Boroondara Cemetery High Street, Kew

Revised Conservation Management Plan

Prepared by heritage ALLIANCE in conjunction with Historica cultural heritage projects and the Boroondara Cemetery Trust. For Boroondara Cemetery Trust February 2019 This Updated Conservation Management Plan has been undertaken in accordance with the principles of the Burra Charter adopted by ICOMOS Australia The document updates and revises the 2007 CMP.

This document was originally completed in 2007 by David Wixted & Simon Reeves In conjunction with Michele Summerton of Historica & Steve Fitzgerald Arboriculturalist In 2018 the document was updated by David Wixted and Sera-Jane Peters with new information provided by the Boroondara Cemetery Trust

© heritage ALLIANCE, HISTORICA, Stephen Fitzgerald, Boroondara Cemetery Trust Revised 2017-2018

The original 2007 Conservation Management Plan for the Boroondara Public Cemetery Trust was carried out with the assistance of funds made available by Boroondara Public Cemetery Trust and the Department of Sustainability and Environment’s ‘Creating Better Places Program’ which contributed $10,000 to the project administered by Heritage Victoria. In 2018 DSE is now the Department of Environment Water Land and Planning.

Cover: The gate lodge after clock repairs and re-painting works. Source heritage Alliance 2018 CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 Summary of Recommendations ...... 8 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 14 1.1 Background, Brief and Methodology...... 14 1.2 Site Ownership...... 14 1.3 Study Team...... 14 1.4 Copyright...... 14 1.5 Acknowledgments...... 14 1.6 Definitions ...... 15 1.7 Existing Heritage Listings & Statutory Controls...... 15 2.0 PHYSICAL SURVEY ...... 19 2.1 The Site...... 19 3.0 ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ...... 33 3.1 Contextual History...... 33 3.2 History of establishement of Boroondara Cemetery...... 40 3.3 Construction of the primary elements of the cemetery...... 44 3.4 Comparative Analysis ...... 61 3.5 Assessment of Significance ...... 64 3.6 Further Research...... 69 4.0 CONSERVATION POLICY STATEMENT ...... 70 4.1 Constraints and Requirements...... 70 4.2 Site Significance (precis)...... 70 4.3 Elements of Primary, Contributory, Lesser and No Significance...... 71 4.4 Site Specific Policies...... 74 4.4 Future Use and Development ...... 84 4.5 Proposed Exemptions pursuant to Part 5, S.92 (1) Heritage Act 2017...... 84 5.0 CONSERVATION WORKS...... 89 5.1 Maintenance and repair works to the site by priority...... 89 5.2 Maintenance Works ...... 89 5.3 Works Plan by Area ...... 93 5.4 Risk Management of the Site...... 99 5.5 Future Management Issues for the site...... 103 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 104 APPENDIX A PLANS OF THE CEMETERY...... 106 APPENDIX B HERITAGE LISTINGS...... 109 APPENDIX C CEMETERY LEGISLATION VICTORIA...... 117 APPENDIX D HISTORICAL CHRONOLGY OF SITE...... 119 APPENDIX E PLANT LIST EXTRACTED FROM CEMETERY MINUTE BOOKS...... 129 APPENDIX F WORKS UNDERTAKEN TO CEMETERY TREES SINCE 2007 ...... 131 APPENDIX G DATA SHEETS...... 152 APPENDIX H THE BURRA CHARTER ...... 197 APPENDIX I List of Plants suitable for use in 19th and early 20th century cemeteries...... 204

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 3 ILLUSTRATIONS & DRAWINGS Figure 1, Entry gates as at 2019. Source BCT. Figure 2: New signage at entry 2019. Source BCT...... 10 Figure 3: New Universal access entry off High Street and public toilets (disabled accessible) . Source BCT 2019...... 10 Figure 4 David Syme Memorial, modelled on Egytian Temple on Island of Philae. Source BCT 2019...... 12 Figure 5 (Portion of ) Map of the settled districts around Melbourne in the Colony of Victoria compiled from the most authentic sources by A. Purchas 1854. This extract from the larger map is one of the earliest showing the intention of reserving land for a cemetery in the Kew area. Note the 1st Melbourne Cemetery at Flagstaff Hill, the 2nd on the site of the Victoria Markets and the 3rd at Melbourne General Cemetery Reserve. (Source National Library of Australia)...... 16 Figure 6 Location of the Boroondara Cemetery showing PUZ5 and HO64. [2017]...... 17 Figure 7 Site Plan, Source BCT...... 18 Figure 8 The Gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and the Tower Clock from High street, 2017. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 20 Figure 9 Gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and entry gates, 2017. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 20 Figure 10 Original entry gates re-erected east of the works depot, 2019. Source BCT...... 21 Figure 11 Works Depot (circa 1985) building on High Street boundary in 2019. Source BCT ...... 21 Figure 12 Mausoleum roof from the west with painting of the lodge builing in progress. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 21 Figure 13 Mausoleum roof from the clocktower. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 21 Figure 14; New rear stairs to upper apartment of the gatelodge. Source BCT 2019...... 21 Figure 15 Mausoleum (Peace Haven) Source BCT 2019 (RHS) ...... 21 Figure 17 Historical and Contemporary uses of the Gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and Office building ...... 23 Figure 18 Timber Office Counter, until 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 24 Figure 19 Timber Boardroom table and chairs, 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 24 Figure 20 Mantel Clock and figurative marble fireplace surround, 2019. Source BCT ...... 24 Figure 21 One of the two framed photographs of the site held by the Trust. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 24 Figure 22 Cedar bookcase in Trust Office, 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 25 Figure 23 Fireproof safe by E. A. Wright of Wolverhampton. 2009 Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 25 Figure 24 Bentwood Chair with remade cushion top. Source BCT...... 25 Figure 25 Chairman’s chair in Boardroom. Source BCT...... 25 Figure 26 Fireproof Vault aka Phillips Safe in Office area Source BCT 2019 ...... 25 Figure 27 The original grant of land for the purposes of a cemetery has been framed and displayed in the Trustees Board Room. Source BCT 2019Cemetery (Brick) Wall...... 26 Figure 28 Section of brick fence in good condition inside cemetery, 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 27 Figure 29 Palisade section of fence on High Street rise, 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 27 Figure 30 Brickwall layout around the cemetery: A) possible 100 ft section repaired in 1902, B) possible 164 ft section repaired in 1907, C) length of wall to Victoria Park repaired by Kew Council (2003-04) , D) two sections removed for car access and 1960 tram shelter, E) Section at Uvadale Grove entrance rebuilt at lower height (2004), F) Universal Access toilets, M) Pan and Urinal toilets (male) ...... 27 Figure 31 New Parkhill Street entry layout and ramp 2019 Source BCT ...... 28 Figure 32 Extract of the earliest (undated possibly 1870s) photograph of the site entrance and gate lodge showing a paling fence surrounding the site and bollards enclosing the entry triangle. Source: Boroondara Cemetery Trust...... 28 Figure 33 Catholic compartment with statues and many headstones bearing a cross. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 29 Figure 34 Protestant headstones which portray a greater interest in text on headstones. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 29 Figure 35 Scottish Presbyterian compartment with a large number of substantive obelisks, urns and (Scottish style) Celtic Crosses. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 30 Figure 36 Newer memorials surrounding the Cussen Memorial. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 30 Figure 37 Springthorpe Memorial. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 30

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 4 Figure 38 New section of above-ground crypts, 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 30 Figure 39 Rotunda designed by Purchas as at 2007. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 31 Figure 40 Remodelled toilets near the Mausoleum in 2019. Source BCT ...... 31 Figure 41 New asphalt paths replacing the old ‘gas-tar’ paths. Source BCT 2019...... 32 Figure 42 Loudon, ‘Design for Laying Out and Planting a Cemetery on Hilly Ground’, 1843. Source: J.C. Loudon 1843...... 36 Figure 43: The 1854 Census of religious denominations for the Parish of Boroondara ...... 41 Figure 44: MMBW base plan dated 1896 showing the area in front of the cemetery entrance at Park Hill Road and High Street (rhs) with woodblock paving, horse hitching posts on Park Hill Road and a timber fence around the woodblocked area. This plan is contemporary with the cover photograph of the site entry. Source State Library of Victoria ...... 49 Figure 45 Brighton Cemetery Gatelodge. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 63 Figure 46 Eastern Cemetery Geelong Gatelodge. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 63 Figure 47 Melbourne General Cemetery Gatelodge with structures of 1867 & 1869 (rhs). Since demolished. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 63 Figure 48 Bendigo Cemetery Gatelodge, 2001. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 63 Figure 49 One of the Melbourne General Cemetery’s identical rotunda designed by Purchas. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 64 Figure 50 St Kilda inter-war waiting pavilion. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 64 Figure 51 Bendigo Cemetery Rotunda. This is identical to the White Hills Cemetery Rotunda. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 64 Figure 52 Ballarat Old Cemetery Edwardian style rotunda. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 64 Figure 53 Post card of 1907 highlighting the aesthetic values of the Springthorpe Memorial within the cemetery setting. Source State Library of Victoria Picture Collection. J.D. Meade Postcard Collection...... 65 Figure 54 Reproduction Hitching Post at the entrance to the cemetery installed in 1988. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 71 Figure 55 Cast iron Denominational Label. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 71 Figure 56 Later (date unknown), denominational label of cast iron, bolted to a ground spike. Source heritage ALLIANCE 71 Figure 57 Enamel sign (1890) warning against trespass during funerals. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 71 Figure 58 Clasped hands on the Quainton grave (1880) Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 73 Figure 59 Dove and clasped hands on the Woolnough grave (1918) Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 73 Figure 60 William and Kate Murphy grave, a large structure of aesthetic significance. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 73 Figure 61 George Coppin grave. Coppin was a person of historical significance at State level and the grave is of aesthetic significance at a local level. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 73 Figure 62 Condition of surrounding wall in 2007. The Trust have undertaken numerous repair works since then and in 2018 the condition of 42 panels of the wall is much improved. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 77 Figure 63 As funds permit the minor paths should be remade in asphalt, not concrete. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 77 Figure 64 While not an original path (which were edged with drainage tiles), paths of this type should continue to be asphalted and edged in bluestone. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 77 Figure 65 Cemetery wall showing areas of cement pointing and smearing in 2007. This is evidence of poor quality workmanship which should be reversed and in many areas has been completed. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 84 Figure 66 Base of Finial weathervane on apex of Tower during repairs. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 95 Figure 67 Glass Ventilators on tower after paint removal and renewal of broken panes. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 95 Figure 68 Intact Cast iron Guttering and lightning strapping on tower. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 95 Figure 69 New clock face being installed in 2013. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 95 Figure 70 Condition of chimney top and ridging. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 95 Figure 71 Chimney tops showing repairs. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 95 Figure 72 Glass ventilators on the roof vent to the upper tenancy of the Lodge. Source heritage ALLIANCE. 96 Figure 73 Terracotta ridge pieces on the roof vent to the Lodge with loss of mortar and sagging arrowed. The lead flashing also needs renewal. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 96

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 5 Figure 74 Brick drain (6 bricks wide) inside High Street wall. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 97 Figure 75 Plant growth in wall top. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 97 Figure 76 Repaired section of High Street wall with gate, 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 97 Figure 77 Rotunda after repairs to gutters and ceilings, flashings and roofing slates. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 98 Figure 78 Cast iron work and low wall after repairs. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 98 Figure 79 Render cracking repairs and open brick joints needs repair and Repointing. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 98 Figure 80 New down pipe and repaired tiles and render to outside. Source heritage ALLIANCE...... 98 Figure 81 Box drain covers (concrete) running toward the lower section of the Cemetery Wall on High Street. These would have replaced slate slab covers. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 98 Figure 82 Box drain covers (slate) Lower section of wall on High Street. Source heritage ALLIANCE ...... 98

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overview This Conservation Management Plan was reviewed and revised by heritage ALLIANCE in 2018. It incorporates changes, maintenance and works to the cemetery which have been undertaken since 2007, as a result of recommendations in the previous CMP. It also updates photos and tables and incorporates new information. It does not revise the aborist’s report of 2007 as there has been numerous changes to the trees on the site which are documented by the Trust in a separate appendix. It has not changed the history of the cemetery. Cemeteries are cultural landscapes found on the edges of our country towns or squeezed between suburbs which were once on the fringe of the city, some more alive with hidden meaning than others. With its gardenesque layout, exotic trees, symbols and its sometimes prosaic historic record both written and carved in stone, Boroondara Cemetery is one of the more densely packed cultural landscapes in the greater Melbourne area. This cemetery has some of the more unusual memorials found in greater Melbourne, yet also some of the more simplistically designed as well. It also has the range of memorial symbols that could be expected in historic cemeteries, clasped hands, broken columns, classical allusions to the passing of time, index fingers pointing to the heavens, upturned flaming torches, and so on. The landscape, composed primarily of Cypress species follows the Victorian era tradition of the use of these tree types in cemeteries. Some trees such as Bhutan Cypress, Italian Cypress, Bunya Bunya were favoured for their upward pointing characteristics (ie a heavenly ascent) in the cemetery landscape. Summary of Significance The Heritage Victoria statement of significance, was last revised in December 2005, and should be updated to reflect the research undertaken for this Conservation Management Plan. The text below rearranges and updates the VHD Statement available at http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/6021/download-report The Boroondara Cemetery is of historical and aesthetic significance as an early, outstanding example of a Victorian-era garden cemetery. It is an important example in Victoria of a cemetery influenced by Romantic and Picturesque notions of beauty expressed in its layout and design, furnishings and structures. The influence of England’s large garden cemeteries and the writings of cemetery designers such as J. C. Loudon are particularly evident in the ornamental features surviving within the grounds. The Boroondara Cemetery is of historical significance as a record of the lives of Victorians, many of who were associated with this part of metropolitan Melbourne. Countless histories can be traced through the memorials and monuments recording the lives of everyday men, women and children of various faiths and countries of origin who pioneered the colony and State of Victoria. The Cemetery is notable for also including a number of individuals whose activities have played a more prominent role in State and National history. They include the Henty family, artists Louis Buvelot and Charles Nuttall, businessmen John Halfey, publisher David Syme, artist and diarist Georgiana McCrae, actress Nellie Stewart and architect and designer of the Boroondara and Melbourne General Cemeteries, Albert Purchas. The Cemetery is significant for its ability to demonstrate, through its design and location, attitudes towards burial, health concerns and the importance placed on religion, at the time of its establishment. The Boroondara Cemetery has further historical significance for its intact collection of burial records, plans and photographs and rare items of boardroom and office furniture. Their retention and long association with the cemetery increases their own importance and enhances the historical significance of the Cemetery. The impressive Thomas Gaunt clock (and workings) is notable as a public symbol of civic order surviving from the nineteenth century. The Boroondara Cemetery is of architectural significance for the design of the gatehouse/sexton's lodge and cemetery office and clocktower (built in stages from 1860 to 1899), the ornamental brick perimeter fence and elegant cemetery shelter to the design of prominent Melbourne architects, Charles Vickers (for the original 1860 cottage) and Albert Purchas, cemetery architect and secretary from 1864 to his death in 1907.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 7 The Boroondara Cemetery has considerable aesthetic significance which is principally derived from its tranquil, picturesque setting; its impressive memorials and monuments; its landmark features such as the prominent clocktower of the gatehouse/sexton's lodge and office, the building interiors, the mature exotic plantings, the decorative brick fence and the entrance gates; its defined views; and its curving paths. The Springthorpe Memorial (VHR 522), the Syme Memorial and the Cussen Memorial (VHR 2036), all contained within the Boroondara Cemetery, are of aesthetic and architectural significance for their creative and artistic achievement. The Boroondara Cemetery is of scientific (botanical) significance for its collection of rare mature exotic plantings. The Golden Funeral Cypress, (Chamaecyparis funebris 'aurea') is the only known specimen in Victoria of this cultivar. The Boroondara Cemetery is of social significance for the links it provides to descendants of people buried in the grounds, and the sense of identity, belonging and continuity it reinforces. Summary of Recommendations The following table of works lists the works recommended in the 2007 CMP and indicates whether the works have been completed in 2018. The Gatehouse/Sexton’s lodge and Office The Gatehouse/Sextons lodge and Office will be undergoing some internal changes during the first half of 2018. These works are in addition to those listed below. A Heritage Victoria permit was issued in 2017 for the works as permit number P26332. Works recommended in 2007 CMP Works yet Works completed by to be 2018 completed Joinery repairs and repainting - Yes Replacement of non-matching roofing ridge - Yes tiles Replacement of lichen affected roofing and - Yes maintenance and repair of downpipes and gutters to be reconnected, straightened, refixed, painted or renewed Removal of roof lichen which is destroying - Yes the slates Repairs to the tower glass louvres and re- - Yes 2013 [HBS – instatement where the louvres have been Fairfield] replaced in other material A new windvane and lightning strike finial as - Yes 2013 [HBS – a matter of urgency Fairfield] Renew the broken glass clock-faces - Yes 2013 [HBS – Fairfield] Renewal of rear tenancy stairs as a matter of Yes urgency

The Rotunda The 2008 repair works to the rotunda were auspiced by the Trust but were partially funded by the Friends of Boroondara Kew Cemetery(FOBKC). Works recommended in 2007 Works yet Works completed

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 8 to be 2018 completed Repairs to roof tiles and cast iron gutters Yes all work and downpipes contracted in 2008 [I.G. Parker, Lilydale] Resettling tessellated floor tiles Yes Re-render work on dwarf walls where Yes there are expansion cracks Joinery repairs and repainting Yes

Cemetery Wall (550 panels) Works recommended in 2007 Works yet to Works completed be completed 2018 Two wall panels were replaced completely using original bricks due to accidental damage by a car on High Street. The lean on some sections of the wall 42 wall panels requires immediate remedial work. have received Other sections requiring regular works including inspections for damage. coring and undermining, expansion joints, steel rods and bracing installed. The rebuilding of the top of the wall at Completed the Park Hill Road entrance Invasive plants in the tops of walls Completed works requiring poisoning and removal to 42 panels, some still require plant removal. Uplift of some sections of wall ( Completed works localised). to 42 panels Repointing where there is cement Completed works pointing and smearing of brickwork to 42 panels, some new sections also require remediation

Gates Apart from maintenance, corrosion control and painting, no specific action was required.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 9 In 2018 the condition of the main gates is good and they have been repainted and signage updated. New gates were created for the High Street and Parkhill entrances, which replicated the front gates. The High Street pedestrian entrance was also altered to become a universal access gate with ramp and tactiles.

Figure 1, Entry gates as at 2019. Source BCT. Figure 2: New signage at entry 2019. Source BCT.

Outdoor Brick Toilets In 2018 the public toilets have been upgraded and are in use. A new brick universal access toilet was created at the High Street gate. The Men only toilet has been upgraded with a new urinal and a new screen created.

Figure 3: New Universal access entry off High Street and public toilets (disabled accessible) . Source BCT 2019. Pathways & Edging The main, vehicular paths should be edged with bluestone kerb rather than moulded extruded concrete, which is not a visually appealing approach. Given that the heritage significance of the place lies much in the aesthetics of the landscape, retaining the character of the bluestone edging is important. Many original paths were topped with asphalt (referred to as gas tar paving in the Minute Books) which is still evident although all these paths have since deteriorated. The use of this asphalt paving was tentative when first implemented in 1884. The Trust subsequently extended the use of asphalt with the last of the paths being finished in 1903.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 10 The Trust will need to decide on which approach they might take in the circumstances, reinstating a select group of asphalt paths should be considered in the area of the main monuments (ie in the upper section of the cemetery) or continuing with a concrete path system. Concrete paths should as much as possible be limited as they are visually intrusive into the landscape of the cemetery and are not as porous as asphalt is. Concrete paths which start to lift also pose a public trip hazard. Other alternatives may be to have sandstone, quartz or crushed basalt topped (eg scoria) and compacted pathways. The various colours and size particles would need to be trialled before installation of an appropriate aggregate. Since 2007, the Trust has undertaken a program of renewing the paths at a rate of 1000 square metres per year and have completed over 9000m2 of asphalting works in 2017. In 2018 the Trust has decided that concrete paths that can be repaired will be retained, those that cannot be repaired will be replaced with asphalt. The Landscape The primary elements of the landscape are the (mainly) exotic trees planted in accordance with 19th century traditions of plantings in cemeteries. The trees are Italian Cypress, Bhutan Cypress, Canary Island Pine, and Weeping Elms amongst others. Bunya Bunya (an indigenous species) was also planted in cemetery landscapes. These cemetery trees were chosen for their symbolic meaning as well as their aesthetic appeal. It is important to manage the exotic trees, the native grasses and the upper grove of gums in a manner which reduces the risk of their loss through dropping of limbs or being blown over. As well as these there are areas of Sugar Gum trees, particularly in the lowest part of the cemetery in the Public Graves area in the north east of the site. These are probably the trees most in need of maintenance or complete removal given their parlous condition. Of importance in the overall scheme but lying outside the cemetery is the Park Hill Road row of Plane trees planted by the Council. Detailed recommendations for tree care are found separately in the Boroondara General Cemetery Landscape Masterplan October 2012. In 2018 the Trust has continued their program of tree removal, replacement and treatment. Boroondara Cemetery have provided a detailed spreadsheet of works to trees which has occurred since 2007, and this is contained in the appendix F. A new garden crypt area has been developed along the High Street wall. This will provide an extra 261 above ground burials in an area that was formerly reserved for paupers burials. The area has been re-named The Forgotten People and a new garden design and sculpture was commissioned. The Main Monuments The primary monuments (Cussen, Springthorpe and Syme) require their own conservation plans prior to any works occurring. These structures are generally in good order but require some survey of their historic fabric from time to time to ensure they remain structurally sufficient and have not been vandalised. The Cussen Memorial has its own Conservation Plan by Helen Lardner Conservation Design. The CMP needs to be updated. The Springthorpe Memorial needs its own CMP and has been the subject of previous State Heritage grants. In 2018 it was damaged with one marble angel missing part of a wing and arm. The David Syme Memorial does not have a CMP and has received no works since 2007. It requires its own CMP.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 11 Figure 4 David Syme Memorial, modelled on Egytian Temple on Island of Philae. Source BCT 2019. The Minor Monuments There is a vast number of important burials at the cemetery although their memorials may be often minor in scale. These memorials still contribute meaning to the cultural landscape of the place. Many however are collapsing, through being undermined by animals, from failed foundations, invasive plants or from vandalism. Selected important historic graves could be the focus of fund raising by historic societies and interest groups depending on the event commemorated. Guidelines for repair of monuments such as those available through the National Trust should be consulted and the Trust might consider adopting these and making them available to owners of the graves and monuments. Future Research and Conservation of Records There is within the Office fireproof safe-room a large number of records in the form of drawings which should be flattened, sleeved in archival sleeves and catalogued. This would allow further site research, allow more informed planning and provide vital information where important monuments require repair. In 2018 the Trust has purchased a plan drawer and has commenced cataloguing plans from the safe. A program of archival flattening and storing of the plans has commenced. Funding For Works Many monuments which are failing, vandalised or have had components stolen require a policy approach by the Trust. Although the current Cemeteries and Crematoria Act (2003) does not authorise the Trust to spend monies on Grave plots and monuments they do not own, they may obtain finances through various Heritage Agencies to repair some of the most important monuments in the cemetery. This has been the case in the past with grants for the Springthorpe Memorial in 2007. The Act allows the Trust to obtain monies for repair and the works may be carried out with the consent of the Secretary (nominated under the Act). There is no reason to believe that the Secretary would refuse consent where funds have been specifically raised for conservation works. (See Section 110 of the Cemeteries and Crematoria Act 2003) In regard to the repair of monuments and graves, all are privately owned and the Trust does not have responsibility for maintaining these monuments. However, the Trust does have responsibility for maintaining a level of public safety which may include the repair of monuments which may topple or pose other risks. The Department of Health must give permission for the Trust to repair monuments and graves, other than in situations when accidents such as tree or car damage has occurred. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 12 Selected important but minor scale historic graves could be the focus of fundraising by historic societies and interest groups depending on the event commemorated. Friends of Boroondara (Kew) Cemetery tend graves and tidy gardens with the permission of the Trust at twice a month working bees. Veterans graves and World War One memorials in particular could receive external funding and repairs from government programs such as the Anzac Centenary Community Grants Program. http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/index.php/veterans/veterans- grants/victorian-veterans-council-anzac-centenary-community-grants-program In 2015 a new funding program was announced by the Victorian Premier for the conservation of heritage places. The Living Heritage Grants program is administered by staff at Heritage Victoria and will be open for applications until 2019. It can provide between $20,000 and $200,000 for each project, and is available to places listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The program is focused on places at risk and places which are publicly accessible. The individually listed Springthorpe and Cussen memorials could be eligible for this funding. Other cemeteries have been successful in their application to previous rounds of this fund, for works to discrete buildings. More information can be found at: http://www.dtpli.vic.gov.au/heritage/about-heritage-in-victoria/living-heritage-program The Springthorpe Memorial Working Group has been formed by the Trust to raise awareness and funds to preserve the significance of the Springthorpe Memorial. Working with approval from the Springthorpe family the group are planning to restore the memorial and its parts including the garden surrounds. The group are now seeking approval from the various authorities to proceed with their plans. Statement of Significance and Permit Exemptions It is recommended that the revised Statement of Significance included in this updated CMP be submitted to Heritage Victoria with a request to update their records and that the permit exemptions outlined in this CMP are adopted to minimise the number of permits/permit exemptions required from Heritage Victoria. The Trust should have a conversation with Heritage Victoria regarding putting in place a number of permit exemptions for ongoing scheduled maintenance activities on the surrounding brick wall and asphalt paths in particular. Website The website for the Cemetery and Trust should be improved and updated to provide more information on the heritage significance of the cemetery, it should include a history of the site extracted from this CMP and a statement of significance. The Trust should use the website to engage the community and foster community ownership and stewardship over the site. Strategic Direction Statement It is recommended that when it is time to review the strategic direction statement of the Trust, it should include statements which reflect the heritage significance of the site and the Trust’s willingness to undertake conservation and care of the heritage values identified in this CMP.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 13 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background, Brief and Methodology This revised Conservation Management Plan (CMP) was reviewed in February 2018. It seeks to incorporate the works and maintenance carried out by the Trust since 2007. The works were mainly to structures such as the gatehouse/sexton’s lodge, clock tower, fence, gates, paths and roads and were recommendations of this CMP in 2007. The report has been compiled with reference to key cultural heritage documents used by heritage and collections management practitioners in Australia: The Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation of places of cultural significance: The Burra Charter, 2013.(See Appendix F.) Peter Marquis-Kyle & Meredith Walker, The Illustrated Burra Charter, Australia ICOMOS, Sydney, 2004. James Semple Kerr, The Conservation Plan: A guide to the preparation of conservation plans for places of European cultural significance, National Trust of Australia (NSW), Sydney 1990. Australian Heritage Commission, Australian Historic Themes: A Framework for use in Heritage Assessment and Management, Canberra 2001. Australian Heritage Commission, ‘Criteria for the Register of the National Estate’, Canberra (current version). The report also takes into account two documents produced by Heritage Victoria: ‘Conservation Management Plan Draft Brief’ (February 2001); and ‘Criteria for Assessment of Cultural Heritage Significance’ (adopted March 1997). 1.2 Site Ownership The site is a Reserve set aside for the establishment of a public cemetery under the control of a Trust. The Boroondara Cemetery Trust is a Class B cemetery trust as defined by the Cemeteries and Crematoria Act 2003. A title was created and a presentation copy made and signed by Governor Sir George Ferguson Bowen in 1876 and given the title reference Volume 939 Folio 631. The Trust hold the presentation copy of title. 1.3 Study Team The study team who prepared this report comprised: David Wixted Principal, heritage ALLIANCE(2007 & 2018) Simon Reeves Architectural historian, heritage ALLIANCE(2007) Michele Summerton Historica, Cultural Heritage Projects(2007) Stephen Fitzgerald Stephen Fitzgerald Arboriculture(2007) Sera-Jane Peters heritage ALLIANCE(2018) 1.4 Copyright Copyright is held jointly by heritage ALLIANCE, Historica, Stephen Fitzgerald Arboriculture, the Trustees of the Boroondara Cemetery and Heritage Victoria. 1.5 Acknowledgments We would like to thank those who assisted the study in 2007 and particularly: Friends of Boroondara Cemetery (Elizabeth Hoare and Gail White) for a tour of important graves Judith Voce ( Chair of the Trust steering committee)

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 14 Heritage Victoria (Frances O’Neill and Robert Green) In 2018 thanks to Michael Tanner, Lea Ram, Lucy Shannon and Judith Voce for providing information and assistance with updating information. 1.6 Definitions 1.1 Place means site, area, building or other work, group of buildings or other works together with associated contents and surrounds. 1.2 Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific or social value for past, present or future generations. 1.3 Social value embraces the qualities for which a place has become a focus of spiritual, political, national or other cultural sentiment to a majority or minority group. 1.4 Fabric means all the physical material of the place. 1.5 Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. It includes maintenance and may according to circumstance include preservation, restoration, reconstruction and adaptation and will be commonly a combination of more than one of these. 1.6 Maintenance means the continuous protective care of the fabric, contents and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstruction and it should be treated accordingly. 1.7 Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration. 1.8 Restoration means returning the EXISTING fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. 1.9 Reconstruction means returning a Place as nearly as possible to a known earlier state and is distinguished by the introduction of materials (new or old) into the fabric. This is not to be confused with either recreation or conjectural reconstruction which are outside the scope of this Charter. 1.10 Adaptation means modifying a place to suit proposed compatible uses. 1.11 Compatible use means a use which involves no change to the culturally significant fabric, changes which are substantially reversible, or changes which require a minimal impact. 1.7 Existing Heritage Listings & Statutory Controls Victorian Heritage Register The cemetery is on the Victorian Heritage Register to the extent of:  all of the land of the cemetery including plantings and 19th C and early 20th C graves  The trees  The paths  the wall surrounding the cemetery  the gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office  The Springthorpe Memorial  The Syme Memorial  The Cussen Vault  The Rotunda Cemetery Records 1858 to the present, including minute books, burial registers, receipt books and cemetery plans showing grave sitesStatutory obligations arise from the inclusion of the site and structures on the Victorian Heritage Register with a requirement imposed to obtain permits for works except where works are declared heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 15 permit exempt. There are permit exemptions declared for some works to the site which need to be confirmed with Heritage Victoria, prior to carrying out works. Register of the National Estate The Register identifies that Boroondara Cemetery was added in October 1999 as Place ID 101212, file 2/15/029/0018. The registration does not distinguish between components of the site. No statutory obligations flow from this registration although obligations may flow from any grant of money from the Commonwealth for conservation or building works. National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Boroondara Cemetery is classified by the National Trust (Victoria) and they hold file B 6824 for the site. No statutory obligations flow from this registration although obligations may flow from any grant of money or charity scheme aimed at raising funds administered by the National Trust. City of Boroondara The Cemetery is zoned Public Use Zone 5 (PUZ5) – Cemetery/crematoria in the planning scheme and this provides as of right use as a cemetery. The site is surrounded by Residential zones and a recreation reserve to the east. The site is listed in the Boroondara Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay schedule as HO64. This overlay includes the Springthorpe Memorial and Cussen Memorial. The overlay HO64 incorporates Victorian Heritage Register listed places Boroondara Cemetery H49, Springthorpe Memorial H522 and Cussen Memorial H2036.

Figure 5 (Portion of ) Map of the settled districts around Melbourne in the Colony of Victoria compiled from the most authentic sources by A. Purchas 1854. This extract from the larger map is one of the earliest showing the intention of reserving land for a cemetery in the Kew area. Note the 1st Melbourne Cemetery at Flagstaff Hill, the 2nd on the site of the Victoria Markets and the 3rd at Melbourne General Cemetery Reserve. (Source National Library of Australia)

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 16 Figure 6 Location of the Boroondara Cemetery showing PUZ5 and HO64. [2017] (Source: Planing maps online).

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 17 Figure 7 Site Plan, Source BCT heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 18 2.0 PHYSICAL SURVEY 2.1 The Site This Section, Section 2 has been edited and revised in 2018 to reflect changes to the site since the first CMP in 2007. The site is essentially a triangular section of ground of 13.6 hectares (31 acres), bounded by High Street along the northwest edge, Park Hill Road to the south and Victoria Park to the east. The land folds down to a gully toward the eastern boundary of the site. The whole site is surrounded by a 3.3m high brick wall constructed in 550 panels between piers. 65 of the panels, down High Street are iron palisades. The main entrance is to the west at the High Street – Park Hill Road intersection where there is also a Gatehouse/sexton’s Lodge and Office building. The Mausoleum (constructed 2001) is of brick with a slate roof and is directly to the east of these buildings. The site is characterised by its asphalt paths which start as a wide carriage path at the entrance and bifurcates into a circumnavigating drive taking in the land to the east. Segmental pathways can be found between the denominations of the cemetery although many of these have become broken up over time. The overall arrangement of the pathways is Gardenesque, ie their arrangement is meandering rather than in a grid pattern. Original bitumen topping constitutes some of these segmenting pathways. Many of the paths have been renewed with black asphalt. The pathways also define the denominational areas which are identified by cast iron markers (referred to as “labels”) There is little original signage within the cemetery apart from some surviving enamel notices warning against removal of flowers. New signs include streetpole directional signage, rose and azalea garden plots, front entrance, gates and “you are here” instructional maps. The mature cypress and other trees are a major landscape feature under which lie many graves with headstones of marble and granite and often with cast or wrought metal surrounds to the grave plots. Many of the ornate graves are set on the higher ground with most of the major monuments on the upper flat section or the upper slope of the cemetery. In the slope of the cemetery is found the Rotunda, while in the land forming the lowest section of the cemetery further east, is a section of native vegetation (Sugar Gums) and Chinese graves. Many of the graves have collapsed or been undermined by trees or have simply become neglected by the grave owners. Much ornamental ironwork is damaged and some ornamental copper work has been stolen in recent years. A number of graves have been damaged by catastrophic collapse of headstones or by large trees having uprooted them or fallen on them. The Trust is undertaking safety works to ensure that there is no risk to the public. Buildings The Gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and Office are the largest built original structures (apart from the mausoleum, built in 2001) and are constructed as one complex consisting of a lodge, main public office, staff office, a boardroom and fire-safe room with records. The whole is in brick with a Welsh slate roof. Ridging to the building is in decorative terracotta ridge pieces, and chimneys finished with terracotta pots. The most prominent element on site is the clock tower which is an integral component of the Gatehouse/sexton’s Lodge and Office. It has four glass faces, and an original mechanical weighted mechanism. Atop this is a metal windvane finial which also acts as a lightning conductor. The 1903

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 19 photograph of the entrance indicates that the tower roof was terracotta tiled with gable finials (possibly terracotta horns) Observation of the style and materials of the Lodge allow detection of various phases of construction with what is clearly a separate two-room structure to the west integrated with the central two storey lodge and tower. The style and brickwork of the west rooms are clearly different with the central two storey section and eastern office and rooms in a more stripped style. Clearly the arrangement we see today was there in 1903 when it was photographed in the panoramic view of the site. In 2015 the upstairs tenancy of the Gatehouse expired and in 2016 works began to both upper and lower levels of the building. In 2018 the Trust has applied to Heritage Victoria for a permit to renovate the internal office and administration areas of the ground floor, to create a better work environment for staff. The changes will rearrange the front office and counter. The carport will be dismantled and the laundry, kitchen and courtyard will also be altered. Beyond the Gatehouse/sexton’s Lodge and Office is the mausoleum, an equally prominent structure, more monolithic in form than the other buildings although this is less obvious from the southern side. The Mausoleum was completed in 2001 and is essentially a structure built to fit the available ground space. The interior has a single dogleg corridor with vaults either side. The exterior is in brick with a slate roof. The Works building is a contemporary single storey brick building and has an office, toilets, lunchroom and storage for equipment and materials. The roof is metal decking. It has also been improved with new flooring, painting, plumbing and toilets. Its appearance will be improved in future works. The building and the compound area are not considered historically important elements of the site.

Figure 8 The Gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and the Tower Figure 9 Gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and entry gates, 2017. Clock from High street, 2017. Source heritage ALLIANCE Source heritage ALLIANCE

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 20 Figure 10 Original entry gates re-erected east of the works Figure 11 Works Depot (circa 1985) building on High Street depot, & repainted. 2019. Source BCT boundary in 2019. Source BCT

Figure 12 Mausoleum roof from the west with painting of the Figure 13 Mausoleum roof from the clock-tower. Source lodge builing in progress. Source heritage ALLIANCE heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 14; New rear stairs to upper apartment of the gatelodge. Source BCT 2019. Figure 15 Mausoleum (Peace Haven) Source BCT 2019 (RHS)

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 21 Figure 16 Original plan of the Gatehouse/sexton’s Lodge and Office as shown on the framed plan drawn by Purchas and held in the Public Office of the Cemetery marked with uses: MIN: Minister’s Room, TB: Trust Boardroom, FS: Fire safe room, OFF: office, EC: earth closet (demolished), La laundry, K: Kitchen, and Lodge: residential area. The pavilion (opposite) has been demolished

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 22 Gatehouse/sexton’s Lodge and Office with uses in 2007 and showing arrangement of upper level tenancy. The minister’s room is currently an anteroom to the trustees space and the Upper tenancy rooms K: kitchen & L: Lounge. By 2019, all of the lower floor was converted to office use.

Figure 16 Historical and Contemporary uses of the Gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and Office building

Objects The interior of the ground floor office contains a number of important items of fixtures and furniture, most are historically documented as original items in the Cemetery Minute Books:  Trust Boardroom table and seven board chairs and one chairman’s chair. The chairs have buttoned oilcloth covers. The set was purchased in 1899. The chairs and boardroom table have been reconditioned.  The Original Trust Deed is framed in conservation glass and wall mounted in the Boardroom.  A mechanical mantle clock in the Boardroom of unknown provenance.  Two framed photographs of the site in the Boardroom, one undated but 19th century prior to rebuilding of the entry lodge and office and the other a panorama dated 1903 both of unknown provenance.  A cedar book cupboard with bench top, in the boardroom, of c.1876.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 23  A hat stand formerly in the office or boardroom of 1899 (removed to another room).  A mechanical clock by Fosters of London, in the office above the fireplace. Possibly dated c.1876.  The timber panelled public counter in the office (although this may have been rearranged).  The framed map of the site (lithographed by Sands and McDougall and framed in August 1876).  The Bentwood bench on the public side of the counter.  The original records to the cemetery held in the fireproof vault (vault door labelled Phillips & Sons, Birmingham).  The fireproof safe (purchased 1872 from E.A. Wright & Co, Wolverhampton).  Two drawer leather topped office desk with turned legs.

Figure 17 Timber Office Counter, until 2018. Source Figure 18 Timber Boardroom table and chairs, 2018. heritage ALLIANCE Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 19 Mantel Clock and figurative marble fireplace Figure 20 One of the two framed photographs of the site surround, 2019. Source BCT held by the Trust. Source heritage ALLIANCE

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 24 Figure 21 Cedar bookcase in Trust Office, 2018. Source Figure 22 Fireproof safe by E. A. Wright of Wolverhampton. heritage ALLIANCE 2009 Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 23 Bentwood Chair with remade cushion top. Figure 24 Chairman’s chair in Boardroom. Source BCT. Source BCT.

Figure 25 Fireproof Vault aka Phillips Safe in Office area Source BCT 2019

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 25 Trust Deed

Figure 26 The original grant of land for the purposes of a cemetery has been framed and displayed in the Trustees Board Room. Source BCT 2019

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 26 Cemetery (Brick) Wall The wall which surrounds the site replaced other timber and metal picket fences seen in early photographs. The supply of brick for the construction of the first section of wall was awarded to Fritz Holzer in late 1895. Thereafter the Trust minutes record a never ending supply of bricks to the cemetery over the following 40 years (no doubt for other constructions as well). The design of the wall was by Albert Purchas. The wall is up to 3.3 M high, is composed of 550 panels with 65 metal palisade sections along High Street. A one hundred foot section in the northeast corner is recorded as having falling down in 1902 due to a storm and subsequently rebuilt. This is possibly the section of continuous palisade fence.

Figure 27 Section of brick fence in good condition inside Figure 28 Palisade section of fence on High Street rise, cemetery, 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 29 Brickwall layout around the cemetery: A) possible 100 ft section repaired in 1902, B) possible 164 ft section repaired in 1907, C) length of wall to Victoria Park repaired by Kew Council (2003-04) , D) two sections removed for car access and 1960 tram shelter, E) Section at Uvadale Grove entrance rebuilt at lower height (2004), F) Universal Access toilets, M) Pan and Urinal toilets (male)

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 27 Figure 30 New Parkhill Street entry layout and ramp 2019 Source BCT

Figure 31 Extract of the earliest (undated possibly 1870s) photograph of the site entrance and gate lodge showing a paling fence surrounding the site and bollards enclosing the entry triangle. Source: Boroondara Cemetery Trust.

A further 164 foot section of wall is said to have collapsed in 1907 due to further storm damage and J D McConnell is recorded as obtaining the tender to carry out the new works which replaced the collapsed fencing with a palisade fence. In 2012 the Trust commissioned a Fence Audit of the brick wall, by Ainley Projects, which assessed the wall and prioritised works to the structure. In 2018 the Trust have repaired 42 wall panels or sections and have a program of ongoing maintenance to deal with the wall.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 28 The Monuments The Boroondara website claims that there has been more than 81,000 burials at the site1. These are primarily in graves that have been used just once with a small proportion used for multiple burials. The density of the graves matches that of only a small number of other cemeteries such as Melbourne General and St Kilda in Victoria and Waverley in New South Wales. Many other metropolitan cemetery sites are not as ‘filled’ such as Fawkner in Victoria, Toowong in Brisbane and Rookwood in New South Wales. Many of the pre-World War Two monuments in the Catholic section reflect an affiliation with Ireland where a Celtic cross is used, some of these being both large and ornate. This reflects the migration of Irish Catholics to Australia. The Catholic graves are marked by many crucifixes, crosses and angels, some of these being ‘off the shelf’ products although there are many more individual creations. Within the Presbyterian and Methodist sections there is usually care to avoid overt religious imagery with more classical motifs employed such as urns, broken columns and obelisks. Text is more important to the Protestants than specific devotional symbols. The early Presbyterian burial area has Scottish Celtic crosses and these are almost wholly without religious references on them. A large number of graves are surrounded by cast metal fences set on an upstand stone-wall with some of the more ornate fences being in copper. A new section of above-ground burials has been created in the section which was for pauper’s burials. These garden crypts are located against the High Street wall and are designed in a contemporary style unlike any other memorials in the cemetery.

Figure 32 Catholic compartment with statues and many Figure 33 Protestant headstones which portray a greater headstones bearing a cross. Source heritage ALLIANCE interest in text on headstones. Source heritage ALLIANCE

1 Boroondara Cemetery website, www. www.kewcemetery.com.au/

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 29 Figure 34 Scottish Presbyterian compartment with a large Figure 35 Newer memorials surrounding the Cussen number of substantive obelisks, urns and (Scottish style) Memorial. Source heritage ALLIANCE Celtic Crosses. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 36 Springthorpe Memorial. Source heritage Figure 37 New section of above-ground crypts, 2018. ALLIANCE Source heritage ALLIANCE

There are also a large number of burials of important personages at the cemetery although many of their memorials are often understated. Many are also collapsing. The area of the cemetery where burials of the poor have been found presents a different landscape, with memorials being just small footstones (in the area known as Other Denominations) or simply cast iron burial markers. The new garden crypts erected here are markedly different to the existing memorials. In the Presbyterian compartment are many large-scale and vertical obelisks, urns and Celtic crosses. The Rotunda (aka Shade Pavilion or Waiting Pavilion) The Rotunda was constructed in 1890 to the design of Albert Purchas. It is identical to the rotundas at the Melbourne General Cemetery being an ornate structure consisting of decorative cast iron, tessellated tiled flooring, and lower wall render panels with insets of tessellated tiles. The roof is a decorative fish-scale slate with rolled lead ridges, cast iron gutters and beaded timber boards for the eaves. In 2008 the Rotunda received funding from the Trust and a grant through Bendigo Bank auspiced by Friends of Boroondara Cemetery, resulting in its restoration. The one item not reinstated was its finial of unknown design. Outdoor brick toilets There were originally several of these small single storey brick toilet pavilions for women and mens’ use. The lithographed plan of the site held in the office indicates that there were a number of single pan facilities on the site

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 30 primarily along the north and south walls and one set of double pan facilities near the office. Only two original structures remain, possibly constructed in 1896 to a design by Purchas. The two existing brick toilets one opposite the Mausoleum, which consists of a women’s’ only and a men’s only toilet and two at the High Street pedestrian gate one of which is a universal access toilet and the second is a male only toilet with a new privacy screen. Two of the structures are original but obviously were constructed after the office and lodge complex but predate the sewer connection in the local area as their construction shows that they were constructed as night soil pan toilets. The third universal access toilet was constructed when the Garden Crypts were built. These facilities are in red brick with a corrugated metal roof. They have been renovated with new plumbing. The floors in both are bluestone slabs. Paths The majority of paths were asphalted in the later part of the 19th Century. Most remain as asphalt although there is at least one major concrete path dividing denominational areas. Parts of the vehicular path has extruded cast concrete kerbing while earlier edgings remain in other sections. These earlier edgings, although possibly not original, are made of bluestone. Early edgings may also use metal strips. Many of the early asphalt minor paths have decayed leaving exposed earth. Since 2007 the Trust have undertaken to repair 1000m2 of paths each year and have achieved 9994m2 of repairs in 2018.

Figure 38 Rotunda designed by Purchas as at 2007. Figure 39 Remodelled toilets near the Mausoleum in Source heritage ALLIANCE 2019. Source BCT

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 31 Figure 40 New asphalt paths replacing the old ‘gas-tar’ paths. Source BCT 2019

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 32 3.0 ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The historical significance section has been rearranged since 2007. An historical chronology of the cemetery taken from the Minute Books of the Cemetery Trust, has been included as an Appendix. 3.1 Contextual History The following contextual section has been adapted from parts of a history written for the Bendigo Public Cemetery. The Cemetery Movement Planning for the disposal of the dead as well as attitudes to death were major concerns of Britain’s Victorian Age and accompanied the century’s legacy of great sanitary reforms. With phenomenal shifts in the population from rural to town-and-city concentrations, Britain’s urban graveyards quickly became overcrowded leading to consequences injurious to health and offensive to decency. Graves, particularly those of the poor, had never been secure in graveyards, and increasingly burials were not possible without digging up other bodily remains. J.C. Loudon (1783-1843), landscape gardener and writer, knew of a graveyard in which 45 coffins were packed into one plot. It is little wonder that bodies were taken to graveyards at night and buried the next morning with little or no ceremony, and few relatives going to the graveside for committal.2 As reaction to the gruesome horrors of urban graveyards set in, the movement towards establishing large metropolitan garden cemeteries gained momentum, and the cemetery, as we know it became a phenomenon of cities and towns. Other factors were also propelling the establishment of cemeteries. The nineteenth century was an age when Governments increasingly reacted to the concerns of its citizens for greater religious tolerance and the increasing dissent towards the established church (Church of England) and the rise of the independence of other denominations. Those who were not Anglicans felt they should not have to be buried in Church of England parish churchyards or burial grounds attached to churches. The new cemeteries provided for all religious persuasions and some had their own Anglican, Roman Catholic and Nonconformist chapels. The grounds were divided into two areas; one consecrated by the Church of England Bishop in whose diocese the ground lay, the other comprising unconsecrated and undenominational burial land.3 The patterns that shaped Britain’s emergent middle-class life also shaped its commemoration of death. The values of individualism and bourgeois respectability associated with everyday life in the nineteenth century metropolis also found expression in a new funeral culture that accompanied the advent of cemeteries. There were standards of mourning to maintain, and the display of a funeral marked one’s gentility ‘or at least of a hankering after gentility’.4 Undertaking became a commercial enterprise. The rich could afford an elaborate rite of passage, and the less wealthy were expected to make a show with ‘a good send off’ often with the body displayed in an open coffin in the front parlour of the stricken household. The latter also often held their own services in the home but both culminated in the committal of the body at a graveside burial. Funerary monuments proliferated; built to stand in perpetuity, they defined one’s social place but also allowed those of uncertain social position to posthumously advertise their success. Monuments were like a sculpture gallery, a lesson in styles and taste and many of the more spectacular examples were architecturally designed. The choicest jobs for architects however were for designs of complete cemeteries. Ensembles of Gothic or Renaissance chapels, handsome gate lodges and monumental entrance gates became the norm for new cemeteries, with the whole providing cleverly designed paths within an enclosed ‘world where nature, architecture, art, and landscape gardening combined in an illusion of quiet, peaceful, permanent rest for the middle-class dead’.5 While rendering the grounds more beautiful, trees and shrubs could also be educational, with their varieties attractively labelled for the enlightenment of those who walked there. Many of the new

2 Curl, The Victorian Celebration of Death, p38. 3 Ibid., p101. 4 Ibid. p195. 5 Ibid. pp 88-89. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 33 cemeteries in the English provinces were an attempt at civic improvement by private enterprise, often much needed in towns of rapid industrial development. Père-Lachaise and the Glasgow Necropolis The prototype for the nineteenth century cemetery as a landscaped funerary garden emerged in 1804 in Père- Lachaise Cemetery, established in Paris on a hill to the east of the city. Instead of being buried in a church or malodorous churchyard, the dead could be fashionably interred in ‘a terrestrial Paradise, an Elysium, and an Arcady, where the enchantments of landscape-gardening, nature, art, and architecture alleviated the gloom of the grave’.6 Owing much to the English landscaped garden of the eighteenth century, Père-Lachaise soon became world-famous with its influence shaping an entirely new funerary culture in the western world. Plans for a spectacular Scottish version of the cemetery followed in 1831, with a proposal for converting a rocky hillside park into an ornamental cemetery, to be known as the Glasgow Necropolis. A cemetery of such beauty and awe- affecting melancholy would ‘extend religious feelings’, benefit public morals, improve manners, extend virtuous and generous feelings and convincingly express ‘a nation’s progress’ in civilisation and the arts, claimed promoter John Strang (1795-1863).7 Many of the buildings and monuments were architect-designed, including the bridge, façade, lodge, and Egyptian vaults. English Cemeteries: Kensal Green, Nunhead, Highgate, Abney Park and Brompton Improving the system of burial in the London metropolis began to gain momentum by the late 1820s and early 1830s generating a great deal of discussion in publications, meetings and parliamentary debate. In April 1830, an exhibition of proposals by architect Francis Goodwin (1784-1835) was held for a ‘Grand National Cemetery’, with buildings constructed in the Greek Revival style.8 However the scheme failed to gain backing. J.C. Loudon, who, in 1843 published a comprehensive book on designing, planting and managing cemeteries, wrote to the Morning Advertiser, proposing a scheme for several cemeteries equidistant from each other and from the centre of London.9 They were laid out more formally than Père-Lachaise, which Loudon thought to be too difficult to administer. Only a month later, in May 1830, a petition was presented to the House of Commons seeking the removal of metropolitan burial grounds to places where they would be less ‘prejudicial to the health of the inhabitants’.10 Several of the more influential promoters of new cemeteries formed the General Cemetery Company, and in July 1831 their purchase of 32 hectares (77 acres) of land at Kensal Green was approved. In November, when a competition was announced for designs for a chapel, gateway, and lodge, there was no shortage of architects able and willing to submit designs. The quite radical concept of the modern cemetery was fast becoming a fashionable design proposition, and Kensal Green attracted some 46 submissions. Although Henry Edward Kendall (1776-1875) won the competition, his Gothic designs never eventuated. Gothic, in 1832, was considered florid, and still had associations with pre-Reformation England. Greek Revival, the prevailing style of the day, would have held more attraction to the Company’s ‘polite society’ clientele. The General Cemetery of All Souls at Kensal Green opened in 1833, and in the same year classical designs were prepared for two chapels, one for Anglicans (built 1836-37), one for Dissenters (built 1833-34), a colonnade over catacombs, and an entrance gate and lodge (both 1833-34), (Fig. 3). Beneath the chapels were brick catacombs comprising shelves for the placement of coffins. More expensive than burial plots, the catacomb became a feature of the contemporary cemetery and in the 1850s there were even plans to build catacombs at two cemeteries in the Victorian goldfields towns of Back Creek (Bendigo) and Campbell’s Creek (Castlemaine). Planted and laid out in walks, with parterres and borders of flowers, Kensal Green’s attractive grounds and handsome Greek buildings soon proved to be enormously popular, its fashionable status elevated by the graves of several aristocrats, members of the royal family and monuments of rare or imposing architectural quality (Fig. 4). In 1938 the cemetery was extended and a crematorium was built in a simplified Scandinavian Classical style.

