Hill Torrent Management Initiatives in Southern Part of Punjab an Overview, Impact Analysis & Way Forward

289

Paper No. 746

HILL TORRENT MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN SOUTHERN PART OF PUNJAB AN OVERVIEW, IMPACT ANALYSIS & WAY FORWARD

CH. MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ 290 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 291

HILL TORRENT MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN SOUTHERN PART OF PUNJAB AN OVERVIEW, IMPACT ANALYSIS & WAY FORWARD By CH. MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ

ABSTRACT The southern part of Province Punjab is bordered with Suleman Range on its west side which is extended in length of 360 Kms from Ramak (upper side of Taunsa) to Kashmore (start of Sindh) covering District D.G.Khan and Rajanpur, while eastern drainage body is River Indus. Rainfalls during monsoon months (July to September) in Suleman Range having catchment area over 24500 square Kms generates flash floods known as Hill Torrents (local name “Rodh Kohie”) with high concentration of eroded material. These Hill Torrents are 200 in Nos., out of which 13 are major. These Hill Torrents after passing through piedmont area (Fan area) known as “Pachad area” in a width of 30 Kms to 40 Kms i.e. covering about 34500 Sq Kms (9400 Sq, Miles) crosses D.G.Khan Canal and Dajal Branch through 22 numbers cross structures creates havoc (oftenly) upto River Indus. It damages the irrigated lands, crops, houses and public / private infrastructures, (specifically more recent in years 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2013) causing losses of billion of rupees. On the other hand vast area, about 5,00,000 acres, cultivable rain fed piedmont (Pachad) area fails to receive valuable irrigation water. Hill Torrents generally associated with uncertain flood flows have kept D.G.Khan and Rajanpur Districts Hill Torrent fan area socio – economically very weak. Since 1929 Hill Torrent floods to date, number of studies and plans were proposed to control / manage the Hill Torrent Floods. In 1980, Federal Flood Commission of Pakistan (FFC) conducted a detailed study to address Hill Torrent problems in D.G.Khan area and proposed Hill Torrent management plans for each major Hill Torrents. Some initiatives to address the problems at Kaha, Mithawan and Vidore Hill Torrents were taken from 1992-2002. These includes water diversion arrangements and flood protection facilities. On having experience, Government of the Punjab planned to invest further for Hill Torrents management and started comprehensive development projects at Kaura, Vehova and Sanghar Hill Torrents in 2009, improved Kaha Hill Torrent in 2011 and Vidore Hill Torrent in 2012 which are at different stages of completion. These projects have shown tangible results/ benefits in terms of 50% - 60% utilization of Hill Torrents water for irrigation with increased irrigation intensity upto 50% against 8% - 10% existing. Mitigation of moderate to high floods, reduction in damages and up lift in the economy of area and poverty alleviation with positive impacts on environment. This paper covers the over all review of innovations for Hill Torrents management in D.G.Khan area with focus on further potential for sustainability of initiatives to driver full benefits of Hill Torrent water with an enhanced safety against flood hazards. 1. INTRODUCTION Punjab occupies a pivotal role in Pakistan‟s economic life and accounts for 80% of Pakistan‟s agricultural production. Over 90% of the agricultural output in Punjab comes from irrigated land utilizing a major part of its conventional water resources and land. The agriculture in barren area in 360 Km belt between Suleman Range and D.G.Khan Canal / Chashma Right Bank Canal locally known as “Pachad area” in Districts D.G.Khan and Rajanpur is being practiced as spate irrigation with hill torrent flows of Suleman Range. The flood water in monsoon at one side destroys the infrastructure in D.G.Khan Canal / Chashma Right Bank Canal command area due to erratic nature of flows while on the other side barren land in piedmont area (Pachad area) are deprived off water for agriculture. Mostly these 292 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq streams of torrent flows dry up after the rains and their influence is only felt for a few miles below the hills. The torrent water is used for irrigation through a network of diversion and dispersion arrangements by community since centuries. Management of hill torrents had been remained under study to manage and conserve water for irrigation and mitigate flood damages which includes structural and non structural measures. Public investment by Government of Punjab for this purpose is being made since 1992 to date, as this area (Pachad area) has potential prospects for development of agriculture by use of torrent flows, which also mitigates flood hazards. 2. DESCRIPTION OF HILL TORRENT FAN AREA. 2.1. Physiography and Climate. D.G.Khan and Rajanpur Districts primarily consist of three distinct physiographic units. The Suleman Range, with hills exceeding 7,000 feet height lies in the extreme west of the area. Geographically this range lies between longitude 69o 10' E to 70o 49' E and serves as a divide line between Khyber Pakhtun Khaw (KPK) Balochistan and Punjab Province. Piedmont plain is sandwiched between the Suleman Range and abandoned flood plain in the eastern part forming an elongated strip along the Indus River. The piedmont plain has been formed by the detritus material, transported by the hill torrents and sheet flooding, emerging from Suleman Range and runs almost parallel to the D.G.Khan canal command area. It is a gently sloping plain forming an intermediate zone between the mountains and the flood plain of Indus River. The general gradient is five to six feet per mile towards south-west. The main features are the aggrading channels of hill torrents and gently rolling areas covered by clayey deposits. Fig: I INDEX PLAN OF HILL TORRENTS IN DISTRICT D.G.KHAN.

N A 24 H D - .K .I BUKHARA D D - 24 A T C 25 Canal Command Area I D - 6 Fan Area (Pachad Area) R 2 T - D IS D 27 -

S U

8 D D - 2 N I KAURA HILL TORRENT D - 29 202 Sq: Mil es Q = 58000 Cs: D - 30 VEHOVA

D - 31

: MR

L 2

- 3 A A D

R N

I A

C 3

- 3

K D

N A

L B 34 A JHOKE - N

T D A GIRDAD C

GHITJA H

H G

KILI I A

R A W E

5 U V Y

3 S

A -

D I A M Y

M AHATI R

H 6 - 3 A

VEHOVA C D A RE TRA L

JHOKE H 7

HILL TORRENT C D - 3 1017 Sq: Miles DODO T

Q = 96000 Cs: C

38 I D -

R 39 D - T

I D - 40

D - 41 KOT QAISRANI 42 D -

TAUNSA KALAMAR D - 43

- 45 D 46 D -

47 D -

48 D -

- 49

D 1 A

T D - N

U 2

B TAUNSA

K N I

HARYPOOR 0 L - 5 2 BARRAGE D T

N SANGHAR - 51 A HILL TORRENT D

T 1897 S q: Miles

S Q = 123000 Cs:

I 52 D -

H H.T X-ING

C T.R.D BARTHI RD. 51 + 000 848 + 700 D Q = 5000 Cs: U - 53

L H.T X-ING FLOOD CARRYING CHANNEL

A RD. 69 + 100 Q = 20000 Cs:

