

2014 NPS Geologic Resources Inventory Program NISI GRI Ancillary Map Information Document 3

(s), enter “GRI” as a Search Text term, and then select the Search Button.

For more information about the Geologic Resources Inventory Program visit the GRI webpage: http:// www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory, or contact:

Bruce Heise Inventory Coordinator National Park Service Geologic Resources Division P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225-0287 phone: (303) 969-2017 fax: (303) 987-6792 email: [email protected]

The Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) program is funded by the National Park Service (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Division.

2014 NPS Geologic Resources Inventory Program 4 NISI GRI Ancillary Map Information Document

GRI Digital Maps and Source Map Citations

The GRI digital geologic-GIS maps/map for Ninety Six National Historic Site, South Carolina (NISI):

GRI Digital Geologic Map of Ninety Six National Historic Site and Vicinity, South Carolina (GRI MapCode NISI)

U.S. Geological Survey and Winthrop University source maps and data,

Dicken, C.L., Nicholson, S.W., Horton, J.D., Foose, M.P., and Mueller, J.A.L., 2005, Preliminary Integrated Geologic Map Databases for the United States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF-2005-1323, 1:500,000 scale. (GRI Source Map ID 74109).

White, Marshall, 2012, Preliminary Digital Data Collection of Outcrops at Ninety Six National Historic Site, South Carolina, Winthrop University, Undergraduate Senior Research data (White, 2012), 1:12000 scale. (GRI Source Map ID 75636).

Additional information pertaining to each source map is also presented in the GRI Source Map Information (NISIMAP) table included with the GRI geology-GIS data.

2014 NPS Geologic Resources Inventory Program NISI GRI Ancillary Map Information Document 5

Map Unit List

The geologic units present in the digital geologic-GIS data produced for Ninety Six National Historic Site, South Carolina (NISI) are listed below. Units are listed with their assigned unit symbol and unit name (e. g., PPNMcgo - Granite, Coronaca pluton). Units are listed from youngest to oldest. Information about each geologic unit is also presented in the Geologic Unit Information (NISIUNIT) table included with the GRI geology-GIS data.

Paleozoic Era

Carboniferous to Permian Periods PPNMcgo - Granite, Coronaca pluton

Late Paleozoic PZmyg - Mylonite gneiss

Silurian to Devonian Periods DScgg - Gabbro, Greenwood pluton

Proterozoic to Paleozoic Eras

Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic PZZgn - Biotite quartz-plagioclase gneiss PZZgr - Metamorphosed granitoid rocks, undivided

Undetermined Age and Affinity di - Diorite

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Map Unit Descriptions

Descriptions of all geologic map units, generally listed from youngest to oldest, are presented below.

PPNMcgo - Granite, Coronaca pluton (Carboniferous to Permian)

Late Paleozoic Plutonic Rocks. GRI Source Map ID 74109 (OF-2005-1323).

Cg - Granite (Carboniferous and Permian)—Including named plutons: br, Bald Rock; b, Batesburg (gneissic); cr, Catawba-Roddey; ch, Cherryville; cc, Clouds Creek; cv, Clover; cp, Cold Point; cl, Columbia; co, Coronaca; ct, Cuffytown Creek; e, Edgefield; ep, unnamed granites of eastern Piedmont; gv, Graniteville-Vaucluse; h, Harbison; j, Johnston (gneissic sheets) ; lx, Lexington; lh, Liberty Hill; p, Pageland; w, Winnsboro; y, York. Geochronology summarized in McSween and others, 1991, Table 7- 1). GRI Source Map ID 45308 (Open-File Report 01-298).

PZmyg - Mylonite gneiss (Late Paleozoic)

Late Paleozoic Shear Zones. GRI Source Map ID 74109 (OF-2005-1323).

myg - mylonitic gneiss (Late Paleozoic)—Includes mylonitic gneiss in shear zone east of Winnsboro granite (Barker and others, 1998); mylonitic gneiss, button schist and phyllonite of Cross Hill and Chappells shear zones (West, 1997, Lawrence, 1999); and Beaver Creek gneiss (West, 1997) GRI Source Map ID 45308 (Open-File Report 01-298).

DScgg - Gabbro, Greenwood pluton (Silurian to Devonian)

Middle Paleozoic Plutonic Rocks. GRI Source Map ID 74109 (OF-2005-1323).

DScg - Gabbro—Including named plutons: a, Abbeville; b, Buffalo; cf, Calhoun Falls, ch, Chester; g, Greenwood, mc, McCormick; me, Mecklenburg; m, Mt Carmel; ny, North York; o, Ogden; rn, Rock Hill North, rs, Rock Hill South. GRI Source Map ID 45308 (Open-File Report 01-298).