6 Ibid. p 26. 7 Ibid. pp 46-47. 8 Ibid. p 49. 9 Ibid. p 49; John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843), On the Laying Out, Planting, and Managing Cemeteries; and On the Improvement of Churchyards, London, Longmans 1843. 10 Ibid. p 50. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 34 Many cemetery companies followed on from Kensal Green, but this cemetery company remains the only private cemetery company in London from this period still in existence. More commercial cemeteries formed in rapid succession in provinces like Leeds and Birmingham, as well as around London. Stephen Geary (1797-1854) architect, entrepreneur, and member of the London Cemetery Company, is associated with the founding of the Cemeteries of Highgate, Nunhead, Peckham, Westminster, Gravesend and Brighton. He may have undertaken the initial surveys and plans for north London’s Cemetery of St James, Highgate, including designs for its spectacular ring of Egyptian-style catacombs around an existing Cedar of Lebanon, as well as the cemetery’s perimeter walls and the two chapels on either side of the Tudor gate-house. Like Kensal Green, it had two chapels, one for Anglicans, the other for Dissenters with parts of the cemetery ground reserved for unconsecrated and consecrated burials (the Anglican section was consecrated on 20 May 1839). Highgate ‘became the definitive cemetery of the London bourgeoisie’.11 Less formal than Kensal Green, Curl writes It is certainly one of the most remarkable creations of the Victorian Age, one of the most unashamedly Romantic: the spooky Egyptianising architecture is unforgettably wonderful, and the catacomb complex, with its climax at the Upper Terrace, is unquestionably a brilliant piece of scenographic design.12 The London Cemetery Company proceeded with a second enterprise in 1840 at Nunhead, south of the river. By now, A.W.N. Pugin’s views on the moral superiority of Gothic architecture (promoted in his publication, Contrasts, of 1836) were gaining currency, and from 1837 the Houses of Parliament at Westminster were arising beside the Thames as the prime example of the new Gothic fashion, so it was no surprise that the cemetery’s Anglican and Dissenters’ Chapels were designed in the Gothic style of the fourteenth century. Neoclassicism however, was still employed for the entrance-gate piers and two symmetrical lodge gates. The Abney Park Cemetery of 32 acres was also founded in 1840 in London. Established by the Abney Park Cemetery Company, it differed from its predecessors by being open to all religions, with no separations into denominational divisions and with no consecration of the burial ground ever occurring. The structures included an oecumenical Gothic Chapel built in brick with stone dressings, a small catacomb in an underground chamber separated from the Chapel, and Portland stone Egyptian Revival entrance-gates and lodges (Fig. 5). The grounds inherited a landscape of lush planting, which was retained and enhanced by adding some 2,500 varieties of trees and shrubs and over 1000 roses, forming an arboretum and rosarium, with many of the species labelled. The Cemetery catered for the more modest burials of workers and accordingly lacks the grand monuments of Highgate or Kensal Green. It was taken over by the London Borough of Hackney Council in 1978. Stephen Geary was also involved in establishing Brompton Cemetery, which was opened on 39 acres by the West of London and Westminster Cemetery Company in 1840.13 Comprising an Anglican Chapel inspired by the Italian Renaissance, circular colonnade, catacombs and gateway in the form of a triumphal arch, it was also to include Roman Catholic and Dissenters’ Chapels, but due to financial problems they were never built. The Cemetery suffered financial ruin and in 1851 the government acquired it from the company. It was becoming evident that the business of cemetery planning, construction and management did not marry well with the interests of a speculative company. The Cemeteries Clauses Act of 1847 had enacted general powers to regulate commercial cemeteries and was based on the Acts under which many of the earlier company-formed cemeteries were established. The problem with the majority of the new cemeteries was that they were dedicated to those who were able to afford a grave site and monument. There was little interest shown in attracting the poor, and problems were mounting on how to dispose of the masses of working-class dead, many of whom ended up in the small, overcrowded burial grounds still open in urban centres. The situation was compounded by outbreaks of cholera throughout 1848 and 1849. In 1850 the General Board of Health proposed to close all urban burial-grounds and purchase all existing cemeteries founded by joint-stock companies, some of which would be closed. Kensal Green was retained and expanded, and huge, new public cemeteries were created, providing the means for a civilised burial to be

11 Christopher Brooks (1989), quoted from Curl, p 92. 12 Ibid. p 92. 13 Ibid. p 95. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 35 available to people of all classes. The Better Provision for the Interment of the Dead Act was passed in 1850,14 followed by the Metropolitan Burial Act of 1852, which remained the principal legislation on the subject until largely repealed in 1972.15 These enactments effectively ended the burial crisis and set up a workable system of affordable public interment.

Figure 41 Loudon, ‘Design for Laying Out and Planting a Cemetery on Hilly Ground’, 1843. Source: J.C. Loudon 1843

Old Melbourne Cemetery Melbourne’s earliest burials occurred informally on Burial Hill, now the Flagstaff Gardens, from May 1836 when the small Port Phillip settlement of squatters was still illegal. The location of Melbourne was confirmed for official settlement with the arrival of Captain Lonsdale as commandant, on 1 October that year. NSW Governor Richard Bourke followed him in March 1837 along with surveyor, Robert Hoddle who commenced surveying and planning Melbourne on a rectangular grid within a town reserve of approximately three miles by one mile, parallel with the river. Hoddle (1794-1881) included a cemetery surveyed to the north-west just within the town reserve area, bounded by Victoria Street. The four-hectare cemetery is now covered by the car park of the Queen Victoria Market.16 Apparently in response to a request by the Presbyterians, who objected to mixed burials, he divided the cemetery into denominational sections, making it the first denominationally sectioned cemetery in Australia.17 Other denominations represented were Episcopalian (Church of England) and Roman Catholic, with Wesleyans, Independents, Jews and Quakers occupying smaller sections. An additional portion was also set aside for Aboriginal burials. The Church of England Bishop of Australia, William Grant Broughton (1788-1853),18 consecrated the cemetery in April 1838, although burials had commenced in 1837.19 Hoddle’s cemetery illustrated the new shift in burial practice away from church graveyards (a characteristic of early Sydney) to the public cemetery, but it was still a world away from the design of London’s Kensal Green, which had opened just four years previously in 1833. Functionally planned and laid out, Melbourne’s public

14 Ibid. p 137. 15 May, p 25. 16 Lewis, p 27. 17 Spicer, ‘Old Melbourne’ in Sagazio (ed.), p 32. 18 K. J. Cable, 'Broughton, William Grant (1788-1853)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition, 2006. 19 Spicer, ‘Old Melbourne’, in Sagazio (ed.), p32. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 36 cemetery displayed little ornamentation, and was initially enclosed by a wooden fence. This was replaced by iron railings on bluestone footings, built by public subscription in 1869, well after the cemetery had closed. The monuments, many carved from soft sandstone, were largely of rudimentary tablet form, and iron railings enclosed some graves. Seventy historically significant headstones were transferred to the Fawkner Cemetery to form the Pioneer Section in the 1920s after the cemetery had long remained neglected since its closure in the early 1850s. Some 914 remains were also exhumed and reburied in Fawkner as well as in Melbourne General, Boroondara (Kew), St Kilda and Cheltenham cemeteries. Melbourne General Cemetery On 25 June 1847, Melbourne was created a city by letters patent of Queen Victoria.20 The town had grown rapidly, and with it emerged the same concerns about urban burial and public health that had gained momentum in England. By 1849 the Council of the Corporation of Melbourne was claiming that the overcrowded 1837 cemetery was ‘in dangerous proximity to the inhabited portions of the city’.21 They approached the NSW Government and in 1850 plans were drawn up for a new cemetery, following the passing of a NSW act of parliament. Invitations to five cemetery trustees went out in early 1851, and in September 1852, the position of architect and surveyor for the new Melbourne cemetery was advertised in the Government Gazette, and Albert Purchas (1825-1909) was appointed.22 Born in Chepstowe, in the county of Monmouthshire, Wales, Purchas had only been in the colony a year, and had been working as a civil engineer, surveyor and architect in contract jobs for Surveyor-General Robert Hoddle, one of them to survey the new village of Hawthorn. In addition to the position advertised for the cemetery he was also appointed as secretary to the trustees and provided with a salary of £450 a year. By contrast a cemetery keeper and sexton was earning £156 a year.23 A map of Melbourne drawn by Purchas in 1853 or 1854 shows the 33½ acre reserve for the new cemetery well beyond the town grid drawn by Hoddle.24 Carved from the swathe of public parkland to the north of the city just beyond the university, the Melbourne General Cemetery was Victoria’s first modern cemetery. Designed on the principals of England’s large metropolitan garden cemeteries, it displayed elements of Romantic and formal styles, combining serpentine roadways within which paths defined burials and denominational sections. Whereas each religious denomination represented at the Old Cemetery held it’s allotted land under a separate government grant and was responsible for managing its own portion, the new Melbourne General comprised one land grant and one management body of denominational representatives.25 This system would guard against the haphazard arrangement and neglectful management that characterized the old cemetery. The old cemetery was declared officially closed, and the new Melbourne General Cemetery opened in June 1853, the same year that the University of Melbourne was established. Designed to function not only as a place of burial but also as a modern civic amenity, this cemetery was to be just as important as a landscaped park, gallery, library or museum for decorous recreation and education. It accorded with the suggestion of the Argus newspaper a year earlier, that Melbourne’s new burial ground should be a cemetery and public garden combined, thereby providing an opportunity for the education of popular taste in a society ‘destitute as it is, of almost every means of popular education in art and taste’.26 Botanist Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller (1825-1896) provided advice on the ornamental plantings from 1860, and the grounds went on to be ornamented with a number of gate- keeper’s lodges (north gate of 1867 by Charles Webb), Jewish chapel (1854), iron gates (1869 Charles Webb), Roman Catholic Chapel (1871 and 1888 by William Wardell), iron fence (1876, by Morgan Jageurs), rockeries, several shade pavilions, denominational iron markers and many distinguished monuments. The Melbourne

20 Melbourne was created a Bishop’s See of the Church of England, to which Dr Charles Perry was appointed bishop, and by virtue of this, the town of Melbourne was elevated to the status of city. 21 Dunstan, p149; it is estimated that as many as 10,000 burials may have occurred at the Old Melbourne Cemetery (see Cannon, p129). 22 Government Gazette, 1 September 1852. 23 Friends of Brighton Cemetery website, chapter 3. 24 Albert Purchas, ‘Map of the Settled Districts around Melbourne in the Colony of Victoria’, 1854, National Library of Australia. 25 Chambers, p99. 26 Argus, 7 February 1852, p 2. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 37 General Cemetery predates Sydney’s Rookwood Cemetery of 1867, which is the largest nineteenth century cemetery in the world.27 Albert Purchas Born in Chepstowe, Wales in 1825, Purchas became a civil engineer, like his father Robert Whittlesey Purchas, and migrated to Melbourne in 1851 at the start of the goldrushes. Describing himself as a land agent and civil engineer, he quickly picked up work surveying Melbourne’s new roads and villages and even spent a brief time on the Bendigo goldfields. After settling in to a salaried position at Melbourne General Cemetery in 1852, he launched his architectural career. In 1853 he designed a 4-roomed weatherboard cottage at Prahran, and in May the same year he arranged for two weatherboard cottages to be erected in the new Melbourne General Cemetery grounds. At the age of 29 in 1854, Purchas received the important commission of designing a new residence for Henry Field Gurner, Victoria’s first Crown Solicitor. The substantial two-storey residence, Berkeley Hall, still stands at 11 Princes Street, St Kilda, and is included in the Victorian Heritage Register (H 491). That same year Purchas was appointed valuer to the Commissioner of Savings Banks, and also married Eliza Anne Swyer with Anglican rites. They lived in St Kilda until 1863 and thereafter in Fitzwilliam Street, Kew in the house he designed and named Fernhill. Between 1855 and 1862 Purchas worked in partnership with his brother-in-law, Charles Swyer under the name Purchas and Swyer, at 20 Temple Court Melbourne. Purchas’ name is associated with designs for many significant buildings and places including the Zoological Gardens in Royal Park, and several churches including Christ Church (Anglican), Acland Street, St Kilda (1854-57); Christ Church (Christ Church), Glenlyon Road, Brunswick (1857 nave); St John’s (Anglican), Burgundy Street, Heidelberg (1858 works); St John’s Church of England (Anglican), Cameron Street, Malmsbury (1861-66); St George the Martyr (Anglican), Hudson Street, Queenscliff (1863-64); St Luke’s (Anglican), Pelissier Street, Yea (1868); St George’s (Presbyterian), Chapel Street, St Kilda (1877-80); and Holy Trinity (Anglican ), Arundel Street, Benalla (1884).28 Commercial buildings included the Melbourne Savings Bank, and Selbourne Chambers at 81 Chancery Lane in 1881. Purchas’ involvement with Boroondara Cemetery seems to have arisen from personal tragedy in 1864. In June that year his twin daughters Beatrice and Lillian died at the age of two months from influenza. They were buried at Boroondara Cemetery near to the family home despite their father’s official role with Melbourne General. A few months later Purchas was appointed as a trustee to the Boroondara Cemetery, representing the local Holy Trinity Church of England, and it followed that he was unanimously elected as chairman for most of his 45 years association with the trust. During this time he managed both cemeteries, and both emerged from the 1890s economic depression in good financial order. Eliza Purchas bore eleven children in fourteen years of marriage, with four of the daughters dying in infancy. She died on Christmas Eve 1869 at the age of 43, a month after the birth of her last child, Eliza, leaving seven children. She was buried in the family grave on Boxing Day, with the Dean of Melbourne officiating. Two further daughters died in 1875 in a scarlatina epidemic. Son, Guyon Purchas became an architect, and another son, Claude a surveyor, and both received work from their father from the 1870s onwards, including work associated with the Boroondara Cemetery. Albert Purchas died aged 84 in August 1909.29 Suburban and Regional Cemeteries The speed with which Melbourne passed from a relatively small community to a metropolis distinguished by elaborate urban and city needs soon necessitated further action to accommodate its burial requirements. A number of suburban public cemeteries followed Melbourne General Cemetery in quick succession throughout the 1850s and 1860s including St Kilda (1855), Brighton (1855), Williamstown (1857), Boroondara (1858), Box Hill (1858), Templestowe (1858), Oakleigh (1859), Coburg (1860) and Footscray (1860). Growing country centres also applied to the government for grants of Crown Land to be reserved for cemetery purposes or sought to have Crown land surveyed for cemetery purposes. Some examples include Back Creek (later known as Bendigo Cemetery) (1854-57); Wangaratta (c.1857), Dandenong (1857), Keilor (1857), Daylesford (1857), Belfast (later

27 Mackay et al., p 8. 28 See Miles Lewis (ed.), Victorian Churches, p61, 74, 83, 84, 103, 144, 157. 29 This biographical information is derived from Frances O’Neill’s research on Albert Purchas completed in 1985. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 38 known as Port Fairy) (1857); Avoca (1857), Heathcote (1857), Ballarat (1857), Murgheboluc (1857), Epping (1858) and Smythesdale (1859). Many of these cemeteries were set up as a result of public meetings of concerned citizens and local church groups, and the legislation governing their establishment was influenced by the English legislation of the early 1850s, which saw public cemeteries administered by trustees. In 1854 the Victorian government passed an Act for the Establishment and Management of Cemeteries in the Colony of Victoria. It empowered the government to appoint and dismiss trustees and to approve the rules and regulations for a cemetery’s administration, and a scale of fees and charges for graves, as recommended by the trustees.30 It also stated that a ‘burial ground must be distant one mile at least from any town’.31 Initially local councils were to have the responsibility for the management and trusteeship of cemeteries, under the Municipal Institutions Act and the Public Health Act, both of 1854. However by the 1860s Victoria’s public cemeteries were under the Public Works Department, followed by the Department of Crown Lands and Survey from 1873 to 1888, and the Chief Secretary’s Department from 1888 to 1890. In 1890 responsibility passed to the Department of Health (Public Health Act 1889). A new act governing Victoria’s 600 cemeteries was proclaimed in the Cemeteries Act 1958. This was superseded by the Cemeteries and Crematoria Act 2003, which is administered by the Department of Human Services. New regulations were introduced to the Act in 2013. Boroondara Parish The first land sales immediately outside the original town section of Melbourne were held in February 1839 for the mile-square section of flat land now covered by Fitzroy and Collingwood, skewing Melbourne’s development to the east.32 A little further east, just over the Yarra River, the first Hawthorn land sales occurred late in 1843, and the new garden suburb in the parish of Boroondara began to develop along the Yarra riverfront. The Boroondara blocks varied in size, but those beyond the more accessible Hawthorn area tended to be larger and suitable for small farms, like those sold in 1845 on the Willsmere riverflats.33 Dense stands of eucalypts, which characterized this undulating landscape, probably influenced government officials in naming the parish ‘Boroondara’, a word adapted from the indigenous Woiwurrung language, and understood to mean ‘where the ground is thickly shaded’.34 Forest covered the entire district, and from the late 1830s good timber was cut in the Templestowe area, near John Wood’s Bulleen sheep station. Sawmilling soon became the dominant local industry and produced most of the demand for roads.35 Kew Junction became important, as did High Street, then known as Bulleen Road, and in 1851, George Wharton, a prominent architect and surveyor, surveyed the Kew village. Gangs of unemployed immigrants had built Collingwood’s Johnstone Street during the depression in 1842, and a bridge at its eastern end was first seriously advocated in 1855 to replace Hodgson’s punt that had operated since 1840. When a large timber bridge was built in 1858, it opened up a direct radial route from Melbourne to Kew Junction and onto the upper Yarra.36 Large mansions soon went up in Studley Park, and by 1865 Kew was described as ‘the most picturesque portion of the suburbs of Melbourne’.37 Planning for a Cemetery Planning for a district cemetery began quite early and even pre-dated the establishment of municipal government, with the cemetery set aside early in 1855 and the Boroondara Roads Board formed in 1856. The treed hillside location on Bulleen Road, beyond the Kew Junction, was far removed from the less rural surrounds of Hawthorn, and would have satisfied the new regulation that a cemetery ‘must be distant one mile at least from any town’.38 The location was still considered to be on the outskirts in 1887, when the cemetery became the terminus for a new horse tram service. The unusual triangular portion of land had been designated a ‘reserve’ from at least

30 Sagazio, p 13. 31 Quoted from ‘Self Guided Tour of the Bendigo Cemetery, 145 Years of History 1858-1993’. 32 Max Lay, Melbourne Miles, p19. 33 Lay, p23. 34 City of Boroondara website. 35 Lay, p122. 36 Lay, p127. 37 Sylvia Morrissey on Kew in Encyclopaedia of Melbourne, p387. 38 Sagazio, p 13. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 39 1853 and its status is distinctly shown on a plan drawn that year by government contract surveyor, Albert Purchas.39 3.2 History of establishement of Boroondara Cemetery The earliest known plan for the Boroondara Cemetery was prepared in April 1855. It shows the site as it is recognized today, but the point of the land at the junction of Bulleen Road and Park Street is excluded from the proposal. The size, at just over 20 acres, is small and comprises six denominational compartments set out like garden parterres in a parkland setting with a circular carriageway in the middle (Map 1).40 Elevated cemetery sites were desirable for good drainage, as well as for offering scenic qualities and these factors may have influenced the choice of this land. J.C. Loudon included a ‘Design for Laying Out and Planting a Cemetery on Hilly Ground’, in his comprehensive book on cemetery design published in 1843 (Fig. 21). Celebrated cemeteries such as the Necropolis in Scotland and London’s Highgate were established around elevated viewsites, natural and man-made, as was Bendigo’s Back Creek Cemetery. Three months later an amended plan was prepared. The arrangement of the denominational compartments had clearly become an issue, as annotations on the new plan specify ‘that the spaces allotted to each Sect are to be in strict accordance with the Census Returns for 1854’. Official statistics were obtained from the Census Office on 3 July 1855, and the document, which still survives today, records that of the 3,160 people in the Boroondara parish, there were 1,489 Anglicans, 100 ‘Protestants not otherwise defined’, 311 Presbyterians, 206 Wesleyan Methodists, 114 Independents, 129 Baptists, 107 Lutherans, 34 ‘Other Protestant Churches, 615 Roman Catholics, 8 Jews and 47 ‘Residue’.41 Completed on 24 July and signed by district surveyor, Clement Hodgkinson, the plan was quite a departure from the serpentine curves of first design. A formal arrangement of rectangular compartments of varying size now stretched around two sides of the triangular reserve. These were for the Wesleyans, Independents, Presbyterians, Baptists, Lutherans and Catholics and together they surrounded a large, inner triangular compartment representing the Church of England. Although the census identified ten ‘Principal Religious Denominations’, it seemed that only seven were to be accommodated. The entrance incorporated the point of land at Bulleen Road, where there was a circular drive and garden beds, but these features seemed out of kilter with the grid-like burial compartments of the greater part of the cemetery.42

39 Map of the Settled Districts around Melbourne in the Colony of Victoria, 1853 (SLV) and 1854 (NLA). 40 Lands Department Cemeteries Plans, cited from the appendix of Frances O’Neill’s report of 1985. 41 Department of Human Services, Boroondara Public Cemetery file, H CEM 63. 42 Lands Department Cemeteries Plans, cited from the appendix of Frances O’Neill’s report of 1985. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 40 Figure 42: The 1854 Census of religious denominations for the Parish of Boroondara

A couple of years went by seemingly without any further progress on the development of the cemetery. A public meeting was held at the Governor Hotham Hotel on 13 October 1858, and a Mr Johnson of Barkly Road, Hawthorn ‘mentioned the desirability of securing this land as burial land for the District of Boroondara’.43 The matter gained momentum, and on 21 December the first Boroondara Cemetery trustees were appointed, these being mainly Hawthorn residents.44 The first president of the board was Michael O’Grady, later mayor of Hawthorn in 1870, and the other members were Henry Box, Thomas Judd, John Lloyd, Thomas Johnson, Jabez Chambers, John Denbeigh, Christian Finger and Thomas Balmain, each representing one of the nine main religious groups in the parish. Finalising denominational representation remained an issue, and once again the

43 From the first Minute Book of the Boroondara Cemetery Trust, cited from Rogers, p53. 44 Gwen McWilliam, p118. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 41 current census (1857) was referred to so that ‘separate and distinct places of Burial’ could be allocated with ‘unbiased judgement’.45 Early in the New Year Frederick Acheson of the Public Lands Office prepared a third plan for the cemetery (Map 2). Signed on 25 January 1859, the drawing returned to the asymmetrical arrangement of curving paths and drives featured in the first plan. These rhythmic, organic shapes characterize other cemetery plans during this period, for example the Melbourne General Cemetery (1852 plan and later plan), Brighton Cemetery, Elsternwick (1859), Back Creek, Bendigo (1855, revised 1857) and White Hills, Bendigo (1855). They clearly draw inspiration from English garden cemetery designs with their park-like arrangement of serpentine paths. Acheson retained the formal entrance and plantings at the narrow point of the reserve where it met Bulleen Road, and allocated nine curvilinear shapes of varying sizes to specified denominations. Additionally, a square-shaped plot was set aside for ‘unspecified denominations’ and a section along the Bulleen Road boundary was reserved for extensions. The largest compartment of nine acres was assigned to the Church of England, with the Church of Rome receiving three acres and smaller portions meted out to the Scottish Presbyterians, Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, Independents (also known as Congregationalists), Baptists, Lutherans, Unitarians and Unspecifieds. Plantations covered four acres and included gardens framing the cemetery frontage to Bulleen Road. Drives and walks took up just over five acres of the cemetery, which overall comprised 31 acres, two roods and 39 perches of land. The pleasing design did not satisfy everyone, and very soon Boroondara’s Independent residents, represented by minister Richard Connebee, complained that their ground was ‘highly objectionable’ because of its location in ‘a hollow’ surrounded by roads and paths which would only serve to ‘increase the morass and concentrate drainage’.46 Independents, along with Baptists had emerged as distinct dissenting denominations in the seventeenth century, and changes in the legal and social status of dissenters in the early nineteenth century raised their profile in the community. Independents ‘now came boldly out of the corners into which they had crept for security and privacy, and placed their buildings in commanding positions’, as well as their graves.47 The Scottish Presbyterians also remonstrated, and both denominations were shifted to more attractive elevated compartments formerly earmarked for extension purposes. Acheson’s plan was modified accordingly, and a very fragile version of it survives on the Department file, showing the changes. Another issue arose. From at least 1854, the suburb of Richmond had been petitioning the government for a cemetery and hoped that the Survey Paddock by the Yarra River would be allocated (see Purchas plan 1853/54). Richmond Council complained that people were transporting the dead over four miles to the Melbourne Cemetery ‘thereby entailing a heavy expense … [when] ill able to bear it’.48 A cemetery plan was drawn for the Paddock,49 but because the site was prone to flooding the proposal was abandoned. Choice, elevated land in the Studley Park Reserve was considered in 1856, but it was felt that ‘its appointment for a cemetery would create intense dissatisfaction in East Collingwood and Kew’.50 In November 1858 the Richmond Town Clerk wrote to the Lands Office requesting for land next to the Kew Cemetery to be allocated for a Richmond Cemetery, and proposed that ‘in lieu of two independent cemeteries in contact, it would be better that the area of the Kew Cemetery be increased to 40 acres, and be then considered available as a Cemetery for the Richmond district as well as the Kew District’.51 Sixteen acres were set aside on 20 July 1860, and a sketch was drawn showing the additional area for Richmond Cemetery excised from the reserve on the north-east side of the Boroondara Cemetery. The trustees received a letter from the Lands Office in 1862 stating its intention to add the sixteen acres, but no further action occurred.52

45 Minute Book 17 January 1859, cited from O’Neill, p13. 46 1859 document on Boroondara Cemetery file H CEM 63, Department of Human Services. 47 Walter Phillips, ‘The Denominations’, in Miles Lewis (ed.), p11. 48 Letter from Town Clerk Cameron to the Hon. Chief Secretary, 13 October 1856, held on Cemetery file H CEM 63. 49 Drawn by A. Hurrey, Surveyor General’s Office, 4 July 1854, Cemetery file H CEM 63. 50 Note dated 6 November 1856 on Cemetery file H CEM 63. 51 Letter 30 November 1858 on Cemetery file H CEM 63. 52 Minute Book 1, 3 September 1862. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 42 Building the Cemetery The first burial in the Boroondara Cemetery took place on the evening of 12 March 1859 when the Reverend Foy laid Ellen Quick to rest in the Baptist section. It was within weeks of Acheson’s plan being drawn, and details on the layout were still being adjusted. Work on the grounds was about to commence, starting with clearing the reserve of River Red Gum and Wattle trees, and sawing the red gum into timber for fencing. The contract went to John Padbury, and by September he had erected gates and 1¼ miles of fencing from 12,000 palings and 1,600 rails.53 Plenty of timber remained and was removed in November, when 40 loads were carried away. Burials were allowed during the works but graves had to be individually fenced, and faced the risk of being moved if it was later found they were not in the right place. Further burials during this early period include Catherine Mansfield, buried on 25 March 1859; a baby named Susan Greenhill; an unnamed member of the Finger family; and nineteen year old Rebecca Hannah Derrick who was buried on 10 June 1859.54 Ellen Quick had been buried in the centre of the upper driveway, and had to exhumed and reburied, as did some of the other bodies. When the Independent section was re-adjusted in 1861, a distraught father complained that a new path went right across his child’s grave. After this incident the trustees instructed that paths were not to go over graves.55 With the cemetery already open for business and the site fenced and cleared by the end of 1859, the trustees moved quickly onto arranging for the erection of a small wooden cottage for the caretaker, Benjamin Carey. They met on 4 January 1860 and appointed a Mr Hampton for the job, but then it seems they changed their minds and decided on a brick building instead.56 Designed by architect Charles Vickers of the firm Wharton & Vickers, the two-roomed cottage was built by George Saunders and completed in June as the cemetery’s first building.57 It continues to stand within the lodge/office complex today although was altered when a second storey was added during the major extensions undertaken in 1899. Later in 1860 Saunders was called in again to build a water closet.58 Vickers was an early resident of Kew and a signatory of the petition to make Kew a separate municipality by 1860. He designed a number of religious (Anglican) and commercial buildings in Melbourne, among them Christ Church, Denham Street, Hawthorn, (1853); transepts to St Peter’s, Albert Street, East Melbourne (1853); Holy Trinity, Sydney Road, Coburg (1853); and Holy Trinity, Merrawap Road, Ceres (1855).59 Perhaps the decision to change to brick construction indicates a willingness by the trustees to spend more money enhancing the cemetery with substantial structures befitting this growing middleclass district. The Minutes certainly show that the trustees were keen also to start early on beautifying the grounds with plantings so that the reserve could be enjoyed as both park and cemetery. Dr Mueller provided the first of several deliveries from the Botanic Gardens in September 1859, with the arrival of 100 Bluegums, four dozen Cape Broom, four dozen English Broom and one dozen Cypress.60 In May 1860 the trustees took advantage of a government program providing free plants from the Botanic Gardens for the establishment of public parks and accepted a further 370 shrubs and trees from Mueller, including a further 200 Bluegums and packets of shrub seeds.61 More trees, shrubs and seeds arrived from Mueller a couple of months later,62 followed by a further 650 specimens in mid- 1862 and ‘upwards of 200 plants’, plus pine trees in 1864.63 Local residents also contributed; a ‘large number of roots and flowers’ came from Mr T. Rattan, and Reverend Wood, T. Ragg, James Cook and Mr Christian donated trees and shrubs, and Mr Thomas Johnson supplied several varieties of roses. Cemetery trustee, Thomas Judd spent £10 on shrubs ‘of a permanent character’ including Cypress, Dracona, Magnolia Grandiflora, Junipers, Grevilleas and Ficus. Data sheets in this report identify the oldest and most significant plantings in the grounds.

53 Minute Book 1, 7 May and 7 September 1859. 54 Rogers, p54. 55 Minute Book 1, September 1861, and 6 November 1861. 56 Minute Book 1, 4 January 1860 p36. 57 Minute Book 1, 6 June 1860 p51. 58 Minute Book 1, November 1860 p61. 59 See Miles Lewis (ed.), Victorian Churches, p51, 66, 73, 100. 60 Minute Book 1, 7 September 1859, p25. 61 Minute Book 1, May-June 1860, p52. 62 Minute Book 1, August-September 1860, p57. 63 Minute Book 1, May-June 1862, p114; May 1864 p160; July-August 1864 p166. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 43 The edges to the main cemetery walk were defined and made tidy by gutter tiles and gradually extended to the other walks during the 1860s.64 In the midst of this intense period of laying out and planting the grounds, the cemetery was also mapped so that sites for graves in each section could be clearly accounted for and numbered. The job was advertised in May 1861 and J.B. Higgins’ tender for £30 was accepted for mapping the cemetery on a scale of twenty feet to one inch. The work was completed in September.65 The following winter, July 1862, the first of a number of drainage problems occurred after an overflow of stormwater from Park Hill Road (south side of the cemetery) caused ‘serious injury’ to the grounds.66 It happened again in 1863 and 1864 prompting repairs to a stone culvert, followed by ‘rough channeling’ works in the gully in the lower part of the cemetery, and installation of ceramic drainage pipes.67 In September 1866 a new rough stone channel was constructed, and 500 bricks purchased for a ‘small’ channel that would divert water away from new buildings proposed for the cemetery entrance.68 Arrival of Albert Purchas The well-known architect and surveyor, Albert Purchas had joined the Trust late in 1864 as a representative of the Church of England. Purchas lived locally and given his close involvement with the Melbourne General Cemetery, it is no surprise that he was soon unanimously elected as Trust chairman. He held this position for most of his 45 years association with Boroondara Cemetery, while continuing to also manage the Melbourne General. Purchas had a personal interest in developing the Boroondara Cemetery as a pre-eminent place for burials. His twin baby daughters had just been interred in the cemetery, and there was potential to further enhance the aesthetic qualities of the grounds as well as improve the facilities for the trustees. His first suggestion was for garden seats to be placed about the grounds ‘for the accommodation of the public’.69 In October 1866 he prepared plans for a new boardroom and office to stand with the caretaker’s cottage at the front of the cemetery. Bluegums planted in 1859 were cut down to provide room for the building.70 The sexton’s lodge, also called a caretaker’s office was a vital component of a nineteenth century cemetery. The trustees held meetings there and the sexton or caretaker maintained a plan of the burial plots and dealt with other matters pertaining to the cemetery’s day-to-day function. Larger cemeteries generally provided a residence for the caretaker or his superintendent. Fashionable English cemeteries were likely to have imposing, arched and walled entrances with flanking gate lodges built in a matching Tudor, Egyptian, Classical or Gothic style to enhance the ornamental qualities of the cemetery. A temporary lodge was constructed at the Melbourne General in the 1850s and replaced by more ornate Gothic examples in 1867 and 1869 (See Fig. 35). St Kilda’s office and residence was built by 1866 in the Picturesque cottage orné style; and in 1892 Brighton General Cemetery replaced a wooden building with a brick Queen Anne style caretaker’s residence designed by architect, Percy Oakden. An office, boardroom and strongroom followed in 1929. In Victoria’s regions, Castlemaine erected a small bichrome brick lodge between 1858 and 1859, as did Bendigo’s Back Creek and White Hills cemeteries, and Maldon built a brick office and residence in 1866. Offices, ornate or rudimentary went up in cemeteries all over Victoria. Some of the early examples were replaced or extended, but many including those at St Kilda and White Hills cemeteries eventually fell into neglect and were demolished to provide space for more burials. 3.3 Construction of the primary elements of the cemetery The Cottage, later known as the Lodge Boroondara Cemetery’s two-roomed, red brick caretaker’s cottage of 1860 had a kitchen added in August 1869. It was built by Thomas Davison to Purchas’ instruction. From this point onwards, the Minute Books refer to this building as the ‘lodge’.71

64 Minute Book 1, May 1860, p36; June 1861 p85; July & August 1861 p86 & 89; November 1864 p172; April-May 1863 p137, 139; May-June 1866 p202. 65 Minute Book 1, September 1861 p93. 66 Minute Book 1, July 1862 p118. 67 Minute Book 1, July 1863 p144; January 1864 p152; October-November 1864 p189. 68 Minute Book 1, September 1866 p211. 69 Minute Book 1, November 1864 p172. 70 Minute Book 1, May 1866 p200. 71 Minute Book 1, August 1869 p289. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 44 Maintenance works were undertaken on the lodge in May 1872, and in June 1873 Joseph Hughes, who was working on the cemetery fence, was also given the job of adding an extra bedroom, which was greatly appreciated by the caretaker.72 A constant trickle of further small works followed; a bell was granted for the front door in July 1874; and a washhouse built at the rear in 1875 by John Padbury, who, on the same contract was also asked to complete a public urinal, closet and some fencing. An additional room built of timber was completed by A. Dalton in July 1881, and the whole lodge renovated in December 1882. A bathroom was added to the north end of the building in 1889 when the office was being extended.73 Permission was given for some renovations in October 1891, and builder Thomas Constable was asked to add a further room in February 1893.74 By then the lodge had grown in a rather ad hoc fashion to about eight rooms, bathroom and washhouse included. A photograph taken prior to 1895 shows the buildings in the vicinity of the lodge as a cluster of structures obscured by trees and shrubbery at the front of the cemetery. The two-storey lodge as we generally recognize it today resulted from the major extensions and renovations undertaken in 1899, which also included the clocktower and office extensions. All were built by John Timmins to the design of Albert Purchas, who was assisted by his son Claude.75 The lodge extensions incorporated the 1860 cottage designed by Vickers and some of the subsequent additions by Purchas. A comparison between the photograph taken before 1895 and another taken in 1903 confirms the substantial extent of the 1899 works and the degree to which the lodge was altered to achieve an integrated complex of buildings in the ‘gatehouse’ precinct. Few changes were made to the lodge over the following decades apart from those relating to maintenance or upgrading of necessary facilities. New electric lighting was extended throughout all the buildings in 1919 and in February 1922 the telephone was extended to the lodge ‘for emergencies’.76 It was not until November 1935 that maintenance became an issue, with the back of the house reported as ‘going into decay’. Architectural advice recommended demolition, but the following month a tender was accepted for repair instead. Renovations were carried out in 1942, when the office boardroom was also updated, and the kitchen and bathroom were upgraded at the end of 1946.77 Despite being renovated and extended at the end of 1958, the back verandah needed removing in 1961 to make way for ‘a glassed section to encompass the passageway between the kitchen and the main part of the house’. Repainting and other improvements to several rooms were completed in December 1971, and new carpet bought for the hallway in 1972.78 Office Albert Purchas designed the office for the Boroondara Cemetery in October 1866 and John Padbury, the contractor who had earlier put up the cemetery’s wooden fencing and gates, completed its construction in February 1867.79 The detail and materials faithfully followed the style of the existing red brick lodge designed by architect Charles Vickers. An office table and chairs were purchased at the same time and a decision made to buy a ‘chandelier of two burners’ for the interior.80 Some of the larger cemeteries installed a bell-post and bell near their lodge and office for communication within the grounds, and Boroondara was no exception. In June 1871 Purchas was asked to acquire a ‘bell, gong or whistle’. After a bell was purchased from James McEwan & Co., Purchas designed a turret or bell-post, and the following month Padbury was called in to build it.81 An early photograph taken between the 1870s and 1895 shows the cemetery entrance with the bell-post on the east side of the office, rising high above the roof. Bendigo

72 Minute Book 2, May 1872 & February 1873, pp48 and 64. 73 Minute Book 2. July 1874, p97; July 1881, p315; Minute Book 3 December 1882, p1; July 1889, p245. 74 Minute Book 3, October 1891, p312; February 1893, p360. 75 Minute Book 2, 14 February 1899, p166 and 11 April 1899, p171-72. 76 Minute Book 6, June 1919, p111; February 1922 p184. 77 Minute Book 8, April 1942 p11; December 1946 p189. 78 Minute Book 9, November 1958 p56; August 1961 p130-31; July 1971 p293 and 302. 79 Minute Book 1, February 1867 p213. 80 Minute Book 1, February 1867 pp223-24, 229, 230. 81 Minute Book 1, June and July 1871, pp6,7. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 45 Cemetery acquired a decorative cast iron bell-post and bell in 1899 after earlier deciding against installing a ‘warning’ bell in the cemetery chapel.82 In early 1872 a fireproof safe was obtained for the office from Gemmell Tuckett & Co., of Collins Street, Melbourne.83 As the firm were auctioneers, it is likely that the safe was second hand. It was later moved to the strongroom, where it remains today although the safe was in use before the strongroom came into being. Information on the safe doors indicates that its manufacturer was E.A. Wright & Co. of Wolverhampton. A ‘cabinet for the purpose of holding papers, books, etc.’ was purchased from Harrisons in April 1876. Later in the year a copy of the cemetery plan was framed, glazed and hung in the office, and in September a clock was obtained on trial.84 These items can still be found in the office in 2007. In 1884, there is mention of the lodge having a porch, where visitors could inspect a framed and glazed copy of the cemetery rules (another copy was displayed at the cemetery entrance).85 Thus equipped, the office had no further needs until the late 1880s, when some changes became necessary. More storage was required for the cemetery’s growing number of records and further space was needed to accommodate clients. In April 1889 contractors Dootson and Connell were commissioned to build a small fireproof room at the north end of the office, as well as a counter at the south end, and a waiting room. The strongroom door, still in use in 2007, was supplied by Welch Perrin & Co. and imported from manufacturers, Phillips & Son, of Birmingham. A mantelpiece was bought from the hardware firm Brooks Robinson & Co., in Elizabeth Street, Melbourne and furniture for the waiting room was purchased from the Robertson & Moffat emporium in Post Office Place, Melbourne, where the Myer store is now situated. A new, tiled verandah was added, and an existing verandah on the west side was re-floored with the same tiles. A hedge and roses were planted outside the waiting room.86 Later, in 1895 the brickwork on the front of the office and waiting room was enhanced by tuckpointing, and the verandah floors concreted.87 With the worst of the early 1890s economic depression over by the middle of the decade, the trustees embarked on a series of costly improvements that transformed the major built elements of the grounds. Decisions were made for the brick wall to completely enclose the cemetery, a further shelter to be added (both discussed later) and major extensions and renovations to the office and lodge buildings, all designed by Albert Purchas. In April 1899 tenders were called for the project, which resulted in a second storey to the lodge, an office boardroom, minister’s waiting room and the grand clocktower, as well as a shelter ‘on the south side of the approach’. Builder, John Timmins won the contract.88 The works progressed and towards the end of 1899 items were purchased for the newly renovated and expanded office interior. Payment was made in October to a Mr J. W. Carl for boardroom furniture and in November for a hat stand, and payments followed to other firms for carpet, linoleum and electric light fittings as well as for an umbrella stand from Chambers & Seymour.89 The boardroom furniture remains in the room today and comprises a table with seven chairs and a chairman’s armchair. The large table was probably assembled in the room. The chairs are upholstered with button-cushioned oilcloth covers, and the backs have carved tops. An Abbot Filter for public use was purchased and placed in a frame on the verandah of the new Minister’s room. These cylindrical vessels, which provided cool, clean drinking water from a tap, were made of unglazed earthenware or stoneware, and the Abbot brand was patented in Australia between 1870 and 1900. A telephone was also connected to the office.90

82 Minute Book, Bendigo Cemeteries Trust, cited from heritage ALLIANCE/ Historica, Bendigo Cemetery Conservation Management Plan, 2002. 83 Minute Book 2, March 1872, p31. 84 Minute Book 2, April 1876, p147, August 1876, p155, September 1876, p159. 85 Minute Book 3, April 1884, p51-52. 86 Minute Book 3, April to October 1889, pp236-256. 87 Minute Book 4, 10 December 1895, pp64-65. 88 Minute Book 4, 14 February 1899, p166 and 11 April 1899, p171-72. 89 The stand was in the office until recently and hopefully it still remains in the building. 90 Minute Book 4, October 1899 to February 1900, pp 191-201. Information on the Abbot Filter from the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, website. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 46 The office had no further requirements until June 1919, when the electrical needs of the office, boardroom and quarters were reviewed. The following autumn, tenders went out for electric radiators to be supplied and fitted.91 Renovations were necessary by the early 1940s, and in April 1942 works to the boardroom and house were priced, and presumably went ahead. Very little further work is mentioned in the Minute Books apart from new linoleum placed in the office entrance in November 1948; chairs purchased from Youngs auctions in September 1957 and alterations made to the office counter in September 1967. Tower and Clock The imposing red brick clocktower was designed by Albert Purchas and built during the major extensions and renovations of 1899, which also resulted in a second storey to the house and the additions of a boardroom office and minister’s waiting room. The tender for the work went out in April 1899 and was awarded to John Timmins.92 In May 1899, Melbourne watchmakers, jewellers and opticians Messrs Gaunt & Co., won the tender to supply, fix and maintain the large clock proposed for the tower. The original clockwork remains in place in 2017. A clocktower was a prominent public symbol of stability and civic order. By the mid-19th century, tower clocks were being mass-produced in the United States and installed in towns throughout the world, in railway stations, post offices, town halls, court houses, churches, schools and other public places such as shopping arcades and cemeteries. During the 20th century many of the original mechanical movements of the clocks were discarded or replaced with electrically driven mechanisms. Watchmaker Thomas Gaunt (1829-1890) emigrated to Melbourne with his young family in 1857 and set up his business in Post Office Place, later moving to the nearby Royal Arcade in 1869. His firm made nearly all of Victoria’s large public timepieces; the Melbourne Town Hall clock (1870), a clock donated to St Francis’ Church, Elizabeth Street (1874), chronograph clocks for Flemington and Caulfield racecourses (1876 and 1899), Hotham (North Melbourne) Town Hall clock (1879), Emerald Hill (South Melbourne) Town Hall clock (1880; built at a cost of £650, it was first used at the International Exhibition, where Thomas Gaunt won a gold medal for his turret clocks), Sandhurst (Bendigo) public buildings clock (1886), Collingwood Town Hall (1889, built at a cost of £750), Chapel Tower Abbotsford Convent (1890) and clock figures Gog and Magog in Royal Arcade (1892). The firm continued after Thomas Gaunt’s death in 1890 and remained in the Royal Arcade until taken over by Prouds in 1970.93 Lit by electrical lighting, the Boroondara Cemetery clocktower was a lavish addition to the grounds, with the clock alone costing £508.94 Other examples of public cemetery clocks in Victoria can be found at Melbourne General (tower clock there by c.1870), and Brighton. The latter is a clock purchased from Noyes Bros. (Aust.) in March 1938.95 Projecting from the side of the 1892 office, it is far less imposing than a tower clock and more akin to the domestic style of its associated Queen Anne office building. Messrs Gaunt & Co. continued to wind, regulate and oil the Boroondara Cemetery clock over the next couple of years for £8.10 per annum. In October 1927 the clock was cleaned and serviced, and in April 1931 the trustees considered having the clock face re-gilded and frosted, but deferred the matter. The Great Depression peaked in 1931 and the trustees initiated few if any new works throughout the cemetery during this lean time. Six unemployed men were provided with relief work for eight weeks from July 1931. Other matters preoccupied the trustees and the clock did not come to their attention again until October 1941, when it was noticed that the dial on the north side was cracked. They sought information and were advised ‘to leave it at present’. In May 1942, the clock mechanism became faulty and needed overhauling. By November, when it still hadn’t been fixed, a Mr S. Hayles was called in for the job. It again went out of order and was repaired in 1948 and 1953. In November 1956 the tower was repaired and painted. By March 1965 the Smith Clock Service was unable to continue servicing the clock, so Mr Otto Gabel was called in to attend to the light in the tower, and in July the clock faces were painted and re-lettered. In viewing these today, it is apparent that the detail of the west face is more recent in style to the other three faces. Closer inspection of the cemetery’s Minute Books may reveal the reason for this. The clocktower roof was repaired in March 1969, with the trustees preferring to use