B THAK H.T X-ING RD. 82 + 400 KHOKE ZINDA PIR Q = 5000 Cs: ANDI GAJJANI

ESCAPE H

SORI LUND H.T X-ING R RD. 108 + 550 HILL TORRENT Q = 2000 Cs: A

193 S q: Miles QABOOL DY: . Q = 50700 Cs:

M Y

R KALA

A LAGHORE DY: T

N C

L I

A O

R B

H.T X-ING N A RD. 144 + 400 T

NAN DIGHAR L

C A

Q = 15000 Cs: S I I I

B I B I I

I I I

N A I I T I I I I

R L I K

I T A D I Y B I A : I I D

H I S A I I J I

I T H.T X-ING K I A I . I O I L I RD. 156 + 750 I R I D I G I I I Q = 1000 Cs: . Y Y I I F A : I

I D R U I L I I O D I Y I : I H.T X-ING I O I I D I I RD. 185 + 500 I SANGHA I I B I I Q = 2000 Cs: I U I I SULI I N I I I D I

I MURD BUN I I I C I H I I

ABR I I . DY I : I I

I O I I I

I VIDORE N I I I I

I K I HILL TORRENT I I

I 1

N I I R I

I 298 Sq: Mil es L I

: I

I KHANDOR I Y I

Q = 83000 Cs: I

D I G I I MUBARAK H I I O I I A I R I 2 Z I I I I I I D I I R M I I Y I 3 BAR KHAN I : I R I I : I I I R I I I I I M I I H D.G.KHAN A W T A J : Y D 138 GHAZI GHAT RY A L I D I I BRIDGE E 148 N I F I U I T I I M I E I A I I S M I 165 I I N B I I H.T X-ING I A I I C N I H I I RD. 242 + 250 AN A K I M I 167 D I I IA R E I Q = 15000 Cs: I D I N I Y I SAKHI : D T I I I

F O I I R : F I A I 168 I U Y I

L I T I 170 S I SARWAR H.T I

D N E I T I

K I H H A A I A I

61 S q: Miles M N I A W N I

O I

R I

N A A O I I 180 MIMAL N N. Q = 30800 Cs: I I

I G I I I

D N I D : I SAKHI I

Y Y I

I 188

R H I

: : I I

SARWAR D I

D I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I H.T X-ING Q I 194 RD. 279 + 320 AIM R KOT CHUTTA W E Q = 2000 Cs: A L MALKANI A P DY LA : P : MITHWAN GA A DY RI DY OK HILL TORRENT RAKHI : K JH QASMANI RAKNI MUNH 274 Sq: Mil es BANUHAN : Q = 78000 Cs: Y D

: N

Y A

H D

CHOTI U A

I N A

: R B : Y

DY O

H.T X-ING EED D SHAH H

RD. 316 + 336 S N Q = 12000 Cs: A

ZIARAT DY: I

A SHAH WALI DY: S U FORT CHOTI D TA N BALA L : I

MANRU ZERO HEAD REGULATOR Y

MOLI BUN TAIL RD. 345 + 230 A R D

K Y

: R

N U

A P

A H

H.T X-ING K

RD. 19 + 230

I N

I I

Q = 400 Cs: : A -

K R D

B I L R L A JAMPUR E J KH H.T X-ING ATOO V A D I RD. 32 + 160 R: D Q = 6000 Cs: R

DISTRICT RAJANPUR The abandoned flood plain has been formed, mainly, by the sediments deposited by Indus River during the sub-recent time and covers about 0.44 million acres. The flood plain has 72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 293 a general slope of about two feet per mile towards south. The Figures I and II shows the Geographic location of area in District D.G.Khan and Rajanpur respectively. The Suleman range is devoid of vegetation. Climate of the area is arid. Rainfall varies between 125 mm to 375 mm (5-15 inches). Rain fall distribution is uneven, erratic and patchy. Concentration of rain fall / precipitation is mostly in the month of July and August (Monsoon period). Fig: II INDEX PLAN OF HILL TORRENTS IN DISTRICT RAJANPUR.

W A AH L SH I D Y :

BARKHAN T R AL P UR

D I : Y: V Y

D E

N R E HAJI KOT E N H : E A R W

H M L O M S A

W A H.T-XING L N

A E K

W R

A RD. 19230

N M A A I L

Q = 1400 Cs: N I M N D

K K R

A A

SHADO D - I IN D

Y II BIBAATAK H.T-XING : A R

T K JAMPUR RD. 32166 Y H KOHLU Y A A B Q = 6000 Cs: D S Y T

: D MERAN Y :

DAR FATT KH EH DY: AS T D NASIR R: I

: Y D

D :

R U

N S M U PRO: FLOOD CARRYING C A HANNEL A R

M R S U

E P

L : H.T-XING U Y S D

RD. 79500 N : A Y T D L : Q = 10000 Cs: U L KAHA HILL TORRENT R S A J D

MAR A : Y B D D TIBBI A S Y U CATCHMENT AREA 2207 S.Miles Y A ZIARAT LUNDAN H.T-XING D A IR T

RD. 95280 F KOTAL Q = 94000 H

VITAKRI SHERU KAHA NALA Q = 2000 Cs: C DAJAL MUGHLAN N KAUS

AR DY: A

A R NAUSHEHRA B

A A HARRAND J N H.T-XING

A NAUSHEH

RD. 109768 RA DY: M . PUR DR A D M : E H Q = 1000 Cs: H

R T

A E

K MARI H.T-XING W

A ZA C RD. 123850 M Z L A A C M I D H Y: D A Q = 5000 Cs: Y T : LUNDI LAL O R O P SAIDAN R GRAH L S O N L : T A F A H.T-XING M L L O A P O

U S RD. 145760 R D

D C I Y A Q = 7000 Cs: : R A R NAL Y AR I D HACH N C G

C H

A R P A N

R B H O - N

E I : - E

F H V LO A L O YA D T E H.T-XING HA C D R JI P A Y L U : R R RR A RD. 165970 DY Y : IN N

G A Q = 2000 Cs: A HAJI C H A A N N B E G H.T-XING PUR L A 1 - T R :

RD. 177300 M U Y R K D :

Q = 2000 Cs: R KOT I I

E D A L

RUM T N A T A A U CHACHAR H.T-XING SK E H C EN FAZIL RD. 186100 D D F Y: Q = 10000 Cs: PR

O PUR F N : F LO

I CHACHAR HILL TORRENT O S D AD C A I A Q R FE R E Y V CATCHMENT AREA 274 S.Miles D IN Z ER G T A C N DRIS L H E A R

M A U N A

N Q = 81430 N K J

O E

L N A D

KALCHAS A

N Y : B

: D Y

A M D

R H L

1 I

T D F

Z -

O I

A A

T O F

M L E

D PITOK HILL TORRENT H

P R

FARID : A P U

R U

CHAT AIR BASE R

A S

CATCHMENT AREA 89 S.Miles D :

Y Y :

N :

Y R

Q = 14260 D U

I L

A D A

: N A L I Y

A S A

D J I R

T D D

N I

U R

H A

D H

S K AQIL KOTLA R U U

I B NASIR N PUR

H SO RI NALA SORI SHUMALI HILL TORRENT

C CATCHMENT AREA 128 S.Miles P

R RAJAN

O :

