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Why Fish Do Not Feel Pain
Key, Brian (2016) Why fish do not eelf pain. Animal Sentience 3(1) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1011 This article has appeared in the journal Animal Sentience, a peer-reviewed journal on animal cognition and feeling. It has been made open access, free for all, by WellBeing International and deposited in the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Call for Commentary: Animal Sentience publishes Open Peer Commentary on all accepted target articles. Target articles are peer-reviewed. Commentaries are editorially reviewed. There are submitted commentaries as well as invited commentaries. Commentaries appear as soon as they have been revised and accepted. Target article authors may respond to their commentaries individually or in a joint response to multiple commentaries. Instructions: http://animalstudiesrepository.org/animsent/guidelines.html Why fish do not feel pain Brian Key Biomedical Sciences University of Queensland Australia Abstract: Only humans can report feeling pain. In contrast, pain in animals is typically inferred on the basis of nonverbal behaviour. Unfortunately, these behavioural data can be problematic when the reliability and validity of the behavioural tests are questionable. The thesis proposed here is based on the bioengineering principle that structure determines function. Basic functional homologies can be mapped to structural homologies across a broad spectrum of vertebrate species. For example, olfaction depends on olfactory glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of the forebrain, visual orientation responses depend on the laminated optic tectum in the midbrain, and locomotion depends on pattern generators in the spinal cord throughout vertebrate phylogeny, from fish to humans. Here I delineate the region of the human brain that is directly responsible for feeling painful stimuli. -
Nonparaphilic Sexual Addiction Mark Kahabka
The Linacre Quarterly Volume 63 | Number 4 Article 2 11-1-1996 Nonparaphilic Sexual Addiction Mark Kahabka Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Kahabka, Mark (1996) "Nonparaphilic Sexual Addiction," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 63: No. 4, Article 2. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol63/iss4/2 Nonparaphilic Sexual Addiction by Mr. Mark Kahabka The author is a recent graduate from the Master's program in Pastoral Counseling at Saint Paul University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Impulse control disorders of a sexual nature have probably plagued humankind from its beginnings. Sometimes classified today as "sexual addiction" or "nonparaphilic sexual addiction,"l it has been labeled by at least one professional working within the field as "'The World's Oldest/Newest Perplexity."'2 Newest, because for the most part, the only available data until recently has come from those working within the criminal justice system and as Patrick Carnes points out, "they never see the many addicts who have not been arrested."3 By definition, both paraphilic4 and nonparaphilic sexual disorders "involve intense sexual urges and fantasies" and which the "individual repeatedly acts on these urges or is highly distressed by them .. "5 Such disorders were at one time categorized under the classification of neurotic obsessions and compulsions, and thus were usually labeled as disorders of an obsessive compulsive nature. Since those falling into this latter category, however, perceive such obessions and compulsions as "an unwanted invasion of consciousness"6 (in contrast to sexual impulse control disorders, which are "inherently pleasurable and consciously desired"7) they are now placed under the "impulse control disorder" category.s To help clarify the distinction: The purpose of the compulsions is to reduce anxiety, which often stems from unwanted but intrusive thoughts. -
Cannabidiol Attenuates Insular Dysfunction During Motivational Salience Processing in Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Robin Wilson1, Matthijs G
Wilson et al. Translational Psychiatry (2019) 9:203 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0534-2 Translational Psychiatry ARTICLE Open Access Cannabidiol attenuates insular dysfunction during motivational salience processing in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis Robin Wilson1, Matthijs G. Bossong1,2, Elizabeth Appiah-Kusi1, Natalia Petros 1, Michael Brammer1,3,JesusPerez4, Paul Allen1,5, Philip McGuire1 and Sagnik Bhattacharyya 1 Abstract Accumulating evidence points towards the antipsychotic potential of cannabidiol. However, the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol remain unclear. We investigated this in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. We investigated 33 antipsychotic-naïve subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) randomised to 600 mg oral cannabidiol or placebo and compared them with 19 healthy controls. We used the monetary incentive delay task while participants underwent fMRI to study reward processing, known to be abnormal in psychosis. Reward and loss anticipation phases were combined to examine a motivational salience condition and compared with neutral condition. We observed abnormal activation in the left insula/parietal operculum in CHR participants given placebo compared to healthy controls associated with premature action initiation. Insular activation correlated with both positive psychotic symptoms and salience perception, as indexed by difference in reaction time between salient and neutral stimuli conditions. CBD attenuated the increased -
Does the Kappa Opioid Receptor System Contribute to Pain Aversion?
UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Does the kappa opioid receptor system contribute to pain aversion? Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gx6n97q Authors Cahill, Catherine M Taylor, Anna MW Cook, Christopher et al. Publication Date 2014 DOI 10.3389/fphar.2014.00253 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California REVIEW ARTICLE published: 17 November 2014 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00253 Does the kappa opioid receptor system contribute to pain aversion? Catherine M. Cahill 1,2,3 *, Anna M. W. Taylor1,4 , Christopher Cook1,2 , Edmund Ong1,3 , Jose A. Morón5 and Christopher J. Evans 4 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 3 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada 4 Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 5 Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Edited by: The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and the endogenous peptide-ligand dynorphin have Dominique Massotte, Institut des received significant attention due the involvement in mediating a variety of behavioral Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, France and neurophysiological responses, including opposing the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse including opioids. Accumulating evidence indicates this system is involved in Reviewed by: Lynn G. Kirby, University of regulating states of motivation and emotion. Acute activation of the KOR produces an Pennsylvania, USA increase in motivational behavior to escape a threat, however, KOR activation associated Clifford John Woolf, Boston Children’s with chronic stress leads to the expression of symptoms indicative of mood disorders. -
Increased Heart Rate Functions As a Signal of Acute Distress in Non‑Communicating Persons with Intellectual Disability Emilie Kildal1, Kristine Stadskleiv2,3, Elin S
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Increased heart rate functions as a signal of acute distress in non‑communicating persons with intellectual disability Emilie Kildal1, Kristine Stadskleiv2,3, Elin S. Boysen4, Tone Øderud4, Inger‑Lise Dahl5, Trine M. Seeberg4, Svein Guldal6, Frode Strisland4, Cecilie Morland7,8 & Bjørnar Hassel1,9* Intellectual disability (ID) afects approximately 1% of the population. Some patients with severe or profound ID are essentially non‑communicating and therefore risk experiencing pain and distress without being able to notify their caregivers, which is a major health issue. This real‑world proof of concept study aimed to see if heart rate (HR) monitoring could reveal whether non‑communicating persons with ID experience acute pain or distress in their daily lives. We monitored HR in 14 non‑ communicating participants with ID in their daily environment to see if specifc situations were associated with increased HR. We defned increased HR as being > 1 standard deviation above the daily mean and lasting > 5 s. In 11 out of 14 participants, increased HR indicated pain or distress in situations that were not previously suspected to be stressful, e.g. passive stretching of spastic limbs or being transported in patient lifts. Increased HR suggesting joy was detected in three participants (during car rides, movies). In some situations that were previously suspected to be stressful, absence of HR increase suggested absence of pain or distress. We conclude that HR monitoring may identify acute pain and distress in non‑communicating persons with ID, allowing for improved health care for this patient group. Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurological condition that afects approximately 1% of the population 1, 2. -
A Single Dose of Nicotine Enhances Reward Responsiveness in Nonsmokers: Implications for Development of Dependence Ruth S
A Single Dose of Nicotine Enhances Reward Responsiveness in Nonsmokers: Implications for Development of Dependence Ruth S. Barr, Diego A. Pizzagalli, Melissa A. Culhane, Donald C. Goff, and A. Eden Evins Background: Tobacco smoking, driven by the addictive properties of nicotine, is the most prevalent preventable cause of death in the Western world. Accumulated evidence suggests that nicotine may increase appetitive responding for nondrug incentives in the environment. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the effect of a single dose of transdermal nicotine on reward responsiveness in 30 psychiatrically healthy nonsmokers. A novel signal detection task in which correct responses were differentially rewarded in a 3:1 ratio was used to assess the extent to which participants modulated their behavior as a function of reward. Results: Despite expected adverse effects such as nausea, nicotine significantly increased response bias toward the more frequently rewarded condition, at the expense of accuracy, independent of effects on attention or overall vigilance. Additionally, response bias on placebo was greater in participants who received nicotine in the first session, indicating that an effect of nicotine on reward responsiveness or reward-based learning persisted for at least 1 week. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a single dose of nicotine enhances response to non-drug-related rewards in the environment, with lasting effects. This effect may contribute to reinforcement of early smoking behavior and development of nicotine dependence. Key Words: Anhedonia, drug addiction, nicotine, nonsmokers, re- ducted in conjunction with a larger study of the effect of nicotine ward, reward responsiveness on cognitive performance in nonsmokers (7). -