91 Minute Book 6, June 1919-May 1920, pp111-138. 92 Minute Book 4, 14 February 1899, p166 and 11 April 1899, p171-72. 93 Information from Rachel Naughton, Archivist & Museum Manager, Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne. 94 Minute Book 4, 12 December 1899, p195-96. 95 Friends of Brighton Cemetery website. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 47 copper instead of glazed tiles if the additional price was affordable. The clock was once again serviced, and the original terra cotta tiled roof and finials were replaced by a less ornamental design. The 1903 photograph shows the tiled roof with ornate detailing akin to the style of the Federation roofs of the 1900 period. It matches the uniformly applied Federation detailing of the office and lodge, with their unusual finials (since removed; see 1903 photograph), ridge capping, ornate chimneys and accentuated gables. During the early months of 2013, the west clock face was damaged by tree debris during a storm and the decision was made to carry out repairs to the whole structure. The clock tower was repaired and this included the weathervane, a new air strike spike and cabling, cleaning and replacement of missing of upper glass louvres, repairs to the gutters and the replacement of all clock faces to the earliest design. During this work it was noted that the clock hands were made of electrum, an early form of aluminium. The hands were re-electroplated as part of the works. The architect for the works was heritage ALLIANCE and the contractor Heritage Building Services. During the early months of 2015, the lodge and office building eaves, fascia and verandah joinery were repainted – the architect was heritage ALLIANCE and the contractor IVY Construction of Windsor. Changes to the Main Entrance Particular care was taken to ensure that the entrance to a large suburban cemetery contributed civic qualities to a streetscape. The Trusts and Boards of many large 19th century cemeteries aspired to ornament the entrances with handsome gates, buildings and aesthetically pleasing gardens. Boroondara is a fine example of this, with its ensemble of red brick buildings, clocktower and substantial fencing, but it was not until the very end of the 19th century that the cemetery could afford to complete these attractive improvements. Early priorities were the caretaker’s cottage, a large signboard informing the public of the cemetery’s opening hours and rules, fencing, front gates and driveway. During the cemetery’s first forty or so years, the entrance had to suffice with a tidy picket fence and gates, with segments of corrugated iron fencing in less conspicuous locations. Pickets flanked the entrance in a line between High Street and Park Hill Road, leaving the tip of the ‘V’- shaped land as open ground albeit being part of the Crown parcel. This ‘spare land’ was partly enclosed by a post and chain fence put up by contractor J. Harding in 1871, as shown in the photograph taken before 1895.96 The removal of Bluegums (Eucalyptus globulus) from the entrance was another project undertaken in 1871, and at the same time 50 Elms were purchased.97 The Gums were causing problems dropping limbs and shading other plants, and the first of several culls was made in 1866, with the caretaker using the trees as firewood. In the early 1870s the road in front of the office was made of unscreened metal, and the nearby garden, originally bordered with chamomile, was replaced with edging tiles.98 In March 1874 the trustees resolved to make further ‘improvements to the approach of the cemetery’, and a few months later R. Foster and G. Matthews raised the gates and installed a ‘new lock frame and grating’,99 Early in 1875 more unscreened metal was ordered to go from the entrance just past the lodge.100 The walk near the entrance was altered from a curve to a straight line and ‘better plants’ were purchased from Brunnings nursery for a border on the north side of the entrance.101 Allen Brothers installed a trough for horses outside the entrance in July 1887.102 It coincided with commencement of the new horse tram service from Kew Junction terminating at the cemetery gates. More people were now visiting the grounds and startling monuments reflecting the affluence of the period were ornamenting the walks, among them the lofty Wyselaski memorial erected in 1885. Further improvements befitting the cemetery’s increasing popularity were now necessary. The trustees approved the laying of Buffalo grass inside the front gates, and a lawnmower was acquired to keep it well maintained.103 The following year, in March 1889 a decision was made to replace the front pickets with entirely new entrance gates. Designs for a new gate ‘with open iron fence’ at each side, and a smaller gate on Park Hill Road, were prepared by Albert Purchas, and the tender from

96 Minute Book 2, July 1871, p8. 97 Minute Book 2, June 1871, p6. 98 Minute Book 2, June, July 1873, pp70-76. 99 Minute Book 2, March 1874, p92. 100 Minute Book 2, October 1874, p103; Jan 1875, p110. 101 Minute Book 2, April –June 1876, pp147-152. 102 Minute Book 3, August 1887, p186. 103 Minute Book 3, September 1888, p218, December 1888, p222. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 48 Charles Dowell was accepted to install them. Smaller, self-closing gates were put at either side of the main gate in 1891. In 1896 tenders were called for new palisading to the main entrance, and the contract was again awarded to Charles Dowell.104 The ornate iron gates which greet visitors today is a combination of a new pair of wide gates and a rearrangement of the support pillars which originally stood in line (see figure 11A). The original pair of gates now stand behind the mausoleum. The iron fencing enclosing the forecourt may have remained until about 1960. 105

Figure 43: MMBW base plan dated 1896 showing the area in front of the cemetery entrance at Park Hill Road and High Street (rhs) with woodblock paving, horse hitching posts on Park Hill Road and a timber fence around the woodblocked area. This plan is contemporary with the cover photograph of the site entry. Source State Library of Victoria

The new gates, as well as the new office extensions undertaken the same year, prompted a new 6ft wide path at the front entrance, which was made in July 1889, with accompanying flowerbeds and more grass. The project continued the following winter, with wood block paving laid in the forecourt, and plantings of Bhutan Cypress (cupressus torulosa) placed along the segments of open iron fence flanking the entrance. Iron guards were also installed to protect the new trees. The photograph of 1903 shows the trees and fencing as well as the gates further inside the entrance. The extent of the wood block paving and the location of the horse trough on High Street are both shown on the MMBW plan of 1905.106 In 1891 the trustees sought permission from Kew Council to erect six hitching posts in Park Hill Road, and these are also indicated on the MMBW plan.107 One can be seen in the 1903 photograph to the right of the refreshment barrow. Rock-edged paths, grottoes and rockeries were in fashion towards the end of the nineteenth century. In 1897 two rockeries were proposed for flanking the entrance. An additional rockery as well as a fountain was also planned for the junction of the paths, further into the cemetery. Williamstown Cemetery had installed an ornately rendered fountain in 1892 modeled by Wardrop and Scurry. Many of the rockeries built in Victoria were the work of South Australian designer, Charles Robinette (1841-1921), who was responsible for examples in Melbourne’s Botanic Gardens (1886, commissioned by gardens director, William Guilfoyle), the Melbourne Zoological Gardens (1886 and 1887), Malvern Municipal Gardens (1889), Melbourne General Cemetery (1889) and other public places such as Flemington Racecourse.108 Robinette’s specialist services were keenly sought, but the designs he submitted

104 Minute Book 4, June 1896, p83. 105 Minute Book 9, July 1960, p107-108 – mentions alterations to the entrance. 106 MMBW Plan No.1586, signed 30 June 1905. 107 Minute Book 3, February and April 1891, p300 and p304. 108 David Jones, ‘Grottoes, Rockeries and Ferneries: The Creations of Charles Robinette’, in Planting the Nation, pp136-158. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 49 to the Trust were rejected in December 1897, and the proposal for the ornamental work lapsed. A few months later, the prospect of ornamenting the grounds with a unique, artistically designed memorial arose from discussions initiated by Dr John Springthorpe. The trustees it seems then decided to look into more useful ways of enhancing the entrance. In 1899 they extended and remodeled the cemetery’s office and lodge and built the imposing clocktower, as well as a new shelter in the front gardens (since demolished). Cars proliferated during the inter-war years and by 1930 parked cars were cluttering the cemetery entrance and damaging the iron fence and gates. A notice was put up strictly prohibiting parking within the enclosed forecourt,109 but cars remained a problem, causing further damage to the fence in November 1946 and October 1953. More damage to the fence was reported the following month, however repair work was postponed pending completion of a proposal to alter the cemetery entrance.110 The works, by architect Maugham were approved in July 1960 and probably included removing the iron forecourt fencing and adjusting the gates, as well as shifting the driveway entrance to Park Hill Road, and shifting a tram shelter from the forecourt to the footpath on High Street. In May 1961 cars were permitted to follow funerals into the grounds at a speed limit of 20mph.111 Due to increased truck sizes and their required turning circle the entrance gateway was altered in 2001 and the original iron gates moved to the eastern side of the Mausoleum. As noted above new gates were installed and the pillars re-arranged. Perimeter Fence The cemetery’s picket fence built by John Padbury in 1859 served until 1873. In June that year the section along High Street (formerly Bulleen Road) was replaced by an iron fence erected by Joseph Hughes. The job was meant to start in September 1872, but an increase in the price of iron delayed the project.112 Contractor, Edward Marshall finished the northern fence in November 1874, and in July 1875 the Council was asked if it would share the expense of the eastern fence. The Council refused, but the project still went ahead in November with the tender going to James Morgan.113 The following month the tender for the south boundary, eastwards from the entrance along Park Hill Road, was awarded to John Padbury. This fence already had a small gate for pedestrians, and it was moved further eastwards in July 1879. Another small wicket gate went in the High Steet fence in late 1888, perhaps to provide separate access to the cottage. Further fencing along part of the south boundary was completed by December 1883.114 A problem with bills posted on the cemetery fence necessitated placement of a ‘post no bills’ notice in April 1887.115 The earliest known photograph of the cemetery, taken between 1872 and 1889, shows the fencing along High Street, and it appears to be made of corrugated iron. After the cemetery’s ornate, iron front gates and forecourt fencing were largely completed by 1889, it was an appropriate time to also reconsider the style of the perimeter fencing. In August 1895, Albert Purchas prepared plans for an ornamental fence to go all around the cemetery’s boundary of 1.25 miles.116 He initially proposed alternate panels of brickwork and iron palisade, but the residents of Park Hill Road petitioned the trust to build a solid brick fence so that their properties would not overlook the cemetery grounds.117 When the matter was resolved, only the High Street frontage went ahead with the brickwork and palisade. D.M. McIntosh started construction late in 1895, with the first of many orders of bricks arriving from Fritsch Holzer & Co. brickworks, East Hawthorn.118 The fence was completed in 1896, but six years later a section of 100 feet in the northeast corner had to be rebuilt by McConnell and McIntosh after a storm knocked it down.119 A further 164 feet fell over in a storm in January 1907 and J.D. McConnell was asked to reconstruct it with palisades.120 Segments of the walls began to fall out of plumb during the inter-war years. It was first noticed in 1922, when the front wall near

109 Minute Book 7, January 1931, p44. 110 Minute Book 8, November 1946, p185-186; October 1953, p445. 111 Minute Book 8, June 1960 pp107-108; July p109; May 1961 p126. 112 Minute Book 2, May 1872, p41; September 1872, p43. 113 Minute Book 2, October 1874, pp103-104; November p106; 6 July 1875 p120; September p123; November, p130. 114 Minute Book 2, December 1875, p134; January 1876, p135; July 1879, p256; Minute Book 3, October 1883, p34-35. 115 Minute Book 3, April 1887, p175. 116 Minute Book 4, August 1895, p57. 117 Minute Book 4, 10 September 1895, cited from Frances O’Neill, p23. 118 Minute Book 4, November 1895, p63. 119 Minute Book 4, April 1902, p272. 120 Minute Book 5, January 1907, p67. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 50 the entrance was several inches out of kilter. Perhaps to strengthen the northern wall, the gate opening to Victoria Park was bricked up in late 1923. Crevices were also noticed forming between some bricks in the High Street wall and these were repaired in March 1929.121 Repairs resulting from more storm damage were carried out in late 1934, then in late 1935 it was reported that the lower wall was out of plumb for ‘some distance’. Repairs were held up until July 1936 due to problems getting suitable labour.122 Apart from storm damage and warping, the wall increasingly suffered from motor car collisions. A car caused ‘considerable damage’ in January 1944, necessitating repairs the following month. Another car ran into the Park Hill Road wall in July 1945, and in August Constable Fox collided with the fence at the entrance, inciting the trustees to threaten with ‘further action’ on rectifying the matter. The Minutes report that trucks and cars continued to cause damage to the walls throughout the 1940s and 1950s.123 Evidence of repairs to the brickwork can be found all around the perimeter walls, and the iron palisade sections remain on the High Street elevation. Shelters Given the recreational and park-like qualities of many large nineteenth century cemeteries, it is hardly surprising that small pavilions were also included to ornament the grounds as well as cater to the needs of mourners and visitors. Many took the octagonal hipped roof form of a bandstand or municipal rotunda, so popular in public parks and gardens. Intricacy was a feature and some shelters adopted Gothic revival or Romanesque detailing and a few borrowed motifs from Chinese pagodas. The Melbourne General Cemetery asked its surveyor and secretary, Albert Purchas to prepare plans for shelters in 1864, and in 1866 Carlton builder John Pigdon constructed six octagonal ‘shelter sheds’ for the price of around £150 each.124 Purchas designed a further shelter for the Melbourne General in 1890, which was also used as the basis for an identical shelter erected at the same time in Boroondara Cemetery. Of the four shelters that stood in the Boroondara Cemetery by 1908, only one remains today. The decision to build Boroondara Cemetery’s first shelter was made in April 1877. Albert Purchas, who had been designing structures for the cemetery since 1866, could have ably designed the structure, but organized a competition instead.125 Francis J. Smart submitted the winning design, but his proposal proved too costly to build, with the tenders all far too high. Charles Vickers’ design was then chosen with amendments, but on learning he was leaving the colony and could not supervise the work, the trustees had to settle for the design proposed by Mr J. Beauchamp, again with amendments.126 Builder, W.H. Dare was awarded the job and work on the shelter’s foundations finally commenced on 1 October 1877. It came to a halt however in November when Dare declared himself insolvent, necessitating a call for new tenders. Finally in January Joseph Hughes was appointed. Work resumed and the shelter was completed by early April.The rectangular brick structure included metal columns in its construction, and the initial plan was to have them galvanized but this was too costly.127 Purchas supervised subsequent alterations, which included closing its openings, in 1891.128 The shelter stood on a former reserve a little to the south of where the Springthorpe Memorial was erected between 1897 and 1907. Dr Springthorpe, it seems, was keen to ensure that it enhanced the aesthetic value of his temple precinct. In 1900, Springthorpe suggested that ivy be planted ‘round the Rest House opposite his temple’, and in 1903 he asked the trustees to ‘fill the windows of the Rest house with coloured glass’, presumably so that they would match the glass in the memorial.129The shelter was removed in June 1943 during renovations aimed at ‘beautifying’ the adjoining Springthorpe Memorial.130 In August 1890, the trustees decided to erect a second shelter and chose a reserve between the Roman Catholic Section B and the Church of England Section A for its location. At the same meeting they resolved on altering

121 Minute Book 6, December 1922, p205; November 1923, p230; January and March 1929, p357, 360. 122 Minute Book 7, December 1934, p165; November and December 1935, pp186, 188; July 1936, p203. 123 Minute Book 8, February 1944, p88; July 1944, p103, p138; August 1945, p142, 153; May 1951, p374. 124 Don Chambers, p139. 125 Minute Book 2, April 1877, p175. 126 Minute Book 2, June 1877, p184; August 1877, p189; September 1877, p192-93. 127 Minute Book 2, October 1877, p195; December 1877, p201; January 1878, p205; March 1878, p208; April 1878, p212. 128 Minute Book 3, may 1891, p309. 129 Frances O’Neill, p23; Minute Book 4, July 1903, p310; Minute Book 5, June 1906, p40. 130 Minute Book 8, May 1943, p62; June 1943, p64; July 1945, p139. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 51 the first shelter ‘so that the rain would not blow through’. Henry Dootson built the new shelter for £313, completing it in March 1891, and then moved on to altering the older building.131 Boroondara’s new shelter was identical to one designed by Purchas and erected at the same time in the Melbourne General Cemetery, where Purchas also served as a trustee and official architect. The ornate octagonal pavilion with a pyramidal roof of fish-scale slates featured Gothic arched openings framed by cast-iron lacework, cast-iron twisted columns with Corinthian capitals, tessellated tiles and timber bench seats. The pavilion was restored in 1992 with works supervised by architect Stan Evans including re-painting and repairs to the slate roof. It remains intact today and continues to enhance the picturesque landscape qualities of the cemetery grounds. An additional shelter or ‘summer house’ was discussed in October 1897 as part of a suite of improvements to the grounds that included rockeries and an ornamental fountain.132 The latter items did not eventuate, but the shelter went ahead as planned in the Presbyterian section on the south side of the approach. It was built during the major works of 1899 that involved the addition of the office boardroom, clocktower and second level to the lodge, which were all designed by Albert Purchas and his son Claude, and built that year by Robertson and Sinclair. By then the new ‘summer house’ was referred to as the ‘kiosk’ or ‘shelter’.133 An Abbott water filter was installed in October 1900, along with another placed in one other shelter. The rectangular, brick building served until 1956, when the trustees advertised for its demolition and removal, which occurred in August that year.134 In May 1908, Purchas was instructed to design a further shelter. This ‘suitable but not costly building’ was to be erected in the Independent section. Tenders went out in June, and the job went to S. Newman, who completed the construction by November.135 It no longer survives and is probably the ‘old rotunda in the lower section of the grounds’ that was removed in September 1961 to provide more space for graves.136 The Grounds: Gardens, Walks, Roads and Gutters Boroondara Cemetery, like other nineteenth century cemeteries with elaborate plans, was designed with picturesque features that included a system of walks between focal points such as shelters and other ornamental structures. It included a formal, main drive for funeral processions, and serpentine avenues pleasantly sweeping around the grounds. Paths were a typical feature of this park-like setting, as were ornamental garden beds. Trees provided a strong landscape statement and trees with specific characteristics were chosen for defining axial views and precincts, as well as for contributing mood or suggesting symbolic association. Maintained in neatness and order, the cemetery served as a place of commemoration, reflection and comfort, reunion and continuity. Pressures began to encroach on this nineteenth century aesthetic from around the turn of the century when the Boroondara trustees were forced to use the grounds more intensively for burial space. Garden beds, lawns and ornamental structures were gradually resumed, roads and paths narrowed and the formerly integrated scheme of tree plantings began to assume an unco-ordinated scatter. Today, many of the surviving plantings have reached a state of senescence Gardens and Decorating Graves English architect and cemetery designer J.C. Loudon advised on selecting evergreens such as pines, cypress and cedars for cemeteries. Early garden cemetery designers preferred these trees for their dense, shady appearance and their formal qualities, which seemed to emphasize reverence and sobriety. Ferdinand von Mueller, who was Victoria’s colonial government botanist and director of Melbourne’s Royal Botanic Gardens from 1857 to 1873, keenly supported this approach, and further recommended Bluegums (Eucalyptus globulus) for planting in cemeteries. Under his direction the Botanic Gardens cultivated thousands of seedlings, and Mueller also introduced them to Europe, Africa, California and parts of South America. In September 1859, one hundred Bluegums were included in the first of many deliveries of these and other evergreen trees to the cemetery from the Botanic Gardens. Also among those arriving from Mueller were Cape and English Broom,

131 Minute Book 3, August 1890, p280; September 1890, p284; October 1890, p288; March 1891, p302; May 1891, p309; August 1891, p315. 132 Minute Book 4, October 1897, p126-27. 133 Minute Book 4, February 1899, p166; Frances O’Neill, p59. 134 Minute Book 8, July 1956, p549; August p552. 135 Minute Book 5, May 1908, p116; November 1908, p133. 136 Minute Book 9, August 1961, p131; September 1961, p132. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 52 both evergreens from Europe (and now classed as noxious weeds in Australia), pines and cypress varieties. From other sources came further evergreens such as Magnolia grandiflora, Junipers and types of Ficus. Shrubs, including Grevillea, Pittosporum, varieties of roses, flowering bulbs and seeds accompanied these selections. The edges to the main cemetery walk were defined and made tidy by gutter tiles and were gradually extended to the other walks during the 1860s.137 By the early 1870s, Mueller’s rather scientific approach to laying out gardens was losing favour to picturesque notions of beauty and an interest in more varied types of trees. Conifers did not fall out of fashion, but they were increasingly planted with Elms ‘of the broad leafed species’, Oaks and other deciduous varieties.138 The hundreds of Bluegums in the cemetery did not fare well with this changing view. They had grown quickly and by 1868, when the first cull was made, they were dropping limbs and their canopies were shading other plantings. Elms were purchased after the second cull in 1871, and more Gums were progressively removed up the 1890s and replaced by ornamentals and shrubs as well as by burial space. Some plants were acquired as gifts, but most of the early stock came from the Botanic Gardens. By the 1870s plants were being purchased from metropolitan nurseries such as Laing & Co., and Brunnings of St Kilda, 139 and the Minutes over many years reveal that the month of June was a busy time in the planting calendar for new shrubs and trees. As the cemetery increasingly became a popular place to visit, more attention was paid to the detail of the gardens. There were flowerbeds and borders, Buffalo grass was planted along road margins, and Pittosporums used to screen toilets. Large or senescent trees were replaced, such as the old pines (then known as Pinus insignis, now Pinus radiata or Monterey pine) along fence on Park Hill Road. In 1891 these were replaced by ‘good evergreens’.140 In the 1890s, the trustees favoured the Bhutan cypress with its pendulous foliage, for formal areas such as the entrance and drives. The species is a native of the Himalayas, where it is associated with religious places. A fern gully was also created in the south-east corner. The garden flowers were a temptation, and by 1878 visitors were picking them with such frequency that a reward of £2 was offered for information leading to a conviction.141 Fifty notices were printed on calico and displayed around the grounds, but violets camellias and other flowers were still stolen. Boys, girls, men and women were apprehended and fined with startling consistency. A woman was fined for stealing a single camellia flower in August 1883. Another woman, Miss E. Thomas asked for forgiveness when caught stealing flowers in July 1887. Her prosecution was withdrawn on payment of the fine, but a month later the bench reversed its decision and she was charged. The reward was reduced to £1 in 1887, and in July 1889 the trustees ordered new signs made of enameled metal to be placed about the grounds.142 One remains in the cemetery today. Flower pickers remained undeterred by the notices, and although prosecutions dropped during the hard times of the 1890s depression, fines were often still imposed. Flower stealing and the cemetery’s determination to deal with it parallels the advent of ‘grave dressers’ in the cemetery. This new trade developed in the 1880s among gardeners and nurserymen, who, for a fee, would care for a grave and ornament it with plantings. In 1883 the trustees granted a license to the first grave dresser employed by owners of graves within the cemetery, and further licenses followed. Competition between gardeners led to spectacular displays, and no wonder visitors were tempted to pick some of the specimens. Boroondara cemetery employees also offered grave dressing at competitive rates using plants cultivated within the grounds and sold below nursery prices. This aggrieved commercial gardeners, who complained that the cemetery offered unfair competition. A deputation to the Minister of Health apparently rectified the matter in August 1895, and from thenceforth plants used by the cemetery’s grave dressers were purchased from local nurseries such as Presnell Bros.143 The revised Rules and Regulations of the Boroondara Cemetery, gazetted on 10 November 1893 and reprinted in 1911 provide a schedule of conditions to be observed for dressing graves,

137 Minute Book 1, May 1860, p36; June 1861 p85; July & August 1861 p86 & 89; November 1864 p172; April-May 1863 p137, 139; May-June 1866 p202. 138 Minute Book 2, June 1871, p6. 139 Ibid.; Minute Book 2, June 1876, p152. 140 Minute Book 3, April 1891, p306. 141 Minute Book 2, August 1878, p227. 142 Minute Book 3, July 1889, p244. 143 Derived from Minutes and Grania Poliness, 1990, p10. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 53 and the practice remained central to the cemetery’s routine operations until at least the 1930s and may have lingered on to the 1950s. This is indicated in the Minutes by regular payments made to nurseries for ‘grave decorating’. Apart from offering grave dressing for a fee, the trustees initiated new projects to beautify the grounds and maintained the gardens with a routine planting program. Seeds, shrubs, trees and occasional ferns were purchased from nurseries, and specialists were consulted on tree removal and replacement, and weed control. Landscape designer, Edna Walling was approached in 1945 to review and upgrade the Springthorpe Memorial garden originally designed by William Guilfoyle (1840-1912), Mueller’s successor at the Botanic Gardens. Walling passed the work to her protégé, Ellis Stones who completed the project in 1946.144 Piped water was brought to the cemetery in late 1876 after an application was made to the Water Board and Kew Council to have a private main extended along the Bulleen Road to the cemetery entrance. The new taps placed throughout the gardens were set in rockwork formed by rough sandstone to blend with the surroundings. Galvanised iron pipes were bought to extend the system in December 1877, and when water pipes were laid along Bulleen Road in 1880 the trustees resolved to pull up the cemetery pipes and re-lay them to extend the internal system.145 Gutters, Walks and Roads J.J. Higgins laid out Frederick Acheson’s plan for the cemetery in 1861.146 However within months, the work was repeatedly threatened by drainage problems and flooding. In July 1862 water ran down from Park Hill Road, and despite installation of culverts, clay pipes and gutter tiles to direct the flow, it continued to wreak havoc.147 Loads of Hoffman patent paving bricks were ordered for channels, and tenders were called for draining the roads and cemetery grounds with pipes and gutter tiles. Culverts and embankments were built, and pitchers laid to direct and carry off running water. Work went on through the 1870s, much of it by contractor James Bevan. In 1877, surface water problems in the lower-lying Roman Catholic section were dealt with by re-directing water to High Street.148 Gutter tiles and a wooden culvert in the Church of England section were replaced with bricks and drain pipes, and in 1878 drainage was put in around the newly built shelter. Patent bricks in their thousands were ordered for new guttering work during 1878, some of them for a channel between the west end of the Presbyterian section to the east gate. Margins around sections were sloped and planted with Buffalo grass to help prevent run-off.149 Thousands more bricks went into channeling and gutter-making in the 1880s in the Church of England, Independent, Baptist, Lutheran and Roman Catholic sections. A brick channel was built on east side of main road and later edged with Buffalo grass.150 Water still flowed in from Park Hill Road and saturated graves, so in January 1889, the trustees urged the Council to improve the street drainage.151 Bricks for channeling during the 1880s came from the Box Hill brickworks. In the 1890s they came from Nicholas Brothers and then from Fritsch Holzer’s Hawthorn works. Later, in 1896 a decision was made to design a small suspension bridge across a gully in the northeast corner, and it was built by McConnell and McIntosh.152 Early plans show this area in the cemetery to include a small creek, where water must have collected, but no evidence of the bridge survives today. The Minutes of February 1900 record that the trustees discussed filling in the creek in the north-east corner to enable space for more graves. Despite attempts by the trustees to deal with drainage problems, flooding remained a risk in the twentieth century, necessitating further channeling. By now Buffalo grass, originally planted to prevent runoff, was instead becoming a problem by getting into drains. In December 1916, it was reported that some graves were in a flooded state, and even in February 1956 rainwater was again coming in from Park Hill Road and flowing under the cemetery

144 Minute Book 8, July 1945, p139; August 1945, p150; January 1946, p156; July 1946, p174-75. 145 Minute Book 2, September 1876, p160; October, p162; December, p167; December 1877, p202; November 1880, p301. 146 Minute Book 1, September 1861, p93. 147 Minute Book 1, July 1862, p118. 148 Minute Book 2, June 1877, p184. 149 Minute Book 2, May 1878, p215; July 1878, p219; October 1878, p232. 150 Minute Book 2, May 1882, p344; Book 3, September 1884, p67; October 1886, p157. 151 Minute Book 3, January 1889, p225. 152 Minute Book 4, August 1896, p88, p94. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 54 buildings.153 By the 1960s there is little mention in the Minutes of flooding or the need for new channeling or drainage works. Roads and Paths The cemetery’s roads and paths required frequent maintenance. ‘Blue stone metal’ was purchased for repair work in May 1869, and during the 1870s the roads were progressively metalled and provided with gutters. Tenders were called to metalise the main road in May 1876, and by August the surface had been spread and rolled. The process was extended to other parts of the cemetery between April and August 1878, using Richmond Council’s roller, and the following year some of the smaller crossroads were metalled.154 By the mid-1880s water had damaged many of the original paths. The trustees initially proposed to put down bluestone metal or gravel screenings, but then decided to seek a quote on using gas tar with red gravel. The matter was deferred until 1888 when a project commenced to tar pave all the minor paths. More tar paving was ordered in the early 1890s for minor roads in the Independent, Presbyterian, Wesleyan and Roman Catholic sections, and in 1893 the main carriage road was tar paved.155 Extensive tar paving of the cemetery’s footpaths and roads continued through the early years of the twentieth century. In December 1909 it was reported that a further 2000 yards of tar paving was ‘in continuation’. Another 2000 yards was put down in December 1911, followed by 1,000 yards in January 1913. A length of road was covered with tarred metal in October 1914, and a final 500 yards were completed in 1917.156 Tar was used in Australia from the late nineteenth century on roads to make them dust free and more durable. This heavy sticky, residual by-product occurs after coal is distilled during the production of gas for use in lighting. A layer of gravel covered the paving to provide a non-sticky surface. While having excellent adhesive qualities tar deteriorated quickly, and as a consequence other road surface materials replaced it during the inter-war years. In the post war years concrete became the preferred material for paving, and some 1,800 square yards of concrete paving were put down between graves in 1950 ‘where most urgently needed’. In February 1960 approval was given for a further 900 square yards of concrete paving.157 Administering the Cemetery and Providing Public Amenities Ornamental gardens, monuments and handsome structures comprised the principal elements of large nineteenth century cemeteries. In addition to this ‘top layer’ of features there was an infrastructure of less apparent, but necessary elements that further catered to the needs and comforts of visitors and facilitated the administration of the cemetery. The Boroondara trustees provided a number of seats in the gardens and official plans of the cemetery were maintained by the trustees and these and a range of public notice boards were located in strategic locations. Graves were numbered and identified by iron markers, and larger markers indicated denominational sections. Toilets were placed in discreet locations, as were rubbish bins, and horse posts were installed outside the grounds. Some of these items remain at the cemetery today. An accurate survey plan remained vital to cemetery operations. The general plan, such as the framed example in the Boroondara office, showed the layout of the grounds and location of denominational sections. A more detailed version of the plan numbered all the burial allotments and kept track of all the graves and spaces available for allocation. In June 1869, J. Loxton was commissioned to resurvey the cemetery after the trustees discovered that there were inaccuracies in portions of the original plan. In February 1874 he was again contracted to ‘lay out more allotments on [the] Plan’, presumably as demand for more burial plots increased.158 Soon afterwards, the trustees obtained prices for having a lithographic plan of the cemetery printed, and in January 1875, well-known publishers and printers Sands & McDougall supplied fifty copies. The trustees purchased a new bookcase and clock for the office in August 1876 and also arranged for a framed and glazed copy of the plan to be displayed on the wall. This is probably the same plan that hangs in the office today. Slight

153 Minute Book 6, December 1916, p41; Book 8 May 1942, p15; February 1956, p535. 154 Minute Book 1, May 1869, p282; Book 2, May 1876, p148; April 1878, p212; August 1878, p224. 155 Minute Book 3, January 1888, p198; April 1890, p268; February 1892, p331; Minute Book 4, November 1893, p8. 156 Minute Book 5, December 1909, p174; November 1911, p252; January 1913, p291; October 1914, p343; Minute Book 6, January 1917, p43. 157 Minute Book 9, Minute Book 8, November 1950, p339; January and February 1960, p96 and 102. 158 Minute Book 1, June 1869, p282; Book 2, February 1874, p89, 92. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 55 smudges to some of the line work suggest that the plan was amended when the administrative buildings were extended in 1889 and 1899.159 In August 1882 the Trust resolved to write the names of grave owners on the detailed survey plan. The job, which was handed to Albert Purchas’ son, Guyon, took some time to do and was finally completed in March 1883. The survey plan was updated and extended with more plots and names when additional burial space was surveyed. For instance, in June 1883, Albert Purchas’ son Claude was employed to survey a new Presbyterian section, and was later asked to alter the numbers on the plan to allow for extra graves. He did this between September 1886 and April 1887, and again in December 1888.160 More space continued to be made available over the years, effecting further adjustment to the plan. A register book documented the burials and the survey plan indicated the orderly arrangement of burials and the registered number of each grave. Graves in the Boroondara Cemetery were initially allocated an iron marker imprinted with a number that corresponded with the number on the survey plan and register book. They were perhaps first introduced to Boroondara Cemetery in 1868, when the caretaker was ‘instructed to substitute iron labels for the present wooden ones’.161 These small metal stakes with quatrefoil-shaped tops are characteristic of the decorative furnishings of Victorian-era cemeteries, and were commonly used to identify graves. A number remain in the cemetery today, but they are vulnerable to theft due to their portability. Some have been disturbed from their associated grave and rest on the ground. During the twentieth century, the monuments themselves were numbered and the markers were discontinued. In 1874, the Trust discussed obtaining ‘some form of Tablet to specify the different portions of the ground’. Albert Purchas was instructed to seek prices for suitable markers, and a few months later a tender for the job was accepted from Mr J. Reeves. The first thirteen compartment markers were delivered and installed by November, with another purchased the following January. A decision was made to galvanise the markers in March 1876 to save on painting. Further markers were obtained from W.F. Reeves, perhaps a relative of the original supplier, in October 1890 for the Wesleyan and Baptist compartments.162 At least eleven markers in two styles survive in the Cemetery, and both types can also be found in the Melbourne General Cemetery. Seats The first garden seats for the cemetery were initiated by Albert Purchas in November 1864, shortly after he became a Trust Member.They were painted along with the cemetery’s picket fence and entrance gates in February 1868. No more were ordered until July 1882, when tenders were called for twelve hardwood seats to match those already in the gardens. John Padbury, who had worked on previous contracts, was given the job in August, and the new seats were soon in place. However by December the trustees were concerned that visitors were moving the seats out of their positions, and instructed that they be secured to the ground with timber.163 Seats were regularly purchased over the next couple of decades as visitation to the cemetery increased. Six seats made of varnished Red Gum and Kauri were purchased from Mr G.H. Barnett in May 1889. Three more were added in March 1895, and a further six were purchased from Mr A. Dalton in December 1896. James McEwan & Co. supplied orders in 1899 and 1906, and more were bought in 1910 to replace those that were worn out. Four more were installed in 1913 and these were apparently the last garden seats purchased for some time.164 The rise in visitation also necessitated the introduction of rubbish bins, which are first mentioned in the Minutes in November 1884. Six rubbish baskets were purchased, followed by two more in 1886. They were regularly

159 Minute Book 2, July 1874, p96, 97; October, p103; January 1875, p110; August 1876, p155. 160 Minute Book 2, August, p354; Book 3, March 1883, p11; September 1886, p154; April 1887, p174. 161 Minute Book 1, July 1868, p259. 162 Minute Book 2, July 1874, p97; October p103, November p106; Janaury 1875, p115; March 1876, p141; Book 3, October 1890, p287. 163 Minute Book 1, November 1864, p172, February 1868, p249; July 1882, p351; p354; Book 3, December 1882, p2. 164 Minute Book 3, February 1889, p229; Book 4, March 1895, p45; October 1896, p93; October 1899, p191; Book 5, March 1906, p35; June 1910, p194; December 1913, p319. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 56 required and further purchases were made in 1887, 1888, 1890, 1893, 1894, 1900, 1901, 1906, 1913, 1914 and 1933. They were initially made of cane, but were replaced by more durable galvanized iron baskets from 1892.165 One of the initial duties of the trustees on the establishment of the cemetery was to prepare rules and regulations and a schedule of charges relating to burials for the approval of the Governor. These were subsequently gazetted and a copy displayed just inside the fence at the front of the cemetery, along with the opening hours of the grounds. The earliest known photograph of the cemetery, taken some time between 1872 and 1889 shows two sign boards just inside the front gates on the right side of the drive. The smaller board might be the notice that went up in late 1871 at two entrances prohibiting dogs in the grounds. The larger board would be the notice concerning opening times and other particulars. The Minutes indicate that a new board fitting this description was installed at the entrance in June 1880. Four years later new rules were framed and glazed and placed at the entrance as well as in the porch of the lodge.166 Mention has already been made of the calico notices of 1878 offering a reward for information on flower pickers, and the enamel signs that replaced these in 1889, one of which still survives. During the same period, Bendigo Public Cemetery installed twelve small signs along main paths cautioning the public against picking flowers.167 Visitors to Boroondara Cemetery were also requested to respect the privacy of others; in 1890 a new notice was ordered ‘prohibiting any person not connected with a funeral going near a grave during burial’. Boroondara’s signage was well maintained, and the Minutes of 1896 indicate that some notices were ornamented with ‘gold leaf and painting’. The rise of the motor car during the inter-war years prompted a new notice in 1931 strictly prohibiting vehicles from parking in the forecourt enclosure, and a further sign in 1961 restricting the speed limit to 20mph.168 Toilets When public toilets were displayed at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London of 1851, they were a novelty and definitely not a familiar feature of British public life. In Melbourne, hotels were the only places where they could be found prior to 1859. That year the Melbourne City Council erected a urinal on the pavement in Bourke Street near the former Post Office. By the 1870s public toilets and urinals were recognizable structures on the streetscape, but they catered for men only.169 Boroondara Cemetery’s first toilet, then referred to as a water closet, was provided in 1860. It was probably not intended for public use as it coincided with the construction of the brick caretaker’s cottage by George Saunders. It was not until 1875 that the cemetery’s first public facility, a urinal and closet, was provided for men. It was built by John Padbury, who put up a washhouse and fencing at the same time.170 Women had to wait over a decade for their own conveniences. They were provided in April 1886, when the trustees decided to build a ‘closet for ladies’ in the plantation at the end of the Presbyterian section. The job was given to James Anderson, who completed the structure in October that year. At the same time, the men’s toilets were improved by screening with 30 Pittosporums. A few years later the trustees considered moving this or perhaps another urinal, but instead decided to screen it with lattice.171 The matter returned to the agenda in 1895, when the trustees decided to move the urinal ‘to a more obscure position’ but then decided to replace it with a brick closet. They amended their decision in March 1896, when it was resolved to construct two brick closets and a urinal, one to go in front of the lodge and the other near the gate on the south wall. Built by McConnell and McIntosh, they were completed by August. Plans from the turn of the century show two toilet blocks along the north wall (each containing two closets) and another two along the south wall (each with a single closet or urinal).172

165 Minute Book 3, November 1884, p78; May 1892, p338. 166 Minute Book 2, August 1871, p16; June 1880, p287; Book 3, April 1884, p51. 167 Heritage Alliance/Historica, Bendigo Cemetery Conservation Management Plan, 2002, cited from Bendigo Cemetery Minutes of May 1880, p67. 168 Minute Book 3, September 1890, p284; Book 4, may 1896, p79; Book 7, January 1931, p44; Book 9, may 1961, p126. 169 Brown-May, Melbourne Street Life, pp96-97. 170 Minute Book 1, November 1860, p61; Book 2, September 1875, p124-125, p131-132. 171 Minute Book 3, April 1886, p138; August 1886, p148; October 1886, p157; October 1890, p287. 172

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 57 Complaints in July 1901 that the women’s toilets were ‘too small and dirty’ prompted construction of new female closets in September. These were screened by trellis and climbing plants in 1908, and that year a new water closet and urinal was also erected by R.A. Snell to replace an iron urinal on the north side of the cemetery. Both brick structures still stand today and retain their original metal lattice screening.173 By the late nineteenth century a urinal stood on the outer edge of the footpath on Park Hill Road. After repeated complaints from residents, the trustees offered to give it to the Council, but it remained in the street until 1911. Today no trace of it remains. Evidence of its existence can be seen in the 1903 photograph of the entry (see cover illustration) where it can be made out as a cylindrical dark object near the entry on Park Hill Road. Sewering progressed through the grounds in 1914, and until this was completed waste needed to be removed from the closets and taken away. For a while, someone at the cemetery thought it easier to deposit the soil in the grounds, but a fine by Kew Court in 1896 put a stop to this.174 Burying and Commemorating Boroondara Cemetery reached its peak around the turn of the nineteenth century, when the gardens, buildings and memorials could be experienced in a harmonious park-like setting. The progressive completion of the glass- domed Springthorpe memorial and its garden between 1899 and 1907 certainly represents the zenith of this nineteenth century aesthetic. Funerary culture of the Victorian period and attitudes to death and mourning are well–represented in many aspects of the cemetery. The monuments and memorials range from the grandiose to the modest, with some graves not marked at all. All express something - social aspiration and status, poverty, grief, melancholy, loyalty or duty, religious belief, public statement, affiliation or eternal love. The masonry uses specific materials, designs and symbols to convey information about those who have died as well as those who mourn them. There are shrouded urns, broken columns, orbs, doves, angels, clasping hands, pointing fingers, ivy garlands, piles of rocks (to symbolize steadfastness), crosses, scrolls, open books (Bible), lambs, all-seeing eyes and other Masonic emblems and faithful dogs. Many memorials are simple upright tablets, some have Gothic lancet-shaped tops, and others are rounded, or slightly shaped. A few of these are made of iron, but most are crafted in marble or granite with smaller numbers in bluestone, sandstone or slate. The simpler memorials are generally earlier examples. Many graves also display interesting examples of ornamental cast iron grave surrounds. Various design phases in the use of cast ironware for funerary purposes are demonstrated from simple hooped surrounds of the 1860s to the elaborate work of the late Victorian period. Unfortunately segments from some of the more outstanding surrounds have recently been stolen from the cemetery due to their value as second-hand metal. Many well-known people who have contributed to state and local history are buried in the cemetery, and the list continues to grow as further research delves into the burial register and inscriptions on graves. They include members of the Henty, Syme, Ball, Welsch, Campbell, Cussen, Kemp, Halfey, Flack, Stephens and Baillieu families. Some of the graves are surprisingly modest or nondescript, while others such as the Syme and Cussen memorials are elaborate, architecturally designed constructions. The granite, Eqyptian-style Syme memorial (1910-1913) is an open pavilion modeled on an ancient temple, while the ornate Cussen family mausoleum (1912-13) is highly detailed in the Gothic style. These lavish early twentieth century monuments, like the Springthorpe memorial, are late expressions of the nineteenth century garden cemetery aesthetic. The Cussen mausoleum may possibly occupy the site previously set aside in 1881 for a Roman Catholic mortuary chapel. It never eventuated and the land passed back to the trustees. A large area is also occupied by an enclosure containing the graves of Sisters of the Good Shepherd ranging in date from 1886 to 1947. Noted individuals include E.W. Cole, Louis Buvelot, Mars and Gerald Buckley, George Coppin, Emma Stone (Australia’s first registered female doctor), Nellie Stewart, George Wharton, Joseph Bosisto, Rev. Adam Cairns, Richard Goldsborough, William Greenlaw, Sir Robert Molesworth, Sir George Verdon, Albert Purchas and his family, John Dickson Wyselaskie, Carmin Fabris, Walter Rinaldi, James and Mary Bonwick and Henry Harrison. Among the many graves of those who migrated to Victoria from other countries is an area that includes a group of

173 Minute Book 4, July 1901, p248; September 1901, p254; February 1908, p105; April, p113; May, p116. 174 Minute Book 4, June 1896, p83; Book 5, February 1906, p29, 31; October 1907, p91; August 1911, p239; March 1914, p326; Book 4, April 1896, p78. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 58 35 veterans of the American Civil War and the earlier Mexican War. There is also an area in the vicinity of the cemetery’s Public Burials and Other Denominations that includes several Chinese graves. Space became tighter towards the end of the nineteenth century. Paths and gardens were resumed, and when the Melbourne General Cemetery closed between 1903 and 1927, the trustees were particularly pressured to find further land. The cemetery had come close to extending into the adjoining Victoria Park in the 1860s, but the idea lapsed when the trustees refused to share the extra burial land with Richmond. The trustees tried once again to obtain the land in the 1890s and persevered for some years but the Department of Health would not agree to the proposal, even though the Council was using the reserve as a tip. The matter developed into a serious debate, and despite losing a local referendum on the issue and receiving a generous offer of £6,000 for the land, the Council would not support the proposal. Roads, reserves and margins in the cemetery were reduced even further and the garden setting began to shrink. The trustees made a final submission to the Minister in 1912, but their quest to acquire the land failed again. A proposal for a crematorium was first raised among the trustees in 1895, but the issue was contentious and lapsed.It was discussed again in 1911, but a motion moved on the proposal was not seconded. By now the Springvale and Fawkner Cemeteries were established, and cremation had been introduced from 1905, after a long debate (a crematorium followed at Fawkner in 1927).Attitudes to death and burial were gradually changing and cremation began to gain a small degree of acceptance by the public.In October 1923 a gas company wrote to the trustees proposing a crematorium for the cemetery, and in 1934 the Master Undertakers contacted the trustees suggesting that they consider establishing a crematorium.Finally by 1959, the trustees were ready to proceed; they asked a surveyor to draw up an area in the cemetery for a possible crematorium, and sought permission for the proposal from the Health Department.Architect, Frank Heath went ahead and designed a crematorium, but by July 1962, the matter was still unresolved.The sticking point was the land. The trustees were proposing to resume land for the project in the Public Burials and Other Denominations area on the north side of the cemetery, but the Department was unwilling to allow this.After further discussions in 1972 the proposal was withdrawn. The trustees, in the meantime had introduced ash burials between 1956 and 1957. Architect, Frank Heath (also architect to Fawkner Cemetery) reported that he had inspected memorial walls at Fawkner and Springvale and on this advice the trustees resolved to erect a niche wall for cremated remains in a garden setting adjoining the main drive at the entrance. Designed by Heath, the ‘Columbarium Niche Wall of Remembrance’ was built in 1956 and cost £3000.The niches were intended to have a limited tenure of 20 years, but some of the owners did not realise this when they purchased a niche.175 The wall was eventually demolished to allow for construction of the ‘Peace Haven Mausoleum’ in 2002, and some of the columbarium ashes were transferred to new niches in the building. From around 1962, roses and azaleas could also be purchased and planted in the gardens as memorials for ash burials. Following repeated requests for gravesites, the trustees initiated plans for a mausoleum during the 1990s. At first they proposed to build it in the Public Burial and Other Denominations sections, using the pathways for double vaults for 112 burials, but the Department rejected the proposal.The Peace Mausoleum was then successfully proposed and was erected on the left side of the main drive. It occupies the site of the former Niche Wall and is landscaped with lawn and memorial shrubs. It provided the first new graves at the cemetery since 1997, and on completion, purchasers quickly reserved 165 of the mausoleum’s 685 crypts.Twenty-five were occupied by September 2002, with prices ranging from $35,000 for a crypt, to $1,700 for a niche urn.The interior displays crypts marked with plaques and photographs of the deceased, while other glass-covered niches contain ashes in marble urns.The revenue raised by the sales has financed the budget for cemetery maintenance and staff, which in 2002, was $200,000 per year. Since 1859, when Ellen Quick was interred, there have been 76,000 people buried in the cemetery in 26,000 plots.Over one hundred years ago, there were 30 burials a day; now the cemetery buries just 100 people a year where families hold existing graves.176 The Boroondara Cemetery is widely appreciated and valued for its historical, architectural and aesthetic importance.This is reflected in its heritage listings on the Victorian Heritage

175 Department of Human Services, Boroondara Public Cemetery file, H CEM 63. 176 Progress Leader, 30 September 2002. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 59 Register; the National Estate Register and the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Register. The cemetery has an active ‘Friends’ group that conducts tours and research into the graves, and the many memorials are popular with family history researchers.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 60 3.4 Comparative Analysis Victorian 19th Century Cemeteries A number of extant Victorian metropolitan cemeteries were established in, or prior to, the 1850s, in Victoria, including: Brighton (1854) Eastern Cemetery, Geelong (1829); Boroondara Cemetery Kew (1855); Geelong West Cemetery (1856); Williamstown Cemetery (1857). Many of these are in a gardenesque layout (Melbourne General, Brighton) and this design also translated to country cemeteries (Bendigo’s Carpenter Street and White Hills). A number of these cemeteries appear to have been influenced by (or were a copy of) the original gardenesque designs for Melbourne General by Albert Purchas. Comparative sites: metropolitan cemeteries of State importance are: St Kilda A small scale cemetery of 8 hectares with the first internment in 1855. The site has a layout influenced by the gardenesque and a surrounding high brick wall on three sides with a metal palisade fence on the main frontage. No large monuments but a site with many graves of people of state and national significance. The cemetery also contains a number of graves with significance for aesthetic and rarity reasons. The original gatehouse was demolished in the 1970s. Williamstown Cemetery Williamstown Cemetery was established in 1857, to replace a makeshift cemetery at Point Gellibrand. A masterplan was developed c.1912 to extend the original 6 hectare site but this was never fully executed. According to the CMP, there were several structures associated with the cemetery. These included a timber mortuary chapel, which doubled as a rest-house, and office (c1858-89, demolished); propagating yard and fernery; a central fountain (c1892); and a gatekeeper’s sentinel’s box (c.1896, demolished). Other landscape features included seating, compartment markers, finger posts to toilets (c1879), toilets and rubbish baskets (c1889). In 1913 the rubbish bins were replaced by ‘sugar baskets’, and then by galvanised drums in 1937. Several work sheds have been located around the cemetery at various times. The new chapel was opened in 1937 and designed in a Tudor-revival style. In 1939, entrance gates from the St Kilda Town Hall and posts from the Exhibition Gardens were relocated to the cemetery. The residence was demolished c1966 and the current residence erected. New sheds were erected to replace earlier sheds around this time. Melbourne General Cemetery Established in 1850 this is a large metropolitan cemetery of 45 hectares. As the largest inner metropolitan cemetery, the site is of national significance for the graves and monuments of historical and aesthetic importance. The design is directly comparable to the gardenesque style of Boroondara and features such as the rotundas are identical as Albert Purchas was responsible for a number of works at both Boroondara and Melbourne General. Like Boroondara, the entrance is marked by a substantial gatehouse lodge and office with clocktower (in the Gothick style) although this is actually a building of 1934-35 using relocated materials from the original office and lodge buildings of 1867 by the architect Charles Webb. Brighton A moderately scaled cemetery of established in 1854 with the first burial the following year. The site has a brick surrounding wall and gatehouse lodge of 1892. Comparative to Boroondara in scale, design and content. A number of interesting monuments of aesthetic significance such as the Egyptian style tomb.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 61 Victorian era comparative national sites: metropolitan cemeteries. Toowong (Brisbane) Queensland A large and undulating site of 43 hectares, established in 1866 covering a number of small foothills at the base of Mt Cootha. This unfenced site holds a number of monuments of similar scale and diversity and has graves of historical, aesthetic and rarity significance at the State level. In this cemetery there are also many monuments of aesthetic significance and a number of excellent examples of stone sculpting. The collection of trees is also comparable to Boroondara and the whole has the feel of undulating parkland. The cemetery is utilized to nowhere near capacity. West Terrace (Adelaide) South Australia The City of Adelaide’s earliest cemetery and reputed to be the oldest continuous cemetery in Australia having been provided for in Colonel Light’s plan of Adelaide of 1837. The cemetery is a flat piece of ground, of 20 hectares, on the edge of the city CBD. There are however others in the Sydney area which predate the Adelaide cemetery which commenced as church yard cemeteries. Cornelian Bay (Hobart), Tasmania Some distance from Hobart on the upper estuary of the Derwent River, this moderate sized cemetery was established in 1872 and contains graves or aesthetic, historical and rarity significance. It was recently found to contain graves with monuments to the design of the noted English gothicist architect AWN Pugin. Rookwood Cemetery (Western Sydney) New South Wales Established in 1866 with the first burial in 1867, this is a cemetery of immense scale and the largest in the world at 284 hectares and in excess of 1 million burials. There are sections of the cemetery which are unfilled. The cemetery contains early relocated burials, the site has a gardenesque layout, is simply fenced and contains a number of denominational chapels (some very large) and gatehouses. The whole of the cemetery is divided into a number of trusteeships on a denominational arrangement. Waverley Cemetery ( Bronte), New South Wales A municpal cemetery of medium scale and comparable at 16 hectares, with a spectacular setting overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The site contains a small number of large monuments and unfenced. The entrance is marked by an office and lodge. The cemetery plan is partly irregular but substantially on a grid iron pattern. 19th and Early 20th Century Cemetery Gatelodges in Victoria Melbourne General Cemetery Gatelodge Currently an imposing two storey Gothick style building of 1934-35 using relocated material with an office, lodge and clock tower. This is directly comparable in scale to Boroondara Cemetery’s Office and Lodge building. This structure replaces structures of 1867 & 1869 also in a Gothick style. Bendigo Cemetery A simple house like structure with verandahs built in 1908 and replacing an earlier pattern book cottage of 1858. The materials are red brick, render, slate and terracotta ridging. Brighton Cemetery Gatelodge The gate lodge of 1892 was designed by architect Percy Oakden in a Domestic Revival Style (Queen Anne). The structure is single storey brick with high pitched slate roofs, terracotta ridges, and tall brick chimneys. Williamstown Cemetery Gatelodge This is an office of in a Tudor Revival style constructed in the 1930s.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 62 Geelong East Cemetery Gatelodge The gatelodge is of 1888-89 to the design of Joseph Watts and built by Messrs. Neville and Heard. The structure is in a Picturesque Rural Gothic style with steep roofs, tall hexagonal chimneys, battlemented bay windows and castellated porch. The material is brick with stone quoins.