PZZgn - Biotite quartz-plagioclase gneiss (Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic)

Carolina Slate Belt and Charlotte Belt, layered and stratified rocks. GRI Source Map ID 74109 (OF-2005- 1323).

PZZgr - Metamorphosed granitoid rocks, undivided (Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic)

Plutons of Undetermined Affinity and Age. GRI Source Map ID 74109 (OF-2005-1323).

PzZgr - Metamorphosed granitoids (Paleozoic to Neoproterozoic)—Undivided plutonic rocks of different age including probable equivalents of CZgr, the Sand Creek granite of Dennis and Shervais (1996, Fig. 2), the Cokesbury metagranite of West (1997), and granite having 338 Ma concordant 207Pb/206Pb zircon age. (Nelson and others, 1998) GRI Source Map ID 45308 (Open-File Report 01-298).

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di - Diorite (undetermined age and affinity)

Plutons of Undetermined Affinity and Age. GRI Source Map ID 74109 (OF-2005-1323).

CZdi - Diorite (Cambrian to Neoproterozoic)—Includes “unmetamorphosed, undeformed biotite- hornblende diorite” which intrudes metadiorite of Mean Crossroads complex as well as mafic metavolcanic rocks and has U-Pb zircon date of 535±4 Ma (Dennis and Wright, 1997) GRI Source Map ID 45308 (Open-File Report 01-298).

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GRI Source Map Citations Open-File 2005-1323

Dicken, C.L., Nicholson, S.W., Horton, J.D., Foose, M.P., and Mueller, J.A.L., 2005, Preliminary Integrated Geologic Map Databases for the United States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina, U.S. Geological Survey, OF-2005-1323, 1:500,000 scale. (GRI Source Map ID 74109).

Additional information concerning this source publication including attribute tables in File Maker and DBaseIV format can be obtained at: http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/state.php?state=SC

White, 2012 Undergraduate Senior Research data

This source consisted of auger hole and field observation locality data. Soil profiles, rock outcrops, lithology and/or prominent minerals were described for each location. See the Notes field of the Geologic Observation Localities data layer in the GRI digital geologic-GIS data for this information.

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Additional Map Unit Description Information and Geologic Report Open-File Report 01-298

Additional information concerning geologic units present on the GRI digital geologic-GIS map for Ninety Six National Historic Site (NISI), as well as the geology of the area, is presented in the following report.

J. Wright Horton, Jr., and Connie L. Dicken, 2001, Preliminary Digital Geologic Map of the Appalachian Piedmont and Blue Ridge, South Carolina Segment, U.S, Geological Survey, Open-File Report 01-298, 1:500,000 scale. (GRI Source Map ID 45308)

Unit descriptions from this source map's report have been copied to each unit's unit description section for geologic units present on the GRI digital geologic-GIS map. Please see the Map Unit Descriptions and/or Map Unit List sections of this document to view this information. These descriptions were provided to enhance existing units descriptions from the OF-2005-1323 source geologic map, and/or to provided a unit description for units where no unit description was present on map OF-2005-1323.

Report

References

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Appalachian Piedmont and Blue Ridge Geologic Map Report U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PRELIMINARY DIGITAL GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE

APPALACHIAN PIEDMONT AND BLUE RIDGE,

SOUTH CAROLINA SEGMENT

J. Wright Horton, Jr., and Connie L. Dicken

Open-File Report 01-298

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. The USGS provides these data as is and makes no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of information contained in the data. The USGS further makes no warranties, either expressed or implied as to any other matter whatsoever, including, without limitation, the condition of the product, or its fitness for any particular purpose.

2001

ABSTRACT

This preliminary digital geologic map of the South Carolina segment of the Appalachian Piedmont and Blue Ridge was compiled at 1:500,000 scale as part of a suite of regional and national spatial data sets. All of these coverages are intended for use in the analysis and interpretation of regional geochemical patterns that may have environmental or resource applications. The geology was compiled by integrating data and interpretations from a variety of pre-existing sources, as referenced, without field verification. Map units in the database are categorized by rock type, geologic province, and age to facilitate queries and searches. Customized maps for special applications can be generated by combining the geologic coverage with other types of spatial data.

INTRODUCTION

This preliminary geologic map of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge in South Carolina contributes to a suite of spatial data sets being assembled for the analysis of regional and national geochemical patterns that may have environmental and resource applications. It was motivated and designed to meet internal needs of the USGS Mineral Resources Program. The map was produced by integrating data and interpretations from a variety of pre-existing sources without the benefit of additional field work. Geologic map units are classified in the database according to rock type (lithology), geologic province (Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont Mesozoic basin, Eastern Piedmont, Central Piedmont, Western

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Piedmont, and Blue Ridge), and age (where known). These criteria can be used to search the database for units having particular characteristics. They can also be used to generate customized maps for special applications by integrating selected geologic features with other digital data sets.