Neurobiological Basis of Vulnerability in Adolescence to Drug
REVIEW ARTICLE Neurobiological Basis of Vulnerability in Adolescence to Drug Use SUNITA MANCHANDA1 From 1Max Hospital Gurugram, Haryana Correspondence to: Dr Sunita Manchanda, Max Hospital, Gurugram,122001, Haryana, India [email protected] In adolescence, there is heightened susceptibility to drugs. Neurobiology of addiction is based on the working of four neural networks: (a) reward (b) memory and learning (c) motivation/drive (d) control. Knowledge of neurobiological vulnerabilities is essential for prevention and treatment interventions. Key words : Substance abuse, Neurobiological basis, Drug addiction Adolescence is a critical period of life in which the developing [4]. The progression from initial drug use to addiction may brain is highly vulnerable to the impact of life experiences. It is involve repeated activation of the mesolimbic pathway which also a time of heightened susceptibility to the effects of addictive increases the motivational salience (a form of attention that drugs.Various factors have been associated with increased risk of motivates toward a behavior) of the drug. As contextual cues substance use during this period. Epidemiological evidence become associated and strengthened with repetitive drug suggests that substance use disorders (SUDs) are more likely to administration, a process initially under the purview of the develop in people who begin experimenting with drugs early mesolimbic dopaminergic system progressively incorporates the during their adolescence, but this correlation does not guarantee neurocircuitory involved in emotional, memory, obsessive causation.The neurobiological mechanisms underlying thoughts, stress response, decision making, and behavioral vulnerability to drug addiction are poorly understood and are inhibition, into the drug experience [4]. Even in the absence of likely to involve a balance between factors that confer ongoing drug use these neuro-adaptive responses remain vulnerability and those that protect against it. -
An Investigation of Behavioural Response to Natural Rewards and Drug Cues
Psychiatry Research 215 (2014) 522–527 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Psychiatry Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psychres Do motivation deficits in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders promote cannabis use? An investigation of behavioural response to natural rewards and drug cues Clifford M. Cassidy, Martin Lepage, Ashok Malla n McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boul., Lasalle, Montreal, Qc, Canada H4H 1R3 article info abstract Article history: Deficits in incentive motivation are often present in both Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) and Received 13 June 2013 substance-use disorders. The current study aims to test whether the presence of such deficits confers Received in revised form vulnerability to cannabis use in individuals with SSD. SSD patients (n¼35) and healthy controls (n¼35) were 3 December 2013 each divided into a group with (n¼20)andagroupwithout(n¼15) current cannabis use disorder. Subjects Accepted 14 December 2013 performed a behavioural task designed for schizophrenia patients in which they could seek exposure to Available online 21 December 2013 pleasant and cannabis visual stimuli on the basis of internal representations of these stimuli. Intensity of Keywords: cannabis use was assessed by self-report. SSD patients were significantly less likely than controls to exert effort Psychosis to try to re-view pleasant stimuli but were not significantly less likely to work to avoid unpleasant stimuli. Lack Reward of response to re-view pleasant stimuli significantly predicted higher subsequent cannabis self-administration Substance use in patients but not controls, after controlling for degree of prior exposure to cannabis. Deficits in incentive Addiction motivation may be an aspect of SSD which promotes cannabis use in this population. -
Reward Deficiency and Anti-Reward in Pain Chronification
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 68 (2016) 282–297 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev Review article Reward deficiency and anti-reward in pain chronification a,b,c,f,∗ a,b,f a,b,d,f e,f a,b,c,f D. Borsook , C. Linnman , V. Faria , A.M. Strassman , L. Becerra , g I. Elman a Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospitals, USA b Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, USA c Department of Psychiatry, Mclean and Massachusetts General Hospital, USA d Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden e Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, USA f Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA g Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Converging lines of evidence suggest that the pathophysiology of pain is mediated to a substantial degree Received 18 November 2015 via allostatic neuroadaptations in reward- and stress-related brain circuits. Thus, reward deficiency (RD) Received in revised form 26 May 2016 represents a within-system neuroadaptation to pain-induced protracted activation of the reward circuits Accepted 27 May 2016 that leads to depletion-like hypodopaminergia, clinically manifested anhedonia, and diminished motiva- Available online 28 May 2016 -
Should Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB) Be Considered As a Behavioral Addiction? a Debate Paper Presenting the Opposing View