: Y

F D SORI JANUBI HILL TORRENT Q = 18060 L O PUR K O

KOT A O

R D SABZAL A L CATCHMENT AREA 659 S.Miles B B

U U

N M

D A Q = 62525 THAL B GHAN TANG GADAN L A DISHI NALA : N Y D A ID C M A I H H SAL GAN H S C HO A RI K NA KOT FAKHAR FLOOD BUND LA MITHAN TUZIAM FRONTIER POST GANDA ZANGI HILL TORRENT TUSSO Y: I D R A CATCHMENT AREA 154 S.Miles S H G A H

Q = 25200 B R

D I

R V

3 E L R A N A LOTI C

A P KOTLA R R : O Y : HASSAN D C D O KHANJURI T SHAH A L O L K C.R.H CHOKI Z K E : D R C A R R E T 5 M O N 3 M R U T G O D I K R N R A E I N A M L U :

A Y

A G P Y H R A O A D : R Y UMAR H U H Y H : D A Y A D Y KOT N A A D T A D L D B A R R A

5 4 A

M I N

L BADLI I A N

S TARIQ D Y: J-HEAD D

: SPUR R PR U

M O

: M IR S N AN H A P A H UR W J D T O R A M R A I D N R : 35 R M S H J-HEAD O S SPUR H R K I U N B : S A R U L M A

A I H

H G

M J-HEAD

ROJHAN SPUR

A ROJHAN FLOOD BUND H

E O R

IN P L Y A W IL A R KIN

T IC RAJAN PUR DISTRICT TR SHAH IS WALI D N A H K JACOB ABAD DISTRICT R A Y IM H A SINDH PROVINCE KASHMORE R

2.2. Traditional Management of Hill Torrent Water. Spate Irrigation is traditionally used for diverting hill torrents into cultivable command areas for growing seasonal crops. The farming system is characterized by extreme events of floods and droughts. So, a unique irrigation system for hill torrent area is being practiced, known as “Kamara Irrigation”? a. Kamara Irrigation. The intermittent and erratic patterns of precipitation events, being the unique source of stream flow irrigation, have become the sole basis for the evolution of Kamara Irrigation System since centuries. This system enforces the sequential water rights and dictates the irrigation pattern from upper to lower riparian, without consideration of the duration and magnitude of the storm generated flow. Under the system sometimes, the far flung lower riparians remain 294 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq deprived of irrigation facilities during a low flow year. It usually entails the construction of an earthen diversion weir across the torrent with large channel on one or both sides of the river to convey flood water across large distances. These earthen diversion structures and water conveyance system has traditionally been constructed by the beneficiaries / communities themselves, making use of traditional technology. Farmers construct field by making embankments from 3 to 6 feet (1.8 m) high to store the water depending upon the soil type, share in water and various other factors. Upon drying up water in the field box crops are sown which thrive on the moisture stored in the soil. There is no further irrigation except rains, if any occurs. Never-the-less, the system is hardly capable of managing the low flows, whereupon the medium and high flows destruct the farmer‟s earthen diversion arrangements; the flows rush down assuming the shape of floods which usually cause unprecedented damages to the local economy. The wastage of irrigable flows and the resultant loss of edible, potable and encashable agricultural production, coupled with the flood losses being inflicted since centuries together is well presented by the current socio-economic parameters and the existing standard of livelihood of the locals of the area. The gross command area, comprising all the major and minor hill torrents is about 2.5 million acres which includes the cultivable area of about 0.5 million acres. Still the cropping intensity remains 8-12 percent under the existing Kamara system, the actual yearly cultivated area varies hardly from 20-30 thousand acres in each major hill torrent area. This area utilizes only a fraction of the hill torrents annual runoff which approximates to about one and a half million acre-foot in Kaura, Vehova and Sanghar Hill Torrents when assessed against a 25-years recurrence. Another aspect of the Spate Irrigation System of Rod-Kohi areas is the occurrence of the perennial water (known as Kalapani), which is available throughout the year in the upper reaches. It contributes significantly to sustainable farming in the area and used for high value crops like fodder, fruits and vegetables. b. Water Rights and Water Users Groups. The term „water rights‟ refers to as the priority of using the manageable, flows of hill torrents in accordance with the prevalent Kamara Irrigation System, following the „Saropa Paina‟ rules. The Saropa Paina (head to tail) rules strictly dictate the irrigation sequence starting from upper (head) farms / fields to the lower (tail) agricultural areas. The terms are sometimes associated with the irrigation off-takes / wahs when these are categorized in accordance with the water rights. These are:  Haqooq wahs  Non-haqooq wahs Haqooq wahs are those off-taking channels which have the priority rights to use hill torrents flows. Non-haqooq wahs can only draw the flood flows which are in excess of the needs / capacity of the „haqooq wahs‟. 3. SOCIO-ECONOMICAL CONDITION OF AREA. 3.1 Economy. Economy of the „Pachad‟ area is entirely based on agriculture and livestock. It is thus affected by the cropping pattern largely controlled by availability of water and mode of irrigation. Lack of communication, illiteracy and other infrastructure facilities are the cause of low standard of living for the greater part of population and the main constraints in the development area. 72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 295

Majority of the population lives in the rural areas and depends upon agricultural production with hill torrent irrigation in Pachad area where rainfall generally sustains a varying cropping pattern depending upon the season and its duration. The main products are Sorghum, wheat, pulses, oilseeds and livestock (meat and wool) of Pachad area. Mode of communication and transport charges affect the economy of area. The market value of produce in the villages is about considerably 10 to 25 percent lower than the trading centers depending upon the mode of transport. 3.2 Agriculture. Agriculture in the area is predominantly rain fed. Only 8% - 12% of the total cultivable area is presently irrigated. Agriculture in the area is below subsistence level. Major crops are millet (jawar / bajra) covering about 40% of the cropped area followed by wheat representing 23%, gram 22% and 15% other crops. Crops yields are very low, mainly due to uncertain and erratic amount of water at critical stages of crop growth, non availability of improved seed, inadequate use of fertilizers and pesticides, insufficient cultural practices lack of credit facilities for the purchase of farm inputs, lack of modern technology for land crop-water management. At numerous places, farmers have been diverting flood flows into small channels for irrigation purposes since decades, but many have become non-functional due to physical, technical, financial and social constraints. Most of the water is wasted by run off through hill torrent streams which during floods often cause damage to land and life and end up in Indus River. Because of this the lands of area are not being utilized according to their potential. Without proper management of water resources, subsistence level of farming would perpetuate causing thereby more deterioration in the socio-economic condition of the farming community. 3.3 Livestock. In the absence of organized and developed agriculture in Pachad area, livestock raising is an important supporting occupation for farm families, because this is a major source of income for the farmers and its contribution to agricultural development is substantial Livestock also contribute to security against crop failures in years of exceptionally high floods or drought. The livestock in the area include cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep. 4. SALIENT FEATURES OF MAJOR HILL TORRENTS. There are 200 hill torrents in the area, out of which 13 are categorized as major, having discharge more than 10000 cusecs. The detail of these torrents given below:-