The suite of regional data sets, for which this map is a contribution, will include digitized geologic maps of North Carolina and Georgia originally produced at 1:500,000 scale (Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; North Carolina Geological Survey, 1985), and this coverage is designed for compatibility. It is more current than Overstreet and Bell’s (1965a,b) map, more detailed than Maybin and others’ (2000) general state-wide map, and less detailed than Nelson and others’ (1998) partial coverage.

The geologic maps of North Carolina and Georgia were produced by multi-year efforts involving many collaborators, far exceeding the very limited scope and magnitude of this preliminary compilation for South Carolina. This coverage was assembled mainly from other regional compilations listed under “Principal Sources of Geologic Map Data.” Those sources already incorporate numerous, more detailed geologic maps as well as reconnaissance mapping. Local modifications are based on additional sources listed under “References Cited and Sources of Geologic Data.” Although including all of the latest geologic mapping is far beyond the intended scope of this compilation, this coverage for South Carolina is still generally more up-to-date than the comparable coverages for North Carolina and Georgia (Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; North Carolina Geological Survey, 1985). Dikes of early Jurassic diabase, as compiled separately by Bell (1988), are omitted here. The inner margin of the Atlantic Coastal Plain is adapted from Offield and Sutphin (2000) with local modifications, and it differs slightly from that of Prowell and others (2000). Surficial geologic units are not shown in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge on this coverage or others nearby (Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; North Carolina Geological Survey, 1985, Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, 1993), although deposits such as floodplain alluvium can be important for understanding regional geochemical patterns. Map-unit symbols use letters, such as “C” for Cambrian and TR for Triassic, rather than special characters, due to software limitations.

Multiple rock types may be lumped into a single unit, because of the compilation scale (1:500,000) and because the geology of many areas has not been mapped and studied in detail. No field verification was conducted, so errors in the source maps will be perpetuated. This compilation and others of similar scale in this region (e.g., Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; North Carolina Geological Survey, 1985) should be considered progress reports to be superseded as knowledge of the geology improves. This map product is intended to meet short-term needs until more accurate coverage of the regional geology is available. It may also draw attention to regional geologic issues and areas where new studies could be especially beneficial.

This general compilation is not intended for use at scales larger (more detailed) than 1:500,000, and it should not be applied in the investigation of local and site-specific issues, which require more detailed geologic information. However, it can provide a regional context for understanding geologic aspects of the local environment.

SOURCES OF GEOLOGIC MAP DATA

Numerous sources of geologic data were combined and integrated into this digital compilation, and they are listed individually under “References Cited and Sources of Geologic Data.” An index map shows where the “Principal Sources of Geologic Map Data” were used. These major sources include Barker and others (1998), Boland (1996), Butler (1977, 1988), Curl (1998), Daniels (1974), Dennis (1995), Goldsmith and others (1988), Hadley and Nelson (1971), Lawrence (1999), Maher and others (1991), Maybin and Niewendorp (1993), Nelson and others (1998), Offield and Sutphin (2000), Pray (1997), Robinson and others (1992), Schaeffer (1981), Secor and others (1986), West (1997). Local modifications are based on references cited in the Description of Map Units as well as the following

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additional sources: western Piedmont (Curl and Hatcher, 1997; Griffin, 1974; Hatcher, 1997; and Ranson and others, 1999), central Piedmont (Anonymous, 1972; Boland, 1998; Butler, 1966; Butler and Secor, 1991; Dennis and Wright, 1995; and Offield, 1995); plutonic rocks (Dennis and Wright, 1995; Nystrom and Niewendorp, 1998; Privett, 1995; Speer, 1987; and Speer and others, 1986), shear zones and faults (Boland, 1998; Dennis, 1991; Doar, 1996; Garihan and others, 1991, 1993; Lawrence and others, 1995; Maybin and Clendenin, 1998; and Sieling and others, 1997). Choices between inconsistent source maps were influenced by levels of detail, recency, and comparison with aeromagnetic data (Zietz and Daniels, 1982).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This map was compiled for use by the USGS Mineral Resources Program’s “Surveys and Analyses, Eastern U.S.” project, as a step toward assembling a consistent set of digital geologic coverages for the eastern United States. The Spatial Data Delivery project under the USGS Mineral Resources Program aims to make general geologic and lithologic coverages for much of the United States available from an internet site such as http://mrdata.usgs.gov or links to sites of other agencies. We thank South Carolina State Geologist C.W. Clendenin, Jr. for providing a copy of the generalized geologic map by Maybin and others (2000) as well as other references and insights. We also thank Arthur E. Nelson, Suzanne A. Nicholson, David C. Prowell, and David J. Weary for constructive technical reviews.

DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS

ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN

TK Coastal Plain sediments (Tertiary and Cretaceous)—Undivided

EARLY MESOZOIC RIFT BASINS

TRc Chatham Group (Triassic)—Undivided conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone of Wadesboro basin and smaller Crowburg basin

LATE PALEOZOIC SHEAR ZONES

bz Mylonitic rocks of Brevard fault zone (Late Paleozoic)—Mylonitic and phyllonitic equivalents of Chauga River Formation and other adjacent rock units

myg mylonitic gneiss (Late Paleozoic)—Includes mylonitic gneiss in shear zone east of Winnsboro granite (Barker and others, 1998); mylonitic gneiss, button schist and phyllonite of Cross Hill and Chappells shear zones (West, 1997, Lawrence, 1999); and Beaver Creek gneiss (West, 1997)

ph Phyllonite and phyllonitic schist (Late Paleozoic)—In shear zones such as Gold Hill, Waxhaw, Lowndesville, and Buzzard’s Roost shear zones

mym Mylonitic rocks of Modoc fault zone (Late Paleozoic)—Mylonitic paragneiss and schist (Pray, 1997)

2014 NPS Geologic Resources Inventory Program NISI GRI Ancillary Map Information Document 13

PLUTONIC AND ASSOCIATED IGNEOUS ROCKS

LATE PALEOZOIC PLUTONIC ROCKS

Cg Granite (Carboniferous and Permian)—Including named plutons: br, Bald Rock; b, Batesburg (gneissic); cr, Catawba-Roddey; ch, Cherryville; cc, Clouds Creek; cv, Clover; cp, Cold Point; cl, Columbia; co, Coronaca; ct, Cuffytown Creek; e, Edgefield; ep, unnamed granites of eastern Piedmont; gv, Graniteville-Vaucluse; h, Harbison; j, Johnston (gneissic sheets) ; lx, Lexington; lh, Liberty Hill; p, Pageland; w, Winnsboro; y, York. Geochronology summarized in McSween and others, 1991, Table 7-1).

Cd Gabbro and diorite (Carboniferous)—Including named plutons: dc, Dutchmans Creek (olivine gabbronorite; McSween and Nystrom, 1977); cc, Clouds Creek (diorite, McSween and others, 1991, p. 124)

MIDDLE PALEOZOIC PLUTONIC ROCKS

Concord Plutonic Suite (Devonian to Silurian)

DScg Gabbro—Including named plutons: a, Abbeville; b, Buffalo; cf, Calhoun Falls, ch, Chester; g, Greenwood, mc, McCormick; me, Mecklenburg; m, Mt Carmel; ny, North York; o, Ogden; rn, Rock Hill North, rs, Rock Hill South

DScs Syenite—Including named plutons: b, Buffalo; m, Mount Carmel

Dgg Gray Court metagranite (Devonian)—Foliated, medium-grained, equigranular to porphyritic, biotite granite (includes Gray Court, Ott, and Rabun Creek facies of Wagener, 1977); has concordant 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 359 Ma (Nelson and others, 1998) and Rb-Sr whole rock age of 375 23 Ma (McSween and others, 1991)

Dp Pacolet granite (Devonian)—Biotite monzogranite to granodiorite, equigranular to porphyritic; Rb-Sr isochron age is 383 5 Ma (Mittwede and Fullagar, 1987)

Granite of Lowrys pluton (Devonian)

Dle Equigranular granite (Devonian)

Dlp Porphyritic granite (Devonian)—Previously described by Wagener (1977) as “McConnells porphyry” (informal name); 399 4 Ma Rb-Sr whole rock age (Fullagar, 1971)

Sgn Newberry granite and similar, possibly related granites (Silurian)—Nonfoliated and contains foliated xenoliths; Rb-Sr age is 415 9 Ma (McSween and others, 1991)

Table Rock Plutonic Suite (Ordovician to Silurian) and possible equivalents

DSg Granodiorite gneiss and granite gneiss (Devonian to Silurian)

Pzgf Reedy River complex (informal name of Wagener, 1977) and smaller unnamed plutons (Paleozoic)—Gneissic biotite granite to granodiorite

Pzgp Gneissic granite of Greenville (Paleozoic)—Interpreted by Nelson and others (1998) as

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within Paris Mountain thrust sheet

SOsga Gneissic granite of Antreville (Silurian to Ordovician)—Gneissic biotite granite to granodiorite of Antreville pluton

SOsg Gneissic granite of Starr (Silurian to Ordovician)—Gneissic biotite granite to granodiorite of Starr pluton and nearby satellite plutons; interpreted by Nelson and others (1998) as within Six Mile thrust sheet