Figure 44 Brighton Cemetery Gatelodge. Source Figure 45 Eastern Cemetery Geelong Gatelodge. Source heritage ALLIANCE heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 46 Melbourne General Cemetery Gatelodge Figure 47 Bendigo Cemetery Gatelodge, 2001. Source with structures of 1867 & 1869 (rhs). Since heritage ALLIANCE demolished. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Cemetery Rotundas Several Victorian era cemeteries have rotundas including the Melbourne General Cemetery which have identical rotundas, Bendigo Cemetery, Ballarat Old Cemetery and St Kilda Cemetery. Generally they are all variations on a theme, with slight changes in appearance but similar materials ie slate or iron roofs, cast iron decorative work, tessellated tiled floors and timbered or masonry walls.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 63 Figure 48 One of the Melbourne General Figure 49 St Kilda inter-war waiting pavilion. Source Cemetery’s identical rotunda designed by Purchas. heritage ALLIANCE Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 50 Bendigo Cemetery Rotunda. This is Figure 51 Ballarat Old Cemetery Edwardian style rotunda. identical to the White Hills Cemetery Rotunda. Source Source heritage ALLIANCE heritage ALLIANCE

3.5 Assessment of Significance The only change to the assessment of significance section in 2018, is a clarification of the statement on the significance of the single Golden Funeral Cypress, after consultation with John Hawker of Heritage Victoria. The Burra Charter (the Australia ICOMOS Charter for the conservation of places of cultural significance) sets out guidelines for the assessment of significant places. According to the Charter, a place is a site, area, building or other work, group of buildings or other works together with associated contents and surrounds. Four criteria are defined by the Charter to aid the assessment of the cultural significance of a place, these being: Aesthetic, Historic, Scientific and Social. Aesthetic Value The Burra Charter defines aesthetic value as follows: A place may have aesthetic value because of the form, scale, colour, texture and material of the fabric; and smells and sounds associated with the place and its use.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 64 The Boroondara Cemetery has considerable aesthetic significance which is principally derived from its tranquil, picturesque setting; its impressive memorials and monuments; its landmark features such as the prominent clocktower of the gatehouse/sexton's lodge and office, the building interiors, the mature exotic plantings, the decorative brick fence and the entrance gates; its defined views; and its curving paths. The Springthorpe Memorial (VHR 522), the Syme Memorial and the Cussen Memorial (VHR 2036), all contained within the Boroondara Cemetery, are of aesthetic and architectural significance for their creative and artistic achievement.

Figure 52 Post card of 1907 highlighting the aesthetic values of the Springthorpe Memorial within the cemetery setting. Source State Library of Victoria Picture Collection. J.D. Meade Postcard Collection.

The Boroondara Cemetery is of aesthetic (architectural) significance for the design of the gatehouse/sexton's lodge and cemetery office and clocktower (built in stages from 1860 to 1899), the ornamental brick perimeter fence and elegant cemetery shelter to the design of prominent Melbourne architects, Charles Vickers (for the original 1860 cottage) and Albert Purchas, cemetery architect and secretary from 1864 to his death in 1907.

Historic Value The Burra Charter defines historic value as follows: Historic value encompasses the history of aesthetics, science and society, and therefore to a large extent underlies aesthetic, social and scientific value. A place may have historic value because it has influenced, or been influenced by, and historic figure, event, phase or activity. It may also have historic value as the site of an important event. For any given place the significance will be greater where evidence of the association or events survives in situ, or where settings are substantially intact, than where it has been changed or evidence does not survive. However, some events or associations may be so important that the place retains significance regardless of subsequent treatment. The Boroondara Cemetery is of historic and aesthetic significance as an early, outstanding example of a Victorian-era garden cemetery. It is an important example in Victoria of a cemetery influenced by Romantic and Picturesque notions of beauty expressed in its layout and design, furnishings and structures. The influence of England’s large garden cemeteries and the writings of cemetery designers such as J. C. Loudon are particularly evident in the ornamental features surviving within the grounds. The Boroondara Cemetery is of historic significance as a record of the lives of Victorians, many of whom were associated with this part of metropolitan Melbourne. Countless histories can be traced through the memorials and monuments recording the lives of everyday men, women and children of various faiths and countries of origin that pioneered the colony and State of Victoria. The Cemetery is notable for also including a number of

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 65 individuals whose activities have played a more prominent role in State and National history. They include the Henty family, artists Louis Buvelot and Charles Nuttall, businessmen John Halfey, publisher David Syme, artist and diarist Georgiana McCrae, actress Nellie Stewart and architect and designer of the Boroondara and Melbourne General Cemeteries, Albert Purchas. The Cemetery is significant for its ability to demonstrate, through its design and location, attitudes towards burial, health concerns and the importance placed on religion, at the time of its establishment. The Boroondara Cemetery has further historic significance for its intact collection of burial records, plans and photographs and rare items of boardroom and office furniture. Their retention and long association with the cemetery increases their own importance and enhances the historical significance of the Cemetery. The impressive Thomas Gaunt clock (and workings) is notable as a public symbol of civic order surviving from the nineteenth century. Scientific Value The Burra Charter defines scientific value as follows: The scientific or research value of a place will depend upon the importance of the data involved, on its rarity, quality or representativeness, and on the degree to which the place may contribute further substantial information. The Boroondara Cemetery is of scientific (botanical) significance for its collection of rare mature exotic plantings. The Golden Funeral Cypress, (Chamaecyparis funebris 'aurea') is the only known specimen in Victoria of this cultivar. The types of fabric used for monuments (stone types and metal castings) and other surfaces in the cemetery have research value as indicators of changes in technology and taste. The cemetery’s thousands of graves and its collection of historic documents are extremely valuable for research purposes. The Boroondara Cemetery is of scientific (botanical) significance for its collection of rare mature exotic plantings. The Golden Funeral Cypress, (chamaecyparis funebris 'aurea') is the only known specimen in Victoria of this cultivar. Social Value The Burra Charter defines social value as follows: Social value embraces the qualities for which a place has become a focus of spiritual, political, national or other cultural sentiment to a majority or minority group. The Boroondara Cemetery is of social significance for the links it provides to descendants of people buried in the grounds, and the sense of identity, belonging and continuity it reinforces. Statement of Significance (revised HV statement) What is significant? Boroondara Cemetery, established in 1858, is within an unusual triangular reserve bounded by High Street, Park Hill Road and Victoria Park, Kew. The gatehouse/sextons’lodge and administrative office (1860 designed by Charles Vickers, additions, 1866-1899 by Albert Purchas) form a picturesque two- storey brick structure with a slate roof and clock tower. A rotunda or shelter (1890, Albert Purchas) is located in the centre of the cemetery. It is a replica of one designed by Purchas and constructed in the Melbourne General Cemetery in the same year, and has an octagonal hipped roof with fish scale slates and a decorative brick base with a tessellated floor and timber seating. The cemetery fencing includes formal entrance gates made of wrought iron (1889, 1896, Albert Purchas) and a surrounding 2.7 metre high ornamental red brick wall (1895-96, Albert Purchas) with some sections of vertical iron palisades between brick pillars. Other notable original features include the Thomas Gaunt & Co. clock in the clocktower (1899), red brick toilet blocks (1901, 1908); examples of nineteenth century enamel signage (1889 and 1890), denominational markers made of iron (1874 and 1890) and iron grave markers. Albert Purchas (1825-1909) was a prominent Melbourne architect who was the Secretary of the Melbourne General Cemetery from 1852 to 1907. He was appointed to the Boroondara Cemetery Board of Trustees in 1864 and was its Chairman from 1867 to 1909. His contribution to the design and

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 66 development of the Boroondara Cemetery is significant. Purchas is buried in the Church of England section C, Grave No:1256 of the cemetery. Boroondara Cemetery is an outstanding example of a nineteenth century cemetery designed on Garden Cemetery principles, retaining its key stylistic elements, despite overdevelopment, which has encroached on its gardens, paths, driveways and other features. Elements of the style represented at Boroondara include an ornamental boundary fence, a system of curving paths which are kerbed and follow the site's natural contours, defined views, recreational facilities such as the rotunda, a landscaped park-like setting, sectarian divisions for burials, impressive monuments, wrought and cast iron grave surrounds and exotic symbolic plantings. Its Victorian garden design with sweeping curved drives, hill top views and high maintenance made it an attractive place to visit as well as walk and contemplate. In its Victorian Garden Cemetery design, Boroondara was following an international trend. The picturesque Romanticism of the Pere la Chaise garden cemetery established in Paris in 1804 provided a prototype for great metropolitan cemeteries such as Kensal Green (1883) and Highgate (1839) in London and the Glasgow Necropolis (1831). Boroondara Cemetery was important in establishing this trend in Australia. From the early 1850s Victoria’s cemeteries were located on the periphery of populated areas because of concerns about diseases like cholera. Typically they were arranged to keep religions separated and this tended to maintain links to places of origin, reflecting a migrant society. Construction and operation of a terminus for a horse tram at the cemetery gates during 1887-1915 increased the popularity of the park- like grounds for passive recreation, as did beautiful monuments such as the magnificent Springthorpe Memorial (1897 and 1907). By the 1890s, the Boroondara Cemetery remained a popular destination for visitors admiring the beauty of the grounds and the splendid monuments. The edge of suburban settlement had reached the cemetery in the previous decade. The Springthorpe Memorial (VHR 522), a small Doric style temple with a Tiffany-style glass domed roof and finely carved sculptures, is set at the entrance to the burial ground and commemorates Annie Springthorpe. It was erected between 1897 and 1907 by her husband Dr John Springthorpe, and was the work of the sculptor Bertram Mackennal, architect Harold Desbrowe Annear, landscape designer and Director of the Melbourne Bortanic Gardens, W.R. Guilfoyle, with considerable input from Dr Springthorpe. The memorial originally stood in a landscaped triangular garden of about one acre. However, after Dr Springthorpe's death in 1933 it was found that transactions for the land had not been fully completed so most of it was regained by the cemetery. Ellis Stones re-landscaped its surrounds in 1946. The Syme Memorial (1908) is a monument to David Syme, political economist and publisher of the Melbourne Age newspaper. Designed by architect Arthur Peck, the Egyptian temple-like memorial is one of the finest examples of monumental design in Melbourne. Each column has a different capital detail and they support a cornice that curves both inwards and outwards. The tomb also has balustrades set between granite piers, which create porch spaces leading to the entranceways. Two variegated Port Jackson Figs are planted at either end. The Cussen Memorial (VHR 2036) was constructed in 1912-13 by Sir Leo Cussen in memory of his young son Hubert. Sir Leo Finn Bernard Cussen (1859-1933), judge and member of the Victorian Supreme Court in 1906, was subsequently buried here with other family members. It is one of the larger and more impressive memorials in the cemetery and is an interesting example of Gothic Revival style architecture. It takes the form of a small chapel with carvings, diamond shaped roof tiles and decorated ridge embellishing the exterior. The cemetery's beauty peaked with the progressive completion of the spectacular Springthorpe Memorial between 1899 and 1907. From about the turn of the century, the trustees encroached on the original design, having repeatedly failed in attempts to gain more land. The wide plantations around road boundaries, grassy verges around clusters of graves in each denomination, and most of the landscaped surround to the Springthorpe memorial are now gone. Some of the original road and path space were resumed for burial purposes. The post war period saw an increased use of the Cemetery by

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 67 newer migrant groups. The mid- to late- twentieth century monuments were often placed on the grassed edges of the various sections and encroached on the roadways as the cemetery had reached the potential foreseen by its design. These were well tended in comparison with Victorian monuments, which have generally been left to fall into a state of neglect. A brick niche wall and a memorial rose garden were constructed near the entrance in the mid- twentieth century (1956-57) for ash burials and a mausoleum completed in 2001. The maintenance shed/depot close to High Street was constructed in 1987. The original entrance was altered in 2000 and the main section of the original cast iron gate moved to the eastern entrance of the Mausoleum. The Boroondara Cemetery is associated with Botanist and Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Baron Sir Ferdinand Von Mueller (1825-1896) who provided advice on ornamental plantings from 1860 and supplied many of the early specimens, although few if any of these survive today. The Cemetery features many plants, mostly conifers and shrubs of funerary symbolism, which line the boundaries, road and pathways, and frame the cemetery monuments or are planted on graves. The major plantings include an impressive row of Bhutan Cypress (Cupressus torulosa), interplanted with Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum), and a few Pittosporum crassifolium, along the High Street and Park Hill Road, where the planting is dominated by Sweet Pittosporum. Planting within the cemetery includes rows and specimen trees of Bhutan Cypress and Italian Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), including a row with alternate plantings of both species. There is also an unusual 'squat' form of an Italian Cypress. More examples of these trees once lined the cemetery roads and paths. Also dominating the cemetery landscape near the Rotunda is a stand of three Canary Island Pines (Pinus canariensis), a Bunya Bunya Pine (Araucaria bidwillii) and a Weeping Elm (Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii'). Notable conifers include a towering Bunya Bunya Pine (Araucaria bidwillii), a Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a rare Golden Funeral Cypress (Chamaecyparis funebris 'Aurea'), two large Funeral Cypress (Chamaecyparis funebris), and the only known Queensland Kauri (Agathis robusta) in a cemetery in Victoria. The Cemetery records, including historical plans of the cemetery from 1859, are held by the administration, as are several original furnishings namely the Boardroom table and eight chairs (1899), clocks, book cupboard (1876), hatstand (1899), bentwood waiting room chair, panelled office counter, strongroom vault and safe (1872), two framed photographs and a framed map of the site (1876). How is it significant? Boroondara Cemetery is of historic, aesthetic, architectural, scientific (botanical) and social significance to the State of Victoria. Why is it significant? The Boroondara Cemetery is of historical and aesthetic significance as an early, outstanding example of a Victorian-era garden cemetery. It is an important example in Victoria of a cemetery influenced by Romantic and Picturesque notions of beauty expressed in its layout and design, furnishings and structures. The influence of England’s large garden cemeteries and the writings of cemetery designers such as J. C. Loudon are particularly evident in the ornamental features surviving within the grounds. The Boroondara Cemetery is of historical significance as a record of the lives of Victorians, many of who were associated with this part of metropolitan Melbourne. Countless histories can be traced through the memorials and monuments recording the lives of everyday men, women and children of various faiths and countries of origin who pioneered the colony and State of Victoria. The Cemetery is notable for also including a number of individuals whose activities have played a more prominent role in State and National history. They include the Henty family, artists Louis Buvelot and Charles Nuttall, businessmen John Halfey, publisher David Syme, artist and diarist Georgiana McCrae, actress Nellie Stewart and architect and designer of the Boroondara and Melbourne General Cemeteries, Albert Purchas. The Cemetery is significant for its ability to demonstrate, through its design and location, attitudes towards burial, health concerns and the importance placed on religion, at the time of its establishment. The Boroondara Cemetery has further historical significance for its intact collection of burial records, plans and photographs and rare items of boardroom and office furniture. Their retention and long

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 68 association with the cemetery increases their own importance and enhances the historical significance of the Cemetery. The impressive Thomas Gaunt clock (and workings) is notable as a public symbol of civic order surviving from the nineteenth century. The Boroondara Cemetery is of architectural significance for the design of the gatehouse/sexton's lodge and cemetery office and clocktower (built in stages from 1860 to 1899), the ornamental brick perimeter fence and elegant cemetery shelter to the design of prominent Melbourne architects, Charles Vickers (for the original 1860 cottage) and Albert Purchas, cemetery architect and secretary from 1864 to his death in 1907. The Boroondara Cemetery has considerable aesthetic significance which is principally derived from its tranquil, picturesque setting; its impressive memorials and monuments; its landmark features such as the prominent clocktower of the gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office, the building interiors, the mature exotic plantings, the decorative brick fence and the entrance gates; its defined views; and its curving paths. The Springthorpe Memorial (VHR 522), the Syme Memorial and the Cussen Memorial (VHR 2036), all contained within the Boroondara Cemetery, are of aesthetic and architectural significance for their creative and artistic achievement. The Boroondara Cemetery is of scientific (botanical) significance for its collection of rare mature exotic plantings. The Golden Funeral Cypress, (Chamaecyparis funebris 'aurea') is the only known specimen in Victoria of this cultivar. The Boroondara Cemetery is of social significance for the links it provides to descendants of people buried in the grounds, and the sense of identity, belonging and continuity it reinforces. 3.6 Further Research Further research could be undertaken once cataloguing of the large number of drawings held by the Trust is completed This would be invaluable for confirming issues raised in this Conservation Plan, for site planning and for repair of monuments. It is presumed some of these drawings may be original submissions to the Trust for the construction of various monuments on the site.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 69 4.0 CONSERVATION POLICY STATEMENT 4.1 Constraints and Requirements There have been minimal changes to section 4 in 2018, as the policies around significant elements and fabric have not changed a great deal since 2007. Development of buildings and spaces and their reuse depends to a large extent on the importance of the building or structure as a whole and the relative importance of the spaces contained within. The surrounding landscape and views to the sites features of primary importance are also prime considerations in retaining the cultural significance of the place. Development involving a greater degree of alteration may occur in areas of lesser or no significance, minor alterations may occur in areas of contributory significance while areas, structures and built fabric of primary significance should be subjected only to minimal and easily reversible changes. Primary spaces and structures should also be considered for restoration and reconstruction of missing features as funding permits. Such restoration and reconstruction work should be based on documentary and physical evidence such as photographs, oral histories and as-built drawings. The following sections indicate the relative significance of the building exteriors, the spaces between buildings and the interior spaces. 4.2 Site Significance (precis) The site is significant  For its layout planning  For its infrastructure (such as but not limited to): wall, gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office, pathways and shelter  For its collection of records, original furniture, office fittings and framed plan and early photographs of the site  For its collection of native and exotic trees including one rare tree  For the many important monuments to persons of great historic note  For the aesthetically important monuments such as the Syme, Cussen and Springthorpe memorials As a result of this the components of the site have been assessed for the relative contribution each makes to the overall heritage significance of the place. Policies in regard to works can then be established which while retaining the overall cultural significance of the place, discriminate between areas, structures and objects of relatively little importance, and those of moderate and greatest importance.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 70 Figure 53 Reproduction Hitching Post at the entrance Figure 54 Cast iron Denominational Label. Source to the cemetery installed in 1988. Source heritage heritage ALLIANCE ALLIANCE

Figure 55 Later (date unknown), denominational label Figure 56 Enamel sign (1890) warning against trespass of cast iron, bolted to a ground spike. Source heritage during funerals. Source heritage ALLIANCE ALLIANCE

4.3 Elements of Primary, Contributory, Lesser and No Significance Primary Significance: The elements which contribute to the understanding of the cemetery in a highly significant manner are:  The cemetery wall and the entry gates  The gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office complex and the specific interiors and original furniture of some of those spaces such as: o the original wall and mantle clocks o the Trust boardroom table and its chairs o original documents such as the burial ledgers and Trustee Minute Books, the framed Cemetery Map and the two early photographs o a cedar bookcase

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 71 o two wooden desks with leather tops and turned legs o a bentwood chair  Associated built in elements such as the tower clock and clock are of primary significance.  The Rotunda in the east portion of the site  The system of pathways which define the denomination areas, the “denominational labels’ and extant enamel signs from the late 19th and early 20th century.  The major tree plantings (particularly the various Cypress species).  The major monuments and particularly the Cussen, Syme, and Springthorpe monuments.  The listed moveable objects in the Office and Boardroom.  The historic records held by the Trust. Contributory Significance The elements which contribute to the understanding of the site in a secondary manner and which also support the elements of primary significance are:  The interiors of the Office which constitute secondary office space, the interior of the lodge (apart from the bathrooms, kitchens toilets and storage rooms which are of lesser significance  The exterior and interior of the brick toilet blocks  The monuments to persons of historical significance for their contribution to the development of Australia, Victoria and Melbourne, or who were involved in important historical events. Examples are John Dickson Wyselaskie pastoralist and philanthropist, Charles Mills of Uardry NSW who was important in the development of the merino sheep breed, Sir George Verdon politician and banker, the multiple and large communal graves for Catholic Nuns and Priests who came from nearby Convents, James Campbell of Scotland who served in the Federal Army during the American Civil War and Frenchman Abram-Louis Buvelot the landscape artist who died in 1888. Some victims of a major railway disaster at Sunshine are buried in the cemetery (such as James and Maria Dannock).  The monuments of architectural and aesthetic significance such as the various detailed and decorated Celtic Crosses, (eg Michael O’Grady memorial cross and the decorated monument to John William Murphy erected by Kate Murphy)  The monuments containing Victorian symbols of death (clasped hands, pointing fingers, birds etc) as found at the Alfred Woolnough (1918) James Gander (1886) and Edward Quainton (1880) graves.  The open brick drains which are mostly inside the wall along High Street

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 72 Figure 57 Clasped hands on the Quainton grave (1880) Figure 58 Dove and clasped hands on the Woolnough Source heritage ALLIANCE grave (1918) Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 59 William and Kate Murphy grave, a large Figure 60 George Coppin grave. Coppin was a person of structure of aesthetic significance. Source heritage historical significance at State level and the grave is of ALLIANCE aesthetic significance at a local level. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Lesser or No significance Lesser or No significance indicates that the place or structure does not contribute in any substantive manner to understanding the Significance of a heritage place.  The toilets, bathrooms and kitchens in the gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office Building  The new mausoleum

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 73  The Scribes desk  The works compound and the works depot and storage building  The reproduction horse hitching post and horse trough installed in 1988 in the entrance area, off High Street  The above ground crypts, sculpture and recent landscaping in the pauper’s graves area. 4.4 Site Specific Policies The policies are based on an understanding of the relative contribution of each component of the site. Future Development general policies Future development for structures such as mausolea should account for the following:  A Location that is not prominent in the views from the primary site entrance  A height that does not dominate the surrounding structures  A design that is compatible in form and scale to the 19th Century structures at the site (ie the primary use of bricks is encouraged as is visible roof forms).  A location which minimises damage to infrastructure and monuments of primary significance. Suggested locations and forms would be:  Along the wall in areas which do not affect existing graves, trees or important structures  In the area of the works sheds  Of maximum one storey  Constructed with primary surfaces of masonry with roofs which have a low reflectivity value. Grounds The grounds of the cemetery are of primary significance and are almost fully occupied. The unoccupied sites have been sold and will be used, possibly within the next two decades. The development of new above ground burials and the use of memorials rather than internments may extend the life of the cemetery to some degree. Policy New development for burial structures (not individual graves) may be undertaken where there is available space and its placement, height and materials will not disturb the visual connection between the various historic features of the site or be seen as detracting from elements of the landscape, particularly in the view across the site from the west toward the east. Clusters of these structures should be avoided in favour of spreading the structures out in the landscape. Recommended Action Any new development should respect the existing locations of the historic buildings and structures. New constructions and their materials should respect the existing form of buildings and their materials palette (render, red brick, timber, slate and galvanized metal roof). In the case of mortuary structures for multiple internments, the structure should consider the existing array of monumental materials ie brick, marble, granite, basalt, Location of new developments should be considered in terms of the existing relationship between buildings and important trees (particularly their root zone) and pathways and the long views of the site from the west. The gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office The gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office are of primary significance to the site.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 74 Policy Works and alterations to the gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office should not undermine the significance of the building. Alterations to the facade should be minimised while there is some scope for alterations internally. On the exterior most of the works should be for the purposes of restoration and repair although the rear of the office may be adapted for shelters or sympathetic expansion of the office building provided it is completed in brickwork. On the interior the rooms of primary significance should be restored or repaired with little alteration and should retain any significant furniture and fittings. Of importance are the front office counter, the framed map, the Trust boardroom table and chairs and the two office clocks (one a mantle clock) Alterations can be undertaken in areas of lesser or no significance while areas of contributory importance might have minor alterations. Recommended Actions It is important that elements of primary significance are repaired, restored and maintained. Otherwise alterations which are made should not impact on the identified significant fabric. Such alterations in contributory and non-significant areas should be planned so that minimal amounts of original fabric are removed and where walls are opened up, the whole of the wall should not be removed. In relation to the needs of the Trust, the ground floor of the lodge may be used as a public space or meeting room provided any alterations are minimised. Openings might occur between the western-most rooms provided that the opening maintains a minimum of 1m nibs to existing walls with the corner fireplace retained intact. Care must be taken as the dividing walls are likely to be structural and engineering advice must be sought. The hallway running from the building front to its service area at the rear should be retained intact. No new openings should be made in it. The office room and Trust Boardroom within the gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office building (ground floor) should retain their walls intact, but an opening can be made through to the toilet and bathroom area in the lodge via the existing doorway and storage room wall in order to provide a direct access to those facilities. The existing bath and toilet areas in the lodge can be upgraded without any impact on the significance of the building. The Rotunda The Rotunda is of primary significance to the site. Policy As an element of primary significance the Rotunda should be repaired, restored and reconstructed and not be subjected to any additions or alterations. Recommended Actions Ongoing maintenance and repair as warranted. The recent repairs undertaken prior to 2018 have restored the Rotunda to a good state of repair. The Mausoleum (2001) This is a new structure and is of no significance. The construction of the mausoleum did however recognise the sensitivity of the site and used a palette of materials which was sympathetic to the historic development of the site.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 75 Policy As an element of no significance it may be modified internally while any external modifications should not be out of a scale or use materials which impacts on the cemetery proper or the adjacent features of heritage significance (walls, gatehouse etc). Continuing the existing external materials palette is entirely appropriate and encouraged. Recommended Action Nil The brick toilet blocks The toilet blocks are of contributory significance and important only to their exteriors. While the toilet block nearest the High Street gate is intact, its intactness per se does not have a great bearing in understanding the heritage significance of the place. The significance of the toilet blocks relate more to the site planning and fulfilling the needs so obvious in a publicly accessible site of this size. Policy Works to the toilet blocks should minimise the impact on their exterior form. Recommended Action: Nil Cemetery Wall The cemetery wall is of primary significance to the site and as such should be repaired, restored and not be subjected to any additions or alterations. The current program of wall repairs cited in the Boroondara Fence Audit of 2012 should continue, and keep in mind any requirements for permits from Heritage Victoria and Boroondara Council. Works must follow these principles: Rebuild insitu where-ever possible and dismantle only if there is no alternative after considering methods such as helical bars reinforcing courses of brick Reinforce the piers between panels Remove tree roots which are specifically uplifting sections of wall. This should not be seen as wholesale removal rather more specific and localised action to prevent overturning or catastrophic upheaval. Retain the existing bricks, mortar colour, colour of rendered capping, which should be unpainted, bonding methods and the masonry detail of wall construction. Use only 1 cement 2 lime 9 sand mortar except for specific reinforcing work (ie within piers) Where previous work is inappropriate (smeared mortar and cement mortar) cut out sections of cement mortar and repoint. Remove sections of smeared mortar where ever possible if no damage is occasioned to the brickwork. Any new openings (for gates) should be in a similar format to the existing.

The Pathways The major paths (as illustrated on all the cemetery maps) are of primary significance while the minor paths between graves are of contributory significance (some lesser paths and diversions) might be considered to be of lesser significance)

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 76 Figure 61 Condition of surrounding wall in 2007. The Trust have undertaken numerous repair works since then and in 2018 the condition of 42 panels of the wall is much improved. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 62 As funds permit the minor paths should be Figure 63 While not an original path (which were edged remade in asphalt, not concrete. Source heritage ALLIANCE with drainage tiles), paths of this type should continue to be asphalted and edged in bluestone. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Policy: As the paths are important elements in understanding the style of landscape introduced to the cemetery, it is important to repair the existing pattern of paths in a logical programme in asphalt and reusing original detailing and elements of the paths. Action Implement a programme of taking up gravel and re-asphalting commencing with most important pathways at the west of the site and progressing onto the secondary pathways toward the east. Reuse the bluestone edging to the paths. Do not introduce extruded concrete edging. When laying new asphalt paths edging strips must be used so that asphalt does not come into direct contact with monuments and graves. New bluestone edging to be set nearly square to the paving with fine mortar joints of less than 3mm.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 77 The Drainage System The exposed spoon brick drains and the covered box brains in the northern corner of the site along High Street are of contributory significance while the hidden pipe-drains are of lesser significance. The original drain tiles which were bought in vast quantities in the 19th century for the cemetery appear to have all been removed. In the lower portion of the cemetery brick open drains and closed box drains can be found. Traces of asphalt are found on the brick drains. The box drain has both slate slabs and cast concrete slab covers which are likely to have replaced the slate covers. Policy: Retain and repair the larger spoon drain systems to their original configuration where damaged. There is no necessity to recover the brick spoon drains in asphalt. Where the box drain has broken covers these can be replaced in concrete but should be coloured as for slate pieces. Retain original slate covers where-ever possible. Take up and repair or replace as required the minor terracotta pipe drain systems using whatever means and materials are appropriate. Actions: Covers to drains and drain boxes should remain as original slate where possible or new dark finished cast concrete lids for concrete drains and collector boxes. Replace the broken covers near the high street wall and at the driveway edge in cast concrete dark coloured. (short term works) The Plantings The major exotic Cemetery Plantings (trees) are of primary significance to the site. One tree (being rare) has a high aesthetic and rarity value. The Plane Tree plantings in Park Hill Road (City of Boroondara) are of contributory significance to the site. In the lower part of the site are native eucalypts which are thought to be seeded from the remnant River Red Gums(Eucalyptus Camaldulensis) in neighbouring Victoria Park.Their presence contributes to the site’s aesthetic significance Policy Maintenance of the major significant (exotic) plantings is essential to the site. They must be maintained to high standards and should not be removed unless there is good reason to do so. The rarer trees must be inspected and managed on an regularl basis. Where senescence sets in the trees should be carefully managed, and if removed, a tree of the same species of minimum 2m high be planted and regularly maintained for a minimum of two years. The grove of native trees should be managed although they may be replaced from time to time where loss of limbs and senescence makes replacement necessary. Recommended Actions Continue to maintain the landscape and gardens of the cemetery in accordance with the Landscape Master Plan of 2012. Syme Memorial The Syme memorial is a monument of primary significance to the site. The memorial is individually listed on the Victorian Heritage Register for its architectural and historical significance at State level. The monument was heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 78 designed by architects Butler and Bradshaw shortly after Syme’s death in 1908. (See appendix datasheet for detailed history) Policy: Any work to the monument should repair, restore or reconstruct missing elements. Recommended Actions Works should be guided by a properly prepared Conservation Management Plan and one should be prepared at the next available opportunity. Continue to maintain the grounds around the memorial and seek specific advice from Heritage Victoria if there is damage, theft or subsidence of the monument. Springthorpe Memorial The Springthorpe memorial is a monument of primary significance to the site. The memorial is individually listed on the Victorian Heritage Register for its architectural and historical significance at State level. A detailed description of its history is given in the data sheets. Policy: Any work to the monument should repair, restore or reconstruct missing elements. Recommended Actions Works should be guided by a properly prepared Conservation Management Plan. There is a Conservation Analysis and Policy document prepared by the Historic Buildings Branch of the Victorian Dept of Public Works in 1992. A subsequent Conservation Plan for the Metal work was completed by Daniel Tworek conservator in 1994, and this document should be referred to for any further works to the metal work. Works may also include the reinstatement of the original glazed box to the sculpture should this be considered a good conservation outcome. Continue to maintain the grounds around the memorial and seek specific advice from Heritage Victoria if there is damage, theft or subsidence of the monument. Seek a permit from Heritage Victoria for works to the structure. Cussen Memorial The Cussen memorial and vault is a monument of primary significance to the site.The structure is individually listed on the Victorian Heritage Register for its architectural and historical significance at State level Policy: Prior to undertaking any work complete a Conservation Management Plan which details necessary repair work. Any work to the monument should repair, restore or reconstruct missing elements. A report on the history, integrity and required works was carried out in 1999 by Helen Lardner Conservation and Design P/L and this should be the basis for further repair works) That document should be referred to prior to any further works on the Vault. Recommended Actions Continue to maintain the grounds around the memorial and seek specific advice from Heritage Victoria if there is damage, theft or subsidence of the monument. Seek a permit from Heritage Victoria for works to the structure. Contents of the Office (Records, moveable objects)

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 79 The moveable historic objects and the Trust records constitute a collection almost unsurpassed in Victoria. The original boardroom table and chairs, office clocks, framed map of the site along with the records are of great significance in understanding the history of Melbourne. Policy Professional care and repair of the moveable objects (furniture, clocks and so on) is of importance as is the cataloguing the collection of records held by the Trust. Recommended Actions Professionally repair and re-upholster broken chairs, tables and desks as required, and continue the cataloguing of the historic plans. Lesser Monuments There are numerous monuments in this category. They are contributory to the overall significance of the place. Amongst these are the structures listed as examples in the datasheets in an appendix to this CMP. Policy The bulk of the cemetery monuments make up the social, aesthetic and historic body of the cemetery. It is important that monuments to persons of historic significance or events, monuments of aesthetic significance, monuments of rarity value are not destroyed through the actions of the Trust in a search for new burial space and are prevented where ever possible from collapse. Recommended Actions Carry out consultation with the local historical society, Friends of the Cemetery, National Trust and Heritage Victoria if there are proposals to reuse burial plots in order that graves of historical importance are not removed or destroyed in the process of reuse. Plots that are subject to any approved deepening and reburial should benefit from (lease) internment funds being partly reused to stabilise any headstones and plot surrounds. Elements of Lesser or No significance These elements on the site have no intrinsic historic, architectural, or aesthetic significance. Policy These elements may be altered in a contemporary manner provided that the alterations do not impact on the overall significance of the heritage place. Recommended Action Alterations to the 2001 Mausoleum should be primarily on the interior and where exterior alterations are contemplated, the alteration should not make the structure larger, or radically alter the external material palette. Alterations to the works office, shed and compound should be primarily to the interiors and external work should not radically enlarge the structure. While some extensions may be required from time to time, the overall bulk of the structure should be kept low, be expressed in a simple material palette (such as red brick and metal or faux slate roof), and not be visually intrusive on the site. Alterations to the interiors of the bath and kitchen areas of the lodge should not have any extensive impact on the exterior of the building Alterations to the rear Lodge carport should not have detrimental visual or fabric impact on the original Office and Lodge building. Alterations to the interiors of the toilets may renew the existing toilet fixtures or remove these completely with the interiors allocated for other purposes. Alterations should not have a radical impact on the exterior form of the building.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 80 Alterations or extension to the above ground burial crypts should not adversely impact on the memorials in the pauper’s graves section.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 81 General Policy: Minor Works Recommended and Not Recommended for the Lodge and Office building Works which may be done Works which should not be done Hooks, spikes minor bolts set into walls to attach furniture, Large holes through walls or subfloor vent grilles for small holes for chasing plumbing wiring and the like equipment or plumbing Attachment of mirrors, pictures, fixed cupboards to walls Plumbing exposed on the exterior of the building provided original joinery (eg skirtings, architraves) are not particularly on the primary facades. removed Removal of original skirtings or architraves to Plumbing hidden within the building accommodate built-in furniture Removal of original office and Trust furniture Attachment of equipment to walls with small bolts and Cutting out sections of walls or surfaces or original joinery spikes. for attachment or setting in of equipment such as power boards and electrical boxes Attaching equipment to surfaces which cannot support them Attaching reverse cycle air plant to walls of primary importance or in primary views of the building Brickwork repair using original bricks and lime-sand mortar Use of cement mortars, smearing over plumbing chases and holes with cement rather than neatly cut brick repairs Maintenance of existing features and furniture using Adding features which never existed (eg plaster cornices matching materials. in rooms where no cornices existed) or removing original features and then replacing them as new with in-exact matches to the original Repair of lath and plaster ceilings using hard plaster Battening out and installing a new plasterboard ceiling tradesman below an existing ceiling Installing special made Holland Blinds or Timber Venetian Vertical strip blinds over original windows, reflective film over windows over windows Wire services in a flat conduit above existing skirtings, Wire Ad hoc attachment of wire services to existing skirtings services below floors or wire services hidden behind existing Different switch plate finishes, switch plates in locations skirtings that are highly visible or visually or physically damage the New flush switch plate neatly positioned terminal outlets for appearance of a room of primary significance. wire services, electrical services etc. Installing anti-UV non-reflective film on selective north Adding reflective film to windows windows in order to combat fading of documents and furnishings. Formed well-fitted utility hatches in timber floors with Ad hoc cutting through and placement of roughly made battening around the edge of the cut-out. Locations to be hatches in timber floors. Ad-hoc cutting through and determined as part of an overall servicing scheme removal of floorboards to service sub floor cabling and plumbing. Painting as part of an overall scheme of painting works Ad hoc painting of rooms of primary significance. which are completed to a scheme relevant to the period of the building

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 82 General Policy: Minor Works Recommended and Not Recommended for the grounds Works which may and should be done Works which should not be done Paths & Brick Drains Paths Continue a system of repairing the asphalt paths in asphalt Changing the paths to concrete, changing the edging from bluestone to extruded concrete edging Note some of the concrete paths now constitute trip hazards as they continue to break up with ground movement. The Monuments The Monuments Carrying out repairs to the heritage listed monuments in Allowing owners or the public to carry out repairs on associating with a Conservation Management Plan (Syme unstable monuments, cleaning of the monuments with Memorial & Springthorpe Memorial). any chemicals other than mild detergent, painting of copper elements, setting monuments in cement (such as Use of stainless steel dowels and epoxy resin to join broken headstones), using ferrous cramps. stone pieces (no resin or mortar to be on the joint edge) Carrying out of works on Springthorpe, Syme or Cussen Use of lime mortars and white cement mortars for repointing Memorials without a Heritage Permit and without the to be carried out by experienced mason. benefit of a Conservation Plan. Propping and chocking up of leaning monuments as preventative action along with filling and consolidating holes and areas undermined by animals or tree roots. Weeding of graves Removal of invasive plants by poisoning them The Wall The Wall Repairs in lime, cement sand mortar which retain original Demolition of the wall, changing of detail, using cement materials and pointing style mortars and non-matching bricks are all inappropriate. Cutting out and rejointing area bad workmanship. Removing cement jointing and smears from brickwork Trees Trees Management of trees as part of the Landscape Masterplan Lopping of trees leading to mis-shaping or unbalancing of of 2012 limbs. Severing tree roots that are buckling walls WITH the aid of a Arbitrary removal of trees without consulting an arborist Tree surgeon. (unless they have fully blown down)

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 83 Figure 64 Cemetery wall showing areas of cement pointing and smearing in 2007. This is evidence of poor quality workmanship which should be reversed and in many areas has been completed. Source heritage ALLIANCE

4.4 Future Use and Development The site is unlikely to ever be used for anything more than a cemetery, so future use is essentially not an issue. The gatehouse may be used for other purposes in the future but its best use continues to be as a residence and office complex. Whether that use is provided for a caretaker or as an outside tenancy arrangement, is not itself an issue. Such arrangements have been made elsewhere (eg tenancy at the Anglican Church Cemetery Newtown Cemetery Sydney) and are helpful in protecting the cemetery against vandalism. A tenanted Lodge however is very rare in the Australian context. 4.5 Proposed Exemptions pursuant to Part 5, S.92 (1) Heritage Act 2017. The nature of permit exemptions under the Heritage Act is to allow for certain minor works to be carried out without the need for engaging in the usual heritage permit process. “The Heritage Council, on the recommendation of the Executive Director, may determine categories of works or activities which may be undertaken in relation to any registered place, registered object or class of registered place or registered object without a permit under this Part.”