25 years return Historical maximum Catchment 40 years return Cross Structures over canals. Sr. Name of hill period peak flow. District area (Sq. period discharge No. torrent. discharge Location Capacity Miles) (Cusecs) Year Cusecs Canal (Cusecs) (RD) (Cusecs) 2010 128500 1 Kaura D.G.Khan 202 --- 61184 2012 43628 2010 110500 Chashma Right Bank Canal has crossing, 2 Vehova D.G.Khan 1017 --- 87200 where flood carrying channels leads the 2012 67882 water to River Indus. 2010 229000 3 Sanghar D.G.Khan 1897 --- 139715 2012 99225 51000 5000 2012 82786 D.G.Khan 69100 20000 4 Sori Lund D.G.Khan 193 68370 --- Canal 82400 5000 2013 97710 108857 2000 2010 97109 D.G.Khan 185500 2000 5 Vidore D.G.Khan 298 67650 --- 2012 145101 Canal 242215 15000 Sakhi 2010 32643 D.G.Khan 6 D.G.Khan 61 30960 --- 279320 5000 Sarwar 2012 8604 Canal D.G.Khan 2010 61905 316430 2000 Canal 7 Mithawan D.G.Khan 274 78000 --- 19230 1400 2012 49500 Dajal Branch 32166 6000 296 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

25 years return Historical maximum Catchment 40 years return Cross Structures over canals. Sr. Name of hill period peak flow. District area (Sq. period discharge No. torrent. discharge Location Capacity Miles) (Cusecs) Year Cusecs Canal (Cusecs) (RD) (Cusecs) 79500 10000 2012 81500 95280 2000 8 Kaha Rajanpur 2207 94000 --- Dajal Branch 109768 1000 123850 5000 2013 96000 145760 7000 2012 49500 165970 2000 9 Chachar Rajanpur 974 81430 --- Dajal Branch 177300 2000 2013 65000 186100 10000 2010 5000 10 Pitok Rajanpur 89 14260 --- 2012 3550 Sori 2010 7150 11 Rajanpur 128 18060 --- Shumali 2012 4000 2010 3310 12 Zangi Rajanpur 154 25200 --- 2012 3200 2010 3205 13 Sori Jaubi Rajanpur 659 62525 --- 2012 4300 5. FLOOD PROBLEMS. The floods in hill torrent area are unpredictable and of erratic nature which usually occurs in Monsoon period. The peak discharges of important hill torrents are shown in Figures No. III – X. The Figures XI and XIII shows the hydrographs of major hill torrents which causes flood hazards during 2012 and 2013, reflects the duration of flood and quantum of water.

Fig: - III – PEAK DISCHARGES OF KAURA HILL TORRENT Fig: - IV – PEAK DISCHARGES OF VEHOVA HILL TORRENT (U/s Taunsa Barrage, Tehsil Taunsa Sharif (U/s Taunsa Barrage, Tehsil Taunsa Sharif

140000 120000

128500 110499

120000 100000 87200 100000

80000 67882

80000 64658

67167

55561 55561

61184 60000

60000 43626 43626 40000

40000 27440

27514 24963 20000

20000 12278

8876 6442 3669 0 0 40years return period by NESPAK 40 years return period by NESPAK study 1994 study 1994

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Fig: - V – PEAK DISCHARGES OF SANGHAR HILL TORRENT Fig: - VI – PEAK DISCHARGES OF SORI LUND HILL TORRENT. (U/s Taunsa Barrage, Tehsil Taunsa Sharif

250000 120000 229000

200000 100000 97710

82786

80000 139715

150000 68370

60000

51460 99225

100000 99225 68022

60901 40000

29270 29270 52528 26974 50000

28961 20000

12324

7591 4411 0 0 40 years return period by NESPAK 25 years return period by NESPAK study 1994 study 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 297

The damages inflicted by hill torrents flooding in the hill torrent areas and canal command areas can generally be categorized as:  Erosion of land  Devastation of public and private property  Environmental hazards  Limited crop area  Low crop yield  Poor cropping pattern  Damages to infrastructure  Breaches of canals and suspension in canal supplies  Damages to standing crops in canal command area

Fig: - VII – PEAK DISCHARGES OF VIDORE HILL TORRENT Fig: - VII – PEAK DISCHARGES OF MITHAWAN HILL TORRENT

250000 120000

200000 100000 78000

150000 145101 80000 61205

97109 60000

90000 51049

100000 49500

67650 56258

47756 40000

40768 39254

50000 39254

22935

19460

13943 13943

19175 1984 20000 13785

0 8395 1188 25 years return period by NESPAK 0 study 1994 25 years return period by NESPAK study 1994 1975 1976 1986 2001 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Fig: - IX – PEAK DISCHARGES OF KAHA HILL TORRENT Fig: - X – PEAK DISCHARGES OF CHACHAR HILL TORRENT

100000 140000

94000 96000

90000 128500 81500 80000 120000

80000 70000 70000

62295 100000 60000

60000 54000

51000 50641

50000 45080 80000

67167 36471 40000 35000 60000

30000 48090

43626 43626

21000 20000

20000 19359 40000 27514 10000 24963 20000

0 6442

3669 25 years return period by NESPAK 0 study 1994 25 years return period by NESPAK study 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

The damages to public and private property during hill torrent floods September 2012 in District D.G. Khan & Rajanpur in canal command areas is given below:- Damages to cropped area D.G.Khan District. = 41367 Acres Rajanpur District. = 143272 Acres 298 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

Damages to Houses = 45809 No. Damages to School Building = 103 No. (Collapsed) = 106 No. (Partially damages) Other Infrastructures Road Bridges. = 12 No. Veterinary Hospital. = 2 No. Union Council Offices. = 32 Nos.

Fig: - XII – HYDROGRAPH OF VIDORE & SORI LUND HILL Fig: - XI – HYDROGRAHP OF KAHA, CHACHAR & KALA TORRENT AT DARRAY SITE (Tehsil D.G.Khan) KHOSRA HILL TORRENTS IN DISTRICT RAJANPUR

110000 160000 Volume of Water 105000 Disch 100000 150000 Volume of Water 2012 95000 140000 90000 Disch 2012 Disch 2013 (Acre Ft) 85000 (Acre Ft) (Acre Ft) 130000 Vidore 124420 80000 Kaha 10454 74769 120000 Sori Lund 78072 75000 Total 222492 Chachar 6983 50756 110000 70000 Kala Khosra 00 9169 0.202 65000 100000 60000 Total 17438 134694 MAF 55000 0.0174 MAF 0.135 MAF 90000 50000 80000 45000 70000 40000 35000 60000 30000 25000 50000 20000 40000 15000 10000 30000 5000 20000

0 10000

3 6 8

10 11 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 23 24 7.2

2.3 0

9.45 10.3 11.3 12.3

10 14 21 22

0.3

6.15 7.45 11.5 13.2 15.3 17.4 19.1 23.5 Kaha 2012 Kaha 2013 Chachar 2012 Chachar 2013 Kala Khosra Vidore 2013 Vidore 2013 Sori Lund 2012 Sori Lund 2013 72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 299