SOg Caesars Head Granite (Silurian to Ordovician)—Well foliated, locally segregation-banded biotite granitoid gneiss or gneissic granitoid; cuts Seneca thrust fault; discordant 207Pb/ 206Pb age is 435 Ma (Nelson and others, 1998)

SOgg Granite gneiss, undivided (Silurian to Ordovician)—Equigranular to inequigranular granite gneiss and augen gneiss previously mapped as “Henderson Gneiss” but having younger Rb-Sr whole rock age of 445 20 Ma (McSween and others, 1991; Fullagar and others, 1997). Map unit may include outliers of Henderson Gneiss (Chg) intruded by Ordovician granite

Ogt Toluca Granite and associated metagranites (Ordovician?)—Weakly to strongly foliated, garnet-bearing, metamorphosed monzogranite to granodiorite; ranges from equigranular and medium-grained to inequigranular having coarse microcline megacrysts. Toluca has 480 50 Ma 207Pb/206Pb zircon age (Davis and others, 1962; discussion in Odom and Fullagar, 1973)

Omg Migmatitic granitoid gneiss (Ordovician?)—Variably foliated, variably migmatitic, and granitic to quartz dioritic in composition. Equivalent to “Omg” of Robinson and others (1992, Plate 1) and “OCmg” of North Carolina Geological Survey (1985)

EARLY PALEOZOIC PLUTONIC ROCKS

Chg Henderson Gneiss (Cambrian)—Biotite granitoid augen gneiss having distinctive microcline augen; monzonite to granodiorite composition; equivalent to exposures in type area of Henderson County, NC and having U-Pb concordia upper-intercept zircon ages of about 600 Ma (Sinha and Glover, 1978) and 538 Ma (Odom and Fullagar, 1973) and Rb-Sr whole-rock age of 513 34 Ma (Fullagar and others, 1997, Table 1)

PLUTONS OF UNDETERMINED AFFINITY AND AGE

Pza Anderson metagabbro (Paleozoic?)—Metagabbro grading into amphibolite; composed of plagioclase, hornblende, and commonly garnet, ferrohypersthene, clinopyroxene, and quartz

Pzgj Granite sheets near Joanna (Paleozoic?)—Equivalent to “Joanna sills” of Wagener (1977); age undetermined

Pzgsa Santuck granite (Paleozoic?)—Age undetermined

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PzZgr Metamorphosed granitoids (Paleozoic to Neoproterozoic)—Undivided plutonic rocks of different age including probable equivalents of CZgr, the Sand Creek granite of Dennis and Shervais (1996, Fig. 2), the Cokesbury metagranite of West (1997), and granite having 338 Ma concordant 207Pb/206Pb zircon age. (Nelson and others, 1998)

CZgr Metamorphosed granite to granodiorite (Cambrian to Neoproterozoic)—Includes rock from York County having U-Pb concordia intercept age of 532 15 Ma (Gilbert and others, 1982). Foliated “biotite porphyry qranodiorite” intrusive into metabasalt at Stop 5 of Dennis and others, (1995) has U-Pb zircon age of about 571 16 Ma (Dennis and Wright, 1997). Rock variously described as “foliated granodiorite” (Dennis and others, 1995, Stop 12) or “foliated diorite” intrusive into mafic metavolcanic rocks has U-Pb zircon upper concordia intercept age of 579 4 Ma; includes unit “mg” of Boland (1996, 1997)

CZdi Diorite (Cambrian to Neoproterozoic)—Includes “unmetamorphosed, undeformed biotite- hornblende diorite” which intrudes metadiorite of Mean Crossroads complex as well as mafic metavolcanic rocks and has U-Pb zircon date of 535 4 Ma (Dennis and Wright, 1997)

EARLY PALEOZOIC-NEOPROTEROZOIC PLUTONS AND SUBVOLCANIC COMPLEXES

OCgw Waxhaw metagranite (Cambrian)—Metamorphosed fine- to medium-grained biotite granite and hypabyssal quartz porphyry, non-foliated except adjacent to Gold Hill and Waxhaw shear zones where it is weakly gneissic to phyllonitic (Boland, 1996); Rb-Sr whole rock age is 495 21 Ma (Fullagar, 1981; McSween and others, 1991)

CZge Edgemoor metagranite (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic)—Medium-grained, foliated to nonfoliated, metamorphosed metagranite containing biotite muscovite garnet Boland, 1996); Rb-Sr whole rock age is 508 61 Ma (Fullagar, 1971; McSween and others, 1991)

CZggf Great Falls metagranite (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic)—Foliated, metamorphosed muscovite-biotite granite having accessory garnet and discordantly intruding surrounding rocks (Privett, 1985); Rb-Sr whole rock age is 565 57 Ma (Fullagar, 1971; McSween and others, 1991)

CZgph Pleasant Hill metagranite (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Possibly similar to nearby Great Falls metagranite (McSween and others, 1991, Table 7-1)

Zglt Longtown Metagranite (Neoproterozoic)—Biotite metagranite having 551.2 2.6 Ma weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb zircon age, Barker and others, 1998)

mtg Biotite metatonalite and granodiorite (Paleozoic or Neoproterozoic?)