Permit Exemptions can include sunset clauses, causing the exemptions to expire by a certain time period or when a particular use ceases at the site. Current Permit Exemption The current declared Exemptions entered into the Heritage Register at time of Registration in 2005 are: General Conditions: 1.  All exempted alterations are to be planned and carried out in a manner which prevents damage to the fabric of the registered place or object. General Conditions: 2.  Should it become apparent during further inspection or the carrying out of works that original or previously hidden or inaccessible details of the place or object are revealed which relate to the significance of the place or object, then the exemption covering such works shall cease and the Executive Director shall be notified as soon as possible. Note: All archaeological places have the

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 84 potential to contain significant sub-surface artefacts and other remains. In most cases it will be necessary to obtain approval from Heritage Victoria before the undertaking any works that have a significant sub-surface component. General Conditions: 3.  If there is a conservation policy and plan approved by the Executive Director, all works shall be in accordance with it. Note: The existence of a Conservation Management Plan or a Heritage Action Plan endorsed by Heritage Victoria provides guidance for the management of the heritage values associated with the site. It may not be necessary to obtain a heritage permit for certain works specified in the management plan. General Conditions: 4.  Nothing in this declaration prevents the Executive Director from amending or rescinding all or any of the permit exemptions. General Conditions: 5. Nothing in this declaration exempts owners or their agents from the responsibility to seek relevant planning or building permits from the responsible authorities where applicable. Minor Works Note: Any Minor Works that in the opinion of the Executive Director will not adversely affect the heritage significance of the place may be exempt from the permit requirements of the Heritage Act. A person proposing to undertake minor works may submit a proposal to the Executive Director. If the Executive Director is satisfied that the proposed works will not adversely affect the heritage values of the site, the applicant may be exempted from the requirement to obtain a heritage permit. If an applicant is uncertain whether a heritage permit is required, it is recommended that the permits co-ordinator be contacted. Landscape Permit Exemptions  Repairs, conservation, and maintenance to hard landscape elements, buildings and structures, monuments, steps, paths, paths and gutters, drainage and irrigation systems, edging, fences and gates.  The process of gardening; mowing, hedge clipping, bedding displays, removal of dead plants, disease and weed control, emergency and safety garden works.  New or replacement planting which conserves the historic landscape character including specimen trees, avenues, rows, shrubberies, flower beds, and lawns.  In the event of loss of any tree specified in the Extent of Registration, replanting with the same species of tree as that removed.  Management of trees in accordance with Australian Standard; Pruning of Amenity Trees AS 4373.  Installation, removal or replacement of garden watering and drainage systems outside the canopy edge of significant trees.  Vegetation protection and management of the possum population.  Removal of plants listed as noxious weeds in the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 General:  Interments, burials and erection of monuments, re-use of graves, burial of cremated remains, and exhumation of remains in accordance with the Cemeteries Act 1958 (as amended).  Stabilisation, restoration and repair of monuments.  Emergency and safety works to secure the site and prevent damage and injury to property and the public.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 85  Monument works undertaken in accordance with Australian Standard AS4204 Headstones and Cemetery Monuments  Painting of previously painted structures provided that preparation or painting does not remove evidence of the original paint or other decorative scheme. Proposed Permit Exemption Policy Policy The exemptions policy recognises that not all areas of the site are of primary importance or that all actions are detrimental to the significance of the site. Areas identified as being of primary significance should be subjected to the least amount of change while areas recognised as being of contributory importance may be changed but these changes should be as minimal as possible. Areas of little or no significance may have the greater amount of change, provided those changes do not have flow on impacts to areas of primary and contributory significance. Alterations that impact on the significance of the exterior form and interior spaces are subject to permit applications. General Conditions: 1. All exempted alterations are to be planned and carried out in a manner which prevents damage to the fabric of the registered place or object. 2. Should it become apparent during further inspection or the carrying out of alterations that original or previously hidden or inaccessible details of the place or object are revealed which relate to the significance of the place or object, then the exemption covering such alteration shall cease and the Executive Director shall be notified as soon as possible. 3. If there is a conservation policy and plan approved by the Executive Director, all works shall be in accordance with it. 4. Nothing in this declaration prevents the Executive Director from amending or rescinding all or any of the permit exemptions. 5. Nothing in this declaration exempts owners or their agents from the responsibility to seek relevant planning or building permits from the responsible authority where applicable. 6. These exemptions shall cease when any part of the site changes use or is sold, or a new development is permitted on the site. Nothing prohibits the site owner or users from reapplying for a new suite of Permit Exemptions. Exteriors  Minor repairs and maintenance which replace like with like.  Removal of extraneous items such as air conditioners, pipe work, ducting, wiring, antennae, aerials etc, and making good.  Installation or repair of damp-proofing by either injection method or grouted pocket method.  Regular garden maintenance.  Installation, removal or replacement of garden watering systems. Interiors  Painting of previously painted walls and ceilings provided that preparation or painting does not remove evidence of the original paint or other decorative scheme.  Installation, removal or replacement of carpets and/or flexible floor coverings.  Installation, removal or replacement of curtain track, rods, blinds and other window dressings. heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 86  Installation, removal or replacement of hooks, nails and other devices for the hanging of mirrors, paintings and other wall-mounted artworks.  Refurbishment of bathrooms and toilets including removal, installation or replacement of sanitary fixtures and associated piping, mirrors, wall and floor coverings.  Installation, removal or replacement of kitchen benches and fixtures including sinks, stoves, ovens, refrigerators, dishwashers etc and associated plumbing and wiring.  Installation, removal or replacement of ducted, hydronic or concealed radiant type heating provided that the installation does not damage existing skirtings and architraves and provided that the location of the heating unit is concealed from view.  Installation, removal or replacement of electrical wiring provided that all new wiring is fully concealed.  Installation, removal or replacement of bulk insulation in the roof space.  Installation, removal or replacement of smoke detectors. Specific exemptions Gatehouse/sexton’s lodge and office Alterations to benches, sinks, hot water units and plumbing in the kitchen area within the existing kitchen areas provided that no structural work is done to the historic building and no historic features are covered up or damaged. Painting of previously painted surfaces. NB: Original brickwork is not to be covered over in an irreversible manner or painted over. Alterations to the sink, bath and vanity units in the bathroom areas of the tenancies. Re-covering the floors in sheet linoleum or carpet The addition of Venetian Blinds or curtains to windows in all rooms On the exterior the repair of timberwork matching like for like, the repair of render provided that the render is of a matching composition and colour. The repair of roofing slates with matching Welsh slates (Spanish Slates are not to be used). Mausoleum All interior alterations Wall The repair of walling provided no dismantling occurs. Note: Works to the walling requiring dismantling must seek a heritage permit. Use 3 lime 1 cement and 9 sand for pointing work and capping render. Poisoning and removal of all self seeding invasive plants growing in walling. Works to renew capping render must maintain the original profile of the wall and colour of capping. Repair of bad workmanship in areas rebuilt. ToiletsThe repair of the toilets including changing urinal and toilet bowl and vanity basins, renewal of the flooring material is permit exempt. The reuse of the interior space of toilets is permit exempt provided it is not the cause of changes to the exterior form and appearance of the toilet buildings. Pathways Repair of minor pathways with asphalt

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 87 Removal and reinstatement of bluestone edging Provision of dark (self) coloured concrete lids to road drain boxes

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 88 5.0 CONSERVATION WORKS 5.1 Maintenance and repair works to the site by priority Following an inspection of the buildings and infrastructure in 2007 the recommended repairs are categorised as: High Priority (within 1 year) , Medium Priority (1 to 3 years) & low priority (3-5 years). These priorities have been retained in 2018 and can continue to be actioned and implemented from 2018. In 2018, most of these works have been partially completed and the table below indicates completion or not, of the recommended repairs from the CMP of 2007. Area Works Priority Completed Cemetery Brick Repair leaning sections of fence (major leans) High Continuing Wall Repair lesser leaning sections of walls Medium to High Partially completed Repoint in lime mortar those sections of brick work which have low Partially cement jointing completed Repair /upgrade toilets near walls Medium Completed Paths Drains Brick Drains Clean out reset loose bricks (general allowance Low medium Partially for minor repairs) completed Pathways: resurface Minor paths (demolish existing, new Low Continuing 100mm thick asphalt) Gatehouse/sextons Partially lodge and office completed Office & Gate lodge: Interiors low Alterations to interiors underway in mid 2017- 2018 Office & Gate lodge: Services and stairs Low Underway in 2017 Rotunda Conservation and repair works High priority Completed Trees General tree surgery, upper limb maintenance etc High priority Continuing Lower portion maintenance (mulching, watering and drainage) High priority Continuing Conservation of Unroll plans, flatten, repair, sleeve and catalogue in plan Medium Partially Records drawers completed

5.2 Maintenance Works These works are essential maintenance and repairs to bring the site up to good condition and maintain it at that level. These works are ongoing and cyclical and require regular inspection and budgeting in maintenance plans for the site. Inspections: Location Item Interval Cemetery Brick Inspect for wall lean, cracking, invasive planting and seed Yearly Wall sprouting in weather topping. Cracking in weather capping render Half yearly

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 89 Vandalism and grafitti Occasional

Paths Cracking up, invasive planting Half yearly Drains Clogging of storm drain boxes Quarterly or after heavy rains Clogging of surface drains Monthly Gatehouse/sexton’s Storm damage (storm drains, roof gutters, chimney tops, vanes After every heavy storm lodge and office and windows) complex Paintwork Yearly Brick surfaces As required Roofing material: inspect for further delamination. After heavy storms with hail Yearly Clock-tower Yearly Clock Half yearly Lodge Interiors inspect Yearly Services (plumbing, drains power,gas) Yearly Rotunda After restoration Yearly Paint touch up every 5 yrs Trees Inspect for damage, failing limbs, dying trees Half Yearly

Works: Location Works Interval Cemetery Brick Remove any sprouted seedlings, use low toxicity herbicide. Yearly Wall Cracking in weather capping (repair with render) As required Vandalism: remove painting with chemical and low pressure As required water cleaning Outside toilets Clean out gutters, roofing Monthly Steam clean flooring and fixtures Half yearly Paths Cracking up, invasive planting: use low toxicity herbicide As required Drains Clean out storm drain boxes Monthly Clean out surface drains Monthly Gatehouse/sexton’s Clean out gutters Every two months lodge and office complex Paintwork touch up Every five years Repair jointing (lime, cement sand mortar) As required Roofing material: inspect for further delamination, renail loose Yearly slates. Clock As per contract with clock company

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 90 Lodge Interior Paint: touch up Every 5 years Services (plumbing, drains power,gas) Yearly Trees Tree trimming & surgery, mulching Yearly

Maintenance of Monuments: Refer to National Trust Guide Metals: Type Character Maintenance Cast Iron Historically Long period of use: High carbon Use steel wool, steel metal brushes content 3-5% Remove surface corrosion Used for decorative components, non Treat with rust converter structural uses (eg cast posts, marker plates finials) Where material is to be overpaintedPaint with red lead (if available) Low tensile strength Where metal is to be retained unpainted: use fish oil Wrought Iron Historically Long period of use: peak use in As for cast work 1850s. Low carbon content < 1% Used for gates railings, fences, chains, bolts Tensile strength properties Brass Made of a Copper and Zinc alloy Clean with brass brush (care not to scratch surface) Decorative uses (plaques) Use Cleaning, patination & Hot waxing Bronze Made of a Copper and Tin alloy Decorative uses (doors, railings, posts) Stone Type Character Maintenance Marble Marble has a hard surface when cured in air Wash off pollutants with distilled water from time but will sugar (ie crystallize) when attacked to time (from mostly horizontal surfaces) by pollutants. Can curl where excessively exposed to sunlight Sandstone Easily worked but some sandstone friable May need replacing if it is a un-decorated element and will crumble. that is failing or crumbling. Known poor sources have been used for Retain where the element is decorated or has building in Victoria (eg Barabool) historic text, consider replacement if some other simpler block form of stone if the stone is decayed beyond is structural capacity Where stone required pinning, use stainless steel metal dowels or cramps (do not use iron bindings or pins as these corrode) Bluestone Dark dense stone, long lasting often used on Generally durable, may need cleaning

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 91 early gravestones. Granite Variety of colours (grey, red etc) Generally durable and may just require simple washing with soft detergent Limestone Off white colour, soft when freshly cut, Can decay in contact with sandstones hardens over time Slate Dark appearance, layered material Can delaminate from rain or exposure to harsh sunlight on one side of the stone (differential Some slate is of local origin heating)

Mortars Mortars vary in hardness from soft (19th C) to Most structures in the cemetery will be from the medium hardness in the earlier parts of the 19th and early 20th century and use of soft and 20th century to hard in the second half of the medium hardness mortars are appropriate. 20th century Some structures will use white cement where the Hardness should be considered in pointing is required to be distinctive. conjunction with the material it is being used Hard mortars are likely to have been employed on with. structures post 1950s. Soft mortar: Maintenance of mortars should consider 1 lime 3 sand hardness, sand colour and method of raking the joint (, flush, raked horizontal, v jointed, 2 lime 1 cement 9 sand semicircular, etc). Medium Hardness The method of jointing will define the aesthetic 2 cement 1 lime 9 sand qualities of a masonry structure. New work should follow the best available adjacent sample Hard mortar of original work. 1 cement 3 sand Where a structure is tuckpointed (ie uses fine lime markings set out like joints) a specialist tuckpointer should be employed.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 92 5.3 Works Plan by Area General Requirements Area Works

Brick Wall An overall strategy for dealing with the wall has been developed by Priority engineers Ainsley Projects and maintenance of wall panels/sections has been ongoing since 2012. For walls with major leans: Dismantle, salvage bricks and rebuild to existing detail on an engineered foundation. Brickwork to be in 1 cement, 2 lime and 9 sand mortar and the finished Short term Medium work must be a good match to the original work in bricklaying, mortar joints term and coloration. For walls with minor leans Determine whether the wall can be stabilised using a helical bar system (eg stainless Helix Spiro Bars) where the reinforcing is cut into the mortar joints to form a series of beams using the brick as the beam web. Mortars will either be special mixed mortars and general mortar as above. As above walls should be rebuilt to original detail and retain original red brick appearance. A sample of approx 2sqm should be developed as a reference The Cemetery Trust should continue to implement the Fence Audit of 2012. Wall Tops Remove invasive plants from wall tops in short term, the roots to be poisoned and the render capping renewed to the same design and colour.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 93 Lodge and Office Services Carry out renewal of kitchen and bathroom areas as necessary. Low priority for cabinet work Carry out inspection and renewal and upgrade of services (electrical) and installation of hardwired fire detection. Electrical inspection High Priority Asphalt Driveways Ongoing Maintain asphalt paths with bluestone edging. The concrete kerbing used in cemeteries is a major aesthetic issue which devalues the landscape of these historic places. At every opportunity the bluestone kerbing should be reinstated or retained. Paths and Drives Pathways Continue the program of annual path renewal. High priority The paths should have an asphalt finish and this may require a deeper section of asphalt with a well-compacted base including a low toxicity herbicide. Note cement/concrete should not come into contact with asphalt. The asphalt paths should be contained by timber or metal edging strips. Concrete paths while serviceable are somewhat out of character with the surrounds. An alternative may be to have a quartz topping but the widths should be kept to minimum.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 94 Photographs of roof and clock tower after repairs in 2013.

Figure 65 Base of Finial weathervane on apex of Figure 66 Glass Ventilators on tower after paint removal and Tower during repairs. Source heritage ALLIANCE renewal of broken panes. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 67 Intact Cast iron Guttering and lightning Figure 68 New clock face being installed in 2013. Source strapping on tower. Source heritage ALLIANCE heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 69 Condition of chimney top and ridging. Figure 70 Chimney tops showing repairs. Source heritage Source heritage ALLIANCE ALLIANCE

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 95 Figure 71 Glass ventilators on the roof vent to the Figure 72 Terracotta ridge pieces on the roof vent to the upper tenancy of the Lodge. Source heritage ALLIANCE Lodge with loss of mortar and sagging arrowed. The lead flashing also needs renewal. Source heritage ALLIANCE

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 96 The Cemetery Wall, photos are from 2007 illustrating structural issues, some of which have been repaired since 2007,whilst some issues continue.

Figure 73 Brick drain (6 bricks wide) inside High Street Figure 74 Plant growth in wall top. Source heritage wall. Source heritage ALLIANCE ALLIANCE

Figure 75 Repaired section of High Street wall with gate, 2018. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Rotunda repairs undertaken in 2008, photos from 2017

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 97 Figure 76 Rotunda after repairs to gutters and ceilings, Figure 77 Cast iron work and low wall after repairs. Source flashings and roofing slates. Source heritage ALLIANCE heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 78 Render cracking repairs and open brick joints Figure 79 New down pipe and repaired tiles and render to needs repair and Repointing. Brickwork should have a outside. Source heritage ALLIANCE tuckpointed finish. Note rainwater outlet in bluestone base. Source heritage ALLIANCE

Figure 80 Box drain covers (concrete) running toward the Figure 81 Box drain covers (slate) Lower section of wall on lower section of the Cemetery Wall on High Street. These High Street. Source heritage ALLIANCE would have replaced slate slab covers. Source heritage ALLIANCE

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 98 5.4 Risk Management of the Site In 2017 there have been no changes to the risk management tables from 2007. These risk management tables are a predictive indicator for the ongoing management of the site and attempts to identify where likely detriment will arise. N- Nil to Negligible impact, L- low impact, M – medium impact, H – high impact Building / feature Risk Present Future Comments impact impact Gatehouse/sexton’s Fire L L Provided fire extinguishers and detectors Lodge and Office are checked periodically the risk is currently and should remain low (and objects) Vandalism & theft L L Locality, and community use will keep these issues in check. Some risk of theft of original objects, signs and copper elements in graves. Risk of accidental damage to original ledgers is higher than deliberate damage. Structural Adequacy M M-H Building appears to have some structural problems to date (vertical cracking) and it is predicted that these problems may continue as the soils continue to dry out: increased risk of interior wall cracking and plaster stress.

Environmental Factors Lightning Risk will grow (intensity and frequency)  Weathering L L Invasive vegetation from adjacent tree H H  Moisture/drainage (along with seed and leaf debris) will  Vermin L L continue to create maintenance problems particularly to gutters and downpipes. Low  Invasive L L rainfall (climate change) will continue to Vegetation cause soil drying and localised subsidence could occur. Visitor Use M M Visitor use is probably no greater than was originally intended when the building was first opened. Lack of Use L L Currently no foreseen lack of use Maintenance & L L Risks will come from lack of maintenance management risks particularly to gutters during extended dry seasons leading to blocked gutters and downpipes when there are infrequent but heavier deluges.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 99 ASSESSMENT Main risks to building are: Leaf and seed debris from trees blocking gutters particularly as cleaning of these areas may decrease with increased drought conditions. Increased frequency of occasional and much heavier rainfalls is likely leading to building damage.

Building / feature Risk Present Future Comments impact impact Cemetery Walling Fire N N Minimal to nil fire risk Vandalism & theft M M Vandalism possible as grafitti or cutting through gateways or spear picket Structural Adequacy H M-H Sections of the wall are already showing signs of localised sinking, collapse and rotation. As climate change leads to greater drying of soils, subsidence risks along with heave from re-hydration of soil will increase. Environmental Factors Invasive vegetation in wall tops needs control.  Weathering M M-H Vermin, weathering per se and moisture L L  Moisture/drainage do not have major effects on the structure. N N  Vermin Weather impacts through drying of soils is  Invasive M M a major issue Vegetation Visitor Use N N No issues. Lack of Use N N No issues Maintenance & M M Whole of wall needs a rebuilding strategy management risks and should include options for minimum rebuild (use of helix bars), ASSESSMENT Main risk is continued subsidence, accidental damage and uplift by tree roots.

Building / feature Risk Present Future Comments impact impact Grave Monuments Fire M-H M-H High Potential for grass fires in the area of the monuments. Could be spread to trees and thence all cypress trees particularly during longer and dryer summer periods. Vandalism & theft M-H M-H Risk of vandalism and theft is related to its slightly isolated location and to metal prices. Few reported incidents of racially/religious related vandalism, but theft related to price of copper, bronze and brass

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 100 has seen removal of grave railings. Structural Adequacy H H Undermining of monuments remains a problem (due to uncontrolled tree growth and nesting vermin, and particularly subsidence and collapse of graves) Environmental Factors Risk of vermin (rats) and uncontrolled invasive plant damage  Weathering M-H M-H Weathering is a problem, vermin nesting M-H M-H  Moisture/drainage under graves is a problem (cats, rabbits  Vermin M-H M-H foxes etc)  Invasive M-H M-H Invasive vegetation is a problem Vegetation Visitor Use M M Damage by visitors to the more interesting monuments (see also vandalism) is low to medium risk, however there is potential for injury to visitors (subsidence, falling and overturning masonry) Lack of Use M M This is the prime cause of all cemeteries declining and damage to monuments. Maintenance & M-H M-H Monuments are not really managed apart management risks from occasional care by descendant owners who are often unskilled when it comes to care of heritage places and the science of materials. ASSESSMENT Monuments are subject to the greatest risk of all in part due to the present Cemeteries Act which does not allow work to monuments by the Trust where they are owned by others. The Act therefore is the creator of some of the issues which arise with all monuments at a cemetery. `

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 101 Building / feature Risk Present Future Comments impact impact Trees Fire M-H M-H High Potential for wild fires within the cypress rows. (either as the result of a grass fire or deliberately lit)

Vandalism & theft L L The trees are the least likely to be vandalised. Structural Adequacy H H Undermining of trees remains a problem due to High winds, limited root space, lack of tree management and senescence. Environmental Factors Risk of vermin (rats) in tree burrows and root area  Weathering M-H M-H  Moisture/drainage M-H M-H  Vermin M-H M-H  Invasive M-H M-H Vegetation Visitor Use N L Not applicable Lack of Use L Not applicable Maintenance & M-H M-H Trees are regularly inspected and arborists management risks carry out remedial work several times a year as required. Tree species with high water requirements are no longer planted. Strategy should include removal and replacement of senescent trees, tree management and watering. ASSESSMENT The Landscape Masterplan of 2012 will go some way toward rectifying issues of trees.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 102 5.5 Future Management Issues for the site The Boroondara Cemetery is very well managed although there are issues which will increasingly face the Trust in a manner not previously conceivable. Some of these will be brought about by climate change and some of these changes will come about with changes in the operation of the cemetery as internments eventually cease and the cemetery no longer accepts new burials. Subsidence below structures, drying of the earth and the death of trees are becoming problematic not just at this site but across Victoria. Along with this are other confounding weather issues such as the lower average rainfalls combined with sudden heavy and catastrophic downpours and increased lightning activity. Regular maintenance must occur on roof gutters, downpipes and drains and this is seen as a challenge in terms of time and money. A small cherry picker will need to be hired (or perhaps even purchased) from time to time to clean out the higher gutters and downpipes. Slate repairs may only need to be undertaken from time to time after the recent major overhaul of the roof area, while render repair will also be an occasional matter once a more major repair effort is undertaken. Lack of rain may also lead to greater tree losses which may also be the cause of loss of monuments and building structures. Violent storms will also contribute to the blowing down of important trees in the cemetery. This is minimised by regular tree inspections and maintenance. The rotunda, clock tower and gate lodge have received recent repairs and all are in a good state of repair as of 2018. Repairs to paths, roads and cemetery wall has been undertaken in recent years and all are subject to ongoing maintenance programs. The primary concern for future management of the heritage values of the site will be finding further space for burials, mausoleums, niche walls and the like. Increasing pressures on the space within the cemetery will eventually lead to the need for decisions about how future burials will be achieved, if at all. These decisions need to take into account the heritage values of the site and the social significance of the place. The next concern centres around management of the cemetery grounds. The Trust commissioned a report from Practical Ecology, Principle Lincoln Kern, Ecological Values and Management Recommendations for Boroondara General Cemetery Kew June 2015. Following from this report the grounds team received intensive training and the Weed Control Guide Boroondara Cemetery, Kew November 2016 from Practical Ecology. The Cemetery team maintains the grounds in accordance with sustainable ecological practices.

heritage ALLIANCE heritage consultants Revised Boroondara Cemetery CMP 20018 103 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVAL MATERIAL Department of Human Services, Boroondara Public Cemetery file, H CEM 63. Boroondara Cemetery Trust, Rules & Regulations of the Boroondara Cemetery, Gazetted 10 November 1893, published by Sands & McDougall, Melbourne, 1911.

MAPS & PLANS Purchas, Albert, Map of the Settled Districts around Melbourne in the Colony of Victoria, 1854 [1853?], Map F 877. National Library of Australia Digital Collections. No Author: No title: Plan No. 1 of layout of Boroondara Cemetery 2 July (?) 1855. Lands Department Victoria, Cemeteries Plans No Author: Plan No. 2 of Cemetery at Boroondara, prepared in accordance with Minute in reference to plan No 1… 24 July 1855. Lands Department Victoria, Cemeteries Plans

NEWSPAPERS, REPORTS & ARTICLES K. J. Cable, 'Broughton, William Grant (1788 - 1853)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition, 2006, published by Australian National University http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010146b.htm Heritage ALLIANCE in association with Historica, ‘Bendigo Cemetery Conservation Management Plan’, 2002. Naughton, Rachel, ‘Thomas Gaunt: The Legacy of a Melbourne Craftsman’, a talk presented to the Australian Society of Archivists AGM, 2 September 2003. O’Neill, Frances, ‘The Historical Significance of the Boroondara Cemetery, Kew 1858-1900’, research report, Department of History, Monash University, 1985. Typescript report. O’Neill, Frances, ‘The Making of a Professional: Albert Purchas, 1825-1909’, research report, Department of History, Monash University, 1985. Typescript report. Poliness, Grania, ‘Boroondara General Cemetery – Kew’, An essay for M.A. in Public History, Monash University, 1990. Progress Leader, 30 September 2002 (feature on the Peace Mausoleum).

SECONDARY SOURCES Arnold, Catharine, Necropolis: London and its Dead, Simon & Schuster, London, 2006. Brown-May, Andrew, Melbourne Street Life: The Itinerary of Our Days, Australian Scholarly/Arcadia and Museum Victoria, Kew, 1998. Brown-May, Andrew, and Shurlee Swain (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne, 2005. Chambers, Don, The Melbourne General Cemetery: 150 Years, Hyland House Publishing, Flemington, 2003. Curl, James Stevens, The Victorian Celebration of Death, Sutton Publishing, Phoenix Mill, 2000. Green, Juanita, and Joy Stewart, Boroondara: A Place of Shade, Kew Historical Society and Trustees of Boroondara General Cemetery, 1980.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 104 David Jones, ‘Grottoes, Rockeries and Ferneries: The Creations of Charles Robinette’, in Georgina Whitehead (Ed.), Planting the Nation, Australian Garden History Society, Melbourne, 2001, pp136-158. Lay, Max, Melbourne Miles: The Story of Melbourne’s Roads, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2003. Lewis, Miles (ed.), Victorian Churches: Their Origins, their story & their architecture, National Trust of Australia (Vic), East Melbourne, 1991. Loudon, J.C., On the Laying Out, Planting, and Managing of Cemeteries and On the Improvement of Churchyards, new edition, Ivelet Books, Redhill, 1981. Originally published by Longman, London, 1843. Phillips, Walter, ‘The Denominations’, in Miles Lewis (ed.), Victorian Churches: Their Origins, their story & their architecture, National Trust of Australia (Vic), East Melbourne, 1991, pp8-19. . McWilliam, Gwen, Hawthorn Peppercorns, Brian Atkins, Melbourne, 1978. Peel, Victoria, et al., History of Hawthorn, Melbourne University Press/ City of Hawthorn, Carlton, 1993. May, Trevor, The Victorian Undertaker, Shire Album 330, Shire Publications, Princes Risborough, 2000. Pearson, Lynn F., Mausoleums, Shire Publications, Princes Risborough, 2002. Rogers, Dorothy, A History of Kew, Lowden Publishing, Melbourne, 1973. Sagazio, Celestina (ed.), Cemeteries: Our Heritage, National Trust of Australia (Victoria), East Melbourne, 1992. WEBSITES Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition, Copyright 2006, updated continuously, published by Australian National University, http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010146b.htm City of Boroondara http://www.boroondara.vic.gov.au/about/historyandheritage Friends of Brighton Cemetery http://www.brightoncemetery.com/History/history Powerhouse Museum, Sydney http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 105 APPENDIX A PLANS OF THE CEMETERY Map 1 Map of the settled districts around Melbourne in the Colony of Victoria compiled from the most authentic sources by A. Purchas 1854. Source National Library of Australia. Map 2 No Author: Plan No. 2 of Cemetery at Boroondara, prepared in accordance with Minute in reference to plan No 1… 24 July 1855. Lands Department Victoria, Cemeteries Plans Map 3 No Author: No title: Plan No. 1 of layout of Boroondara Cemetery 2 July (?) 1855. Lands Department Victoria, Cemeteries Plans Map 4 Fred Acheson. Plan of Subdivision of the Cemetery, Public Lands Office 25 January 1859, countersigned by A. Purchas , 14 November 1876. Source: Department of Human Services Victoria files. Map 5 Fred Acheson. Plan of Subdivision of the Cemetery, Public Lands Office 25 January 1859 version 2 with table of areas. Source: Department of Human Services Victoria files. Map 6 No Author: Boroondara Cemetery date unknown, circa 1870. Source: Department of Human Services Victoria files. Map 7 Plan of Subdivision of the Cemetery, 11 February 1876 Traced from Acheson Plan with table of areas. Source: Department of Human Services Victoria files. Map 8 Plan of Subdivision of the Cemetery, 6 June 1877 Traced from Acheson Plan map 3. Source: Department of Human Services Victoria files. Map 9 Public map published with the cemetery regulations in 1911 and annotated in pencil to include new denominational areas in the north east corner of the site. Source: Boroondara Cemetery Trust.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 106 Map 1 Map of the settled districts around Melbourne in the Colony of Victoria compiled from the most authentic sources by A. Purchas 1854. This is the first map in which reserved land is shown at Kew for a Cemetery. See also Figure1.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 107 Map 2 Public map published with the cemetery regulations in 1911. Source: Boroondara Cemetery Trust. This is similar to the current map of the site prior to narrowing pathways and the introduction of the works area and Mausoleum.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 108 APPENDIX B HERITAGE LISTINGS Victorian Heritage Register VHR Number H0049 File Number HER/1999/000252 Other Names BOROONDARA CEMETERY|KEW CEMETERY Year Construction Started 1859 Municipality Boroondara City Municipality 2 Boroondara City Extent of Registration All the buildings and structures B1-6, objects and land marked L1 onDiagram 49 held by the Executive Director. General: The landscape, plantings, paths and driveways, the cast iron gates and the nineteenth and early twentieth century memorials and monuments. B1 Caretaker's Lodge and OfficeB2 Syme Memorial B3 Springthorpe Memorial (VHR H0522)B4 Cussen Memorial (VHR H2036)B5 Shelter (Rotunda)B6 Brick Perimeter Fence O1 Cemetery Records 1858-present, including minute books, burial registers, receipt books and cemetery plans showing grave sites. Architect/Designer Vickers, Charles Additional Information Comparisons: Bendigo Cemetery 1858St Kilda CemeteryMelbourne General Cemetery General References The Historical Significance of the Boroondara General Cemetery, Kew, 1858- 1900., Frances O'Neill, 1985 Springthorpe Memorial, Boroondara General Cemetery, Kew: conservation analysis and policy, Historic Buildings Branch, Dept. of Planning and Housing, 1992, Cemetery Trustees and the Historic Buildings Council Heritage Act Categories Heritage object/s;Heritage place

Item Categories Item Group Item Category Cemeteries and Burial Sites Cemetery Gates/Fences Cemetery/Graveyard/Burial Ground Sexton's Office/Gatehouse

Statement of Significance

What is significant? Boroondara Cemetery, established in 1858, is within an unusual triangular reserve bounded by High Street, Park Hill Road and Victoria Park, Kew. The caretaker's lodge and administrative office (1860 designed by Charles Vickers, additions, 1866- 1899 by Albert Purchas) form a picturesque two-storey brick structure with a slate roof and clock tower. A rotunda or shelter (1890, Albert Purchas) is located in the centre of the cemetery: this has an octagonal hipped roof with fish scale slates and a decorative brick base with a tessellated floor and timber seating. The cemetery is surrounded by a 2.7 metre high ornamental red brick wall (1895-96, Albert Purchas) with some sections of vertical iron palisades between brick pillars. Albert Purchas was a prominent Melbourne architect who was the Secretary of the Melbourne General Cemetery from 1852 to 1907 and Chairman of the Boroondara Cemetery Board of Trustees from 1867 to 1909. He made a significant contribution to the design of the Boroondara Cemetery Boroondara Cemetery is an outstanding example of the Victorian Garden Cemetery movement in Victoria, retaining key elements of the style, despite overdevelopment which has obscured some of the paths and driveways. Elements of the style heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 109 represented at Boroondara include an ornamental boundary fence, a system of curving paths which are kerbed and follow the site's natural contours, defined views, recreational facilities such as the rotunda, a landscaped park like setting, sectarian divisions for burials, impressive monuments, wrought and cast iron grave surrounds and exotic symbolic plantings. In the 1850s cemeteries were located on the periphery of populated areas because of concerns about diseases like cholera. They were designed to be attractive places for mourners and visitors to walk and contemplate. Typically cemeteries were arranged to keep religions separated and this tended to maintain links to places of origin, reflecting a migrant society. Other developments included cast iron entrance gates, built in 1889 to a design by Albert Purchas; a cemetery shelter or rotunda, built in 1890, which is a replica of one constructed in the Melbourne General Cemetery in the same year; an ornamental brick fence erected in 1896-99(?); the construction and operation of a terminus for a horse tram at the cemetery gates during 1887-1915; and the Springthorpe Memorial built between 1897 and 1907. A brick cremation wall and a memorial rose garden were constructed near the entrance in the mid- twentieth century(c.1955-57) and a mausoleum completed in 2001.The maintencance shed/depot close to High Strett was constructed in 1987. The original entrance was altered in 2000 and the original cast iron gates moved to the eastern entrance of the Mausoleum. The Springthorpe Memorial (VHR 522) set at the entrance to the burial ground commemorates Annie Springthorpe, and was erected between 1897 and 1907 by her husband Dr John Springthorpe. It was the work of the sculptor Bertram Mackennal, architect Harold Desbrowe Annear, landscape designer and Director of the Melbourne Bortanic Gardens, W.R. Guilfoyle, with considerable input from Dr Springthorpe The memorial is in the form of a small temple in a primitive Doric style. It was designed by Harold Desbrowe Annear and includes Bertram Mackennal sculptures in Carrara marble. Twelve columns of deep green granite from Scotland support a Harcourt granite superstructure. The roof by Brooks Robinson is a coloured glass dome, which sits within the rectangular form and behind the pediments. The sculptural group raised on a dais, consists of the deceased woman lying on a sarcophagus with an attending angel and mourner. The figure of Grief crouches at the foot of the bier and an angel places a wreath over Annie's head, symbolising the triumph of immortal life over death. The body of the deceased was placed in a vault below. The bronze work is by Marriots of Melbourne. Professor Tucker of the University of Melbourne composed appropriate inscriptions in English and archaic Greek lettering.. The floor is a geometric mosaic and the glass dome roof is of Tiffany style lead lighting in hues of reds and pinks in a radiating pattern. The memorial originally stood in a landscape triangular garden of about one acre near the entrance to the cemetery. However, after Dr Springthorpe's death in 1933 it was found that transactions for the land had not been fully completed so most of it was regained by the cemetery. A sundial and seat remain. The building is almost completely intact. The only alteration has been the removal of a glass canopy over the statuary and missing chains between posts. The Argus (26 March 1933) considered the memorial to be the most beautiful work of its kind in Australia. No comparable buildings are known. The Syme Memorial (1908) is a memorial to David Syme, political economist and publisher of the Melbourne Age newspaper. The Egyptian memorial designed by architect Arthur Peck is one of the most finely designed and executed pieces of monumental design in Melbourne. It has a temple like form with each column having a different capital detail. These support a cornice that curves both inwards and outwards. The tomb also has balustradings set between granite piers which create porch spaces leading to the entrance ways. Two variegated Port Jackson Figs are planted at either end. The Cussen Memorial (VHR 2036) was constructed in 1912-13 by Sir Leo Cussen in memory of his young son Hubert. Sir Leo Finn Bernard Cussen (1859-1933), judge and member of the Victorian Supreme Court in 1906. was buried here. The family memorial is one of the larger and more impressive memorials in the cemetery and is an interesting example of the 1930s Gothic Revival style architecture. It takes the form of a small chapel with carvings, diamond shaped roof tiles and decorated ridge embellishing the exterior. By the 1890s, the Boroondara Cemetery was a popular destination for visitors and locals admiring the beauty of the grounds and the splendid monuments. The edge of suburban settlement had reached the cemetery in the previous decade. Its Victorian garden design with sweeping curved drives, hill top views and high maintenance made it attractive. In its Victorian Garden Cemetery design, Boroondara was following an international trend. The picturesque Romanticism of the Pere la Chaise garden cemetery established in Paris in 1804 provided a prototype for great metropolitan cemeteries such as Kensal Green (1883) and Highgate (1839) in London and the Glasgow Necropolis (1831). Boroondara Cemetery was important in establishing this trend in Australia. The cemetery's beauty peaked with the progressive completion of the spectacular Springthorpe Memorial between 1899 and 1907. From about the turn of the century, the trustees encroached on the original design, having repeatedly failed in attempts to gain more land. The wide plantations around road boundaries, grassy verges around clusters of graves in each denomination, and most of the landscaped surround to the Springthorpe memorial are now gone. Some of the original road and path space were resumed for burial purposes. The post war period saw an increased use of the Cemetery by newer migrant groups. The mid- to late- twentieth century monuments were often placed on the grassed edges of the various sections and encroached on the roadways as the cemetery had reached the potential foreseen by its design. These were well tended in comparison with Victorian monuments which have generally been left to fall into a state of neglect.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 110 The Boroondara Cemetery features many plants, mostly conifers and shrubs of funerary symbolism, which line the boundaries, road and pathways, and frame the cemetery monuments or are planted on graves. The major plantings include an impressive row of Bhutan Cypress (Cupressus torulosa), interplanted with Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum), and a few Pittosporum crassifolium, along the High Street and Park Hill Road, where the planting is dominated by Sweet Pittosporum. Planting within the cemetery includes rows and specimen trees of Bhutan Cypress and Italian Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), including a row with alternate plantings of both species. The planting includes an unusual 'squat' form of an Italian Cypress. More of these trees probably lined the cemetery roads and paths. Also dominating the cemetery landscape near the Rotunda is a stand of 3 Canary Island Pines (Pinus canariensis), a Bunya Bunya Pine (Araucaria bidwillii) and a Weeping Elm (Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii') Amongst the planting are the following notable conifers: a towering Bunya Bunya Pine (Araucaria bidwillii), a Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a rare Golden Funeral Cypress (Chamaecyparis funebris 'Aurea'), two large Funeral Cypress (Chamaecyparis funebris), and the only known Queensland Kauri (Agathis robusta) in a cemetery in Victoria. The Cemetery records, including historical plans of the cemetery from 1859, are held by the administration and their retention enhances the historical significance of the Cemetery. How is it significant? Boroondara Cemetery is of aesthetic, architectural, scientific (botanical) and historical significance to the State of Victoria. Why is it significant? The Boroondara Cemetery is of historical and aesthetic significance as an outstanding example of a Victorian garden cemetery. The Boroondara Cemetery is of historical significance as a record of Victorian life from the 1850s, and the early settlement of Kew. It is also significant for its ability to demonstrate, through the design and location of the cemetery, attitudes towards burial, health concerns and the importance placed on religion, at the time of its establishment. The Boroondara Cemetery is of architectural significance for the design of the gatehouse or sexton's lodge and cemetery office (built in stages from 1860 to 1899), the ornamental brick perimeter fence and elegant cemetery shelter to the design of prominent Melbourne architects, Charles Vickers (for the original 1860 cottage) and Albert Purchas, cemetery architect and secretary from 1864 to his death in 1907. The Boroondara Cemetery has considerable aesthetic significance which is principally derived from its tranquil, picturesque setting; its impressive memorials and monuments; its landmark features such as the prominent clocktower of the sexton's lodge and office, the mature exotic plantings, the decorative brick fence and the entrance gates; its defined views; and its curving paths. The Springthorpe Memorial (VHR 522), the Syme Memorial and the Cussen Memorial (VHR 2036), all contained within the Boroondara Cemetery, are of aesthetic and architectural significance for their creative and artistic achievement. The Boroondara Cemetery is of scientific (botanical) significance for its collection of rare mature exotic plantings. The Golden Funeral Cypress, (chamaecyparis funebris 'aurea') is the only known example in Victoria. The Boroondara Cemetery is of historical significance for the graves, monuments and epitaphs of a number of individuals whose activities have played a major part in Australia's history. They include the Henty family, artists Louis Buvelot and Charles Nuttall, businessmen John Halfey and publisher David Syme, artist and diarist Georgiana McCrae, actress Nellie Stewart and architect and designer of the Boroondara and Melbourne General Cemeteries, Albert Purchas.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 111 Register of the National Estate List: Register of the National Estate Class: Historic Legal Status: Registered (26/10/1999) Place ID: 101212 Place File No: 2/15/029/0018 Statement of Significance: The Boroondara Cemetery, established in 1855, is significant as one of only two triangular cemeteries in Victoria and as the best example of the Victorian Garden Cemetery movement in Victoria. Elements of the style represented at Boroondara include an ornamental boundary fence, a system of curving paths which are kerbed and follow the site's natural contours, defined views, focal points, recreational facilities such as a rotunda, a landscaped park like setting, sectarian burials, impressive monuments, wrought and cast iron grave surrounds and exotic symbolic plantings. Boroondara Cemetery is also significant for its role in establishing the Victorian Garden Cemetery movement in Australia. (Criteria D.2, B.2 and A.4: Historic Theme 9.7 Disposing of dead bodies)

The Cemetery is a record of Victorian life from the 1850s, and as such is significant for its association with the early settlement of Kew. It is also significant for its ability to demonstrate, through the design and location of the cemetery, attitudes towards burial, health concerns and the importance placed on religion in the 1850s. In the 1850s cemeteries were located on the periphery of populated areas because of concerns with diseases like Cholera. They were designed to be an attractive, comforting place for mourners and typically separated religions. (Criterion A.4: Historic Themes 4.6 Remembering significant phases in the development of towns and suburbs, 9.6 Mourning the dead, and 9.7 Disposing of dead bodies)

The Boroondara Cemetery has considerable aesthetic value which is principally derived from its tranquil, picturesque setting; its impressive memorials and monuments; its landmark features such as the prominent clocktower of the caretaker's lodge, the mature exotic plantings, the decorative brick fence and the entrance gates; its defined views; and its curving paths. The cemetery is valued by post war migrants who maintain family monuments there. (Criteria E.1 and G.1)

The Golden Funeral Cypress, CHAMAECYPARIS FUNEBRIS 'AUREA', located in the Cemetery is the only known example in Victoria. (Criterion B.2)

The Springthorpe Memorial (entered in the Register of the National Estate in its own right), the Halfey monument, the Syme Memorial and the Cussen Memorial, all contained within the Boroodara Cemetery, are significant for their creative and artistic achievement. (Criterion F.1)

The Boroondara Cemetery contains the graves, monuments and epitaphs of a number of individuals whose activities have played a significant part in Australia's history. They include the Henty family, artists Abram Buvelot and Charles Nuttall, businessmen John Halfey and David Syme, author Georgiana McCrae, actress Nellie Stewart and architect Albert Purchas. Albert Purchas was a prominent Melbourne architect who made a significant contribution to the design of the Boroondara Cemetery. (Criterion H.1) Official Values: Not Available Description: History

During the mid nineteenth century the rapid increase in the number of cemeteries established, the closure of churchyard cemeteries, the recognition of the profitability of cemeteries and a changed attitude towards cemeteries all led to the adoption in Australia of the Victorian Garden Cemetery movement which was occurring in Europe and America. The Victorian Garden Cemetery movement aimed to provide a comforting place for mourners to prevent them from thinking about the horrific aspects of death.

Typically these cemeteries were located on the periphery of towns because of concerns over diseases like cholera. They consisted of a pastoral setting with a system of curving roads which were generally kerbed and followed the site's natural contours. The system of roads was intended to be symbolic of nature. Graves were laid out in a grid pattern between the

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 112 curving roads. Planting was on a grand scale, with the intent of making visitors feel small and insignificant. The main species were conifers planted either in avenues to reinforce the plan of the cemetery, or sculpted to represent architectural forms. Focal points and defined views were provided throughout the cemetery. Owners of grave plots were encouraged to erect fences, hedges and vines, as individuality of monuments was preferred. These cemeteries became a reflection of the social structure of society as people spent a significant amount of money on memorials.

Kew was established on the bank of the Yarra River, east of Melbourne, from 1843 and land was reserved for the Boroondara cemetery in 1855. By 1860 Kew was a municipality and had developed into a middle class suburb. Limited transportation systems, substantial private houses and large public institutions marked its development. Kew is currently one of Melbourne's wealthiest suburbs.

The establishment of Boroondara Cemetery east of the village of Kew in a predominantly rural area reflected health concerns of the Victorian Garden Cemetery movement. The first Boroondara Cemetery Trustees were appointed by the Governor-in-Council on 21 December 1858 and represented the nine main religious groups identified in an 1857 local population census. The importance of religion in a sectarian cemetery is demonstrated by this act. The cemetery compartments were allocated by size according to the census and each denominational representative oversaw maintenance of their own section. It should be noted that it also allowed people to be buried with their own nationality as religions usually reflected country of origin. This was a matter of great importance in the emerging colony.

The first burial for the cemetery was that of Ellen Quick (nee Derrick) and took place on 12 March 1859, before the basic infrastructure for the cemetery was in place. Also in 1859, Frederick Acheson, a civil engineer in the Public Lands Office was commissioned to draw up plans of the grounds, gates and fencing. The first building was designed by Charles Vickers and built by George Saunders in 1860. The grounds were laid out in 1861, by JJ Higgins. The cemetery was gazetted in 1876 and included 12.5 hectares.

Albert Purchas, architect & surveyor for the Melbourne General Cemetery, joined the Trust in 1864. He is credited with much of the botanic ornamentation and landscaping of Boroondara Cemetery and is actually buried in the cemetery.

Other developments include cast iron entrance gates, built in 1889 to a design by Albert Purchas; a rotunda, built by H Dootson in 1890, which is a replica of one constructed in the Melbourne General Cemetery in the same year; a 2.7 metre high ornamental brick fence erected in 1895-96; the construction and operation of a terminus for a horse tram at the cemetery gates during 1887-1915; and the Springthorpe Memorial built in 1897. A brick cremation wall and a memorial rose garden were recently constructed at the entrance.

The cemetery was very successful as a business enterprise, serving the areas of Kew, Hawthorn and Camberwell but taking burials from further away. Its development reflected the 1880s boom and 1890s depression but active pricing policies by the trustees encouraged private family plots with large monuments. Other suburban cemeteries, like Brighton, were not in such privileged circumstances.

By the 1890s, the Boroondara Cemetery was a popular destination for visitors and locals admiring the beauty of the grounds and the splendid monuments. The edge of suburban settlement had reached the cemetery in the previous decade. Its Victorian garden design with sweeping curved drives, hill top views and high maintenance made it attractive. In its Victorian Garden Cemetery design, Boroondara was following an international trend. The picturesque Romanticism of the Pere la Chaise garden cemetery established in Paris in 1804 provided an exciting prototype for great metropolitan cemeteries such as Kensal Green (1883) and Highgate (1839) in London and the Glasgow Necropolis (1831). Boroondara cemetery is important in establishing this trend in Australia.

From about the turn of the century, the trustees encroached on the design, having repeatedly failed in attempts to gain more land. However, the cemetery's beauty peaked with the progressive completion of the spectacular glass-domed Springthorpe memorial, with its accompanying triangular park, between 1899 and 1907.

Post war periods saw an influx of ethnic monuments into Boroondara Cemetery. These were often placed in overcrowded conditions as the cemetery had reached the potential foreseen by its design. They were also well tended in comparison with Victorian monuments which have generally been left to fall into a state of neglect.

The Cemetery is currently open for burials.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 113 Physical Description

The original design of Boroondara Cemetery, in the Victorian Garden Cemetery style, incorporated curved pathways which followed the natural contours of the site and accentuated views from hills. This was a complete departure from the grid-pattern plan of previous cemeteries. The entrance gate, office and accommodation, ornamental high enclosing walls, rotunda, shelter and symbolic plantings were focal points. The design was originally the work of Acheson but the developed garden design is credited to Albert Purchas from 1864.

Although now in a state of over maturity, the plantings which remain are of interest for what they indicate about the original scheme. The foundation planting was mostly conifers but with a good representation of other evergreen trees. Today many Bhutan Cypress (Cupressus torulosa) and Italian Cypress (C. Sempervirens) are scattered throughout the cemetery. Little remains of the original planting layouts, except for the splendid row of mostly Bhutan Cypress along the High Street wall. The southern boundary planting is more diffuse with scattered pittosporums and cypresses. The Golden Funeral Cypress (Chamaecyparis funebris "Aurea") is listed by the National Trust as a significant tree and is the only known example in Victoria. Other significant examples include 5 Pinus canoriensis, 1 Agathis robusta, 2 Araucaria bidwillii. The cemetery also contains lawns and rose gardens.

The decorative brick fence, entrance gates, mature trees, caretaker's lodge and offices with its prominent clocktower, are all landmark features in the region. Although erected in stages, the caretaker's lodge and offices forms a cohesive and picturesque structure of red brick and slate gable roofs. It is testimony to the romantic design philosophy which Boroondara followed for over fifty years. The Charles Vickers cottage, which is the section nearest the entrance gates, has a Serlian window unit of polychromatic bricks. Purchase's additions repeat the gable ridge tiles, the gable with king post treatment and the tuck pointing. The clock tower dominates the picturesque composition, its gable roof crowned with a weather vane.

The rotunda has an octagonal hipped roof with fish scale type slates and rolled ridge cappings. It features a decorative brick base with geometric patterned tiles inset into each panel which is topped with a rendered brick sill. The rotunda has corinthian capitals to twisted columns, and iron lattice work in gothic arches. The floor inside is tessellated tiles. The interior has timber seats and decorative timber lining boards to the ceiling.

Some fine wrought and cast iron grave surrounds survive and generally plots are enclosed. This was part of the Victorian tradition and indicated territorial rights and responsibilities.

The Boroondara Cemetery contains an important collection of memorials and funerary art which demonstrate a range of styles and the different periods of burial. Of particular interest are the Springthorpe, Syme, and Cussen Memorials and the Halfey monument.

The Springthorpe Memorial is a memorial to Mrs Annie Springthorpe (nee Inglis) wife of Dr John Springthorpe. It was the work of the sculptor Bertram Mackennal, architect Harold Desbrowe Annear, landscape designer W.R. Guilfoyle with considerable input from Dr Springthorpe. Brooks Robinson constructed the roof and Marriots of Melbourne were responsible for the bronze work. The memorial has the figure of Grief crouching at the foot of the bier and an angel placing a wreath over Annie's head, symbolising the triumph over death of immortal life. It contains twelve columns of deep green granite shot with mica from Scotland supporting a Harcourt granite superstructure. The floor is a geometric mosaic and the glass dome roof is of Tiffany style lead lighting in hues of reds and pinks in a radiating pattern. The memorial originally stood in a landscape triangular garden of about one acre near the entrance to the cemetery. However, after Dr Springthorpe's death in 1933 it was found that transactions for the land had not been fully completed so most of it was regained by the cemetery. A sundial and seat remains.

The Argus on 26 March 1933 described the memorial as the most beautiful work of its kind in Australia. The craftsmanship in all the materials is excellent and no comparable buildings are known.

The Syme Memorial is a memorial to David Syme, political economist and publisher of The Age. The memorial is one of the most finely designed and executed pieces of monumental design in Melbourne . It has a temple like form with each column having a different capital detail. These support a cornice that curves both inwards and outwards. The tomb also has balustradings set between granite piers which create porch spaces leading to the entrance ways.

The Cussen Memorial is a memorial to Sir Leo Finn Bernard Cussen (1859-1933), judge and member of the Victorian Supreme Court in 1906. The memorial is one of the larger and more successful memorials in the cemetery and is an interesting example of the 1930s Gothic Revival style architecture. It is a small chapel with carvings, diamond shaped roof tiles and decorated ridge embellishing the exterior.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 114 The Halfey Monument is a memorial to John Halfey (1825-1889) and his wife, Annie, who died in 1909. It has an iron fence surround and an upright with a marble angel holding an anchor pointing upwards. The Halfey coat of arms is at top and it features marble with polished granite columns. Condition and Integrity: The wide plantations around road boundaries, grassy verges around clusters of graves in each denomination, and landscaped surround to the Springthorpe memorial are now gone. Some of the original road and path space has been resumed for burial purposes. Rows of new graves, which are commonly large ethnic monuments, crowd the edge. These monuments are better tended than the Victorian ones, most of which are now in an advanced stage of neglect.

Some of the planting is now in a state of over-maturity. Remnant trees were once integrated into a well-considered planting scheme but are now disparate and scattered because of the loss of much of the plantings. Weeds, including agapanthus, ivy and exotic grasses have proliferated. Location: High Street and Park Hill Road, Kew. Bibliography: Elliott, B., 1989, "The Landscape of the English Cemetery", Landscape Design No. 184, 13-14.

Sagazio, C. (Ed) Cemeteries: Our Heritage, National Trust of Australia (Victoria), Melbourne, 1992.

Spicer, C. "The Garden Cemetery" in Trust News, 1988 Vol 16, No19, pp17-19

O'Neil, F. "The Historical Significance of the Boroondara General Cemetery, Kew 1858-1900", History Thesis, Monash University, 1985.

Two Health Department files cover the period 1854 to 1941 and include Rules & Regulations and a scale of fees 1893, coloured maps 1859,1883, & 1893; and document routine matters.

The National Trust file and the Historic Buildings Council files include notes on the Springthorpe Memorial.

Reports on the Gate Lodge and fencing; and the Cussen and the Syme Memorials, in Pru Sanderson Design Pty Ltd, Kew Urban Conservation Study, 1988.