5.1 Statistics of Damages to Canal System by Torrential flows. Year of torrential flow. Major damages to canal. 1967 D.G.Khan Canal breached in between RD. 318 – 325 (Mithawan H.T) 1975 Dajal Branch breached in between RDs 14 – 19 & 29 – 31. (Mithawan H.T) 1976 D.G.Khan Canal breached at RDs 284 right bank, 302 left (Mithawan H.T) bank, 309 left bank and 322 both left and right banks while Dajal Branch beached at RDs 12 left and right, 15 right, 19 left and right and 33 left and right. 1984 D.G.Khan Canal breached at RDs 322 both left and right (Mithawan H.T) banks and 323 both left and right banks. 1986 D.G.Khan Canal breached at RDs 285 right bank, 301 left (Mithawan H.T) bank, 322 right bank and 323 both left and right banks while Dajal Branch beached at RDs 11 left and right and 12 left and right. 1994 D.G.Khan Canal breached at RDs 286 right bank, 316 both (Mithawan H.T) right and left banks while Dajal Branch breached at RDs 10 right bank, 11 and 12 both right and left banks. 2001 Right bank of D.G.Khan Canal from RD. 130 to RD. 132 in (Sori Lund, Vidore, 2000 ft length smashed and Tail regulator (Dajal Branch & Sakhi Sarwar & Link III) were totally damaged and overturned which were Mithawan H.T) reconstructed. 2010 Dajal Branch breached in between RDs. 95-96, 185-186. (Vidore, Kaha & Chachar H.T) 2012 D.G.Khan Canal breached in between RDs. 69 – 243 at 34 (Sori Lund, Vidore, places & Dajal Branch breached in between RDs. 95-190 at Kaha & Chachar H.T) 28 places with damages to distributary system. 2013 Dajal Branch breached in between RD. 54 – 190 at 79 places. (Sori Lund, Kaha & Chachar H.T)

6. PREVIOUS STUDIES / PLANS. The flows of the hill torrents of “Pachad Area” have been used for irrigation of local agriculture areas since times immemorial, as far as possible by the farmer‟s own diversion arrangements. Various schemes have also been proposed by different government officials and agencies from time to time but could not be implemented due to one reason or the other, which are briefly described: 300 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

Year 1929 The first serious attempt to control the hill torrents of Pachad area was made after the 1929 flood. Mr. P. Claxton (Executive Engineer), studied and submit plan for flood control of hill torrents in D.G.Khan Division area. He proposed two dams at Haran Bore and Gulki on Sanghar Hill Torrent, one dam at Pishi on Vidore and a dam at Harrand on Kaha Hill Torrent. These proposals were not approved by the Government, being unfeasible and uneconomical.

Year 1944 – 45. Engr. Kanwar Sain, Superintending Engineer presented proposals for flood control of different hill torrents which included a distributor at Darrah on Sanghar hill torrent. These proposals could not be implemented for lack of economic justification and because of turmoil at the time of independence. Year 1951. Mr. M. I. Ahmad, Geologist of Pakistan, after carrying out investigations of Sanghar hill torrent reported that as it brings large amount of silt every year, storage reservoir is liable to be silted up very soon. Year 1952. Malik Ramiz Ahmad, the then Executive Engineer, proposed bifurcations and trifurcations at the head of off-takes of various nullahs for better spreading of flood flows in the fields. Year 1958. Mr. G. E. Meads, an FAO expert visited the area and suggested storage dams, check dams and retarding dams on various hill torrents, but these proposals were not executed due to poor geological conditions and likely low financial returns. Year 1970 – 71. A pick up weir was constructed during 1970-71 on Vehova hill torrent by Small Dams Organization. It has been damaged many times and restored since its construction, but could not sustained. Year 1976 Engr. Muhammad Ismail Shaheed, (Superintending Engineer) suggested that hill torrents flows after their dispersion over Pachad area by means of distributors and improved irrigation channels (wah), be allowed to enter the canal command areas by providing additional crossings at existing canal systems and then led into the Indus River through a network of drains comprising hundreds of miles long main drain and sub- drains throughout the canal irrigated area with numerous crossings on channels, roads and railway. Year 1977 Engr. M. A. Hameed Rehmani (Superintending Engineer), suggested the following schemes to the Specialist Committee appointed by Government of Punjab after 1976 floods. a) Distributors with under sluices-cum-weir alongwith their training works tied to the high banks of Darrah, should be constructed for proper feeding of the irrigation channels (Wahs). b) Ultimately the residual flow, if any should be retained along the D.G.Khan canal by converting their right bank into a proper high flood embankment. c) In order to break the fury of flood, ogee type speed-breakers and check dams be considered. 72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 301

Year 1980. The Federal Flood Commission (FFC) engaged NESPAK to carry out the hill torrents studies and propose a multipurpose plan for the management of flood flows of hill torrents of Pachad Area. Accordingly, NESPAK carried out a comprehensive study of 13 major hill torrents of the area and presented a complete management plan for each major torrent separately. The plan mainly comprised of diversion arrangements and flood protection facilities at the cost of public investment on a technically sound and economically feasible basis. The report was widely hailed and accepted. Year 1984. NESPAK prepared Pre Feasibility report for Management of torrent flows. Year 1995. DG Khan Integrated Drainage and Irrigation Project by WAPDA. Year 1998. Master Feasibility Studies for Flood Management of Hill Torrents of Pakistan by NESPAK. Year 2004. Performance Evaluation of Kaha Hill Torrent by Joint Venture of NESPAK, ACE and NDC. Updating feasibility study on Hill Torrent Management Plan in Chashma Right Bank Canal (CRBC) area by NESPAK Year 2007. Management of Hill Torrents in CRBC Area D.G.Khan, revised design / feasibility report by TA Consultants of ADB. Year 2010. Site Visit Report on Hill Torrents in DG Khan and Rajanpur Districts by P&I, WAPDA. Year 2012. Technical Committee of Irrigation Department, Punjab for mitigation of Hill Torrent floods which give its recommendations focusing to continue management projects with improved drainage of flood water in canal command area. WAPDA Expert team also visited the area and report submitted to Federal Government.

6.1. Recommendations from Studies. Following are salient recommendations made in these studies report: a) Delay action dams / flood flow diversion structures be provided where feasible. b) Distribute and disperse the flood flows onto wider areas – as per Haqooqs – in the Fan area (Pachad regions) c) Training of flood water into designated channels of Fan areas. d) Provision of guide embankments and leading channels at the inlet points of Cross Drainage Structures of Kachhi Canal / D.G.Khan Canal / Dajal Branch. e) Right bank of Kachhi Canal be converted into flood embankment to ensure its stability against rapid rise and fall of flood water level. f) At inlet points of super X-ings of Kachhi Canal, special protection works on approaches be provided to face high velocity head / flows of torrents. 302 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