Ztr Metatrondhjemite (Neoproterozoic?)

Zto Metatonalite (Neoproterozoic)—Metamorphosed biotite tonalite and lesser amounts of hornblende tonalite , trondhjemite, and granodiorite. Locally contains angular xenoliths of Battleground Formation metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. Discordant 207Pb/206 Pb age is about 590 Ma (Goldsmith and others, 1988)

Ztl Little Mountain metatonalite (Neoproterozoic)—U-Pb concordia upper-intercept age is 550 4 Ma (Dallmeyer and others (1986)

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PzZq Metamorphosed quartz diorite to diorite (Paleozoic or Neoproterozoic?)

CZmd Metadiorite (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)

PzZg Metagabbro and minor metadiorite (Middle Paleozoic to Neoproterozoic?)—Includes named bodies: PzZgbw, Big Wateree Creek; PzZgbc, Chester

CZdg Metadiorite and minor metagabbro, containing sparse hornblendite and pyroxenite (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Includes CZdgm, Mean Crossroads intrusive complex (informal name of Dennis and Shervais, 1991, 1996) having U-Pb concordia intercept age of 538 5 Ma (Dennis and Wright, 1997); CZdgw, Wildcat Branch complex; CZdgl, Lockhart metadiorite

MAFIC-ULTRAMAFIC COMPLEXES AND ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS

um Ultramafic rock (Paleozoic or Neoproterozoic)—Metamorphosed

m Latimer complex of Griffin (1979) (Paleozoic or Neoproterozoic)—Metamorphosed mafic- ultramafic complex consisting mainly of mafic rocks including amphibolite, metagabbro, and greenstone metabasalt, and lesser amounts of ultramafic rock composed of talc, chlorite, serpentine, and minor cummingtonite(?) (Griffin, 1979); interpreted by Higgins and others (1988, 1989) as part of the “Juliette slice” of the “Macon mélange” and by Butler (1989) as mafic igneous rocks of calc-alkaline magmatic arc

Hammett Grove Meta-igneous Suite of Mittwede (1989) (Paleozoic or Neoproterozoic)

hgg Metagabbro

hgu Metamorphosed ultramafic rocks—Hornblendite, pyroxenite, serpentinite, and talc schist

Burks Mountain complex of Sacks and others (1989) (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic)

CZbu Ultramafic rocks of Burks Mountain complex (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic)

CZba Amphibolite of Burks Mountain complex (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic)

LAYERED AND STRATIFIED METAMORPHIC ROCKS

BELAIR BELT

CZvs Metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of Belair belt (Ordovician to Neoproterozoic?)— Lower greenschist facies rocks in Belair belt of Crickmay (1952), may include rocks equivalent to Persimmon Fork Formation (Daniels, 1974; Offield and Sutphin, 2000)

KIOKEE BELT

CZk Migmatitic paragneiss and schist of Kiokee belt (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Migmatitic hornblende-biotite paragneiss having interlayered sillimanite schist and amphibolite; principal

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unit of Kiokee belt as defined by Crickmay’s (1952) and extended by Daniels (1974); interpreted by Maher and others (1991) as part of Savannah River terrane

CAROLINA SLATE BELT AND CHARLOTTE BELT

OCc Cid Formation (Ordovician to Late Cambrian?)—Cid Formation as proposed by Offield and Sutphin (2000), equivalent to Cid Formation Mudstone Member of previous usage. Mainly laminated metamudstone; contains euconodonts no older than Late Cambrian in North Carolina (Koeppen and others, 1995; Offield and Sutphin, 2000)

OCr Richtex Formation (Ordovician to Middle Cambrian)—Laminated metamudstone; contains Middle Cambrian or younger sponge spicules (Bourland and Rigby, 1982); Ordovician age proposed by Offield and Sutphin (2000) based on similarity and possible correlation with Tillery Formation in North Carolina, which contains bryozoans and other fossils no older than Middle Ordovician (Koeppen and others, 1995)

Cap Asbill Pond Formation (Middle Cambrian)—Siltstones and sandstones having interbedded felsic to mafic metavolcanic rocks; age based on Middle Cambrian trilobite fauna (Secor and others, 1983; Samson and others, 1990)