1992 horticultural report prepared for Cemeteries: Our Heritage by Roger Spenser, Horticultural Botanist

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 115 National Trust of Australia (Victoria) File Number: B6824 Location: High Street KEW Address: High Street KEW 3101 VIC 8

Statement of Cultural Heritage Significance: CITATION Dating from 1855 and having been in continual use for over 140 years, the Boroondara Cemetery is of national significance for the following reasons: Its importance in the course of Australia's cultural history as a sophisticated and substantially intact example of a Victorian garden cemetery in the romantic style. It exhibits unusual cultural features associated with the development of romantic style Victorian garden cemeteries. This cemetery type had a significant role in the human occupation and evolution of the nation as it influenced cemetery design for more than half a century in Australia. Its possession of uncommon aspects of Australia's cultural history as a Victorian garden cemetery. Its importance in demonstrating a distinctive way of life, custom, and design no longer practised and in danger of being lost. It is of exceptional interest, as most Victorian garden cemeteries no longer demonstrate their characteristic design as twentieth century overcrowding and neglect have generally resulted in the loss of earlier Victorian schemes. For its collection of trees and plants, including Bhutan Cypress (Cupressus torulosa) and Italian Cypress (C. sempervirens). The Golden Funeral Cypress (Chamaecyparis funebris "Aurea") is the only known example in Victoria. For trees planted last century and therefore of some botanical interest as being amongst the earliest surviving tree plantings in the metropolis. It?s potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Australia's cultural history. Its importance for information contributing to a wider understanding of Australian history, by virtue of its use as a research and reference site. Its importance for information contributing to a wider understanding of the history of human occupation of Australia. For example by providing information about the patterns of deaths in the colonial city by age, religion and family; and sometimes giving causes, occupations and other information. By illustrating the importance of homelands in epitaphs and also by demonstrating the range of technical and craft skills and materials available. For its value as a historical record, a collection of individual memorials, its continuity and security, for the manner in which it inspires a respect for the dead, as a social document, and for its role in education and recreation. Its importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of: (1) A class of Australia's cultural places, being Victorian Garden cemeteries in a romantic style. Its importance in demonstrating the principal attributes, which are characteristic of the class. These are: an ornamental boundary fence, curvilinear paths and landscaping, highlighting of topographical contours with established view lines and landmark features, provision of recreational facilities such as rotundas, symbolic plantings, and high quality Victorian buildings, enclosures and monuments. * Its importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the range of human activities in the Australian environment (including way of life, custom, process, land use, function, design or technique). It demonstrates the Victorian approach of seeing burial grounds also as a public park. For health reasons the cemetery was located outside populated areas but was designed to be an attractive destination for visitors. It also demonstrates that, although this was a secular cemetery, religion was very important with the allocation of land based on religious census figures. Its importance in exhibiting Victorian aesthetic characteristics valued by the colonial community. Its importance to the community for aesthetic characteristics held in high esteem is demonstrated in the value of the cemetery as a place of picturesque and tranquil beauty, a destination with a tram terminating at its entrance and tea rooms opposite, and as a public park with facilities like a rotunda, shelter and seats. The Trustees actively pursued policies to encourage high quality monuments and enclosures with good maintenance. Its importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement of the Victorian period. Its importance for technical, creative, design or artistic excellence, innovation or achievement, including monuments of national significance such as the Springthorpe Memorial, the Halfey monument, the Syme Memorial and the Cussen Memorial and the cemetery's collection of memorials, tombstones and other funerary art. Its strong or special associations with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Its importance as a place highly valued by a community for reasons of religious, spiritual, symbolic, cultural, educational and social associations. Boroondara Cemetery has special associations for the community because of its Victorian aesthetic but is also of importance to post war migrants with family monuments at the cemetery. Its special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Australia's natural or cultural history. Its importance for close associations with individuals whose activities have been significant within the history of the nation, State or region and are illustrated in the monuments and epitaphs to them, including the pioneering Henty family, artists Abram Buvelot and Charles Nuttall, businessmen John Halfey and David Syme, author Georgina McCrae and actress Nellie Stewart. Also the association with the prominent Melbourne architect Albert Purchas who made a significant contribution to the design of the cemetery and is buried at Boroondara. See also File Numbers 1555 David Syme Memorial & 1556 Springthorpe Memorial

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 116 APPENDIX C CEMETERY LEGISLATION VICTORIA [Note: most pertinent historic legislation shaded] Cemeteries and Crematoria Act 2003 Cemeteries Act 1958 - Act No. 6217 Cemeteries (Financial) Act 1957 - Act No. 6076 Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages Act 1952 - Act No. 5263 - section 4(2) Cemeteries Act 1944 - Act No. 5025 Cemeteries Act 1931 - Act No. 4006 Cemeteries Act 1930 - Act No. 3982 Cemeteries Act 1928 - Act No. 3652 Cemeteries Act 1915 - Act No. 2626 Coroners Act 1911 - Act No. 2343 - section 32 Cemeteries Act 1909 - Act No. 2218 Northern Suburbs Cemetery Act 1904 - Act No. 1952 Cremation Act 1903 - Act No. 1876 Necropolis, Spring Vale, Act 1903 - Act No. 1843 Health Act 1890 - Act No. 1098 - section 278 Cemeteries Act 1890 - Act No. 1072 The Public Health Act 1889 - 53 Victoria No. 1044 - section 14 The Cemeteries Statute Amendment Act 1880 - 44 Victoria No. 677 (1867) An act to amend the laws relating to or affecting public health - 31 Victoria No. 310 viz: Act 31, No 310 1867 Public Health Act [Part 1 Cemeteries] Governor in Council to determine the opening and placement of cemetery sites Governor in Council to make regulations and trustees to obey and enforce such regulations Provides for Trustees to carry out management of a cemetery Provides for a formal register of burials and the register to show where burials have occurred Fees to be paid for burials No fees for paupers provided that a justice (magistrate or justice of the peace?) is satisfied that the person was a pauper Pauper burials to be offered in denominational graves should such denominations exist The Cemeteries Statute 1864 - 27 Victoria No. 201 Rules and Regulations of White Hills Cemetery Gazetted 28 May 1857 (1854) An act for the establishment and management of cemeteries in the colony of Victoria - Act 17, No 12 1854 Establishment and Management of Cemeteries The Act Provides for Trustees Trustees may enclose and manage cemeteries Trustees have powers to make rules and regulations and have power to prosecute for damage to cemeteries.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 117 Fees for burials and the erection of tombstones, vaults etc are to be collected Mortuary, church or chapels may be erected by any denomination Free Access for religious ministers Orderly conduct of the site, Trustees to keep accounts The Act Prohibits wilful damage (1850) An act for the establishment and regulation by trustees of a general cemetery near the City of Melbourne - 14 Victoria No. 19

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 118 APPENDIX D HISTORICAL CHRONOLGY OF SITE Chronology The following notes have been taken from the Minute Books of the Cemetery Trust. They range from the original appointments in 1858 to the 1970s. Many entries within the Minute books discuss several ongoing problems particularly drainage and the finish of paths and roads. The theft of flowers from graves takes up a lot of the Trust minutes and this results in a number of actions including Police fines and prosecutions and the erection of notices warning against theft and trespass. From the brief reports made in the Minutes, it is obvious that those stealing flowers are poverty stricken and pursue their actions with the hope of reselling the flowers or simply to cheer up their homes. The minutes record multiple entries for the purchase of flowers, seeds, plants and trees as well as ongoing removal of tree limbs and trees. Larger trees are sold for removal, presumably for their firewood content. There are multiple entries for the purchase of bricks and drainage tiles over a very long period. Bricks from Fritsch Holzer alone are purchased over at least a 40 year period.

DATE ACTION REF 13 May 1836 First Burials at Flagstaff Gardens 19 May 1837 Official Foundation of Melbourne by Governor Richard Bourke June 1837 Old Melbourne Cemetery surveyed by Robert Hoddle 1850 Act for the establishment and regulation by the Trustees of a general cemetery in the Colony of Victoria 1 June 1853 Melbourne General Cemetery opened 1853 Triangle of land on Bulleen Road set aside as a Reserve on a plan completed by Government Contract surveyor Albert Purchas 1855 Plan of land set aside as a cemetery reserve on Bulleen Road showing 20 acres of land with 6 denominational compartments 1 Nov 1858 Nomination of first trustees Minute Bk 1, P4 21st Dec 1858 Trustee appointment approved P5 7 Sep 1859 1st plants obtained from Botanical Gardens/Mueller P25 7 Sep 1859 Construction of timber fencing and gates completed by J. Padbury P27 4 Jan 1860 Plans submitted for small wooden caretaker’s cottage by Brightwell, Hampton & Padwell - P36 Hampton to prepare plans & specs 6 June 1860 Contract for cottage completed Builder – George Saunder/s Plans done & overseen by Architect P51 Charles Vickers May/June1860 370 plants and trees obtained from Botanical Gardens/Mueller P52 Aug/Sep 1860 More trees, plants and seeds obtained from Botanical Gardens/Mueller P57 Nov 1860 First water closet built by George Saunder/s P61

7 Nov 1860 Resolved that ‘two Wicket Gates be erected at the North & South entrances’ P62 Mar/Apr 1861 Plans for C of E, German Lutheran, Wesleyan Methodist & United Methodist sections submitted & P77 approved

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 119 7 Aug 1861 Plans for cemetery prepared by Mr Higgins approved P88 Sep 1861 Laying out of grounds by Mr Higgins completed P93 Sep 1861 Alteration to the Independent section of the plan approved P93 By 3 Sep 1862 Received letter from Office of Lands stating its intention to add 16 acres of land to the cemetery P121 Oct/Nov 1864 ‘Rough channelling’ of gully in the lower part of cemetery completed by Michael Davoren. P189 Also ‘Rough Water Table’ formed on the north side of Park Hill Rd to stop storm water flowing into cemetery Oct 1866 Plan for a Board Room/Office prepared by Albert Purchase submitted & approved P213 By 5 Feb 1867 Office building completed by John Padbury P222 By 5 Feb 1867 Office table purchased – Airey pp223- 224 Feb-May 1867 Office chairs purchased – W Harrison P229 Feb-May 1867 Decision to ‘purchase an Office Chandelier of two burners’ P230 July 1868 Caretaker ‘instructed to substitute iron labels for the present wooden ones where required’; P259 Remaining portion of stone culvert replaced with open stone channel, and 6” pipes laid under the footpath Feb-Mar 1869 New gates purchased – J Padbury P276 1 June 1869 After working out that portions of the plan were incorrect, H. Loxton is employed to resurvey the P282 land and draw up new plans 3 Aug 1869 Tenders opened for ‘building a kitchen for the present Lodge’ – Thos Davison wins P289 Aug-Sep 1869 Purchase & installation of 910 gutter tiles; P292 Brick channels laid across paths (1000 bricks purchased – J Bevan); Cesspool created to take water to underground drain; 130ft of 6” glazed drain pipes plus iron grating & framework purchased for construction of two new cesspools; 32ft of 3” pipe for carrying off overflow from water tank Mar-Apr 1871 More gutter tiles & bricks purchased & laid for channels (bricks from J Bevan); P336 Tenders opened for corrugated iron fence – John Page wins 6 June 1871 Report that ‘bank of earth at the NE corner’ has been cut down; Minute Bk 2 Report that contract for fencing completed P1 6 June 1871 Purchas instructed to look into buying a ‘Bell, Gong or Whistle’ (for communication); P6 Considering ‘disallowing the erection of Wooden fences around Graves, for the future’; Authority given to ‘cut down certain Bluegums near the entrance’; Resolution to purchase 50 Elms from (…) Laing & Co Nursery ‘of the broad leaved species’ 4 July 1871 Report the purchase of a Turret Bell – James McEwan & Co P7 Purchas to design a turret for it, Padbury to build it 4 July 1871 Order for an estimate for ‘fencing in the spare land at entrance…with Posts and Chains’; P8 1 Aug 1871 Mr Bayne to be told to repair wooden fence around his daughters’ grave or the Cemetery would pp11- remove it; 12 Report that the ‘outline of the border on the Park Rd side…near the Entrance had been altered’

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 120 3 Oct 1871 Tenders opened for ‘fencing at the entrance’ pp17- 18 By 2 Jan 1872 First payment made towards Post and Chain fencing – J Harding P23 By 5 Mar 1872 Fire proof safe purchased – Gemmell Tuckett & Co P31 7 May 1872 Tenders opened for ‘fencing a portion of the boundary on the North side’ P36 1 Oct 1872 Tenders opened for supply of drain pipes & gutter tiles; P49 Decision for tenders to be called for laying the pipes By 4 Feb 1873 1500 3” drain pipes, 1500 4 ½” drain pipes, 8 junctions, 1000 gutter tiles & 1000 bricks purchased P57 (James Bevan) & laying largely completed; Fence at east end of southern boundary, & eastward from Presbyterian section raised & repaired 4 Feb 1873 Decision to call for tenders for an additional room (bedroom) & for ‘another length of Iron fencing P64 for the northern boundary’ 1 Apr 1873 Tenders opened for the addition to the Lodge – W. W. Wood’s accepted; P65 Tenders opened for iron fence – Joseph Hughes’ accepted By 3 June 1873 Contract for iron fence completed (Joseph Hughes) P70 Wood refused contract for the Lodge addition so awarded to Joseph Hughes By 1 July 1873 Contract for addition to Lodge completed (bar small alterations to window) P75 By 1 July 1873 Permission given for purchase of ‘unscreened metal for road in front of Office’; P76 Payment for Pittosporum nigrescens 3 Feb 1874 Loxton to ‘lay out more allotments on Plan’ P89 3 March 1874 Attention drawn to the ‘desirability of making some improvement to the approach to the P92 Cemetery’; Council to be asked permission to ‘lift the pitchers in the channel crossing the West end’ & replace it with 12” pipe; Loxton has completed alterations to Plan By 7 July 1874 Tenders opened for alterations at entrance – R Foster & Geo Matthews win P95 By 7 July 1874 Discussion of obtaining ‘some form of Tablet to specify the different portions of ground’ – price will P97 be sought by Purchas; Permission given to buy bell for front door of Lodge By 7 July 1874 Gates at entrance raised, and new lock, frame & grating pp98- 100 6 Oct 1874 Sands & MacDougall to lithograph general plan P102 By 6 Oct 1874 Tenders received for Compartment Labels – J. Reeves accepted; P103 Order placed for unscreened metal (to go from entrance to just past Office); Bell fixed to front door of Lodge By 6 Oct 1874 Tenders called for then opened for ‘continuation of Permanent Fence on the Northern Boundary’ – pp103- Edward Marshall’s accepted 104 By 3 Nov 1874 Marshall’s fencing contract completed ‘finishing that line from east to west’; P106 13 Compartment Labels received from J Reeves & installed By 7 Sep 1875 Tenders opened for fencing, washhouse & ‘Public Urinal & Closet’ – John Padbury wins the lot pp124- 125 By 2 Nov 1875 Tenders opened for ‘remainder of the old fence of Eastern boundary’ – James (F.?) Morgan’s P130 accepted; Washhouse erected

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 121 4 Jan 1876 Tenders for galvanised iron fencing on south boundary eastwards from entrance, Padbury’s P135 accepted; Report that heavy rain caused embankment over culvert on north boundary to subside, ‘endangering the fence’, so culvert was lengthened 7 Mar 1876 Cast iron grave labels to be galvanised (to save painting); P141 Padbury’s fence contract completed 4 Apr 1876 Decision to buy ‘cabinet for the purpose of holding papers, books, etc’; P147 Permission given to alter a walk on the north side near entrance from repeating curve to straight line, and buy ‘better’ plants for border 1 Aug 1876 Copy of Sands & MacDougall Cemetery plan to be framed and glazed and to hang in Office; P155 Will look into buying a clock for the Office; By 5 Sep 1876 Payment for bookcase for office - Harrisons; P159 Payment for clock for office (on trial) By 5 Sep 1876 Pitchers for channels laid, plus enough left over for rough-pitched channel near Wesleyan section; P160 Decision to cost the laying of a small private water main along Bulleen Rd 10 Apr 1877 Decision to call for design of a shelter for visitors, made of stone, brick or iron P175 5 June 1877 Designs for shelter opened, Francis J. Smart’s chosen; Tenders for construction to be put out; P184 7 Aug 1877 Tenders opened for shelter designed by Smart – all far too high so decision to call for tenders for P189 Charles Vickers’ design instead (with alterations) By 4 Sep 1877 Tenders opened for Beauchamp’s Shelter design (with alterations) due to Vickers leaving colony, pp192- W. H. Dare’s selected 193 2 Oct 1877 Dare’s tender for Shelter accepted after Beauchamp’s alterations; Work on its foundation P195 commenced 1st Oct By 4 Dec 1877 No progress on shelter construction since 10 Nov – Dare declares himself insolvent, new tenders P201 called for 8 Jan 1878 New tenders for Shelter opened, Joseph Hughes selected P204 By 8 Jan 1878 Work on Shelter resumes; P205 By 2 Apr 1878 Shelter completed (Joseph Hughes) P212 2 Apr 1878 Decision to call for tenders for extending the metalling of the roads; pp212- 213 Caretaker directed to lower channel on south side of carriage road bounding part of C of E section & replace gutter tiles with bricks; Permission given to replace crumbling wooden culvert with 9” socket drain pipes By 7 May 1878 Order to be placed for gutter tiles to drain area near new Shelter; P215 Wooden culvert replacement completed; By 2 July 1878 Another 3200 ‘patent paving bricks’ for channels bought & laid, completing line from west end of P219 Pres section to just below East Gate; Catchpit made on boundary of Pres section & socket drains inserted to take water to Bulleen Rd side; 12 July 1881 Received plans for Mortuary Chapel in RC section pp313/ 314 By 12 Dec 1882 Lodge renovated Minute Bk 3 P1 13 Mar 1883 Report that G. (or R.G.?) Purchas has finished adding grave owners’ names to Plan P11 11 Sep 1883 Tenders to be called for completion of permanent boundary fence P30 16 Oct 1883 Tenders for fencing part of south boundary opened – James Anderson’s accepted pp34-

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 122 35 13 Nov 1883 Anderson declines fencing contract, H. Maxwell’s tender accepted, work in progress pp37- 38 11 Dec 1883 Fencing south boundary completed P40 8 Apr 1884 New rules to be framed & glazed & placed at entrance & in porch of Lodge pp51- 52 By 9 Sep 1884 1000 bricks bought (E Cornish) & laid in channel & catchpit at east end of Pres Section; margins P67 sloped & planted with Buffalo grass 13 Apr 1886 Decision to provide ‘closet for Ladies’; P138 8 June 1886 Suggestion to erect ‘Closet for Females’ in plantation at end of Pres. Section approved P144 13 July 1886 Tender for ‘Closet for Females’ won by A. Chard P145 10 Aug 1886 A. Chard being unwilling to pay deposit, tender given to James Anderson P148 19 Apr 1887 Claude Purchas completed alterations to Plan pp174- 175 By 12 July 1887 Received letter from Miss E. Thomas asking forgiveness for stealing flowers – agree that P183 prosecution will be withdrawn on payment of fine 12 July 1887 Permission given for 3 pitcher channel in C of E section; P184 Ditto re brick channel around Independent section; Ditto re metalling main road around Wesleyan section; Ditto to remove large Bluegums from Pres Section & replant with Pittosporums 12 July 1887 Ditto to erect ‘Trough for Horses’ outside main entrance; P185 9 Aug 1887 Tender for horse trough from Allen Bros accepted; P186 Also a feed (cistern?) to be placed inside the fence; 10 Jan 1888 Tenders to be called for tar paving some walks (ref July); P198 Permission to erect approx. 12 ft of picket fencing near wicket gate on Park Hill Rd side 3 Mar 1888 Tenders for tar paving signed but work not yet begun P204 12 Mar 1889 Designs for new entrance gate to be obtained, also smaller gate on Park Hill Rd, with ‘open iron P232 fence’ at each side; Plans to be prepared & tenders called for small fireproof room at north end of office, also counter at south end 9 Apr 1889 One tender received for Office additions - waiting room, fireproof room & counter (inc fittings) – P236 Dootson (?) & Cannell (?) - accepted One tender received for new gates – C. (?) Dowell - accepted 9 July 1889 Purchase of mantelpiece from Brooks Robinson & Co; P244 Enamelled notices re flower stealing to be bought; Floor of the west verandah to be tiled like new verandah 9 July 1889 Proposal to make short circular road near main entrance & brick channel it, OR make into grass P245 plots & beds – after inspection ‘decided to form 6ft path with remainder to be beds & grass’; Permission for construction for bathroom at north of Lodge 13 Aug 1889 Bathroom completed P248 8 Oct 1889 Purchase of furniture from Robertson & Moffat P253 12 Aug 1890 Decision to construct 2nd Shelter (A. Purchas to design) & alter 1st one ‘so that the rain would not P280 blow through’ 9 Sep 1890 Notices to be obtained ‘prohibiting any person not connected with a funeral going near a grave P284

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 123 during a burial’; Permission to buy Compartment labels for Wesleyan & Baptist; New shelter (ref Aug) to be built on reserve between RC & C of E 14 Oct 1890 Compartment labels bought from W.F. Reeve; P287 14 Oct 1890 Dootson to build new shelter (ref Aug/Sep) P288 10 Feb 1891 Tenders for paving bricks opened – Box Hill Co accepted; P300 Proposal for the small gates at either side of main entrance to have a ‘wicket constructed’ – & to make them self-closing; To ask Kew Council for permit to put in 6 hitching posts at entrances 14 Apr 1891 Council gives permission for 6 hitching posts to be erected on Park Hill Rd near entrances P304 12 May 1891 Purchas submits plans for closing openings in northern Shelter; P309 Tender from Dootson for same accepted 14 Feb 1893 Tenders for additions to Lodge opened – Thos Constable’s accepted P360 10 Apr 1894 Trees to be planted along fence on Pres. Section; pp22- 23 Some ‘good sized’ Pine trees to be planted in ‘suitable situations’; 13 Aug 1895 Plans to be prepared & tenders called for ornamental fence around cemetery – Purchas to design; P57 Plans for a crematorium – postponed 10 Sep 1895 Suggestion to move Urinal ‘to a more obscure position’ – approved, brick closet to be built P59 instead; 10 Sep 1895 Report on Purchas’ design for brick wall pp59- 60 20 Sep 1895 Discussion re brick wall P61 12 Nov 1895 1st payment to D. McIntosh for brick wall pp64- 65 10 Dec 1895 Decision to ‘cement verandah & tuck point & colour exposed brickwork on front of Office & waiting P68 room’ – D. McIntosh’s tender accepted 14 Jan 1896 Decision for the brick wall to completely enclose cemetery P71 10 Mar 1896 2 brick closets & urinal to be built – 1 in front of Lodge & other east of gate in south wall P76 12 May 1896 Suggestion approved for a 4ft wall (? looks like walR) to be ‘formed’ around NE corner & area P80 levelled & tidied up 11 Aug 1896 Small payment for bricks to Fritsch Holzer; pp87- 88 Payment to McConnell (?) & McIntosh for urinal; Payment to Chas Dowell for palisading 11 Aug 1896 Proposal approved for ‘all roads where the channels have to be lifted be reduced to a proper P88 width, & all roads not metalled to be metalled’; Plans to be done for bridge across gully in NE corner; Brick channel to be put along wall on High St side, & gully in SE corner to be planted with tree ferns ‘& other suitable trees’ By 13 Oct 1896 Design for small suspension bridge approved, tenders called P94 12 Oct 1897 Discussion of ornamental water fountain & rockery for junction of main walks; pp126- 127 Ditto additional Summer-house in Pres. Section; Ditto gal iron lattice to screen rubbish heaps – 1 in C of E section, other on Reserve at NE corner; Ditto more tar paving; Ditto 3 rockeries – 1 on each side of entrance, other in RC section;

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 124 Ditto to finish lining & make small alteration to washhouse Dec 1897 Designs by Charles Robinette for ornamental rock work to flank the entrance were rejected by the Trust. By 19 Apr 1898 Interview with Dr John W Springthorpe re monument being created by sculptor Bertram P143 Mackennal 14 Feb 1899 Tenders to be called for boardroom, a kiosk or shelter on ‘south side of the approach’, & adding P166 2nd level to Lodge – Purchas to design 14 Mar 1899 Report of interview with Springthorpe re site of memorial P169 11 Apr 1899 Report of letter from Springthorpe re site of memorial P170 11 Apr 1899 Tenders for building additions opened – John Timmins(?) accepted pp171- 172 9 May 1899 Report of letter from Mr Annear (architect) re Springthorpe’s plan for Mausoleum, agreement P172 signed 11 July 1899 Decision to apply for connection to electricity P183 12 Sep 1899 Quote for ‘fitting for electric lighting of clock’ P190 10 Oct 1899 Payment for garden seats to James McEwan & Co; P191 Payment for furniture for boardroom to J. Carl (?) 14 Nov 1899 Payment for 30 Cupressus torulosa; (Bhutan Cypress) pp193- 194 12 Dec 1899 Payment for clock to Gaunt & Co - £508; pp195- 196 Payment for plants; Payment for electric light; Payment for carpet 12 Dec 1899 Abbot Filter for public use to be…fixed on verandah of Minister’s room’ P196 9 Jan 1900 Payment for electric light & fittings P198 13 Feb 1900 Discussion re filling in creek in NE corner to enable it to be used for graves; permission to buy 6 P201 rubbish baskets 14 Aug 1900 Discussion of Springthorpe’s plan for ornamentation around his memorial – Guilfoyle (Bot P218 Gardens) attended the meeting to explain Springthorpe’s plans – Trustees approved so long as existing fence & Cypress hedge be removed 11 Sep 1900 Decision to enquire re adding reserve at east end (ref Aug) P221 9 Oct 1900 2 Abbot Filters to be put in Shelters P224 13 Nov 1900 Letter re proposed extension to cemetery from Board of Public Health; P225 Letter from Kew Council re same – voted ‘11 to 2 against’ 11 Dec 1900 Offer from Gaunt & Co to ‘wind, regulate, oil, etc’ Tower & office clocks for £8.10.0 per annum P228 8 Jan 1901 Gaunt’s clock maintenance offer accepted (ref Dec); P230 Letter from Minister of Health re land extension – can’t/won’t help 8 Apr 1902 Report that storm on the 3rd knocked down 100ft of boundary wall on NE corner – McConnell & P272 McIntosh to rebuild 14 July 1903 Letter from Springthorpe asking Trustees to ‘fill the windows of Rest house with coloured glass’ – P310 to be priced 24 Aug 1903 Resolution to meet Min. of Lands re adding reserve at east end P315 26 Aug 1903 Min. of Lands tells Trustees to work it out with Kew Council re land P316 11 Oct 1904 Road in C of E section to be replaced with 2 5ft paths to make more room for graves; pp353-

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 125 Ditto road at back of Pres section to be narrowed to 4ft path; 354 Ditto 6ft paths in Baptist section to be narrowed to 3ft; Ditto RC section – road to be replaced by 2 4½ ft paths & remove plantation at south end; Ditto Pres section – remove plantation & take part of rubbish heap yard & reserve; Ditto C of E section – take part of reserve 10 July 1906 Read letter from Springthorpe submitting plans for (not legible) & marble seat, & again asking for P43 the clear glass in Summer House to be replaced with coloured – to be told plans passed but glass wouldn’t be changed; 13 Nov 1906 Discussion re land in RC section granted for Mortuary Chapel hasn’t been nor likely to be used for P57 such – will request cancellation of grant 25 Jan 1907 Storm caused 164ft of wall to fall – to be reconstructed with palisades – J D McConnell wins P67 tender 8 Oct 1907 Screen to be built for urinal on Park Hill Rd P91 11 Feb 1908 Tenders to be called for trellis screen around ‘ladies’ closet’ P105 (to be covered with climbing plants) 14 Apr 1908 Tenders to be called for brick closet to replace iron one on the north side of cemetery P113 12 May 1908 Tenders opened for new closet & urinal – R A Snell wins; P116 Decision to erect ‘suitable but not costly building’ in Independent section – Purchas to design 14 Dec 1909 Letter from Mrs Syme re her ‘ideas for the improvement of the land surrounding the Memorial to P172 the late Mr D Syme’ – approved subject to conditions 9 July 1912 Approval of plans for Mortuary Chapel submitted by Mr Justice Cussen (?) P274 10 Feb 1914 Payment for plants for GD; P325 Payment for rubbish baskets; Payment for garden seats – James McEwan & Co; 10 Feb 1914 Tar paving contract completed; P326 Contract for sewering progressing 10 Mar 1914 Final payment for sewerage contract P328 9 Feb 1915 Final payment for tar paving; P353 9 Mar 1915 Public grave area to be ‘trenched & planted’ P357 13 July 1915 Notice to workers – that any going to war will be re-employed on their return & Trustees will make Minute up any difference b/t their military pay Bk 6, P2 11 June 1919 Opened tenders for contract for electric lighting in ‘Office, Boardroom & Quarters’ P111 13 Jan 1931 Permission asked for notice ‘for the enclosure at the front’ to stop cars parking there due to P44 damage to front gates – suggested wording ‘Parking of cars within this enclosure strictly prohibited’ (no mention of permission being granted) 1 Oct 1935 Report that ‘lower wall’ being ‘for some distance out of plumb’, also ‘back portion of house…going P184 into decay’ – architect suggests cheaper to rebuild as foundations beyond repair 13 Aug 1940 Foot paths in new ground to be concrete; pp324- 325 Will obtain prices on ‘forming paths in concrete coloured similar to asphalt’ 11 Feb 1941 Agreed that Mr Collinson be asked to submit designs for a rockery on the Springthorpe site P337 9 Sep 1941 Report on Springthorpe memorial P354 14 Oct 1941 Report - ‘the dial on the Nth side of turret clock had cracked; P356 Report on Springthorpe memorial

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 126 12 Nov 1941 Report re dial on turret clock – ‘advisable to leave it at present’ P358 20 Jan 1942 Report that ‘Brooks, Robinson & Co would soon complete putting the (ventilating?) tubes in the P363 Springthorpe memorial’ 11 May 1943 Agreement to remove building adjoining Springthorpe memorial P62 21 Aug 1945 To see Mr Beaumont re repairing wall & ‘beautifying’ Springthorpe memorial as per Edna P142 Walling’s plan 13 Nov 1945 Quote from E (Ellis?) Stones re Springthorpe memorial – accepted P150 14 Sep 1954 Surplus paths to be used for new graves, beginning in Indep & RC sections P479 9 Nov 1954 Report that gal iron fence b/t workmen’s yard & cemetery ‘blown down by strong wind’; P487 Report that ‘lead light dome of Springthorpe memorial was leaking’ to be repaired; Quote expected re cleaning marble figures in above 10 May 1955 Read letter from Guy Springthorpe agreeing to improvements & removal of glass case (letter P506 attached) – to be done 14 June 1955 Quote accepted for removal of Springthorpe’s glass case P510 10 Jan 1956 Read letter from architect Frank Heath re niche walling – agreed to erect a Columbarium Niche pp530- Wall of Remembrance 531 14 Aug 1956 Tender accepted for demolition of brick shelter (ref July) P552 14 Nov 1956 1 quote received for repair & painting of tower, 2nd to be obtained; P561 Washbasin to be put in Boardroom 13 May 1958 Discussion re re-use of Chinese ground - Messrs Waters & Stewart ‘of the opinion that the rites of P39 the Chinese … had lapsed’ – further advice to be obtained 14 Apr 1959 Decision to apply to Dept of Health for permission to erect a Crematorium P71 26 Jan 1960 Approval to close in front verandah of gardener’s cottage for sleepout pp96- 97 13 Dec 1960 Letter from Kew Town Clerk re moving tramway shelter shed ‘from its present position beside the P116 entrance garden …to the proposed position set into the wall of the residence’ 8 Aug 1961 Plans submitted for proposed alterations to Residence – agreement that they ‘be modified to have pp130- the back verandah removed & have a glassed in section to encompass the passageway b/t the 131 kitchen & the main part of the house’ 8 Aug 1961 Agreement for removal of ‘old rotunda in the lower section of the grounds…& the ground to be P131 used for graves’ (Note may have been used for excess soil area) 11 Apr 1963 Dept of Health refuses Crematorium, Trustees to request meeting with the Minister on the matter pp157 & 158 13 Feb 1964 Heath submits plan for proposed crematorium, asked to make slight alterations P171 12 Nov 1964 Decision to ‘wait 1 more month for satisfaction re Crematorium b/f opening up the ground for new P181 graves’ 11 Mar 1965 The Smith Clock Service unable to continue attending clock, Otto Gabel appointed; P185 Request to have light in clock tower fixed 10 May 1965 Quote accepted for re-lettering & painting the clock faces; P188 8 July 1965 Report that painting of clock faces done, also ‘concrete steps & laundry window in gardener’s P190 cottage’ 19 May 1966 Proposal for more Walls of Remembrance be left to Maughan & Heath pp201- 202 10 Nov 1966 Request detailed plans & quotes for new Columbarium P208 14 Sep 1967 Report that alterations to office counter complete; P222

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 127 Report that sculpture on new Columbarium in place; Letter to be sent to Dept of Health advising that a Mausoleum had been erected 16 Nov 1967 Report read re cleaning Springthorpe statuary, tender to be called for restoration of lead light P224 dome 14 Dec 1967 Quote for cleaning Springthorpe statuary; P226 C H Guy to be asked for quote to repair leadlight 13 Mar 1969 Repairs to Clock Tower begun – ‘copper to be used instead of glazed tiles if additional price was P247 not too high’ 17 Apr 1969 Repairs to clock tower roof complete & clock serviced P249 30 July 1970 ‘Plan of beautification for the Columbarium prepared by P Heath was modernised … by W P272 Maughan’ 20 Aug 1970 Approval for ti-tree fence b/t gardener’s cottage & Columbarium; P274 18 Mar 1971 Quote accepted for ‘fencing round the gardener’s cottage’ P285 15 Apr 1971 Contract signed for reconstruction of main driveway P287 12 Dec 1972 Repair of ‘wreath on the reclining figure of the Springthorpe memorial’ to be investigated P324

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 128 APPENDIX E PLANT LIST EXTRACTED FROM CEMETERY MINUTE BOOKS The Minute Books indicate that planting was an important ongoing activity, but the types of the many trees, shrubs, flower seeds and bulbs selected for planting are not always described. The following plant types are mentioned in the books between 1858 and 1973.

1859 100 Bluegums and cypresses from Mueller. June/July 1864 Acacia armata seeds for hedgerow. June/July 1864 Varieties of roses. July/August 1864 Pine trees from Mueller. July 1864 Seeds of Indian trees and shrubs. May/June 1870 Pittosporum nigrescens. June 1871 50 Elms from Laing & Co. June 1873 12 Pittosporum nigrescens. June 1873 Mention of chamomile edging replaced by tiles. September 1878 Buffalo grass planted on road margins. December 1878 Wattle trees have died. August 1883 Mention of camellias growing in grounds. December 1883 12 varieties of Dahlias purchased. April 1886 30 Pittosporums for screening urinal. April 1889 Bulbs. July 1890 Cupressus torulosa (Bhutan cypress) planted beside pavement. April 1891 Old Pinus insignis (Pinus radiata – Monterey Pine) replaced by suitable evergreens. Feb 1892 Mention of Acacia hedge replaced. April 1894 ‘Good size’ pine trees to be planted. 8 Oct 1895 2 dozen Ericas. 14 July 1896 250 Roses and flower seeds. 11 Aug 1896 Tree ferns & other suitable trees in SE corner. 14 Nov 1899 30 Cupressus torulosa. Aug 1900 Ivy approved for Springthorpe Memorial. August 1901 Trees, shrubs and tree ferns. June 1906 Large Moreton Bay fig is growing in grounds. May 1908 Water lilies in Springthorpe pond. 12 August 1919 Gladiolus bulbs. June 1957 Claret Ashes suggested to repalce some cypresses. August 1960 Bougainvilleas tied back. July 1961 Removal of lilypilly. 12 June 1962 Azaleas to be planted for sale as memorials. 20 May 1971 Climbing geraniums put around cottage.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 129 16 November 1972 Paper Bark tree. 12 December 1972 ‘Suitable native trees’.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 130 APPENDIX F WORKS UNDERTAKEN TO CEMETERY TREES SINCE 2007

Tree RETENTION REMOVED / REPLACES / SPECIES Common Name COMMENTS # VALUE DATE REPLACED BY #

All Bhutan Cypress not in formal avenues and classed as 'High' and 'Very High' retention value. Trees have Cupressus fallen toppled over in past 1 Bhutan Cypress High torulosa due to history of root disturbance due to grave excavations. Avoid damaging roots within 3 metres of tree trunks line trimmer damage to base Cupressus of tree, Est. ~ 50yo, Much 2 Bhutan Cypress High torulosa younger than historic Cypress plantings Possibly planted around the time of the construction of the brick wall (1895-96). Classed as Very High Cupressus retention value. Some lifted 3 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa gravestones due to root buttress growth. Tree 34 is dying and will need to be replaced within 3 to 5 years. Privets and Pe Cupressus 4 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Cupressus Lifted gravestones due to 5 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa root buttress growth Cupressus 6 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Cupressus 7 Bhutan Cypress Very High Cypress canker seen torulosa Cupressus 8 Bhutan Cypress Very High Cypress canker seen torulosa Cupressus 9 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Cupressus Thin canopy compared to 10 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa other trees Cupressus 11 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Thin c anopy compared to Cupressus 12 Very High other trees, Cypress canker torulosa Bhutan Cypress seen Cupressus Small branches extending 13 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress from crown Cupressus Small branches extending 14 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress from crown Cupressus 15 Very High Codominant stem torulosa Bhutan Cypress

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 131 Cupressus 16 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 17 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 18 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus Some small dead branches 19 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress low in crown Cupressus Some small broken 20 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress branches in crown Small branches extending Cupressus from crown, Lifte d 21 Very High torulosa gravestones due to root Bhutan Cypress buttress growth Cupressus 22 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus Thin canopy compared to 23 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress other trees Cupressus 24 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 25 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 26 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Small branches reclining Cupressus within crown creating 27 Very High torulosa "holes" in canopy, Cypress Bhutan Cypress canker seen Cupressus 28 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Younger tree than others in Cupressus fence line avenue and most 29 High torulosa likely not pat of original Bhutan Cypress avenue. Cupressus Crown will appear deformed 30 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress if tree 29 is removed. Cupressus Extensive landscape work 31 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress done around tree May be younger than other Cupressus trees in avenue, extensive 32 Very High torulosa landscape work done Bhutan Cypress around tree Cypress canker seen, Cupressus 33 Very High Extensive landsc ape work torulosa Bhutan Cypress done around tree Cypress canker seen, Extensive landsc ape work Cupressus 34 Low done around tree roots torulosa appear to have been Bhutan Cypress severed Cupressus Extensive landscape work 35 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress done around tree Cupressus 36 Very High Cypress canker seen torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 37 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 132 Small branches reclining within crown creating Cupressus 38 Very High "holes" in canopy, Thin torulosa canopy compared to other Bhutan Cypress trees, Cypress canker seen Small branches reclining within crown creating Cupressus 39 Very High "holes" in canopy, Thin torulosa canopy compared to other Bhutan Cypress trees 40 Schinus areira Low Apr-15 352 Cypress stump to west Peppercorn Tree Pittosporum Sweet 47 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet 48 Low Jan-16 undulatum Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet 49 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet 50 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet 51 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet 52 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet 53 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet 54 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum Pittosporum Sweet 55 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum Prunus cerasifera 56 Low Jun-16 'Atropurpurea' Purple-le aved Cherry-plum Pittosporum 57 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 58 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 59 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 60 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum 61 Ligustrum lucidum Low Jun-16 Shining Privet Pittosporum 62 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 63 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 64 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 65 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 66 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 67 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 133 Pittosporum 68 Low Jun-16 Also P.crassifolium undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 69 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 70 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 71 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 72 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 73 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 74 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 76 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum 77 Ligustrum lucidum Low 2015 High weed potential Shining Privet Pittosporum 78 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 79 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 80 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 81 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 83 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Little or no infrastructure 84 Schinus areira Moderate Jun-16 Peppercorn Tree damage noticed Pittosporum 85 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 86 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 87 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 88 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 89 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 92 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 93 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 94 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 95 Low Jun-16 crassifolium Karo Pittosporum 97 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 98 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 99 Low Jun-16 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 134 Pittosporum 100 Low Jun-16 undulatum Pittosporum 101 Sweet Pittosporum Low Jun-16 undulatum 102 Ligustrum lucidum Shining Privet Low Jun-16 High weed potential These large, overmature specimens of the Golden foliage form of Lambert's Hesperocyparis Cypress have been classed macrocarpa as High retention value due 103 High Jun-16 'Horizontalis to their prominence in the Aurea' landsc ape. Recent storm damage has reduced their Golden Lambert's amenity value and Cypress replacement is require d Hesperocyparis macrocarpa 104 High Jun-16 Est. ~ 80yo 'Horizontalis Golden Lambert's Aurea' Cypress Bra chychiton a Illawarra Flame 105 Moderate cerifolius Tree Ulmus glabra 106 Moderate 'Lutescens' Golden Wych Elm Fraxinus excelsior Unlikely to recover from 107 Low 2015 'Aurea' dieback Golden Ash Bunya-Bunya 108 Arauc aria bidwillii Very High Pine One of a pair likely part of the original planting with the Ficus rubiginosa Syme monument. Health 109 Moderate Jun-16 'Variegata' has improved since 2006 Variegated Port most likely due to increased Jackson Fig rainfall 110 Ulmus parvifolia Chinese Elm Moderate Possibly planted around the early 1900s, this California Redwood is considered to be significant for its Sequoia contribution to the 111 Coast Redwood High sempervirens landscape.The tree is in good condition and needs little maintenance. Competing leading shoots should be removed Red-flowering 112 Corymbia ficifolia Moderate Gum Many specimens have had Pittosporum 113 Sweet Pittosporum Moderate Jul-16 a history of lopping & are in undulatum poor health & structure Many specimens have had Pittosporum 114 Sweet Pittosporum Low Jul-16 a history of lopping & are in undulatum poor health & structure

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 135 Cupressus 115 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Large sc ar on north sid e of Cupressus trunk from ground level to 116 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa 2.5m. Remove low dead branches only Cupressus 117 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Large sc ar on north sid e of Cupressus 118 Bhutan Cypress Very High trunk from ground level to torulosa 1.5m. Cupressus 119 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa This Peppercorn tree along the southern boundary of the Cemetery is prominent in the landscape and in 120 Schinus areira Peppercorn Tree High good health and structure. The needs to be monitored for impact on nearby Cypress (tree 121) and graves Cupressus 121 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Cupressus 122 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Cupressus 123 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Chinese Fan Palms were popular in the late 1800 and early 1900s. Specimens are long lived and easily maintained. A Tra chyc arpus Chinese Windmill 125 High Specimenplanted at the fortunei Palm Royal Botanic Gardens in 1881 is approximatly 8 metres tall. Planted on the grave of Thomas Slater (d) 1881. Fic us rubiginosa One of a pair likely 126 Low Jun-16 'Varie gata' Varie gated Port Ja monument. ckson Fig Lophostemon Expect infrastructure 127 Moderate confertus Brush Box damage in 5+ years Weedy species, Consid er 128 Acer negundo Low Jun-17 removal, no infrastructure Box Eld er damage, vac ant site? Fraxinus 129 Low Apr-16 353 Weedy species angustifolia Desert Ash Melaleuca Prickly-lea ved 130 Moderate styphelioides Paperbark Weedy species. Eye poke Phoenix c Canary Island 131 Low hazard -2012- appears to anariensis Date Palm have been poisoned

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 136 All Italian Cypress classed as 'High' and 'Very High' retention value.Possibly amongs the first tree Very High plantings in the Cemetery alonng with Bhutan Cypress. Cypress c anker Cupressus seen in some specimens but 132 sempervirens Italian Cypress no serious damage noticed. Lifted pavement due to root 135 Ulmus parvifolia Moderate Chinese Elm buttress growth Cupressus 136 Very High sempervirens Italian Cypress Lifted gravestones due to Pittosporum 137 Low 2015 root buttress growth. undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Appears to be self sown Appears to be younger than Cupressus 138 High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings. Appears to be younger than Cupressus 139 High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings. Appears to be younger than Cupressus 140 High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings. Pittosporum 141 Low 2015 Also Nerrium oleander undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Melaleuca styphelioides Trifurca ted trunk is prone to 142 Moderate Prickly-lea ved splitting Paperbark Lean to south by approx 6 degrees possibly due to root Cupressus severance during grave exc 143 sempervirens Very High avation - does not appear to Italian Cypress have moved in 2012 inspection Prunus cerasifera Purple-le aved 145 Low 2015 Weedy species - also ivy 'Atropurpurea' Cherry-plum Appears to have been lopped at 3m some time Cupressus 146 Italian Cypress Moderate ago, Est. ~20-30yo . One of sempervirens the few recent cypress plantings Appears to be younger than Cupressus 147 Bhutan Cypress High other historic Cypress torulosa plantings. Appears to be younger than Cupressus 148 Bhutan Cypress High other historic Cypress torulosa plantings. Appears to be younger than Cupressus 149 Bhutan Cypress High other historic Cypress torulosa plantings, Codominant stem.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 137 Possibly planted around the mid 1900s, this English Oak 150 Quercus robur English Oak High is considered to be significant for its contribution to the landscape. Syzygium 153 Magenta Cherry Low Codominant stem paniculatum These 3 trees are most likely self-sown remnants and as such considered High retention value (as a Euc alyptus c source of loc al indigenous 154 River Red Gum High amaldulensis genotypes). Growth splits in the trunks of these trees indicate vigorous growth. It is estimated the trees are around 50-60 year 155 Ulmus parvifolia Chinese Elm Moderate This Strawberry Tree appears to be an early planting and with the associated trees in the 157 Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree High planting may have been planted in the early 1900s. While the tree has poor stru cture it appears to be stable. Pittosporum Lifted gravestones due to 158 Sweet Pittosporum Low Jun-16 undulatum root buttress growth Syzygium Lifted gravestones due to 159 Magenta Cherry Medium paniculatum root buttress growth May be remnant of early 160 Agonis flexuosa Willow Myrtle Low Jun-16 395 plantings.Covere d in ivy Most likely amongst the earliest tree plantings in the Cemetery this Australian native conifer is classed as 161 Agathis robusta Queensland Kauri Very High Very High retention value due to its landsc ape and historic value. Works have been recommended to maintain it Melaleuca Prickly-lea ved Southeast stems prone to 162 Moderate styphelioides Paperbark failure Considered to be High retention value due to its landscape value, this Japanese maple is an 163 Acer palmatum Japanese Maple High unusually large and well formed example of species in Melbourne. The tree appears to be around 30 to 50 years old. Cabbage Tree 164 Cordyline australis Moderate Palm

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 138 Euc alyptus c 165 River Red Gum High Grave 3291, Est. ~ 50-60yo amaldulensis The only specimen of the species in the Cemetery, Southern Magnolia was commonly planted in the Magnolia mid to late 1800s. The 166 Bull Bay High grandiflora species is amongst the first planted exotic tree species in Victoria with similar aged specimens still in good condition, Health has im Cupressus 167 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Three trunks x 55cm dbh, Coppice growth from Eucalyptus 168 Sugar Gum High removed tree. Possibly cladocalyx remnants of an old fire wood lot Coppice growth from Eucalyptus removed tree. Possibly 169 Sugar Gum High cladocalyx remnants of an old fire wood lot 170 Aca cia implexa Lightwoo d High Coppice growth from removed tree. Possibly Eucalyptus remnants of an old fire wood 171 Sugar Gum Moderate Jun-17 cladocalyx lot Three trunks x 30cm dbh (O ne trunk has failed since initial inspection leaving 2 Stands of Sugar Gums existing in two loc ations in the east part of the Cemetery are possibly Eucalyptus remnants of an old fire-wood 172 Sugar Gum High cladocalyx lots. Many of the trees appear to be coppice growth from cut stumps that may have been planted in the Cemetery's early history. Possibly remnants of an old Eucalyptus 173 Sugar Gum High May-17 fire wood lot. Two trunks x cladocalyx 69c m dbh Possibly remnants of an old Eucalyptus fire wood lot. Codominant 174 Sugar Gum High cladocalyx stems with included bark is prone to failure Eucalyptus 175 Sugar Gum Moderate Self Sewn seeding ~ 2001 cladocalyx Eucalyptus 176 Sugar Gum Moderate Self Sewn seeding ~ 1995 cladocalyx

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 139 One of 2 remaining Lightwoods that are most likely self-sown remnants and as such considered High retention value (as a 177 Acacia implexa Lightwood Low source of loc al indigenous genotypes). Unfortunatly all are have either poor health or structure and are not expected to live long. Red-flowering 178 Corymbia ficifolia Low Jun-16 Multi stemmed specimen Gum Red-flowering 179 Corymbia ficifolia None Jun-16 Gum Red-flowering 180 Corymbia ficifolia Low Gum Care must be taken if this 181 Corymbia ficifolia Red-flowering Low 2014 tree is removed as it maybe Gum supporting tree 177 Eucalyptus Borer damage to trunk. Self 182 Sugar Gum Low Jun-16 cladocalyx sown specmen Eucalyptus 183 Sugar Gum Low Jun-16 cladocalyx May be am early planting, Est. > 80yo, Health has 184 Ficus macrophylla Low improved since las Moreton Bay Fig inspection Red-flowering Health has improved since 185 Corymbia ficifolia Moderate Gum last inspection Appears to be younger than Cupressus 186 High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings Appears to be younger than Cupressus 187 High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings Appears to be younger than Cupressus 188 High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings These trees are possibly hybrids between English Oak (Q. robur) and Algerian Oak. While tree 189s planting location (Grave of Quercus 189 Algerian Oak High May Davis (d) 1895 & John canariensis Davis 1930) suggests it could not have been planted before 1930, the tree appears to be more than 100y Lifted gravestones due to 190 Quercus robur English Oak Moderate root buttress growth, Est. ~ 40-50yo Possibly amongst the older tree plantings in the 191 Pinus canariensis Canary Island Pine High Cemetery. Smaller specimen could possibly be seedlings from larger trees.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 140 192 Pinus canariensis Canary Island Pine High

193 Pinus canariensis Canary Island Pine High

194 Pinus canariensis Canary Island Pine High Possibly amongst the oldest tree plantings at the Cemetery. While Bunya Pines are usually low maintenance trees care 196 Araucaria bidwillii Bunya-Bunya Pine Very High should be taken around mature trees in Feburary to May when large football size cones are likely to be shed.Tree 196 is most likely older Cupressus 197 Funeral Cypress Very High funebris