g) Rehabilitation / remodeling for enhanced capacity of existing drains and development of outlet channels from Cross Drainage Structures of D.G.Khan Canal to the collector Drains. h) Provision of well designed surface drainage system and protection works in the District Rajanpur. 7. HILL TORRENT MANAGEMENT PROSPECTIVES. From the technical reports and studies, hill torrent management may be divided into three areas, as per geographical and physical conditions which are briefly described below:- a. Catchment areas management.  Sites exist for storage dams at hill torrents Kaha and Chachar, but technically not feasible being very high silt contents in flood water.  Check dams / retarding dams are feasible, which require detail technical feasibility based on ground survey, geological investigations and silt managements etc. b. Fan area (Pachad area) Management.  Based on “Master Feasibility Study for hill torrent management”, 1998 conducted by NESPAK, Government of Punjab is constructing Dispersion structures in “Pachad area” to divert hill torrent flows to existing channels to spread water over large area for irrigation, land development, environment improvement and partially flood management, which should be continued. c. Drainage of hill torrent floods into River Indus.  After crossings of hill torrent water from D.G.Khan Canal and Dajal Branch effective and efficient flood water drainage system is paramount. Existing seepage drains in District D.G.Khan can not drain out the flood water.  Flood carrying channels from each crossing of D.G.Khan Canal / Dajal Branch to River Indus is the real solution.  Alternatively existing flood flows routes / drains be improved and strengthened and water to be drained off through enhanced capacity of existing drains / new drains with protection dykes. 8. HILL TORRENT MANAGEMENT PROJECTS. In view of complex nature of flood problem, in depth hydrologic and economic evaluation is an essential pre-requisite for drawing up an effective management plan of hill torrents. All studies till 1980 lacked comprehensive approach to the flood problem and flood events had not been related to the theoretical return period. Flood damage potential of each hill torrent and risk analysis studies were never carried out nor any exercise was conducted for economic evaluation of various alternatives and their cost estimates. During 1980‟s the Government of Punjab requested Federal Flood Commission of Pakistan (FFC) to take a comprehensive view of the flood problems of D.G.Khan Hill Torrents. The FFC engaged NESPAK to carry out the studies and propose a multipurpose plan for the management of flood flows of hill torrent of Pachad area. Accordingly, NESPAK carried out a comprehensive study of 13 major torrents separately and put up a report in 1984 considering various strategies to manage the torrent flows in technical and economic considerations. Management of flood flows in “Pachad” area, through dispersion structures was selected which envisaged the utilization of maximum quantities of flood flows in hilly and “Pachad” area for 72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 303 agriculture. The plan consists of flow structures to be built with public investment on a technically sound and economically feasible basis duly protecting existing water right of each channel (Wah) based on 40 years return period discharge. During 1990‟s, the report was updated as part of the “Master Feasibility Studies for Flood Management of Hill Torrents of Pakistan”. Consequently a Pilot Project was formulated and executed on Kaha Hill Torrent (1992 – 96) and for Mithawan Hill Torrent (1993 – 96) as Phase – I and at Kaura, Vehova, Sanghar, Kaha & Vidore hill torrents (2009 – 14) as Phase – II. The details are given below:- 8.1. Phase – I Hill Torrent management Projects. Sr. Name of Project Detail of works. Objectives / Main purpose. No. hill torrent. period 1 Mithawan 1993-96 Above Darrah site To reduce the steep slope by (Phase – I) Management structure at Choti constructing check dam to Nallah. delay flood at Darrah point. Watershed management in Further plantation & vegetation Mithawan & Siri Nallah i.e. is developed to stabilize the checks dam, plantation, and slope of mountains. diversion dikes. 2 Mithawan 2002-06 Main distributor & allied The distributor structure was (Phase – structure, guide banks, bed constructed at the junction of II) fixer and central bund on three branches i.e. Northern Shakh Shumali & Shakh Branch (15000 Cs), Southern Janubi having equal share of Branch (15000 Cs) and flood water. Escape structure Ganahar Branch (20000 Cs) for on non haqooq branch equal distribution of flood water. 3 Vidore 1995-96 Distributor – I on Phullar, 2 No. distributors were Suchani + Chhabri Branch. U/s constructed for feeding the bed fixer, D/s bed fixer. equal discharge to off taking Distributor – II D/s bed fixer, branch channel i.e. Chhabri, left & right & separating dikes. Suchani & Phullar Branch. Dumb wah structure, Noor wah structure. 4 Kaha 1992-96 13 No. flexible structure, Bed The flood water is dispersed in Fixers, Guide Bank and different wahs for flood Regulators irrigation as per right of irrigators. Intensity of flood is reduced to avoid damages to infrastructure.

The evaluation of Kaha hill torrent Management made by NESPAK and report submitted in 2004. After completion of structures, flood peaks of various magnitudes recorded at the Darrah and at hill torrent crossings on Dajal Branch from the year 1997 to 2003 are given as:

304 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

Peak Discharge Year Date At Dajal Branch At Darrah Crossing (cfs) (cfs)

1997 4th May --- 35000

3rd June --- 35000

1998 --- 1464 50641

1999 --- 1304 45080

September --- 19359

2000 --- 560 19359

2001 --- 4596 62295

27th July --- 60000

2002 17th July 3540 54000

30th June --- 54000

2003 2nd July 9563 60000

10th July --- 60000

14th July --- 51900

From the perusal of flood peaks at the Darrah and at the hill torrent crossings, it is clear that there has been substantial reduction in flood peaks, after structural interventions which changed the flood routing pattern. It has been estimated that 50% flood flows have been diverted to channels. 8.2. Phase – II Hill Torrent management Projects. Sr. Name of hill Project Detail of works. Objectives / Main purpose. No. torrent. period 1 Kaura 2009-14 Improvement of Sad To utilize flows for agriculture Loharan Bund, construction development in Pachad area of U/s bed fixer, Qallandar by construction of dispersion wah complex, D/s bed fixer, structures which will reduce Kuppi wah distributor the flood damage potential in structure & Distributor canal command area of structure on Bhuch & CRBC & to bring more area in Chaharum Wah. to irrigation through controlled 72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 305

2 Vehova 2009-14 Construction of distributor structures. The project is 90% structure main Kobhi wah, completed and benefits have Jallu & Allah Nawaz wah, been observed during 2012 & Construction of flood 2013 torrent floods. Project is protection bund Jallu wali, 90% completed. Gat village & Churkin village. 3 Sanghar 2009-14 Construction of main distributor structure with allied structures (Jat wah, Jam wah, D/s bed fixer, Bughlani wah, Bhegwari wah, Budhu wah) 4 Kaha 2011-14 Improvement of 13 No. To improve the condition of 13 structures with semi solid No. structures already structure. constructed, to irrigate non- inclusive areas left in the past and the haqooq area lying still abandoned. Project is 70% completed. 5 Vidore – 2012-14 Management of 7 No. Make maximum use of flood Chhabri distributors / dispersion water for irrigation in Chhabri Branch. structures. Branch of Vidore hill torrent in Pachad area & reduce the flood damage potential in canal command area of D.G.Khan Canal. Project is at initial stage.