OZfs Flat Swamp Formation (Ordovician to Neoproterozoic?)—Flat Swamp Formation as proposed by Offield and Sutphin (2000), equivalent to Flat Swamp Member of Cid Formation of previous usage. Crystal and lithic metatuff of rhyolite to rhyodacite composition (Goldsmith and others, 1988); not reliably dated; age and stratigraphic relations uncertain since Koeppen and others’ (1995) discovery of fossils in Tillery Formation nearby in North Carolina (Offield and Sutphin, 2000)

OZvi Layered metavolcanic rocks (Ordovician to Neoproterozoic?)—Interlayered mafic to felsic metavolcanic rocks, undivided

OZvf Felsic metavolcanic rocks and layered felsic gneiss interpreted to be metavolcanic (Ordovician to Neoproterozoic?)--Stratigraphic relations undetermined

OZvm Mafic to intermediate metavolcanic rocks including layered hornblende gneiss and amphibolite (Ordovician to Neoproterozoic?)—Stratigraphic relations undetermined

CZpf Persimmon Fork Formation (Cambrian to Neoproterozoic)—Predominantly metatuff; age based on 550.5 5.9 Ma weighted mean of 207Pb/206Pb ages (Barker and others, 1998)

CZph Quartz-sericite phyllite and schist (Cambrian to Neoproterozoic?)—Includes exposures in Nanny Mountain area

Zlm Lincolnton Metadacite (Neoproterozoic)—566 15 Ma U-Pb zircon upper intercept concordia age (Carpenter and others, 1982) is similar to age of Persimmon Fork Formation as well as Uwharrie Formation in North Carolina

gn Biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss (Paleozoic to Neoproterozoic)—Undivided biotite gneisses containing interlayered amphibole gneiss, amphibolite, and mica schist; includes unit “g” of Nelson and others (1998). Gneiss in Newberry County contains isolated blocks of amphibolitized eclogite (Libby and Carpenter, 1969; Shervais and others, 1997)

am Amphibolite and amphibole gneiss (Paleozoic to Neoproterozoic)

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ms Tuffaceous metasiltstone (Paleozoic to Neoproterozoic)

LITTLE RIVER SEQUENCE

CZlr Metasedimentary rocks of Little River Sequence (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—White-mica schist and phyllite, metatuff, quartz-muscovite schist, and minor quartzite; equivalent to metasedimentary part of “Little River Series” as described by Crickmay (1952, p. 31-33), also known as “Little River Group” (Austin, 1969) and renamed Little River Sequence by Chowns (1976)

BATTLEGROUND AND BLACKSBURG FORMATIONS

CZbl Blacksburg Formation, undivided (Neoproterozoic?)—Metamorphosed sedimentary sequence of interlayered sericite schist and phyllite, sericitic quartzite, marble, amphibolite, and calc- silicate rock; stratigraphic relation to Battleground Formation undetermined because of intervening faults and plutons (Horton, 1983; Goldsmith and others, 1988)

Battleground Formation (Neoproterozoic)—Metavolcanic facies (Zbm, Zbf, Zbp) are most abundant in the lower part of the Formation and metasedimentary facies (Zba) are most abundant in the upper part; intruded by metatonalite (Horton, 1983)

Zba Metasedimentary rocks (undivided)—Quartz-sericite schist and phyllite and interlayered quartzite, quartz-pebble conglomerate, high-alumina quartzite, and manganiferous schist

Zbp Schistose to phyllitic volcaniclastic rocks

Zbf Felsic metavolcanic rocks

Zbm Mafic to intermediate metavolcanic rocks

CENTRAL PIEDMONT ALLOCHTHON OF MAYBIN AND NIEWENDORP (1993)

eca Enoree mélange (informal name of Mittwede and Maybin, 1989), Cedar Shoals gneiss (informal name of Horkowitz, 1984) and Cross Anchor mafic complex (informal name as used by Maybin and Niewendorp, 1993) collectively interpreted by Maybin and Niewendorp (1993) as part of Central Piedmont allochthon. Cedar Shoals gneiss is biotite-quartz-feldspar gneiss interpreted as metagraywacke and interlayered felsic gneiss interpreted as metavolcanic rock (Dennis and others, 1995, Stop 10)

pcc Philson Crossroads complex (informal name of Maybin and Niewendorp, 1993)—Biotite- quartz-feldspar gneiss having interlayers of amphibolite and metagranite; interpreted by Dennis and Shervais (1996, Fig. 2) as mafic metavolcanic rock. Possibly equivalent to metavolcanic rocks in lower Battleground Formation (Zbf and Zbm)

CZgi Biotite gneiss having interlayered marble, calc-silicate gneiss, sillimanite-muscovite schist, and garnet-quartz rock (Cambrian to Neoproterozoic?)—Stratigraphic significance undetermined; variously interpreted as west of “Central Piedmont suture” by Horkowitz (1984) and Dennis and Shervais (1996), and east of “Central Piedmont suture” by Dennis (1995)