Should compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) be considered as a behavioral addiction? A debate paper presenting the opposing view Journal of Behavioral ELI SASSOVER1,2 and AVIV WEINSTEIN1* Addictions 1 Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel 2 Department of Behavioral Science and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, DOI: Ariel, Israel 10.1556/2006.2020.00055 © 2020 The Author(s) Received: February 6, 2020 • Revised manuscript received: June 18, 2020; July 12, 2020; August 16, 2020 • Accepted: August 18, 2020 DEBATE PAPER ABSTRACT Background and aims: Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) has been a long debated issue. While formerly the discussion was about whether to regard CSBD as a distinctive disorder, the current debate is dealing with the classification of this phenomenon. One of the prominent voices in this field considers CSBD as a behavioral addiction and proposes CSBD to be called and diagnosed as sexual addiction (SA). This present debate paper will review the existing evidence supporting this view and it will argue against it. Results: We have found that a great deal of the current literature is anecdotal while empirical evidence is insufficient. First, the reports about the prevalence of CSBD are contradictory. Additionally, the field mainly suffers from inconsistent defining criteria of CSBD and a consensus which symptoms should be included. As a result, the empirical evidence that does exist is mostly about some symptoms individually and not on the disorder as a whole construct. Conclusions: We conclude that currently, there is not enough data supporting CSBD as a behavioral addiction. Further research has to be done, examining CSBD phenomenology as a whole construct and based on a homogeneous criterion. -
Dual Roles of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neurons in Pain and Pleasure in Adult Mice Jing-Shan Lu1†, Qi-Yu Chen1†, Sibo Zhou1, Kaoru Inokuchi2 and Min Zhuo1,3*
Lu et al. Molecular Brain (2018) 11:72 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-018-0416-1 MICROREPORT Open Access Dual roles of anterior cingulate cortex neurons in pain and pleasure in adult mice Jing-Shan Lu1†, Qi-Yu Chen1†, Sibo Zhou1, Kaoru Inokuchi2 and Min Zhuo1,3* Abstract Human and animal studies indicate that some brain regions are activated during painful and pleasant situations, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In the present study, we wanted to determine if some of the same neurons in the ACC may be activated by both pain and pleasure. We labeled neurons activated by two stimuli by using two immediate early genes (IEGs), Arc and Homer1a, and detected the intranuclear transcription of the IEG mRNA in situ. We found that there are double-labeling neurons in the ACC after the mice received pain and sexual attraction stimulation. The double-labeling ACC neurons were higher in male mice exposed to female mice (attractive stimulus) than the group exposed to male mice (normal stimulus). The IEG, which indicates the sexual attraction, were also higher in the female exposing group, while the IEG indicating pain showed no significant variance between two groups. Our findings suggest that ACC neurons play important roles in the process of both pain and pleasure. Keywords: IEG, ACC, Arc, Homer1a, Pain, Sexual attraction Main text of neurons, or if some ACC neurons may contribute to Pain and pleasure are two major experiences in human both pain and pleasure. and animals. We often pursue pleasure, while avoiding CatFISH serves as a functional imaging that allows in- pain. -
The Asymmetrical Contributions of Pleasure and Pain to Animal Welfare Adam Shriver Ph.D. Student Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psycho
Draft – Forthcoming in the Cambridge Journal of Healthcare Ethics Shriver The Asymmetrical Contributions of Pleasure and Pain To Animal Welfare Adam Shriver Ph.D. Student Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program @ Washington University in St. Louis Campus Box 1073 One Brookings Drive St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 [email protected] 314-882-6955 and Postdoctoral Fellow Rotman Institute of Philosophy and the Mind Brain Institute @ University of Western Ontario Thanks to John Doris, Julia Driver, Carl Craver, Anna Alexandrova, Dan Habyron, Tom Buller, and an anonymous reviewer for insightful comments on various stages of this paper. I also received helpful feedback at the International Conference on Wellbeing and Public Policy in Wellington, New Zealand and the Minding Animals Conference in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Introduction Utilitarianism, the ethical doctrine that holds in its most basic form that right actions are those that maximize pleasure and minimize pain, has been at the center of many of the ethical debates around animal welfare. The most well-known utilitarian of our time, Peter Singer, is widely credited with having sparked the animal welfare movement of the past 35+ years, using utilitarian reasoning to argue against using animals in invasive research that we aren’t willing to perform on humans. Yet many people who have argued for the use of animals in invasive experimentation have also appealed to utilitarian ideas by claiming that insofar as lab animals suffer, the suffering is justified by greater benefits produced via the knowledge gained from research. In this paper, I will examine whether the classical utilitarian prescriptions “maximize pleasure” and “minimize pain” should be treated as equals by the theory and, if not, what the possible implications are for research involving nonhuman animals.