The main structures consist of followings:- a) Construction of a weir along whole width of hill torrent flow path which is a dispersion structure (such no of weirs are constructed, as per channels sites along the torrent flow). b) Upstream, downstream and central cut off walls on the basis of worst scour. c) Off taking channels on right and left side with regulators upstream of weir. d) Abutments, wing walls and retaining walls. e) Bed fixer on downstream of main weir. f) Protection bunds / embankments. The typical design of structures at Kaura hill torrent and line diagram of Kaura, Vehova and Sanghar hill torrents are shown in Fig. XIII to XVII reflecting the weirs and off taking channels details. 306 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

Fig. XIII KAURA HILL TORRENT Design of Structure

Fig. XIV KAURA HILL TORRENT Design of Structure

72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 307

DARRAH Q = 61184 Cs: Kaura Hill Torrent Line Diagram of off-taking channels & discharges Cultivable Area Sad Loharan Escape RD. 1+867 Kaura (40 years Return Period) 48988 Acres Q = 30000 Cs: Project Intervention

Joter Wah, Q = 1500 Cs: Khaji Wah, Q = 2000 Cs: RD. 4+600 Kaura

Q = 57684 Cs: Qamar Din Wah, Q = 1700 Cs: Phatal Wah, Q = 500 Cs: Lakhani Wah, Q = 2000 Cs: Qallandar Wah, Q = 1700 Cs: Chango Wah, Q = 1700 Cs: Q = 950 Cs: Qallandar Wah Fig – XV – Line Diagram Complex Q = 45884 Cs: Thalya Wah, Q = 2400 Cs: Kuppi Wah - 1, Q = 5700 Cs: indicating Constructed

Kuppi Wah - 2, Q = 5700 Cs: Kuppi Wah Structures at Kaura H.T. Complex Q = 34884 Cs:

RD. 19+287 Kaura Q = 23365 Cs:

VRB Shakh Chaharum, Q = 5700 Cs: Bojh Wah, Q = 13300 Cs:

Q = 9000 Cs: Q = 6000 Cs:

CHASHMA RIGHT BANK CANAL RD. 568+220 RD. 555+686 Q = 17500 Cs Q = 17500 Cs

DARRAH Q = 87200 Cs: Vehova Hill Torrent Line Diagram of off-taking channels Gang Channel & discharges Cultivable Area Q = 2000 Cs: (40 years Return Period) 75993 Acres Q = 85200 Cs: Project Intervention

Qaisrani Feeder, Q = 5000 Cs: Kaura Spill Way Q = 600 Cs:

Q = 5100 Cs: Qaisrani Wah, Q = 5000 Cs: Kobhi Wah Complex

Q = 70750 Cs: Palya Wah, Q = 950 Cs:

Fig – XVI – Line Diagram Q = 5000 Cs: Kobhi Wah, Allah Nawaz Wah, Q = 3800 Cs: Q = 3500 Cs: indicating Constructed Jallu Wah, Q = 3800 Cs: Structures at Vehova H.T. Q = 63150 Cs:

Q = 2000 Cs: Q = 500 Cs:

CHASHMA RIGHT BANK CANAL RD. 616+835 RD. 603+835 RD. 579+500 Q = 7000 Cs Q = 7000 Cs Q = 83000 Cs

DARRAH Q = 139715 Cs: Sanghar Hill Torrent RD. 0+950 Sanghar Line Diagram of off-taking channels Jat Wah & discharges Q = 50000 Cs: (40 years Return Period) Jam - Jat Wah Project Intervention Complex Cultivable Area Jam Wah 34575 Acres Q = 50000 Cs: Q = 129715 Cs: Bughlani Wah Shakh Janubi Q = 11500 Cs:

Shakh Shumli Budhu Wah Q = 23000 Cs:

Complex

WahWah

Budhu Wah

Q = 83715 Cs:

Q = 11500 Cs:Cs: 11500 11500 QQ= =

Beghwari Beghwari

Fig – XVII – Line Diagram Q = 76343 Cs: indicating Constructed Q = 5000 Cs: Q = 5000 Cs: Q = 2000 Cs: Q = 3000 Cs: Structures at Sanghar H.T.

RD. 789+203 CHASHMA RIGHT BANK CANAL RD. 794+200 RD. 780+215 RD. 770+460 RD. 753+889 Q = 5000 Cs Q = 3500 Cs Q = 18000 Cs Q = 80000 Cs Q = 5000 Cs 308 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

9. IMPACT ANALYSIS OF INITIATIVES. The hill torrent management projects in Chashma Right Bank Canal area i.e. Kaura, Vehova and Sanghar hill torrents (Fig. XVIII) are almost completed and their tangible benefits as envisaged have been experienced during hill torrent flood 2012.

Fig. XVIII N H.T Management Project in CRBC A 24 H D - .K Area (Kaura, Vehova, Sanghar H.T) .I BUKHARA Fan Area (Pachad Area) D - 24 A D T C I 25 D - R 6 2 T - IS D Canal Command Area D 27

D - 28 N I KAURA HILL TORRENT D - 29 202 Sq: Miles Q = 58000 Cs: D - 30 VEHOVA Dispersion

Structures D - 31 L

N D - 32

K - 33

N D

4 T 3 - JHOKE D

GIRDAD H

GHITJA G

I H

KILI R

A 35

- Y

D I

M R

AHATI Y H 36

C D - VEHOVA A

A RETRA

JHOKE H

HILL TORRENT C 7 D - 3 1017 Sq: Miles DODO T

Q = 96000 Cs: C

38 I D -

39 T D -

I D - 40 D D - 41 KOT QAISRANI 42 D -

TAUNSA KALAMAR D - 43 Dispersion Structures

45 D - 46 D -

47 D -

D -

- 49 D 1 A T L - IN 2 K TAUNSA B U N D HARYPOOR 0 - 5 2 BARRAGE D T IN D SANGHAR U S 1 - 5 H AL D I N HILL TORRENT G CA H I H L 1897 Sq: Miles W CH NA A KA CA Y N Q = 123000 Cs: HA 2 GK D - 5 D H.T X-ING T.R.D D RD. 51 + 000 BARTHI - 848 + 700 53 Q = 5000 Cs:

The analysis of different aspects of impact of the project has been made which is briefly described below:- 1. Flood intensity reduced due to improved dispersing the stream flows to off taking channels. Table – I shows the dispersion of flood water of August 2012.

72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 309

Table – I - Improved Flood Water Dispersion. Kaura hill Vehova hill Sanghar Description. torrent torrent hill torrent (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) Design capacity of main structure (40 61184 87000 139000 years return period) Flood (August 2012) 43626 66882 99225 Flood water dispersed to off taking 26178 40729 63535 channels. Dispersion %age. 60% 61% 64%

2. Enhancement in agriculture activities and cultivated area in fan regions with improved plantation and vegetation, thus better environment conditions. Table–II shows the improved diversion of flows into off taking channels, resulted enhanced agriculture. Table – III shows the detail of cultivated area.

Table – II - Improved dispersion inflow to allied channels.