Two trees growing close Cupressus 198 Funeral Cypress Very High together. Possibly one of the funebris earlier plantings Cupressus Codominant stems with 199 Funeral Cypress Very High funebris included bark Cupressus 200 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Appears to be younger than Cupressus 201 Very High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings Appears to be younger than Cupressus other historic Cypress 202 Very High torulosa plantings, Lifted path due to Bhutan Cypress root buttress growth Appears to be younger than Cupressus 203 Very High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings Three trunks x 28c m dbh, Euc alyptus c 205 River Red Gum Moderate Thin c anopy - possible amaldulensis insect or possum grazing Cupressus 208 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cypress c anker seen. Cupressus 209 Italian Cypress Very High Codominant stems with sempervirens included bark Cupressus Codominant stems with 210 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress included bark Cupressus Dead branches detra ct from 211 Italian Cypress Very High sempervirens landscape Buttress root on north side Cupressus 212 Very High severed, Lifted path due to torulosa Bhutan Cypress root buttress Cupressus 213 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 141 Smaller trunk diameter but Cupressus most likely planted at same 214 Very High torulosa time as others- possibly Bhutan Cypress stunted. Cupressus 215 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Tra chyc arpus Chinese Windmill 216 High Jun-16 Dead fortunei Palm Lifted gravestones due to root buttress growth, Quercus c 217 Algerian Oak Moderate Misshapen due to tree 218, anariensis Consider removal, Self sown Possibly about I days work Quercus c for 1 arborist as a guide, 218 Algerian Oak Very High anariensis Little or no infrastructure damage noticed Lophostemon Little or no infrastructure 219 Brush Box Low confertus damage noticed Fraxinus Low Weedy 220 angustifolia Desert species, Planting opportunity for new Ash Desert Ash Cypress or other if removed Cupressus 221 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 222 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Centre tree in photo. Mi Quercus 223 Moderate sshapen due to proximity to canariensis Algerian Oak Cypress trees West side of canopy poorly developed due to tree (since Cupressus 224 Very High removed) on that side. Lean torulosa to north- east (self corre Bhutan Cypress cted) by approx 20 Eucalyptus Southern Lifted gravestones due to 225 Moderate Jun-16 botryoides Mahogany root buttress growth Codominant stems with Syzygium 226 Moderate included bark are prone to paniculatum Magenta Cherry failure Melaleuca Prickly-leaved Lifted gravestones due to 227 Moderate styphelioides Paperbark root buttress growth Cupressus 230 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 231 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 232 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Potential planting site for 233 Agonis flexuosa Low 2015 smaller tree given proximity Willow Myrtle to cypress Eucalyptus 235 High camaldulensis Between graves 354 & 378, River Red Gum Est. ~ 50-60yo Eucalyptus 236 High cladocalyx Sugar Gum Previously lopped

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 142 Eucalyptus 237 High Previously lopped cladocalyx Sugar Gum Eucalyptus 238 High Previously lopped cladocalyx Sugar Gum North stem has failed in past, Pruning and cable- Eucalyptus 239 High bracing done since last microcorys inspection - tree can be Tallowwood retained Eucalyptus 240 Moderate Previously lopped cladocalyx Sugar Gum Most likely regrowth from Eucalyptus coppiced tree, Appears to 241 High cladocalyx have had some pruning Sugar Gum since last inspection Appears to be younger than Cupressus 242 Very High other historic Cypress torulosa Bhutan Cypress plantings Cupressus 243 Very High Codominant stem near top torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 244 Very High Apr-16 351 torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 245 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 246 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Melaleuca Prickly-leaved Expect infrastructure 247 Moderate Jun-17 styphelioides Paperbark damage in 5+ years Cupressus 248 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 249 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 250 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Pittosporum 253 Low 2015 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporum 254 Low 2015 undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Eucalyptus 255 Low 2015 camaldulensis River Red Gum Eucalyptus Codominant stems with 256 Moderate 2015 camaldulensis included bark are prone to River Red Gum failure, Est. ~ 15 - 20yo, Main stem has been 257 Cordyline australis Cabbage Tree Low removed & sucker are Palm growing Melaleuca Prickly-leaved 258 Moderate styphelioides Paperbark Ulmus glabra These two top grafted High specimens are estimated to 259 'Camperdownii' Weeping Elm be around 80yo. High

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 143 Ulmus glabra 260 'Camperdownii' Weeping Elm Cupressus Extensive landscape work 261 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress done around tree recently Cupressus 262 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 263 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 264 Very High sempervirens Italian Cypress Left most tree in photo Cupressus 265 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 266 Very High sempervirens Italian Cypress Cupressus 267 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 268 Very High sempervirens Italian Cypress Cupressus 269 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus 270 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Codominant stem has failed 271 Syzigium smithii Low Lilly Pilly since previous inspection Possibly planted around the mid 1900s, this Pin Oak is considered to be significant 272 Quercus palustris High for its contribution to the landscape. The tree is a good example of the Pin Oak commonly grown species. Expect infrastructure 273 Ulmus parvifolia Moderate Chinese Elm damage in 5+ years Melaleuca Prickly-lea ved Little or no infrastructure 274 Moderate styphelioides Paperbark damage noticed Lophostemon 275 Low confertus Brush Box Cupressus 276 Very High sempervirens Italian Cypress Cupressus 277 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus Small branches extending 278 Very High torulosa Bhutan Cypress from crown 279 Laurus nobilis Bay Laurel Moderate Codominant stem, Little or Melaleuca 280 Prickly-leaved Moderate no infrastructure damage styphelioides Paperbark noticed Lophostemon 281 Low Jun-16 Little landscape contribution confertus Brush Box Codominant stems with included bark are prone to Waterhousea 282 Moderate failure, Lifte d gravestones & floribunda path due to root buttress Weeping Lilly Pilly growth

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 144 Fraxinus excelsior 283 Moderate Attra ctive landscape feature 'Aurea' Golden Ash These two trees are considered High retention value due to their Syzygium 284 High contribution to the paniculatum landscape., Little or no infrastructure damage Magenta Cherry noticed Right tree in photo, Lifte d 285 Magenta Cherry High Magenta Cherry path due to root growth Lifted paver due to root buttress growth, Appears to Cinnamomum 286 High have has some pruning camphora since last inspection (more Camphor Laurel required) Cinnamomum Lifted paver & grave edges 287 High camphora Camphor Laurel due to root buttress growth Liquidambar 288 Moderate Girdling roots styraciflua Liquidamber Liquidambar 289 Moderate styraciflua Liquidamber Suffering dieba ck of crown, Cinnamomum deadwood pruning appears 290 Moderate camphora to have been done since Camphor Laurel last inspection Cinnamomum Contributing to infrastructure 291 Moderate Jun16 camphora Camphor Laurel damage (graves) 292 Callistemon sp. Low Bottlebrush Jacaranda 293 Low mimosifolia Jacaranda Crataegus 294 Low Little landscape contribution monogyna May (English Hawthorn) Possibly remnant of earlier plantings, Est. ~ 80+yo, 295 Arbutus unedo Low Contributes sense of age to Strawberry Tree landscape 296 Malus ×purpurea Moderate Crabapple Lophostemon 297 Moderate confertus Brush Box This Weeping Lilly Pilly is classed as High retention value for its contributon to the landscape. The tree Waterhousea occupies one of the few 298 Weeping Lilly Pilly High floribunda spaces within the Cemetery where adequate space allows for unhindered tree growth. Minor pruning may be required periodical

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 145 Will cause damage to grave Picea pungens f. 299 Blue Spruce Low 2014 as it grows larger and may glauca become unstable 300 Acer negundo Box Elder Low Weedy species Cupressus 301 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Four Funeral Cypress most likely planted around 1900. All are considered Very High retention value. Now rarely Cupressus found in the nursery trade, 302 Very High funebris 'Aurea' Funeral Cypress were traditionally planted around Chinese temples, tombs and Golden Funeral monastries and are Cypress occasionally found Cupressus Unusual stout form of 303 Italian Cypress Very High sempervirens species Melaleuca 304 Snow-in-Summer Low linariifolia Has shed some medium Narrow-leaved 306 Eucalyptus nicholii Moderate sized braches sin ce last Peppermint inspection Narrow-leaved Stunted specimen. Tree on 308 Eucalyptus nicholii Low Peppermint left in photo Corymbia 309 Spotted Gum Moderate maculata Corymbia 310 Spotted Gum Moderate maculata Corymbia 311 Spotted Gum Low maculata Cupressus 312 Bhutan Cypress Very High torulosa Melaleuca 305 Low linariifolia Snow-in-Summer Melaleuca 313 Low linariifolia Snow-in-Summer Melaleuca 314 Low linariifolia Snow-in-Summer Melaleuca 315 Low linariifolia Snow-in-Summer Melaleuca 316 Low linariifolia Snow-in-Summer Will need to be removed in 317 Prunus persica Low next 3 to 5 years to allow (poss. Peach) room for Golde elm 318 Citrus species Citrus Low Viburnum (sp Appears to be maintained 319 Viburnum sp. Low unknown) as a shrub Exists within a grave site, Eucalyptus 320 Low Most likely self sown cladocalyx Sugar Gum specimen, Codominant stem Melaleuc Bracelet Honey- 321 Low Exists within a grave site aarmillaris myrtle

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 146 322 Schinus areira Low Exists within a grave site Peppercorn Tree 323 Schinus areira Low Exists within a grave site Peppercorn Tree Cabbage Tree 324 Cordyline australis Moderate Palm 325 Ligustrum lucidum None Shining Privet Pittosporum 326 Low crassifolium Karo Planted by CR Jack Wegman, Mayor of 327 Taxus baccata Moderate moved Boroondara on 14th March 2009 to celebrate 150th Common Yew Anniversary Appears to be maintained as a shrub - hedged - 328 Lophomyrtus sp. Low possibly detracts from Myrtle landscape Cotoneaster 329 Low glaucophyllus Cotoneaster 330 Arbutus unedo Moderate Strawberry Tree Exists within a grave site? Cabbage Tree 331 Cordyline australis Moderate Palm Exists within a grave site 332 Schinus areira Low Peppercorn Tree Previously lopped Exists within a grave site?, 333 Schinus areira Moderate Little infrastructure damage Peppercorn Tree noticed 334 Yucca gloriosa Low Spanish Dagger Exists within a grave site 335 Pinus c anariensis Canary Island Pine None 2014 Exists within a grave site Remove if desired-probably Melaleuca 336 Prickly-leaved Low self sown, Exists within a styphelioides Paperbark grave site Exists within a grave site, Eucalyptus 337 Low Little or no infrastructure cladocalyx Sugar Gum damage noticed Red-flowering 338 Corymbia ficifolia Low Gum Coppice growth from Eucalyptus removed tree. Possibly 339 High cladocalyx remnants of an old fire wood Sugar Gum lot Exists within a grave site, , Eucalyptus Most likely self sown 340 Low cladocalyx specimen from nearby old Sugar Gum wood-lot plantation Eucalyptus Most likely self sown 341 None cladocalyx Sugar Gum specimen Pittosporum 342 Low undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Appears to be st ump 343 Olea europaea Low Olive suckers from coppiced tree

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 147 344 Olea europaea None Also remove pittosporum Olive 345 Ligustrum lucidum None Touching wall Shining Privet Pittosporum 346 None 2014 Patially collapsed undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Cotoneaster 348 None Also Diosma & Wistringia glaucophyllus Cotoneaster Cupressus Cypress c anker seen. Multi- 133 Very High sempervirens Italian Cypress stemmed from base Plantings made as part of Cupressus 349 Medium the Garden Crypts area in torulosa Bhutan Cypress 2007 Plantings made as part of Cupressus 350 Medium the Garden Crypts area in torulosa Bhutan Cypress 2007 351 Araucaria Hoop Pine cunninghamii New planting 2016 352 Yellow Chamaecyparis Transparent False lawsoniana 'Yellow Cypress 103 Transparent' New planting 2016 - dieback of all growth - to be replaced 353 Yellow Chamaecyparis Transparent False lawsoniana 'Yellow Cypress 104 Transparent' New planting 2016 - dieback Medium of majority growth 354 New planting 2016 - needs Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree 317 formative pruning to remove competing leaders 355 Brachychiton Kurrajong 107 'Griffith Pink' New planting 2016 356 Melia azedarach White Cedar New planting 2016 357 Melia azedarach White Cedar New planting 2016 358 Quercus coccifera Gallipoli Oak New planting 2016 - needs ssp calliprinos to be transplanted to a more Medium suitable position 359 Cupressus Pencil Pine 109 sempervirens ‘Glauca’ New planting 2016 360 Cupressus Pencil Pine 126 sempervirens ‘Glauca’ New planting 2016 361 Cupressus Pencil Pine sempervirens ‘Glauca’ New planting 2016 362 Cupressus Pencil Pine sempervirens ‘Glauca’ New planting 2016

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 148 363 Quercus rubra Red Oak 327 New planting 2016 364 Jacaranda Jacaranda 129 mimosifolia New planting 2016 365 Trachycarpus Chinese Windmill fortunei Palm New planting 2016 366 Malus ioensis Bechtal’s Crab ‘Plena’ New planting 2016 367 Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud New planting 2016 368 Trachycarpus Chinese Windmill fortunei Palm New planting 2016 369 Brachychiton Kurrajong ‘Griffith Pink’ New planting 2016 370 Melia azedarach White Cedar New planting 2016 371 Calodendrum Cape Chesnut capense New planting 2016 372 Ulmus glabra Weeping Elm ‘Camperdownii’ New planting 2016 373 Ulmus glabra Weeping Elm ‘Camperdownii’ New planting 2016 374 Trachycarpus Chinese Windmill fortunei Palm New planting 2016 375 Quercus Mongolian Oak mongolica New planting 2016 376 Magnolia Bull Bay Magnolia grandiflora 'Exmouth' New planting 2016 377 Trachycarpus Chinese Windmill fortunei Palm New planting 2016 378 Malus ioensis Bechtel Crab 'Plena' Apple New planting 2016 379 Quercus dentata Daimyo Oak New planting 2016 380 Melia azedarach White Cedar New planting 2016 381 Quercus cerris Turkey Oak New planting 2016 382 Magnolia Bull Bay Magnolia grandiflora 'Exmouth' New planting 2016 383 Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash 'Aurea' New planting 2016 384 Lagerstroemia Crepe Myrtle indica x fauieri 'Natchez' New planting 2016 385 Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud New planting 2016

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 149 386 Ulmus glabra Golden Elm ‘Lutescens‘ New planting 2016 387 Trachycarpus Chinese Windmill fortunei Palm New planting 2016 388 Lagerstroemia Crepe Myrtle indica x fauieri 'Natchez' New planting 2016 389 Malus ioensis Bechtel Crab 'Plena' Apple New planting 2016 390 Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud New planting 2016 391 Melia azedarach White Cedar New planting 2016 392 Lagerstroemia Crepe Myrtle indica x fauieri 'Natchez' New planting 2016 393 Malus ioensis Bechtel Crab 'Plena' Apple New planting 2016 394 Fraxinus excelsior Golden Ash 'Aurea' New planting 2016 395 Agathus robusta Kauri Pine New planting 2016 396 Calodendrum Cape Chesnut capense New planting 2016 397 Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia New planting 2016 398 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa 'Arctic Green' New planting 2016 399 Hesperocyparis Lambert's Golden macrocarpa Cypress 'Horizontalis Aurea' New planting 2016 400 Quercus Algerian Oak canariensis New planting 2016 401 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress Not known torulosa New planting 2016 402 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress Not known torulosa New planting 2016 403 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress 40 torulosa New planting 2016 404 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress Pittosporum torulosa 'Arctic Green' New planting 2016 405 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 406 Pinus brutia Gallipoli Pine 244 New planting 2016 407 Quercus Algerian Oak canariensis New planting 2016

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 150 408 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa 'Arctic Green' New planting 2016 409 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 410 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 411 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 412 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 413 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 414 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 415 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 416 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress 77 torulosa New planting 2016 417 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress torulosa New planting 2016 418 Quercus cerris Turkey Oak New planting 2016 419 Quercus Mongolian Oak Stump mongolica New planting 2016 420 Jacaranda Jacaranda 275 mimosifolia New planting 2016 421 Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia New planting 2016 422 Brachychiton Kurrajong ‘Griffith Pink’ New planting 2016 423 Trachycarpus Chinese Windmill fortunei Palm New planting 2016 424 Cupressus Funeral Cypress funebris New planting 2016 425 Cupressus Funeral Cypress funebris New planting 2016 426 Trachycarpus Chinese Windmill fortunei Palm New planting 2016 427 Hesperocyparis Golden Lambert’s macrocarpa Cypress 'Horizontalis Aurea' New planting 2016 428 Quercus cerris Turkey Oak New planting 2016 429 Cupressus Bhutan Cypress dead torulosa 'Arctic Green' New planting 2016

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 151 APPENDIX G DATA SHEETS The data sheets are ready reference for various elements found at the site. They are not intended to be comprehensive and in the case of the Graves and monuments, they give background to a selection of historically, and aesthetically important structures found in the cemetery. The datasheets should be used in conjunction with existing conservation management plans for the monuments, where they exist.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 152 Campbell Monument Object G01

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 153 Division: Presbyterian B Grave No: 527 to 533 Built: 1895 Date range: 1895 to 1911 Designer: - Builder: - Artist/s: -

Internees: Florence Helen Campbell Born 1872 Died 6 Aug 1895 Alexander Maclean Campbell Born 12 Nov 1875 Died 12 Nov 1895 Charles Campbell Born 1850 (circa) Died 13 Sep 1905 Mary Helen (Smith) Campbell Born 1842 (circa) Died 6 Sep 1911

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 154 History: Scottish-born Charles Campbell migrated to Australia in the early 1850s, where he spent time on the goldfields and worked as a carrier in Woodend before moving on to New Zealand. He co-founded the firm of Anderson, Campbell & Mowett, flour millers, at Dunedin before returning to Melbourne in the late 1860s. There, he co-founded several other businesses, including Messrs Cuming, Smith & Co, lime manufacturers, and the Port Melbourne Sugar Company (later to merge with CSR). For the next thirty years, Campbell variously held positions as chairman and director of these and other companies, while also engaging in pastoral pursuits. He co-owned the Murray Downs Station with Alfred Felton, and later purchased another where he erected a grand residence for himself. Campbell and his wife, the former Mary Helen Smith, had five sons and three daughters. The family tomb at the Boroondara Cemetery was evidently established in 1895, following the tragic deaths of two of their children that year. One of their daughters, Florence Helen Campbell, died in August at the age of 23 years, while, three months later, her brother Alexander McLean Campbell drowned at the Murray Downs Station on his twentieth birthday. Campbell and his wife were themselves interred in the family grave after their respective deaths in 1905 and 1911.

Description: The Campbell grave consists of a generous grassed area enclosed by a dwarf wall of rough-hewn bluestone with a chamfered coping of polished red granite. The grey granite headstone, in an atypical Romanesque Revival style, comprises a blind arcade surmounted by a segmental arched pediment with a dentillated cornice. The three arched niches are delineated by engaged columns with scalloped cushion capitols and moulded bases, and architraves with zigzag mouldings. Each niche contains a recessed panel of red granite, inscribed with the details of the four internees: Charles and his wife, Mary, in the centre panel and their son and daughter, respectively, to the right and left. The spandrel between the arches and the pediment is also infilled with a red granite panel, bearing the title FAMILY BURIAL PLACE OF CHARLES CAMPBELL.

Significance: The Campbell grave is of aesthetic significance and historic interest. Aesthetically, the grave is of significance for its explicit use of the Romanesque Revival idiom, which is unusual (or, possibly, entirely unique) within the cemetery landscape. Historically, the grave is of interest for association with a prominent nineteenth century businessman and pastoralist.

References: ‘Mr Charles Campbell’, Australasian, 16 September 1905, p 694.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 155 Cussen Memorial Object G02

Division: Roman Catholic E Grave No: 1 to 8 Built: 1912 to 1913 Date range: 1911 to 1979 Designer: Kempson & Conolly (W P Conolly) Builder: - Artist/s: -

Internees: Hubert Walter Cussen Born 1897 Died 3 May 1911 Sir Leo Finn Bernard Cussen Born 29 Nov 1859 Died 17 May 1933 Gerald Adrian Cussen Born 1896 Died 30 Mar 1951 John Bevan Cussen Born 1893 Died 8 Apr 1955 Alan Francis Cussen Born 1898 Died 11 Apr 1963 Johanna Cussen Born c.1864 Died 6 Sep 1963 Richard William Maurice Cussen Born c.1947 Died 10 Sep 1966

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 156 Maurice Leo Cussen Born 1891 Died 3 Nov 1979

History: Sir Leo Cussen (1859-1933), ‘one of the great judges of the English-speaking world’, began his legal career in 1886 and soon became a sought-after and highly-paid barrister. He married Johanna Bevan in 1890, and they had six sons and a daughter. Cussen was elected to the Bar Committee in 1901, and became Supreme Court judge in 1906. His other achievement was revising Victorian Statutes for Parliament – a huge task undertaken in his spare time, which, it is said, contributed to his poor health. For that reason, he was granted a 12-month leave of absence in 1911. He and his wife left on 4 January for a tour of Europe, arriving in the south of France in March. Only two months later, their fifth son, 14-year-old Hubert Walter Cussen, died at the family home, Creever, in Auburn Road, Hawthorn. Cussen commissioned architects W P Conolly, a prominent designer of Roman Catholic churches, to design a memorial in the Boroondara Cemetery. Plans were submitted to the cemetery trustees in March 1912, and approved four months later. Cussen’s own health continued to decline, and he took further leaves of absence in 1922 and 1930. The latter year, his wife engaged architects Kempson & Conolly to alter Hubert’s memorial to accommodate a further ten tombs. Cussen was interred there after his own death in May 1933, as were four more of his sons, two of their wives, and his own widow, who died in 1963 at the age of 99 years – predeceased by five of her sons. The couple’s youngest son, Leo Claude Cussen (1901-73) was not interred in the family tomb at Boroondara.

Description: The Cussen Memorial is a detached building of Sydney sandstone, expressed as a small Gothic Revival chapel. Its steep roof, running between gabled parapets, has diamond slates and ornate ridge capping. Shallow buttresses articulate pairs of bays along two sides, each having a pointed arch window with simple tracery, dripmould and crocketted gablet above, and a panelled spandrel below. The end walls have small circular windows with dripmoulds, while one also has the tomb entrance: an arched doorway with paired bronze doors and a spandrel with blind quatrefoil. Beside the doorway, a metal plaque noting the details of internee Gerald Cussen represents the memorial’s only external inscription. In front of the entrance is an elongated memorial garden, enclosed by a bluestone dwarf wall. Here, a plaque marks the separate grave of Alan Francis Cussen. Internally, the remains of original internee Hubert Cussen are housed in a sarcophagus at the end wall, surmounted by an angel statue. A series of wall-mounted plaques mark the respective graves of other family members, which are located below the floor in two rows of five vaults.

Significance: [taken verbatim from the Victorian Heritage Register] The Cussen Memorial is of architectural and historical significance to the State of Victoria. It is of architectural significance as a fine example of an early twentieth century mausoleum in the Gothic style, designed by W P Connolly, one of the most prominent architects designing Catholic churches in Melbourne in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is of historical significance for its association with Sir Leo Cussen, justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria from 1906 to 1933, a highly popular and respected judge, legal educator and scholar, who was responsible for the consolidation of Victoria’s statutes in 1915 and 1929 and the consolidation of over 7,000 English Acts applicable in Victoria in the Imperial Acts Application Act of 1922.

References: Argus, 4 January 1911, p 5; 3 March 1911, p 7; 4 May 1911, p 1; HLCD Pty Ltd, ‘The Cussen Memorial: Preliminary Assessment of Building Fabric’, September 1999.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 157 Flack Memorial Object G03

Division: Church of England E Grave No: 335A to 357A Built: 1918? Date range: 1873 to 1924 Designer: - Builder: Hosken & Company, Hawthorn Artists: -

Internees: Joseph Henry Flack Born 4 Jun 1847 Died 21 May 1918 Marion (Smith) Flack Born 23 Mar 1846 Died 9 Aug 1924 Marion Beatrice Flack Born 29 Jul 1878 Died 17 Dec 1903 Harry Sidney Flack Born 9 Jun 1872 Died 5 Apr 1873

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 158 History: A native of Peckham, Surrey, Joseph Henry Flack was an accountant who would become one of the founding members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (hereafter ICAEW). In 1871, he married Marian Smith and the couple had two sons – Harry Sidney (1872) and Edwin Harold (1873). The former died in infancy in April 1873 and was buried in London’s Highgate Cemetery. The family promptly migrated to Australia, arriving in Melbourne aboard the Durham in September 1874. There, Joseph established the accounting firm of Davey, Flack & Company. The couple had two more children over the next few years: Henry Reginald, born in Emerald in 1876, and Marian Beatrice, born in Sandringham in 1878. It was in 1880, while still resident in Australia, that Flack became a founding member of the ICAEW. Six years thence, he became a founding member of its Victorian counterpart, the Incorporated Institute of Accountants. Marian Flack evidently established the family grave at Boroondara in 1918, following Joseph’s death. The remains of their daughter, who predeceased Joseph in 1903, were also buried there. The grave also makes reference to their first son, Harry, who remained buried at London. The two other Flack sons – who both followed in their father’s profession – are not interred in the family tomb, perhaps due to a lack of space. Edwin Flack, who died in 1935, is perhaps better known as the amateur athlete who became the first Australia to win an Olympic gold medal. His younger brother Henry died in Mitcham in 1972 at the age of 96 years.

Description: The Flack memorial occupies a site in the form of a narrow isosceles triangle, consequent to its location at the intersection of two converging pathways. The bluestone base has a rough-hewn plinth course with a dressed dado above. At the splayed end of the triangle is a carved cartouche bearing the family surname. Directly above this, the plinth is surmounted by a white marble chest in the form of a coffin, with tapered sides and a fielded lid. The three sides of this lid are inscribed with the names of the internees. Of interest is the fact that the Flack’s infant son, Harry, is listed amongst the internees although he is not actually buried her, but, rather, in London’s Highgate Cemetery.

Significance: The Flack Memorial is of aesthetic significance and historical interest. Aesthetically, the grave is an unusual and idiosyncratic variation on the traditional and familiar ‘chest tomb’ form. With its atypical triangular footprint and coffin-shaped marble superstructure, the grave remains as a distinctive and eye-catching element in the cemetery landscape, conspicuously sited at the intersection of two conversing pathways. Historically, the grave is of some interest for its connection with the family of Joseph Henry Flack, a prominent nineteenth century accountant (and a founding member of the respective professional bodies in both England and Australia) and father of Australia’s first Olympic gold medallist.

References: www. flackgenealogy.com, sighted 16 April 2007. Ron Clarke, 'Flack, Edwin Harold (1873-1935)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, pp 519-520.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 159 Halfey Monument Object G04

Division: Church of England C Grave No: 1295, 1296 Built: 1889? Date range: 1866 to 1909 Designer: - Builder: - Artist/s: -

Internees: John Halfey Born 16 Sep 1825 Died 4 Jan 1889 Annie (Lane) Halfey Born Died 7 Mar 1909 Violet Halfey Born 28 Sep 1865 Died 17 May 1866 Frank Nixon Halfey Born 29 Apr 1860 Died 18 Mar 1870 Percy Frederick Halfey Born ? Died 11 Oct 1902

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 160 History: John Halfey, son of a Lancastrian boarding-house keeper, married in 1849 but left his wife and their young daughter the following year, migrating to Australia under an assumed name in early 1851. After having considerable success on the Bendigo goldfields, he settled in Melbourne where, under his real name, he embarked on a number of equally successful commercial pursuits. In 1863, some months after his marriage had been dissolved, Halfey wed one Annie Lane at Geelong. They subsequently three sons and two daughters. Two children succumbed at a young age – a daughter dying in infancy in 1866 and a son, Frank Nixon Halfey, who drowned in the Yarra River at the age of ten years, almost four years to the day after the death of his younger sister. John Halfey’s professional and political activities were many and varied. In addition to serving three terms as a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Victorian Parliament, Halfey served on the Kew municipal council, and was the town’s second mayor from 1862-63. He also acted as a director of numerous important companies – many connected with goldmining – and then, in 1871, became co-manager of the Herald newspaper. The latter association continued for many years, and it was at Halfey’s private office in the Herald premises where he collapsed and died in 1889. His wife subsequently went to live in England, but her remains were returned to her husband’s grave after her own death in 1909.

Description: The Halfey Monument stands on a low bluestone platform with a simple cast iron balustrade. The base of the monument proper, incised with the family name, is also of bluestone, while the remainder is of white marble with polished granite trim. The lower level comprises a plain stepped plinth with moulded necking, from which rises a narrow dado with inscriptions to all four faces. The corners are articulated by engaged columns, with polished granite shafts and marble bases and capitals – the latter of foliated form. On each side of the monument, the columns support a pediment-like element with a cable moulding and a bas relief rosette. Above this is another pedestal, with plain panelled sides, scrolled consoles at its base and a prominent moulded cornice. This, in turn, supports a third and smaller pedestal with a round- arched niche t each side and engaged granite columns to the corners. One of the niches contains a heraldic motif, comprising a rampant griffin in bas relief with the Latin motto, ‘Suis stat viribus’, which translates as ‘He stands by his own strength’. The monument is surmounted by a figure of an angel with its left hand raised.

Significance: The Halfey Monument is of historical and aesthetic significance. Historically, it is of significance for its associations with John Halfey, a highly successful Melbourne businessman and long-time newspaper proprietor. Aesthetically, it is of significance for its high level of sculptural embellishment and, in particular, its notable scale. The monument is thought to be the tallest in the entire cemetery, and remains as a prominent landmark within the cemetery landscape.

References: R A Johnson, ‘John Halfey (1825 - 1889)’, in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol 4, pp 320-321.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 161 Innell Tomb Object G05

Division: Church of England C Grave No: 1277 Built: 1908 Date range: 1908 onwards Designer: - Builder: - Artist/s: -

Internees: John Walter Innell Born 1883 (circa) Died 1908

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 162 History: This unusual grave bears only the surname Innell and the year 1908, with no further detail of its actual internees or their specific dates of death. Victorian civil registration records confirm that one John Walter Innell died in 1908 at the age of 25 years, and it is presumably his remains that are interred at Boroondara Cemetery. No record has yet been to explain the circumstances of his death at such a young age. John Walter Innell was the son of John and Jane Innell, but little else is known of the family. Directories reveal that John Innell (senior) operated a guesthouse in East Melbourne from at least the 1890s. A separate listing appears from 1903 for a second John Innell – presumably his son, the young John Walter – who had commenced business as a monumental mason at 38 Smith Street, Collingwood. The fact that John Walter Innell worked as a stonemason would seem to explain the highly unusual appearance of this memorial. Mrs Jane Innell died a few years later in 1913, at the age of 65 years, and her husband, John senior followed, in 1921, aged 76 years. It has not yet been established if either of them were interred with their son in the family tomb at Boroondara Cemetery.

Description: The Innell Memorial is an atypical variation on the familiar chest tomb type. It has a rectangular base of rough-hewn bluestone, surmounted by a second and slightly tapering plinth, also of bluestone but with a dressed finish. On each side of the memorial, this tapered plinth has a small central dormer-like motif beating an incised inscription: those on the long side bear the family name, and those on each end bear the date 1908. On top of the plinth are two square slabs of polished granite, separated by a moulded stone element with chamfered edges and a thin square capstone.

Significance: The Innell Tomb is of aesthetic significance. Aesthetically, the tomb is of significance for its unusual form and detailing, apparently consequent to the fact that the internee, John Walter Innell, was himself a monumental mason.

References:

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 163 Kemp Family Tomb Object G06

Division: Presbyterian A Grave No: 1146a Built: 1909 Date range: 1909 to 1991 Designer: Henry Hardie Kemp Builder: N/A Artist/s: N/A

Internees: Ernest Harvey Kemp Born 1891 Died 19 Jul 1909 Henry Hardie Kemp Born 1859 Died 22 Apr 1946 Charlotte Wilhelmina Kemp Born 1864 (circa) Died 13 Nov 1947 Catherine Evelyn Kemp Born 1894 Died 5 Oct 1970 Flora Harrison Kemp Born 1901 Died 23 Aug 1981 May Grace Kemp Born 1893 Died 16 Oct 1990

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 164 History: This grave was erected in 1909 for Ernest Harvey Kemp, eldest child and only son of noted Melbourne architect Henry Hardie Kemp, a long-time resident of Kew. Ernest, who was only seventeen years old, died at the family home on the corner of Fellows and Princess Street, which his father had designed after his marriage in 1888. A few years after Ernest’s death, the Kemps moved into a new house that Henry designed for them at 5 Adeney Avenue. Henry Hardie Kemp had worked in a number of architect’s offices in Manchester and London before arriving in Melbourne in 1887. He was one of the last generation of Australian architects who trained in England during the 1870s, when the influence of the Gothic Revival was still strong. Indeed, Kemp’s design for the Presbyterian Assembly Hall in Collins Street (1913) has been cited as the last truly authentic Gothic Revival building to be erected in Melbourne. Fittingly, Kemp designed his son’s grave in the same Gothic Revival style that characterised much of his output. The design of the grave incorporates three contiguous tablets, no doubt intending that he and his wife would one day be interred there as well. This took place after their respective deaths in 1946 and 1947. Kemp’s three daughters, who never married, were also interred in the family plot after their respective deaths in 1970, 1981 and 1990.

Description: The Kemp grave comprised a triple-width plot enclosed by a low stone plinth, incised with the family name across the front. The tripartite headstone (possibly of Tasmanian sandstone or Stawell limestone) is in the Gothic Revival style, with simple buttress-like elements at its outer edges, surmounted by cusped gablets, with a matching moulded coping running between. The three panels are enlivened by blind tracery, forming rows of lobes along the top. The central panel records the details of the original internee, Ernest Kemp, while those to the left and right, respectively, memorialise his father and mother. Ernest’s three spinster sisters are memorialised by small granite plaques, set into concrete plinths in front of the original headstone. This monument should be favourably compared with the Verdon monument (possibly by Wardell).

Significance: The Kemp family grave is of architectural significance. Architecturally, it is an unusual example of the work of noted Melbourne architect Henry Kemp, a leading exponent of the Gothic Revival style in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Completed in 1909, the grave can, along with Kemp’s design for the Presbyterian Assembly Hall in Collins Street, be considered as one of the last truly authentic examples of Gothic Revival architecture in Victoria.

References: ‘Deaths’, Argus, 21 July 1909, p 1

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 165 Serrell Memorial Object G07

Division: Presbyterian B Grave No: 754 Built: 1891 Date range: 1891 Designer: - Builder: - Artists: -

Internees: Thomas Serrell Born 1851 (circa) Died 10 Jan 1891

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 166 History: Thomas Serrell was the son of a prominent Victorian surgeon of the same name, who had died in Whittlesea in November 1887 at the age of 80 years. That same year, the younger Thomas married one Kate Watson, and the couple took up residence at ‘The Nook’ in Dryden Street, St Kilda. Four years later, Thomas died at the age of only 41 years. Nothing is known of the circumstances of his death, with a brief notice in the Argus stating only that he had died at his St Kilda residence. The fact that his brother, Edward Hare Serrell, died only two years later at the similarly early of 42 years, may well hint at a hereditary illness. The grave of Thomas Serrell was marked by a figure of a supine greyhound, although the significance of this remains unclear. It has no known symbolism in funerary iconography, and would seems far more likely that Serrell was simply a devoted dog owner. Indeed, there are numerous other examples, in cemeteries throughout the world, of graves that are marked by statues of dogs. Such memorials are invariably associated with particularly faithful pets that have reportedly ‘mourned’ the deaths of their owners.

Description: The Serrell grave is marked by a flat rectangular stone slab that is surrounded by a simple cast iron railing with heavily moulded balusters and a cabled railing. Within this enclosure is a plain two-stage plinth of dressed bluestone, which, in turn, is surmounted by a bronze sculpture depicting a supine greyhound. No sculptor’s name is apparent. On one side of the plinth is the following inscription:

IN FOND MEMORY OF THOMAS, SECOND SON OF THE LATE DR THOMAS AND MATILDA SERRELL DIED 10 JANUARY 1891 IN HIS 41 ST YEAR AT REST

Significance: The Serrell Memorial is of aesthetic significance. Aesthetically, the grave is significant for the unusual incorporation of a bronze statue of a supine greyhound. Within the cemetery landscape, it not only represents a unique example of a statue in the form of a domestic animal, but also, in its own right, a rare instance of a life-size figurative sculpture realised in bronze rather than marble.

References:

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 167 Sisters of the Good Shepherd Object G08

Division: Roman Catholic B Grave No: - Built: 1886? Date range: 1886 to 1947 Designer: - Builder: - Artists: -

Internees: Kate Chadwick Died 23 Sep 1895 Maria Theresa Engelbrecht Died 1 Feb 1931 Annie Augusta Engelbrecht Died 30 Jun 1942

[and many others]

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 168 History: The Sisters of the Good Shepherd first arrived in Melbourne in 1863, at the specific request of Bishop James Gould, and settled on a seven-acre property at Abbotsford. Here, three charitable outreaches were developed – an industrial school for poor children (1864), a female refuge (1877) and a day school for local children (1879). The property was operated as a fully self-sufficient estate, with farms, laundries and even its own cemetery. The order’s group grave at Boroondara Cemetery appears to date from the mid-1880s, coinciding with the foundation of a second convent at Oakleigh in 1883. A third was established at Albert Park in 1893, followed by several others in the early twentieth century.

Description: The graves associated with the Sisters of the Good Shepherd are contained within a fenced enclosure that is by far the largest in the entire cemetery. Measuring approximately six metres by fifty metres, this reserve is defined by a low dwarf wall of dressed bluestone, with an ornate cast iron railing that incorporates foliation quatrefoils and twisted pipes. A gateway, on the west side, opens onto a concrete pathway that bisects the entire enclosed area. There are six individual headstones within the enclosure. The oldest, to the right of the gate, is a white marble Celtic cross on a bluestone plinth, which marks the grave of Kate Chadwick, ‘late of Bendigo’, who died at the Oakleigh convent in 1895. In the south-east corner, a granite Roman cross marks the grave of Maria Theresa Engelbrecht (died 1931) and Annie Augusta Engelbrecht (died 1942). The four remaining memorials, all of more recent origin, are large polished granite headstones that list the names of other members of the order. The headstone at the north end of the pathway records those sisters who died from 1886-1900, while the counterpart at the south end lists those who died from 1900- 1918. The central headstone lists a further 69 sisters who died from 1918-39, while a smaller marker to the right of the gateway memorialises 160 former residents of the Good Shepherd Homes at Abbotsford and Albert Park, who died between 1887 and 1947. The enclosure has been planted out as part of a community engagement project in partnership with Kew Neighbourhood Learning Centre. In 2018 it received the Cemeteries and Crematoria Association Innovation Award.

Significance: The Sisters of the Good Shepherd enclosure is of historical and aesthetic significance. Historically, it is of significance for as the oldest remaining ecclesiastical group grave in the cemetery. It is also of significance for its association with the order of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, which was based in Abbotsford and played a crucial role in the expansion of charitable institutions from the 1860s to the early twentieth century. Aesthetically, it is of significance as by far the largest group grave in the entire cemetery. At 50 metres in length, the fenced enclosure remains as a prominent element in the cemetery landscape.

References: Some of the Fruits of Fifty Years: Annals of the Catholic Church in Victoria. Melbourne, 1897.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 169 Springthorpe Memorial Object G09

Division: Special A Grave No: - Built: 1898 to 1901 Date range: 1897 Designers: Harold Desbrowe Annear (temple) W R Guilfoyle (landscaping) Prof T G Tucker (Greek inscriptions) Ellis Stones (re-landscaping, 1945) Builder: Marriots (decorative bronzework) Artists: Bertram Mackennal (marble sculpture) Auguste Fischer (stained glass) John Longstaff (bronze gargoyles)

Internees: Annie Constance Maria Springthorpe Born 26 Jan 1867 Died 23 Jan 1897 (nee Inglis)

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 170 History: Dr John Springthorpe, a prominent Melbourne medical practitioner, married Miss Annie Inglis on 27 January 1887, her twentieth birthday. Over the next decade, they had four children, and the premature death of the last, Annis Guy Hale Springthorpe, hastened Annie’s death on 23 January 1897, three days before her thirtieth birthday. A day later, her widower took the Sacrament and vowed to dedicate his life to God and Annie. Their house in Collins Street, where she had died, became a shrine in her memory, with Springthorpe even retaining her bloodstains on the carpet. He proposed a suitable memorial and, within a week of her death, engaged noted sculptor Bertram Mackennal to complete a marble statuary group. Melbourne-born MacKennal (1863-1931) spent most of his life in England, where he studied at the RA and became well-known for large sculptural pieces, memorials and architectural embellishments. It was not until March 1899 that Springthorpe secured a site at the Boroondara Cemetery. Within two months, noted architect Harold Desbrowe Annear presented his scheme for the tomb, which would eventually include input from stained glass artist Auguste Fischer, painter John Longstaff, and landscape designer William Guilfoyle (of Botanical Gardens fame). Even the Greek inscriptions were provided byno one less than the Professor of Classical Philology at Melbourne University. Annie’s remains were re-interred at Kew in June 1899, but 18 months passed before the memorial was unveiled in a public ceremony on 2 February 1901. Nevertheless, Springthorpe continued to suggest improvements over the years. He remarried in 1916, but maintained Annie’s memorial until his own death in 1933.Their son, Guy (1897-1984) not only followed in his father’s profession, but also in his role as custodian of the grave. In addition to regular cleaning and repairs, works done over the years included removal of the original glass case in 1955, and restoration of the leadlight roof in 1967. Garden designer Edna Walling turned down an offer to re-landscape the surrounds in 1945, and this work was instead carried out by her protégé, Ellis Stones. The Trust is currently seeking expert assistance with the view to raising funds to conserve the sculpture, the monument , paths and reinstate where possible the landscape design as originally intended.

Description: The memorial is a tetrastyle Greek temple, with twelve green granite Doric columns that support a Harcourt granite entablature, with separate pediments to all four sides that conceal a domed roof of red-tinted leadlight panels. The entablature has triglyphs, metopes, and bronze gargoyles in the form of serpent’s heads, and inscriptions in English and Greek. Inside, the white marble statuary group (depicting a reclining Annie Springthorpe surrounded by angels) stands in the centre of an intricate tessellated floor that incorporates a number of texts, including the dates of Annie’s birth, marriage and original internment (as opposed to her death, or re-internment at the present site). Significantly, her name is not recorded anywhere, although there are four sets of unidentified initials.

Significance: [the following is quoted verbatim from the Victorian Heritage Register] The Springthorpe Memorial is historically important in demonstrating 19h century social and cultural attitudes to death, and for reflecting the ideals of the Victorian Garden Cemetery movement which aimed at providing comfort for mourners. The memorial is important in demonstrating uniqueness, no other example [in Victoria] being known of such aesthetic composition, architectural design and execution, or scale. It is important in exhibiting good design and aesthetic characteristics and for the richness and unusual integration of features. The Springthorpe Memorial is also important in illustrating the principal characteristics of the work of a number of artists including Desbrowe Annear, Mackennal, the glass manufacturers Auguste Fischer and the bronze work of Marriots.

References: Argus , 25 January 1897; Smith’s Weekly, 6 July 1929, p 8; 26 March 1933; Pat Jalland, ‘A Magnificent Obsession’, Age, 25 March 2002

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 171 Stephens’ Monument Object G10

Division: Individually sited (Independents)

Grave No: Built: 1914

Date (range): 1914 to 1965

Designer: -

Builder: -

Artist/s: -

Internees: Westmore Gordon Stephens Born 20 Apr 1840 Died 14 Oct 1914 Sarah Janet (Walden) Stephens Born 22 Sep 1840 Died 10 Aug 1923 Mary Janet (Stephens) Luke Born 27 Aug 1868 Died 8 May 1922 Mavis Jeanette (Luke) Martin Born 1897 Died 8 June 1930 Kittie (Kate) Wheeler Stephens Born 3 Sep 1870 Died 28 Jan 1943 James Temple Stephens Born 1873 Died 26 Jan 1923 Roy Clifford Stephens Born 1 Sep 1897 Died 1 Apr 1920 Westmore William Stephens Born 3 Sep 1866 Died 1 May 1922

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 172 Ada Elizabeth (Langlands) Stephens Born 6 Oct 1865 Died 16 Feb 1939 Frank Gladstone Stephens Born 16 Oct 1895 Died 10 Oct 1965

History: Westmore Gordon Stephens was born in Southampton, where he worked as a draper before migrating to Australia in 1862. After working for various retailers and wholesalers in Ballarat and Melbourne, he commenced his own drapery business in Carlton in 1868. Ten years later, Stephens took over a failing drapery business in Bourke Street, alongside the and transformed it into an enormously successful venture. He subsequently erected new premises on the site and the firm, later styled as Stephens & Sons Pty Ltd, became ‘one of the leading commercial emporiums of Melbourne’, as it was described in the Cyclopaedia of Victoria in 1903. Stephens & Sons remained in operation at 330-336 Bourke Street until the mid-1920s, when the premises (and perhaps the business itself) was taken over by Myer’s emporium, which occupied the adjacent building. Westmore Stephens married Sarah Jane Weldon in 1865, and they had four children. Their two sons, Westmore William (1866) and James Temple (1873), would later join their father in the family business. Stephens died in 1914 at the age of 74 years, and a substantial plot was secured at the Boroondara Cemetery upon which a relatively modest stone memorial was erected. The 1920s saw the deaths of many members of Stephens’ immediate family, some at relatively early ages. Amongst those interred in the family tomb at Kew during that decade were Stephens’ widow, his eldest daughter, both of his sons, and two of his adult grandchildren. His daughter-in-law Ada was buried there in 1939, his daughter Kate (Kittie) in 1943, and his son-in-law John Alexander Ballantyne in 1949. The most recent additions to the family tomb were made in 1965, and comprised Stephens’ remaining daughter, Edith Lillian Ballantyne, and his grandson Frank Gladstone Stephens, who was the eldest son of Westmore William Stephens.

Description: The Stephens Monument is conspicuously sited on a substantial circular plot that stands at the intersection of the three concrete pathways that form the boundaries to the Wesleyan B, Baptist B and Independent B compartments. The base of the monument, now infilled with asphalt, is edged with a dwarf wall of rough-hewn bluestone blocks, and encircled by a concrete pathway. The monument itself, square in plan, has a base of rough-hewn granite, surmounted by a stepped pedestal in polished granite. There are inscriptions to all four sides, each having a triangular pediment above. A tall but unornamented obelisk rises above.

Significance: The Westmore Stephens Memorial is of aesthetic significance and historic interest. Aesthetically, the memorial is of significance for its prominent siting. While the memorial itself is relatively simple in form and modest in scale, it is placed within a large circular burial plot that stands at the intersection of three pathways, which, in turn, is located in an atypical clearing in the otherwise cluttered cemetery landscape. As such, it stands as a particularly conspicuous landmark. Historically, the memorial is of interest for its association with the family of a prominent nineteenth century businessmen who was the proprietor of a highly successful and family-operated Bourke Street drapery store for over thirty years.

References: James Smith (ed), The Cyclopaedia of Victoria, p 317.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 173 Stewart (Towzey) Memorial Object G11

Division: Church of England E Grave No: 190 to 192 Built: 1902? Date range: 1902 to 1931 Designer: - Builder: - Artists: -

Internees: Richard Stewart Towzey Born 24 May 1927 Died 24 Aug 1902 Theodosia (Yates) Towzey Born 12 Apr 1915 Died 19 Jul 1904 Eleanor Towsey Born 20 Nov 1858 Died 21 Jun 1931 Margaret E Stewart Born 1852 (circa) Died 29 Sep 1903

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 174 History: Theodosia Yates, an English actress who was descended from well-known Drury Lane players Richard and Mary Ann Yates, arrived in Hobart in 1840 with a professional opera company and later married actor James Guerin, with whom she had two children. After Guerin’s death, Theodosia married yet another actor, Richard Stewart Towzey, who became her manager. The couple moved to Melbourne soon after the birth, in 1858, of their daughter Eleanor, who, inevitably, would follow in the family profession. Nellie Stewart, as she called herself, initially achieved fame as an opera singer but, after straining her voice in 1886, turned to operetta and straight drama. She appeared on stage in the United States and in London. In 1902, she first played the part for which she is best remembered – the title role in Sweet Nell of Old Drury. She later appeared in a filmed version (1911), and would reprise the role several times on stage over the next two decades. Predeceased by her parents and older sister – who died within a few years of each other in the early twentieth century – Nellie Stewart herself died in Sydney in 1931 after a short illness. After her cremation, her ashes were returned to Melbourne, where they were interred in the family tomb at Boroondara Cemetery.

Description: The Stewart (Towzey) grave comprises three adjacent plots, enclosed by a rough granite dwarf wall, with the monument proper in the centre. The latter has a battered base, carved from a single piece of granite in imitation of a pile of rough rocks, which is further enlivened by several marble tablets. One, on the front, is heart-shaped and bears the inscription MUMMIE AT REST. Two others, in the form of an anchor and a Roman cross, record the dates or birth and death (but not the actual names) of Nellie Stewart’s father and mother, respectively. Another tablet, to the side, is in the form of a scroll, and records the details of Nellie and her sister. The rock plinth is surmounted by a rough granite cross, and by a marble statue in the form of a kneeling female angel, with her hands clasped across the chest. According to one source, the face of this figure was modelled on Nellie Stewart’s own likeness, while it also wears a plain bracelet that was Nellie’s trademark.

Significance: The Stewart monument is of historical and aesthetic significance. Historically, the monument is significant for its associations with Nellie Stewart, a member of prominent theatrical family who became one of Australia’s leading stage actresses in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Aesthetically, the monument is significant for its distinctive form. While essentially an overscaled version of the rough- hewn rock plinth memorials that were common in the early twentieth century, it is distinguished by its series of shaped marble tablets and the life-size marble statue which, it is said, bears Nellie’s likeness.