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WESTERN PIEDMONT (stratigraphic order undetermined)

CZcp Chauga River Formation and Poor Mountain Formation (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)— Undivided

CZwa Wallhalla metamorphic suite (informal name of Horton and McConnell, 1991) (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Predominantly hornblende-plagioclase gneiss and amphibolite, locally having interlayers of biotite-quartz-feldspar gneiss, undivided

CZgl Biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss and interlayers locally containing hornblende, sillimanite, microcline, and muscovite (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Locally contains feldspar porphyroblasts, schist interlayers rich in biotite and/or sillimanite, and granitic gneiss interlayers. Includes gneiss assigned to Laurens thrust sheet by Nelson and others (1998)

CZwr Biotite-quartz-feldspar gneiss of Whitmire reentrant (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Mapped and interpreted by West (1997, Fig. 3-3) as Inner Piedmont gneiss separated by thrust fault from structurally-higher allochthonous rocks of the Carolina terrane.

CZga Amphibolite having interlayered biotite gneiss, hornblende gneiss, and minor mica schist (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)

CZsp Sillimanite schist and sillimanite-mica schist (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Sillimanite-rich aluminous schist composed mainly of sillimanite, biotite, muscovite, and minor quartz; sillimanite abundant as needles matted in foliation and locally as larger prismatic crystals

CZsg Biotite-plagioclase-quartz gneiss and biotite-muscovite schist (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?) —Variably interlayered, containing subordinate layers of amphibolite and sillimanite-mica schist. Includes rocks assigned by Nelson and others (1998) to Six Mile thrust sheet

CZpg Megacrystic biotite gneiss (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Variably layered biotite-quartz- feldspar gneiss having porphyroclasts and/or porphyroblasts of plagioclase and locally of quartz and potassium feldspar

CZms Sillimanite-mica schist and muscovite-biotite schist (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Thin to thick layered sillimanite-mica schist and sillimanite-bearing muscovite-biotite schist, locally garnetiferous, having subordinate interlayers of muscovite-biotite-quartz-feldspar gneiss; sillimanite commonly altered to sericite

CZbg Biotite gneiss and muscovite-biotite gneiss (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Layered biotite- quartz-feldspar gneiss, locally garnetiferous, locally inequigranular and having microcline porphyroblasts, having interlayers of sillimanite-mica schist, calc-silicate rock, and amphibolite. Locally contains small masses of granite

CZgs Garnetiferous mica schist (Cambrian or Neoproterozoic?)—Aluminous muscovite-biotite schist, locally having subordinate amphibolite layers

BLUE RIDGE

Tallulah Falls Formation (Neoproterozoic?)

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Zatb Gneissic metagraywacke and schist—Biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss interpreted to be metagraywacke, and interlayered biotite-muscovite schist, garnet-mica schist, and amphibolite

Zata Amphibolite

Yt Toxaway Gneiss (Mesoproterozoic)—Banded granite gneiss consisting of very light gray layers rich in quartz, plagioclase, and microcline alternating with dark gray biotite-rich layers; Rb-Sr whole-rock age is 1197 56 Ma (Fullagar and others, 1979)

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Dennis, A.J., and Shervais, J.W., 1996, The Carolina terrane in northwestern South Carolina: Insights into the development of an evolving island arc, in Nance, R.D., and Thompson, M.D., eds., Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North Atlantic: Geological Society of America Special Paper 304, p. 237-256, Fig. 2.

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Offield, T.W., and Sutphin, David, ed., 2000, Revised stratigraphic and tectonic framework of the Carolina slate belt from southern Virginia to the South Carolina-Georgia border (with observations bearing on the origin of slate-belt gold deposits): U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 99-2, CD-ROM containing text and digital maps, scales 1:100,000 and 1:500,000.

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GRI Digital Data Credits

This document was developed and completed by Georgia Hybels (NPS GRD) for the NPS Geologic Resources Division (GRD) Geologic Resources Inventory(GRI) Program. Quality control of this document by Stephanie O'Meara (Colorado State University).

The information contained here was compiled to accompany the GRI digital geologic-GIS map and other digital data for Ninety Six National Historic Site, South Carolina (NISI) developed by Georgia Hybels (NPS GRD) using U.S. Geological Survey and Winthrop University Undergraduate Senior Research data (see the GRI Digital Maps and Source Map Citations section of this document for all sources used by the GRI in the completion of this map). Quality control of the GRI digital geologic-GIS data by Stephanie O'Meara.

GRI finalization by Stephanie O'Meara (Colorado State University).

GRI program coordination and scoping provided by Bruce Heise and Tim Connors (NPS GRD, Lakewood, Colorado).

2014 NPS Geologic Resources Inventory Program