Discharges (Cusecs)

Sr. Off take channels During floods 2012 Hill Torrent. Mauza Maximum Prior to No constructed for irrigation after construction designed project. of project

1 Kaura Khaji Wah 2000 200 1250

Maximum Qaladar wah 1700 190 1458 Discharge during 2012 = 43626 Cs Qamar Din Wah 1700 150 1458 26-08-2012 Kotani Chango Wah 1700 165 1458

Kuppi 1 5700 600 Under Construction Kuppi 2 5700 625

Thalya Wah 2400 250 2025

Phatel Wah 500 40 410 Lakhani Makhan Wah 950 100 648

Lakhani Wah 2850 285 2430

Chaharum Wah 5700 600 4073 Bojh Bojh Wah 13300 780 9503

Net Discharge Crossing CRBC :- 16500 Cusecs 310 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

Discharges (Cusecs)

Sr. Off take channels During floods 2012 Hill Torrent. Mauza Maximum Prior to No constructed for irrigation after construction designed project. of project

2 Vehvoa Kotani Palya Wah 950 100 878

Maximum Discharge Kobhi Wah 3500 350 2629 during 2012 = 67882 Cs Qaisrani Wah 5000 400 3651 26-08-2012 Jallu Wah 3800 380 Kohar, Jallu Wali & Under Mithey Wali Construction Allah Nawaz Wah 3800 350

Net Discharge Crossing CRBC :- 48125 Cusecs

3 Sanghar Jat Gadi & Bughlani Jat Wah 5000 250 3500

Maximum Discharge Pukhan & Koko Jam Wah 5000 250 3400 during 2012 = 99225 Cs Bughlani Bughlani Wah 11500 750 9750 26-08-2012 Mundrani, Sokar & Bhegwari Wah 11500 750 9850 Binda

Mangrotha Budhu Wah 23000 950 19440

Net Discharge Crossing CRBC :- 49650 Cusecs

Table – III - Improvement in cultivated area.

Area (Acres) Sr. Hill Mauza Off take channels constructed for irrigation Cultivated Cultivated No. Torrent Total area prior to during the year project. 2012-13

Qaladar wah, Qamar Din, Chango & Kotani 3100 260 2850 Khaji Wahs, (4 channels)

Thalia wah, Phatil wah, Makhan wah and Lakhani 8254 4500 Lakhani Wahs. 475

1 Kaura Bojh Shakh Chaharum 716 82 700

Daulat Wala Thalia Wah, Main Kaura Hill Torrent. 3837 257 2600

Jhangra Shumali & Shakh Chaharum 26179 750 11500 Janubi

Shadi Wala Shakh Chaharum 3581 205 1850

Sub Total :- 45667 2029 24000

Kotani Palia wah + Kobhi Wah Qaisrani wah 3322 300 2900

Vehova Shumali & Dagar wali 2 Vehova 45377 650 7250 Janubi

Kohar Qaisrani Wah 5852 425 4800 72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 311

Area (Acres) Sr. Hill Mauza Off take channels constructed for irrigation Cultivated Cultivated No. Torrent Total area prior to during the year project. 2012-13

Qassrani Wala Qaisrani Wah 1195 82 800

Jallo Wali Qaisrani Wah 7349 455 4800

Mithey Wali Kobhi wah + Qaisrani Wah 9798 530 5900

Sub Total :- 72893 2442 26450

Jat Gadi Jat Wah 4410 295 3100

Bughlani Jat Wah, Bughlani Wah 5022 315 3500

Mundrani Bhegwari Wah 2108 110 1035

Sokar Bhegwari Wah 3163 90 970 3 Sanghar Binda Bhegwari Wah 570 28 315

Pukhan Jam Wah 7658 525 5400

Koko Wah Jam Wah 2489 170 1800

Mangrotha Buddhu Wah 8198 390 3800

Sub Total :- 33618 1923 19920

TOTAL :- 152178 6394 70370*

* The area will further increase with increased flow and leveling of lands for cultivation by community. 3. Protection against flood hazards to cultivable land & soil erosion. The figures XIX – XXII shows the works executed. 4. Improved yield of the crops, thus increase in production resulting reduction in poverty with increased economic activities in the region. Table IV reflects the improved economy in the area. Table – IV - Improved Economy of area. Statistics after Sr. Description. Statistics prior to project. construction of dispersion No. structures. 1 Intensity of irrigation. 8% - 10% 50% 2 Yield per acre (Wheat, Oil Seeds) 400 – 500 Kgs 10000 – 12000 Kgs 3 Value of land / acres. Rs. 10000/- to 20000/- Upto Rs. 200000/- 5. Positive impacts on livestock, dairy development and social uplift. Figures XXIII – XXIV shows the crops sown with dispersed flood water. 6. Reduced flood damages to valuable agricultural lands, public properties, abadis in fan areas, irrigation system in D.G.Khan Canal Command area and other infrastructures. 7. Raising in sub soil water, due to increased recharge of the aquifer resulting from enhanced quantity of water (in depth and number of applications). This water is being used for drinking purpose and for irrigation. 312 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq

Fig. XIX - Completed main Weir Qallandar Wah Fig. XX - Jam – Jat Wah Complex (Dispersion structure) Complex, Kaura Hill Torrent Sanghar Hill Torrent

Fig. XXI - Budhu Head Regulator on Sanghar Hill Fig. XXII - Kobhi Wah Complex on Vehova Hill Torrent Torrent

Fig. XXIII - Barren area of Mouza Daulat Wala converted to green fields by irrigation of Makhan & Fig. XXIV - Effects of flood water in command of Palya Wah of Kaura Hill Torrent. Jatwah off taking channel Sanghar Hill Torrent. 72nd Annual Session of Pakistan Engineering Congress 313

10. CONCLUSIONS AND WAY FORWARD 1. Pakistan water resources are diminishing and development of irrigated area has been almost ceased. With initiation of management of hill torrent water in D.G.Khan and Rajanpur Districts will result in better irrigation facilities to 5,00,000 acres agricultural lands. This move of Government of Punjab is very positive in improvement of flood mitigation efforts with uplift of economy of the Pachad area and required to be extended in the each torrent area at fast track. 2. The Development projects under execution at different hill torrents are limited to dispersement of stream flows to off taking channels according to Haqooq Areas. Although the diversion capacity of each canal has been considerably enhanced but increased water could not be used by farmers as the capacity of channels is limited. The Government should also invest on channelization of canals to carry diverted water at dispersion structure to fields with X – regulators, fall structures, land leveling etc so as to achieve the objectives of flood mitigation and extended agriculture in the area more effectively. 3. The escapage of flood water, where possible be provided to mitigate flood hazard in canal command areas and to help recharge of aquifer. 4. The community should be involved in maintenance of development structures, as during each flood, damages to wahs took places. Water user organizations at each channel (wah) required to be developed, which may require legislation, which will be responsible for operation and maintenance of concerned channel. REFERENCES  Basic Design Study Report on Mithawan Hill Torrent Poilot Project in Punjab – JICA / NIPPON Gikan Inc – 1994.  Master Feasibility Studies for flood Management of Hill torrent of Pakistan – NESPAK – 1994.  Chashma Right Bank Canal – Feasibility Report – NESPAK – 2004.  Management of Hill Torrents in Chashma Right Bank Canal area D.G.Khan – Revised Design / Feasibility Report – TA Consultants – 2007.  Office Files of Irrigation Zone, Dera Ghazi Khan.  Socio-economic Impact / Benefits in project Chashma Right Bank Canal area – MMP Consultant – 2012. 314 Ch. Muhammad Shafiq