References: Ross Cooper, ‘Stewart, Eleanor Towzey’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol 12, pp 86-87.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 175 Syme Memorial Object G12

Division: Special K (Boorondara Rose Garden) Grave No: Plot 4 Built: 1908 to 1910 Date range: 1864 to 1996 Designer: Butler & Bradshaw (Walter Butler) Builder: - Artists: -

Internees: David Syme Born 2 Oct 1827 Died 14 Feb 1908 Annabella Johnson Syme Born 25 Mar 1838 Died 30 Aug 1915 Caroline Alice Syme Born 1863 Died 17 Sep 1864 Gabrielle Syme Born 7 Sep 1871 Died 24 Sep 1871 George Francis Ebenezer Syme Born 1861 (circa) Died 9 Aug 1931 Patricia Syme Walford Born 13 May 1924 Died 21 Sep 1991 Anne Elizabeth Syme Allen Born 17 Dec 1930 Died 1 Nov 1996

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 176 History: The Syme Memorial (1908) was originally built as the tomb of David Syme, the publisher of the Age newspaper and a long-time resident of Kew. In his will, Syme had allowed a sum of £700 for “the construction of a family vault in or near my grave in the form of a Doric temple or any other brick construction that my Trustees should consider suitable or appropriate.” Prior to his death, however, Syme had engaged architects Butler & Bradshaw to design a memorial in the Egyptian mode. The elaborate proposal, presented only a few weeks after Syme’s death, proved to be too costly, and the trustees agreed to provide an additional £500. Constructed began soon afterwards. As the building neared completion towards the end of 1910, the architect revealed in a letter to Mrs Syme that the design was based on a genuine Egyptian building: the ‘Kiosk of Trajan’ or ‘Pharaoh’s Bedstead’, erected in 96 BC as an entrance gateway to the Temple of Isis on the Island of Philae. Beyond the fact that Ancient Egyptian religion was largely concerned with the afterlife, it is not clear why Syme would have stipulated this style for his own grave. It has been suggested that it reflected his own interest in spiritualism and other esoteric non-Christian beliefs. Significantly, a number of other Syme family members are known to have Egyptian-style graves, including an obelisk at Kew (1914) and a smaller temple-like structure at Box Hill (1935).

Description: The Syme Memorial is an open pavilion of granite construction, in the form of an Egyptian temple. Closely following its model, the ‘Kiosk of Trajan’ at Philae, the structure has four columns along each end and five along the sides, with dwarf walls running between. The columns have incised grooves at the upper end, and bell capitols enlivened with ornament suggestive of lotus flowers, palm leaves and papyrus buds. The columns are surmounted by impost blocks that, in turn, support a plain entablature with a gorge cornice embellished on both sides with rows of uraei (stylised cobra motif). The memorial stands on a low platform, covered with coloured marble tiles, which projects at either end to form small porches, enclosed by tapered stone pillars with bronze capping and pipe railings. The metalwork, and some of the tiles, are enlivened by scarab motifs. The two entrances to the pavilion have stone lintels with bronze panels depicting winged solar discs. Each also has a pair of round-arched metal gates decorated with uraei and human faces with nemes (striped headdress)

Significance: The Syme Memorial is of historical, aesthetic and architectural significance. Historically, it is significant for its associations with the important newspaper publisher David Syme. Architecturally, it is significant as a highly unusual example (both in terms of its style and function) of the work of noted Melbourne architect Walter Butler, who is best known as the designer of numerous large houses and churches (including Wangaratta Cathedral) in the Arts & Crafts manner. Aesthetically, the Syme Memorial is a particularly fine, if somewhat late, example of Egyptian Revival architecture, of which there are extremely few examples in Australia.

References: Robert S Merrilees, Living with Egypt’s Past in Australia, pp 58, 61. ‘An Egyptian tomb in an Australian cemetery’, Harriet Edquist, ‘He Who Sleeps in Philae: Walter Butler’s Tomb for David Syme at Kew’, Fabrications XIII, 1 (June 2003), pp. 15-32

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 177 Verdon Family Tomb Object G13

Division: Church of England D Grave No: 213, 217, 221 Built: 1889? Date range: 1889 to 1919 Designer: William Wardell? Builder: - Artist/s: -

Internees: (Dame)Anne (Armstrong) Verdon Born 1837 (circa) Died 22 Aug 1889 (Sir) George Frederick Verdon, KCMG Born 21 Jan 1834 Died 13 Sep 1896 Reginald Verdon Born 1864 (circa) Died 18 Dec 1901 Nevil Verdon Born 1875 Died 12 Sep 1904 Edward Theophilus Verdon, KC Born ? Died 27 Feb 1919

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 178 History: A distant relative of Governor Latrobe, George Frederic Verdon arrived in Melbourne at the age of 17 and worked in various fields before entering politics in 1857. After twice serving as state treasurer, he joined the board of the English, Scottish & Australian (ES&A) Charted Bank in 1867, later becoming a director in London and then, in 1872, its Australian manager – a post that he would hold until his death in 1896. Verdon married Anne Armstrong in 1861, and they subsequently had six sons: Arthur Laurence (1862), Reginald (c.1864), Bertram Sumner (1865-66), Egbert Sumner (1867), Nevil (1875) and Edward Theophilus (died 1919). A man with many interests, Verdon nursed a particular obsession with mediaeval architecture. He not only claimed friendship with important local Gothic Revival architect William Wardell, but also with leading English practitioners such as J P Seddon and (according to the Australian Dictionary of Biography) Pugin himself. It was Verdon’s preference for the Gothic Revival that prompted him to adopt it as the ‘house style’ for all branches of the ES&A Chartered Bank during his directorship, most notably its Melbourne office (designed by Wardell) on the corner of Collins and Queen Streets. Not surprisingly, Verdon chose the same style for the grave of his wife. It was almost certainly designed by an architect, and probably his old friend Wardell, who had moved to Sydney some years before. Wardell buildings show a precision and similarity of detailing to elements of this grave.

Description: The Verdon grave comprises three adjacent plots, enclosed by a dressed bluestone dwarf wall with a low cast iron railing with repeating motifs of quatrefoils and finials. The tripartite headstone (of pale pink limestone, possibly from Stawell) is in the Gothic Revival style, with a pair of buttress-like elements at its outer edges, with by steep gablets and a matching moulded coping running between. At the centre, a smaller blind gablet forms the base for a stop-chamfered stone Latin cross. The three panels to the front of the headstone are enlivened by blind tracery, each having a pair of cusped arches with a carved boss at the central springing point. Below, each panel has a bolt-fixed metal plaque, further enlivened by fleur-de- lys motifs, which record the details of the various family members in embossed lettering. The central panel memorialised the grave’s principal internee, George Verdon himself, while those to the left and right memorialise, respectively, his wife and three of his sons. On the rear of the headstone, the family name appears in inset metal lettering.

Significance: The Verdon Grave is of historical, aesthetic and architectural significance. Historically, the grave is important for its associations with Sir George Frederic Verdon, prominent and influential Melbourne businessman, politician, patron of the arts and gentleman scientist, best known as long-time Australian director of the ES&A Chartered Bank. Architecturally, the grave is significant as one of a number of architect-designed projects that that were commissioned by Sir George Verdon in the Gothic Revival idiom, which also included numerous branch banks of the ES&A Chartered Bank, and his own house, Alton, in Macedon. Aesthetically, the grave is significant as a fine example of the Gothic Revival style, as applied to a relatively simple gravestone.

References: A G L Shaw, ‘Verdon, Sir George Frederic’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol 6, pp 330-332.

Wyselaskie Monument Object G14

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 179 Division: Presbyterian A Grave Nos: 396-398, 409-411 Built: 1884-85 Date range: 1883 to 1951 Designers: - Builder: Clarke & Henderson (stonemasons) Artist/s: Giovanni Frediani (sculptor)

Internees: John Dickson Wyselaskie Born 25 June 1818 Died 4 May 1883 Mary Jane Austin (Wyselaskie) Born 1836 (circa) Died 31 Jul 1895 Evelyn Ida Austin (Younger-Wyselaskie) Born 1876 Died 2 Dec 1916 John Dickson (Wyselaskie) Whitehead Born 1902 Died 5 Sep 1951 Joyce Norma Whitehead Born 1912 (circa) Died 12 Aug 1997

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 180 History: Scottish-born John Dickson Wyselaskie arrived in the colonies aged nineteen, joining his uncle’s firm, Kerr & Bogle, in Tasmania. Sent to Port Phillip to obtain land for the firm, he took up a run near Buninyong and then 40,000 acres at Narrapumelap. This proved such a success that, by the 1850s, he bought out his uncle’s interest. Prosperity continued with wool sales from his well-regarded flock of merino sheep. In 1873, Wyselaskie erected a bluestone mansion on his estate then, five years later, retired to Melbourne with his wife, the former Mary Jane Austin Farrell, where they built another mansion, Wyckliffe House, in St Kilda. The couple, who had no children, were generous philanthropis, providing money for churches (including one at Wickliffe, near Narrapumelap), schools and colleges (two of which erected buildings named after him), and scholarships at the University of Melbourne in no less than six different disciplines. After Wyselaskie’s death from apoplexy in 1883, his family proposed a fitting memorial at Kew. Not completed until 1885, this comprised a large marble monument that had been carved in Carrara by Italian sculptor Giovanni Frediani. Although Wyselaskie’s widow, Mary, had remarried while the new grave was being built, she would be interred with her first husband after her own death in 1895. The remains of the childless couple would later be joined by those of distant family members, beginning in 1916 with one of Mary’s relatives, Evelyn Ida Austin Younger. Evelyn, who once affected the hyphenated surname of Younger-Wyselaskie, had married Richard Whitehead in 1898 and their son, born three years later, was given the grand name of John Dickson Wyselaskie Whitehead.

Description: The Wyselaskie Memorial, occupying six grave plots, is enclosed by a bluestone dwarf wall with a low cast iron balustrade of squat finals and solomonic railings. The monument itself, in Carrara marble, stands on a central bluestone plinth. Its lower portion, square in plan with splayed corners, is stepped, with a plain plinth and a more articulated dado enlivened by cornices and husk mouldings. There are inscriptions to three sides and, on the fourth (front) side, a carved depiction of two interlocking torches. Each of the splayed corners has a similar carving of a floral wreath and, at the level above, a winged hourglass motif in bas relief. The upper level of the monument comprises an octagonal pedestal with panelled sides, with four seated cherubim at its base. Each of these holds a different symbolic item: an open book, a sword, a wreath and a torch (or possibly a trumpet) and, lastly, an hourglass and scythe. The pedestal is surmounted by a squat cylindrical drum, embellished with carved festoons and ribbons, which forms the base to a near-lifesize statue of Wyselaskie himself, in contemporary clothing.

Significance: The Wyselaskie Monument is of historical and aesthetic significance. Historically, it is of significance for associations with John Dickson Wyselaskie, a highly successful squatter who is perhaps best remembered through his philanthropy to churches, schools and universities, which has seen his name perpetuated in numerous buildings and scholarships. Aesthetically, it is of significance as one of the more ornate memorials within the Kew Cemetery, noted for its extremely high level of intricate sculptural detail (evidently the work of an Italian sculptor) and, most notably, the near-lifesized full- height portrait statue of Wyselaskie himself.

References: J A Hone, ‘Wyselaskie, John Dickson,’ Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol 6, pp 446-447.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 181 Offices and Lodge Object G15

Division: Grave No: - Date range: 1860 to 1899 (see below) Designers: Charles Vickers; Albert Purchas Builder: Various (see below) Artist/s: -

Phases: 1860 Original lodge Charles Vickers George Saunders 1866 Office with entrance Albert Purchas John Padbury 1869 Kitchen Albert Purchas Thomas Davidson 1873 Bedroom Albert Purchas W W Wood 1881 Bedroom (timber) Albert Purchas Dalton 1889 Bathroom/alteration to office Albert Purchas Dootson & Connell 1893 Additional room in lodge Albert Purchas Thomas Constable 1899 Second story additions, etc Albert Purchas Robertson & Sinclair

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 182 History: The original cemetery lodge, dating from1860, was a two-roomed brick house designed by Charles Vickers and built by George Saunders. Numerous additions were carried out over the next four decades, all to the design of long-time cemetery architect Albert Purchas. These included additional rooms such as an office (1866), kitchen (1869), bedrooms (1873 and 1881), washhouse (1875) and bathroom (1889) and an additional room (1893). A more concentrated and substantial phase of renovation was carried out during 1899, which included a second storey, a clock tower, a new boardroom, and a minister’s waiting room. The most significant change in the twentieth century has been the removal of the internal stairs and their replacement with an external stair to provide independant access to the upper level (which is now tenanted as a discrete dwelling)

Description: Consequent to its multiple phases of construction between 1860 and 1899, the Lodge is irregular in its plan form, variously single- and double-storeyed, and has a picturesque roofline of disparate gables and hips. The original building of 1860, which remains apparent in the centre despite later accretions, is (or was) a simple red brick cottage with a double-fronted symmetrical frontage to the main driveway. The form, fabric and detailing of this part of the Lodge had been closely followed in Purchas’ subsequent additions over the next four decades. The original cottage has a second storey, added in 1899s. The roofs of this, and other additions, are slate-clad with terracotta ridge capping and finials, and prominent eaves with timber-frames to gable ends. The chimneys, often in pairs or clusters, have stop-chamfered shafts, moulded rendered capping, and terracotta chimney pots. The clock tower is a tall, slender structure on the south side, rising above a small porch that opens from the office. It is surmounted by a low helm-house roof with vented gable ends to all sides, and a metal weather-vane above. There are clock faces to all four sides, of frosted glass with painted gilt numerals.

Significance: The Lodge is of historical, aesthetic and architectural significance Historically, the lodge is significant as one of the few (or perhaps even the only) nineteenth cemetery lodges that survive in the Melbourne metropolitan area. Its original portion, built in 1860, represents the oldest remaining structure in the cemetery grounds, while its subsequent additions demonstrate the ongoing expansion of cemetery infrastructure in the second half of the nineteenth century. Aesthetically, the lodge is a Architecturally, the lodge is of note as an example of the work of Arthur Purchas, a noted Melbourne architect who served the trustees of the Kew Cemetery for several decades, and is himself interred within its grounds.

References: Minute book, 9 Sep and 14 Oct 1890; Frances O’Neill, ‘The Historical Significance of the Boroondara General Cemetery’, pp 20-22, 58-59.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 183 Shelter Object G16

Division: Church of England Grave No: - Date: 1890 Designer: Albert Purchas Builder: Henry Dootson Artist/s: -

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 184 History: In August 1890, the trustees of the Boroondara Cemetery decided to erect a second shelter within the cemetery grounds, to the design of Albert Purchas. His design for a simple octagonal pavillion with a pyramidal roof was also used as the basis for an identical shelter, erected at the same time at the Melbourne General Cemetery – for which Purchas also acted as official architect to the trustees. By September, it was decided that the new shelter at Kew would be built on the reserve between the Roman Catholic and Church of England compartment. The contractor was to be one Henry Dootson, who, the previous year, had carried out some alterations to the bathroom of the cemetery’s entrance lodge. The fact that Dootson’s address was in Lygon Street, Carlton, suggests that he was probably also responsible for the construction of the identical shelter in the nearby Melbourne General Cemetery. The shelter had evidently been completed by March 1891, when the final payment was made on the original contract price of £313. Two months later, Albert Purchas submitted plans for infilling the open sides of the shelter. This work, also undertaken by Henry Dootson, had been completed by August of that year.

Description: The shelter is a hipped-roof structure on an octagonal plan. It has a bluestone plinth with a red brick dado that has recessed panels with moulded edges tessellated infill of a red, blue and beige glazed tiles in a geometric pattern. This walling, surmounted by moulded capping, forms a base for a row of Solomonic cast iron columns with Corinthian capitals. These support elongated impost blocks that, in turn, support the roof. Between these impost blocks are friezes and arched spandrels of ornate cast-iron lacework. All but two of the side bays are otherwise infilled with lattice screens of flat metal straps; the remaining two, which serve as entrances, have bluestone thresholds. The roof, clad with fish-scale scales, has lead ridge capping and bell-cast eaves with clip-fixed ogee profile guttering and timber lining board underneath. Internally, the octagonal ceiling is delineated by a series of radial moulded beads, and lined with timber boards in a diagonal pattern. The floor has a matching tessellated finish, and, on six sides of the space, timber bench seats supported on metal brackets.

Significance: The shelter is of historical, architectural and aesthetic significance. Historically, the shelter provides evidence of the ongoing expansion of cemetery infrastructure in the second half of the nineteenth century, and, particularly, demonstrates the development of the cemetery grounds as a carefully landscaped parkland in accordance with the prevailing taste of the time. Architecturally and aesthetically, the shelter is significant as an intact and representative example of a nineteenth century cemetery shelter, which were invariably expressed as small picturesque pavilions with octagonal plans. It stands out amongst other extant shelters in Victoria as a rare example showing the Gothic Revival influence in its use of pointed arches, quatrefoil motifs and columns with foliated capitals.

References: Minute book, 12 Aug, 9 Sep and 14 Oct 1890; 12 May and 11 Aug 1891; Frances O’Neill, ‘The Historical Significance of the Boroondara General Cemetery, Kew’, p 24. Richard Aitken, ‘Cemetery shelters’, Historic Environment, Vol 2, No 4 (1982), pp 2-22.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 185 Perimeter Walls Object G17

Division: - Grave No: - Date: 1895-1896; partly rebuilt 1902; 1907 Designer: Albert Purchas Builder: D M McIntosh (brick wall) Artist/s: -

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 186 History: The grounds were originally enclosed by a timber picket fence, built in 1859 by J Padbury. Tenders for a new iron fence along the north frontage were called in 1872, but the job was stalled due to an increase in iron prices. Fresh tenders were called a year later, and the contract awarded to Joseph Hughes, who completed the first portion by June 1873. The remaining portion was completed the following year by another contractor, while the corresponding section along the southern boundary would not be erected until 1883. A new brick perimeter wall was mooted in August 1895, when Purchas was asked to prepare plans for ‘ornamental fence around cemetery’. He initially proposed alternate panels of brickwork and iron palisade, until Park Hill Road residents– no doubt concerned about the view from their houses – petitioned for a solid wall. Consequently, it was agreed that Purchas’ original design would only be realised on the north side. Over the next few years, minute books recorded the purchase of several lots of bricks from the Fritsch Holzer brickworks in Hawthorn. The new brick wall was twice damaged by storms in the early twentieth century. A portion in the north-east corner, 100 feet long, was destroyed in April 1902, and subsequently rebuilt by McConnell & Marshall. Another 164 feet of walling collapsed in January 1907, also rebuilt by McConnell. Minute books record numerous repairs to the wall over the ensuing decades. In 1923, a gateway to the adjacent public reserve was bricked up.

Description: The perimeter brick wall is nine feet (2.74 metres) high, with a slightly projecting plinth at the base and a more prominently projecting cornice at the top, the latter incorporating a dog-toothed stringcourse of projecting header bricks. The wall itself is divided into regular bays by a row of piers. Along the northern boundary, some of the solid brickwork panels alternate with bays of iron palisade fencing, which represent what had been architect Albert Purchas’ original intention for the entire perimeter wall. An opening along the Park Hill Road frontage of the wall provides pedestrian access to the cemetery. This opens onto a small paved area, shielded by a low brick plinth with a dressed bluestone superstructure and an iron palisade fence that acts as a screen.

Significance: The brick wall is of aesthetic and historical significance. Historically, the wall is among the most substantial surviving pieces of infrastructure associated with the cemetery’s nineteenth century development. Aesthetically, the wall remains as a prominent element in the cemetery landscape.

References: Minute book,7 Sep 1859; 7 Nov 1860; 3 Nov 1868; 7 May 1872; 3 Sep 1872; 1 Apr 1893; 3 Jun 1873; 11 Sep 1883; 11 Dec 1883; 13 Aug 1895; 14 Jan 1896; Frances O’Neill, ‘The Historical Significance of the Boroondara General Cemetery’, pp 22-23, 58-59.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 187 Entrance Gates Object G18

Division: - Grave No: - Date: 1889, 1896 Designer: Albert Purchas Builder: Charles Dowell Artist/s: -

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 188 History: In 1860, a year after the original timber picket fence had been built around the cemetery, it was decided to add two wicket gates to the north and south entrances. Eight years later, the condition of the entrance gates was reported to the trustees, and it was resolved to repaint them. More changes were made in 1874, when the gates were raised, and new locks, frames and gratings installed. Finally, in March 1889, it was resolved that designs for entirely new entrance gates would be obtained. A month later, it was reported that only one tender had been received, from one Charles Dowell. His tender was duly accepted. Two years later, in February 1891, it was proposed that the small gates flanking the main entrance would be altered to incorporate wickets, and to make them self-closing. It is not clear, however, if this work was actually carried out. In 1896, tenders were called for new palisading at the main entrance, and the contract was again awarded to Charles Dowell. During the twentieth century, the biggest cause for concern with the entrance gates has been damage by motor vehicles. In 1931, permission was sought to erect signage stating that ‘parking of cars within this enclosure strictly prohibited’. It is not known if these were actually installed at that time, although later minutes reveal that new ‘no parking’ signs were added to the gates in 1970. Other signage have been erected since that time. The original gates were removed to the Works Compound, the inner gate posts shifted and new wider gates installed in 2001

Description: The main entrance is symmetrical, comprising a central vehicle gateway of considerable width, with a pair of elongated wrought iron gates, flanked by two smaller pedestrian gateways, both with single gates. To each side of the main gateway are three gateposts placed in an L-shaped configuration (in 2001), thus causing the traffic gates to stand back from the common fence alighnment. The resulting gap between the two sets of gates is infilled with an original short run of fixed palisade fencing. These appropriately monumental gateposts have short base plinths, shafts with panelled faces, moulded necking and prominent caps surmounted by orbs with finials. The gates themselves are similar in form, being made up of rows of iron palisades with distinctive zigzag cross-bracing along the top and the bottom. The gates have curving top rails, through which the palisades penetrate, culminating in a spiked finial. Note the central traffic gates were created in 2001. There are several sheet-metal signs attached to the various gates, although all of these appear to be of relatively recent date.

Significance: The entrance gates are of aesthetic and historical significance. Historically, the gates are among the most substantial surviving pieces of infrastructure associated with the cemetery’s nineteenth century development. Aesthetically, the gates remain as an important and imposing landmark at the principal entrance of the cemetery grounds.

References: Minute book, 12 Mar and 9 April 1889, 10 Feb 1891, 13 Jan 1931, 20 Aug 1970; Frances O’Neill, ‘The Historical Significance of the Boroondara General Cemetery’, pp 22-23, 58-59.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 189 Toilet blocks Object G19

Division: - Grave No: - Date: 1901, 1908 Designer: - Builder: - Artist/s: -

Internees: N/A

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 190 History: A water closet was provided at the cemetery as early as November 1860, although this probably intended for private use by the lodge-keeper. It was not until 1875 that tenders were called for a ‘public urinal & closet’, and another decade passed before equivalent facilities were provided for female. The latter, located in the Presbyterian section, was completed towards the end of 1886. During the 1890s, suggestions were made to improve the appearance of the men’s toilets, either by screening them or relocating them elsewhere. In 1896, it was resolved that two new brick closets and urinals would be erected – one in front of the Lodge, and another near the gate in the south wall. Plans from the turn of the century show two existing toilets blocks along the north wall (each containing two closets) and another two along the south wall (each with a single closet or urinal). By this time, the women’s toilets had fallen into a neglected state, and tenders were called in September 1901 for a replacement block. Seven years later, tenders were called for a new brick closet and urinal to replace the old one on the north side. Around the same time, tenders were also called for trellis screens around the ladies’ toilets. Both of these toilet blocks are still standing. The old urinal on Park Hill Road, which had been a cause for concern amongst local residents for some years, was finally removed in 1911. No trace now remains of these, or of any of the other public conveniences that were erected at the cemetery in the late nineteenth century.

Description: The two toilet blocks are comparable in form, fabric and detailing, but slightly different in size. They are simple rectangular structures with red brick walls, laid in Flemish bond and enlivened by a stepped plinth and simple stringcourse along the parapet, which conceals a skillion roof of corrugated galvanised steel. There are small rectangular windows and, at the rear, evidence of the original arched night soil hatches (since bricked up). The entrances have arched doorways and bluestone thresholds, and are screened by return brick walls and panels of metal strap latticework. The larger of the two blocks, near the main entrance, is probably that erected in 1901 for women’s use. It has an entrance at each end and three WC stalls within; it has since been subdivided to form separate facilities for males and females. The smaller block, on High Street, is the new men’s toilet of 1908. It has only one entrance and contains a single WC stall and a urinal alcove. In both cases, internal spaces have smooth granolithic floors with rendered skirtings, and ceilings lined with beaded timber boards. Stalls retain ledged-and-braced timber doors. Original plumbing fittings have been replaced, although the urinal stall in the smaller block still retains its timber cistern mounting block.

Significance: The toilet blocks are of historical significance. Historically, these respective conveniences for females (1901) and males (1908) provide evidence of the expansion of public facilities at the cemetery in the early twentieth century, specifically following the laying out of Melbourne’s new sewerage network from the late 1890s.

References: Minute books, Nov 1860, 7 Sep 1875, 13 Apr, 8 Jun, 13 Jul, 10 Aug and 12 Oct 1886, 14 Oct 1890, 10 Sep 1895, 10 Mar 1896, 9 Jul, 13 Aug and 10 Sep 1901; 11 Feb, 12 May and 9 Jun 1908.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 191 Denominational markers Object G20

Division: Various (see below) Grave No: - Date: 1874, 1890 Designer: - Builder: - Artist/s: -

Markers: Baptist Compartment A Special Compartment E Baptist Compartment B Special Compartment C Church of England Compartment D Unitarian Compartment A Independent Compartment B Methodist Compartment B Presbyterian Compartment A Presbyterian Compartment B Protestant Compartment A

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 192 History: The first reference to markers within the cemetery grounds is recorded in the minute books in July 1868, when a caretaker was requested to ‘substitute iron labels for the present wooden ones where required’. It was not until July 1874 that the formal discussions were held in regard to obtaining ‘some form of tablet to specify the different portions of grounds’. Albert Purchas was requested to seek prices, and a tender was subsequently accepted from one J Reeves. The first 13 compartment labels had been delivered and installed by November, with another arriving early the following year. There was apparently no further action until March 1876, when the minute books record that the cast iron labels were to be galvanised, in order to save on the cost of painting. The topic would not be raised by the trustees again until September 1890, when permission was granted to purchase additional labels for the Wesleyan and Baptist compartments. These were duly provided by W F Reeves, presumably a relative of the original supplier.

Description: A typical denomination marker, of cast iron, comprises a small flat plate with heavily moulded edges, incorporating an eye-shaped panel containing two radial inscriptions in projecting lettering – the name of the denomination across the top, and the word ‘compartment’ along the base. In the centre of the panel, between the inscriptions, is the alphabetical designation of that particular compartment. The markers are mounted on polygonal-section posts with a foliated capital at the top, a moulded boss in the middle, and a cluster of scrolled elements at the base, forming a stabiliser. A smaller and simpler type of denominational marker can also be found in some compartments, including Protestant A and Special E. These are in the form of a half-round metal plate with moulded edging, which contain a radial inscription in projecting lettering. The plate is bolt-fixed to a flat metal post, which is inserted so that the marker is much closer to the ground level than its more ornate counterparts. At least eleven surviving denomination markers have been located within the cemetery grounds.

Significance: The denominational labels are of historical significance. Historically, the denominational labels are amongst the oldest surviving elements of cemetery infrastructure. Evidently dating back to the mid-1870s, the labels provide evidence of the fastidious protocol that governed burials in the late nineteenth century, whereby various denominations (some of which are long since defunct) were provided with their own discrete zones within the cemetery.

References: Minute books, 7 July, 6 Oct and 3 Nov 1874, Jan 1875; 7 Mar 1876; 9 Sep 1890;

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 193 Enamel signs Object G21

Division: Various Grave No: - Date: 1889 Designer: - Builder: - Artist/s: -

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 194 History: The need for signage was first recorded in the minutes in August 1871, when it was moved to erect notices at each entrance, stating ‘no dogs will be allowed’. However, it was human visitors that would become the biggest cause of nuisance within the cemetery grounds. As early as 1878, the trustees discussed the problem of flowers being damaged or stolen from gravesites. It was decided to erect signage, stating that a reward would be offered for any information leading to the arrest of anyone responsible for ‘injuring or stealing’ flowers within the cemetery grounds. Such was the success of these notices that, within a month of their erection, two people had already been convicted and fined. During the 1880s, the minute books were peppered with accounts of various offenders being caught, fined and charged. Following a report made to the trustees by the police in August 1887, it was agreed to reduce the reward to £1. Flower stealing had abated somewhat by that time, with only a few more instances reported during the late 1880s. In July 1889, it was noted that some new signs, of enamelled metal, would be installed to dissuade potential flower thieves. The new signage clearly drove the message home. Although there were a few more reported occurrences during the 1890s, these were far less common than they had been in the 1880s. The last recorded incident was recorded in the minute book in October 1897, when five people were caught stealing flowers.

Description: A sole surviving example of the 1889 signage remains in situ along the east-west pathway between the Church of England dicompartments A and B. It is a rectangular piece of enamelled sheet metal, albeit now in damaged condition, mounted on an ornate cast-iron post. The sign contains the following text, now partially unreadable due to the cracking of the enamel finish: ONE POUNDS [REWARD] PAID TO ANY PERSON GIVING [EVIDENCE TO] LEAD TO THE CONVICTION [OF ANY PERSON] STEALING OR INJURING FLOWERS [WITHIN?] ANY PORTION OF THIS CEMETERY BY [ORDER] THE TRUSTEES Another surviving example was found partially buried alongside a grave behind the Syme Memorial (see photograph on preceding page), while the cast-iron support post of another sign still stands at the extreme edge of the Roman Catholic compartment. Another sign is known to be held for safekeeping in the cemetery office.

Significance: The enamelled signs are of historical significance. Historically, the signs are significant as rare surviving elements of their type. Few, if any, nineteenth century enamelled signs such as these are known to survive in Victorian cemeteries. While not all of the signs remain in situ at Boroondara, they are nevertheless significant as important remnants of nineteenth century fabric within the cemetery grounds. More specifically, the signs provide valuable evidence of what was clearly a serious and oft-recurring problem in cemetery management in the late nineteenth century, but which has since abated in the twentieth century.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 195 References: Minute books, 1 Aug 1871; 8 Aug and 3 Sep 1878; 9 Aug 1887;

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 196 APPENDIX H THE BURRA CHARTER The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance Steps in planning for and managing a place of cultural significance The Burra Charter should be read as a whole. Key articles relevant to each step are shown in the boxes. Article 6 summarises the Burra Charter Process.

Preamble . Considering the International Charter for the Conservation The Charter is self-contained, but aspects of its use and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (Venice 1964), and and application are further explained, in a series of Australia the Resolutions of the 5th General Assembly of the ICOMOS Practice Notes, in The Illustrated Burra Charter, International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and in other guiding documents available from the Australia (Moscow 1978), the Burra Charter was adopted by Australia ICOMOS web site: australia.icomos.org. ICOMOS (the Australian National Committee of ICOMOS) on 19 August 1979 at Burra, South Australia. Revisions What places does the Charter apply to? were adopted on 23 February 1981, 23 April 1988, 26 The Charter can be applied to all types of places of cultural November 1999 and 31 October 2013. significance including natural, Indigenous and historic places with cultural values. The Burra Charter provides guidance for the The standards of other organisations may also be relevant. conservation and management of places of cultural These include the Australian Natural Heritage Charter, Ask significance (cultural heritage places), and is based First: a guide to respecting Indigenous heritage places and on the knowledge and experience of Australia values and Significance 2.0: a guide to assessing the ICOMOS members. Conservation is an integral part of the significance of collections. National and international management of places of cultural significance and is an charters and other doctrine may be relevant. See ongoing responsibility. australia.icomos.org.

Who is the Charter for? Why conserve? The Charter sets a standard of practice for those who Places of cultural significance enrich people’s lives, often provide advice, make decisions about, or undertake works to providing a deep and inspirational sense of connection to places of cultural significance, including owners, managers community and landscape, to the past and to lived and custodians. Using the Charter experiences. They are historical records, that are important The Charter should be read as a whole. Many expressions of Australian identity and experience. Places of articles are interdependent. cultural significance reflect the diversity of our communities, telling us about who we are and the past that has formed us The Charter consists of: and the Australian landscape. They are irreplaceable and • Definitions Article 1 precious. • Conservation Principles Articles 2–13 These places of cultural significance must be conserved for • Conservation Processes Articles 14–25 present and future generations in accordance with the • Conservation Practices Articles 26–34 principle of inter-generational equity. • The Burra Charter Process flow chart. The Burra Charter advocates a cautious approach The key concepts are included in the Conservation to change: do as much as necessary to care for the Principles section and these are further developed in the place and to make it useable, but otherwise change Conservation Processes and Conservation Practice it as little as possible so that its cultural significance sections. The flow chart explains the Burra Charter Process is retained. (Article 6) and is an integral part of the Charter. Explanatory Notes also form part of the Charter

Articles Article 1. Definitions For the purposes of this Charter: 1.1 Place means a geographically defined area. It may include elements, objects, spaces and views. Place may have tangible and intangible dimensions. 1.2 Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 197 Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups. 1.3 Fabric means all the physical material of the place including elements, fixtures, contents and objects. 1.4 Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance 1.5 Maintenance means the continuous protective care of a place, and its setting. Maintenance is to be distinguished from repair which involves restoration or reconstruction. 1.6 Preservation means maintaining a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration. 1.7 Restoration means returning a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing elements without the introduction of new material. 1.8 Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material. 1.9 Adaptation means changing a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use. 1.10 Use means the functions of a place, including the activities and traditional and customary practices that may occur at the place or are dependent on the place. 1.11 Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance. 1.12 Setting means the immediate and extended environment of a place that is part of or contributes to its cultural significance and distinctive character. 1.13 Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place. 1.14 Related object means an object that contributes to the cultural significance of a place but is not at the place. 1.15 Associations mean the connections that exist between people and a place. 1.16 Meanings denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses to people. 1.17 Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place. 1.11 Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance. 1.12 Setting means the immediate and extended environment of a place that is part of or contributes to its cultural significance and distinctive character. 1.13 Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place. 1.14 Related object means an object that contributes to the cultural significance of a place but is not at the place. 1.15 Associations mean the connections that exist between people and a place. 1.16 Meanings denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses to people. 1.17 Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place.

Conservation Principles Article 2. Conservation and management 2.1 Places of cultural significance should be conserved. 2.2 The aim of conservation is to retain the cultural significance of a place. 2.3 Conservation is an integral part of good management of places of cultural significance. 2.4 Places of cultural significance should be safeguarded and not put at risk or left in a vulnerable state.

Article 3. Cautious approach 3.1 Conservation is based on a respect for the existing fabric, use, associations and meanings. It requires a cautious approach of changing as much as necessary but as little as possible. 3.2 Changes to a place should not distort the physical or other evidence it provides, nor be based on conjecture.

Article 4. Knowledge, skills and techniques 4.1 Conservation should make use of all the knowledge, skills and disciplines which can contribute to the study and care of the place. 4.2 Traditional techniques and materials are preferred for the conservation of significant fabric. In some circumstances modern techniques and materials which offer substantial conservation benefits may be appropriate.

Article 5. Values

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 198 5.1 Conservation of a place should identify and take into consideration all aspects of cultural and natural significance without unwarranted emphasis on any one value at the expense of others. 5.2 Relative degrees of cultural significance may lead to different conservation actions at a place.

Article 6. Burra Charter Process

6.1 The cultural significance of a place and other issues affecting its future are best understood by a sequence of collecting and analysing information before making decisions. Understanding cultural significance comes first, then development of policy and finally management of the place in accordance with the policy. This is the Burra Charter Process. 6.2 Policy for managing a place must be based on an understanding of its cultural significance. 6.3 Policy development should also include consideration of other factors affecting the future of a place such as the owner’s needs, resources, external constraints and its physical condition. 6.4 In developing an effective policy, different ways to retain cultural significance and address other factors may need to be Explored 6.5 Changes in circumstances, or new information or perspectives, may require reiteration of part or all of the Burra Charter

Process. Article 7. Use 7.1 Where the use of a place is of cultural significance it should be retained. 7.2 A place should have a compatible use.

Article 8. Setting Conservation requires the retention of an appropriate setting. This includes retention of the visual and sensory setting, as well as the retention of spiritual and other cultural relationships that contribute to the cultural significance of the place. New construction, demolition, intrusions or other changes which would adversely affect the setting or relationships are not appropriate.

Article 9. Location 9.1 The physical location of a place is part of its cultural significance.A building, work or other element of a place should remain in its historical location. Relocation is generally unacceptable unless this is the sole practical means of ensuring its survival. 9.2 Some buildings, works or other elements of places were designed to be readily removable or already have a history of relocation. Provided such buildings, works or other elements do not have significant links with their present location, removal may be appropriate. 9.3 If any building, work or other element is moved, it should be moved to an appropriate location and given an appropriate use. Such action should not be to the detriment of any place of cultural significance.

Article 10. Contents Contents, fixtures and objects which contribute to the cultural significance of a place should be retained at that place. Their removal is unacceptable unless it is: the sole means of ensuring their security and preservation; on a temporary basis for treatment or exhibition; for cultural reasons; for health and safety; or to protect the place. Such contents, fixtures and objects should be returned where circumstances permit and it is culturally appropriate.

Article 11. Related places and objects The contribution which related places and related objects make to the cultural significance of the place should be retained.

Article 12. Participation Conservation, interpretation and management of a place should provide for the participation of people for whom the place has significant associations and meanings, or who have social, spiritual or other cultural responsibilities for the place.

Article 13. Co-existence of cultural values

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 199 Co-existence of cultural values should always be recognised, respected and encouraged. This is especially important in cases where they conflict.

Article 14. Conservation processes Conservation may, according to circumstance, include the processes of: retention or reintroduction of a use; retention of associations and meanings; maintenance, preservation, restoration, reconstruction, adaptation and interpretation; and will commonly include a combination of more than one of these. Conservation may also include retention of the contribution that related places and related objects make to the cultural significance of a place.

Article 15. Change 15.1 Change may be necessary to retain cultural significance, but is undesirable where it reduces cultural significance. The amountof change to a place and its use should be guided by the cultural significance of the place and its appropriate interpretation. 15.2 Changes which reduce cultural significance should be reversibleand be reversed when circumstances permit. 15.3 Demolition of significant fabric of a place is generally not acceptable. However, in some cases minor demolition may be appropriate as part of conservation. Removed significant fabric should be reinstated when circumstances permit. 15.4 The contributions of all aspects of cultural significance of a place should be respected. If a place includes fabric, uses, associations or meanings of different periods, or different aspects of cultural significance, emphasising or interpreting one period or aspect at the expense of another can only be justified when what is left out, removed or diminished is of slight cultural significance anthat which is emphasised or interpreted is of much greater cultural significance.

Article 16. Maintenance Maintenance is fundamental to conservation. Maintenance should be undertaken where fabric is of cultural significance and its maintenance is necessary to retain that cultural significance.

Article 17. Preservation Preservation is appropriate where the existing fabric or its condition constitutes evidence of cultural significance, or where insufficient evidence is available to allow other conservation processes to be carried out.

Article 18. Restoration and reconstruction Restoration and reconstruction should reveal culturally significant aspects of the place.

Article 19. Restoration Restoration is appropriate only if there is sufficient evidence of an earlier state of the fabric.

Article 20. Reconstruction 20.1 Reconstruction is appropriate only where a place is incomplete through damage or alteration, and only where there is sufficient evidence to reproduce an earlier state of the fabric. In some cases, reconstruction may also be appropriate as part of a use or practice that retains the cultural significance of the place. 20.2 Reconstruction should be identifiable on close inspection or through additional interpretation.

Article 21. Adaptation 21.1 Adaptation is acceptable only where the adaptation has minimal impact on the cultural significance of the place. 21.2 Adaptation should involve minimal change to significant fabric, achieved only after considering alternatives.

Article 22. New work 22.1 New work such as additions or other changes to the place may be acceptable where it respects and does not distort or obscure the cultural significance of the place, or detract from its interpretation and appreciation. 22.2 New work should be readily identifiable as such, but must respect and have minimal impact on the cultural significance of the place.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 200 Article 23. Retaining or reintroducing use Retaining, modifying or reintroducing a significant use may be appropriate and preferred forms of conservation.

Article 24. Retaining associations and meanings 24.1 Significant associations between people and a place should be respected, retained and not obscured. Opportunities for the interpretation, commemoration and celebration of these associations should be investigated and implemented. 24.2 Significant meanings, including spiritual values, of a place should be respected. Opportunities for the continuation or revival of these meanings should be investigated and implemented.

Article 25. Interpretation The cultural significance of many places is not readily apparent, and should be explained by interpretation. Interpretation should enhance understanding and engagement, and be culturally appropriate.

Conservation Practice Article 26. Applying the Burra Charter Process 26.1 Work on a place should be preceded by studies to understand the place which should include analysis of physical, documentary, oral and other evidence, drawing on appropriate knowledge, skills and disciplines. 26.2 Written statements of cultural significance and policy for the place should be prepared, justified and accompanied by supporting evidence. The statements of significance and policy should be incorporated into a management plan for the place. 26.3 Groups and individuals with associations with the place as well as those involved in its management should be provided with opportunities to contribute to and participate in identifying and understanding the cultural significance of the place. Where appropriate they should also have opportunities to participate in its conservation and management. 26.4 Statements of cultural significance and policy for the place should be periodically reviewed, and actions and their consequences monitored to ensure continuing appropriateness and effectiveness.

Article 27. Managing change 27.1 The impact of proposed changes, including incremental changes, on the cultural significance of a place should be assessed with reference to the statement of significance and the policy for managing the place. It may be necessary to modify proposed changes to better retain cultural significance. 27.2 Existing fabric, use, associations and meanings should be adequately recorded before and after any changes are made to the place.

Article 28. Disturbance of fabric 28.1 Disturbance of significant fabric for study, or to obtain evidence, should be minimised. Study of a place by any disturbance of the fabric, including archaeological excavation, should only be undertaken to provide data essential for decisions on the conservation of the place, or to obtain important evidence about to be lost or made inaccessible. 28.2 Investigation of a place which requires disturbance of the fabric, apart from that necessary to make decisions, may be appropriate provided that it is consistent with the policy for the place. Such investigation should be based on important research questions which have potential to substantially add to knowledge, which cannot be answered in other ways and which minimises disturbance of significant fabric.

Article 29. Responsibility The organisations and individuals responsible for management and decisions should be named and specific responsibility taken for each decision.

Article 30. Direction, supervision and implementation Competent direction and supervision should be maintained at all stages, and any changes should be implemented by people with appropriate knowledge and skills.

Article 31. Keeping a log

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 201 New evidence may come to light while implementing policy or a plan for a place. Other factors may arise and require new decisions. A log of new evidence and additional decisions should be kept.

Article 32. Records 32.1 The records associated with the conservation of a place should be placed in a permanent archive and made publicly available, subject to requirements of security and privacy, and where this is culturally appropriate. 32.2 Records about the history of a place should be protected and made publicly available, subject to requirements of security and privacy, and where this is culturally appropriate.

Article 33. Removed fabric Significant fabric which has been removed from a place including contents, fixtures and objects, should be catalogued, and protected in accordance with its cultural significance. Where possible and culturally appropriate, removed significant fabric including contents, fixtures and objects, should be kept at the place.

Article 34. Resources Adequate resources should be provided for conservation.

Words in italics are defined in Article 1.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 202 The Burra Charter Process Steps in planning for and managing a place of cultural significance The Burra Charter should be read as a whole. Key articles relevant to each step are shown in the boxes. Article 6 summarises the Burra Charter Process.

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 203 APPENDIX I List of Plants suitable for use in 19th and early 20th century cemeteries. BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME LARGE TREES Abies nordmanniana Caucasian Fir Abies pinsapo Spanish Fir Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly Agonis flexuosa Weeping Myrtle Araucaria bidwillii Bunya Bunya Pine Araucaria cunninghamii Hoop Pine Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island Pine Brachychiton populous Kurrajong Calocedrus decurrens Incense Cedar Cedrus atlantica Atlas Cedar Cedrus atlantica f. glauca Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus deodara Deodar Chamaecyparis funebris Funeral Cypress Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson Cypress Cinnamomum cainphora Camphor Laurel Cupressus glabra Smooth Arizona Cypress Cupressus lusitanica Mexican Cypress Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress Cupressus torulosa Bhutan Cypress Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cypress Cupressus macrocarpa 'Horizontalis Aurea' Golden Monterey Cypress Eucalyptus spp. (indigenous species) Eucalyptus ficifolia Red Flowering Gum Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig Ficus platypoda Toromeo Ficus rubigitiosa Port Jackson Fig Juniperus chinensis Chinese Juniper Juniperus virginiana Pencil Juniper Lagunaria patersonia Norfolk Island Hibiscus Magnolia grandiflora Southern Magnolia Picea abies Norway Spruce Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce Picea smithiana West Himalayan Spruce Pinus canarienisis Canary Island Pine Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 204 Pinus nigra var. maritima Corsican Pine Pinus pinea Stone Pine Pinus ponderosa Western Yellow Pine Pinus radiata Monterey Pine Pinus roxburghii Long-leaved Indian Pine Quercus canariensis Algerian Oak Quercus cerris Turkey Oak Quercus ilex Holly Oak Quercus robur English Oak Quercus suber Cork Oak Salix babylonica Weeping Willow Schinus molle var. areira Peppercorn Tree Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Redwood Syzygium paniculatum Brush Cherry Thuja plicata Western Red Cedar Lophostemon confertus Brush Box Ulmus parvifolia Chinese Elm Ulmus procera English Elm Ulmus x hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmus glabra Wych Elm Waterhousea floribunda Weeping Lilly Pilly SMALL TO MEDIUM TREES Arbutus unedo Irish Strawberry Arbutus x andrachnoides Hybrid Strawberry Ilex aquifolium English Holly Laurus nobilis Bay Tree Morus alba White Mulberry Photinia serrulata Chinese Hawthorn Platycladus orientalis Chinese Arbor-Vitae Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Prunus lusitanica Portuguese Laurel Taxus baccata Yew Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' Irish Yew PALMS Chamaerops humilis Dwarf Fan Palm Livistona australis Cabbage Palm Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Date Palm Trachycarpus fortunei Chinese Windmill Palm Washingtonia filifera Desert Fan Palm heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 205 Washingtonia robusta Washington Palm SHRUBS Buxus sempervirens English Box Camellia japonica (old cultivars) Camellia Ceratonia siliqua Carob Choisya ternata Mexican Orange Cordyline australis New Zealand Cabbage Tree Duranta erecta Sky Flower Elaeagnus pungens Thorny Elaeagnus Euonymus europaea European Spindle Tree Euonymus japonica (and cultivars) Japanese Spindle Tree Juniperus communis Common Juniper Lonicera fragrantissima Winter Honeysuckle Malvaviscus arboreus Scarlet Wax-mallow Michelia figo Port Wine Magnolia Myrtus communis Common Myrtle Nerium oleander (and cultivars) Oleander Philadelphus coronarius Mock Orange Photinia glabra Japanese Photini Pittosporum crassifolium Karo Pittosporum eugenioides Lemonwood Pittosporum tenuifolium Kohuhu Rhaphiolepis indica Indian Hawthorn Rhaphiolepis umbellata Yedda Hawthorn Spiraea species Mayflower Viburnum tinus Cape Honeysuckle Tecomaria capensis Laurustinus Viburnum x burkwoodii LOW SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis Blue Agapanthus Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis ‘Albidus’ White Agapanthus Centranthus ruber Red Valerian Coleonema album White Diosma Coleonema pulchrum Pink Diosma Crassula species Dietes bicolor Butterfly Flag Dietes iridioides African Iris Echeveria species Hebe species Indigofera incarnata Chinese Indigo heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 206 Lavandula augustifolia subsp. augustifolia English Lavender Lavandula dentata French Lavender Ligustrum ovalifolium Californian Privet Ligustrum japonicum Wax-leaf Privet Pelargonium x domesticum cultivars Pelargonium Pelargonium x hortorum cultivars Geranium Rosa species and cultivars Rose Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary Yucca filamentosa Thread-bearing Mound-lily GROUND COVERS, BULBS AND GRASSES Amaryllis belladonna Belladonna Lily Canna x generalis and cultivars Canna Freesia species Hedera helix and cultivars Ivy (may be invasive) Hyacinthoides hispanicus Bluebell Iris species and cultivars Flag Iris Iris unguicularis Winter Iris Ixia species Leucojum vernum Snowflake Narcissus species and cultivars Jonquil, Daffodil Oxalis hirta Oxalis purpurea Polygonatum multiflorum Solomon's Seal Scilla peruviana Cuban Lily Sparaxis species Themeda australis (and other native grasses: Kangaroo Grass Danthonia, Poa, Stipa, etc) Tritonia lineata Vinca major Periwinkle (may be invasive) Vinca minor Viola odorata Violet Viola hederacea Austral Violet Zantedeschia aethiopiccherokee Arum Lily Note: Coloured rows indicate that the tree is found in this cemetery,

heritage ALLIANCE Job2006-16 Boroondara Cemetery CMP 207