Global Review of the Conservation Status of Monodontid Stocks Glossary of Terms, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

JILL PREWITT, RANDALL REEVES, and RODERICK HOBBS

Aggregations Critical Habitat (ESA [USA]) but for which there is considerable un- Groups of individuals of a species ESA designation of specific areas certainty about the degree of risk.4 in summering, wintering, or migrat- either 1) within the geographical area ing areas. The modifier “recurring” or occupied by the species at the time of Data Deficient (IUCN) “seasonal” is used when aggregations ESA listing, if they contain physical Designation of a species for which are known to repeat annually or other- or biological features essential to con- the data available are insufficient for wise regularly. servation, and the features may require placing it in one of the risk categories special management considerations or (e.g., Endangered, Vulnerable).3 AI protection or 2) outside the geographi- Admiralty Inlet; body of water in cal area occupied by the species if the Depleted (MMPA [USA]) Nunavut, Canada; in this issue, a nar- agency determines that the area itself Any species or “population stock” whal stock that aggregates in Admiral- is essential for conservation.1 (a term used in the MMPA) that is be- ty Inlet in summer (August). low its optimum sustainable popula- Critical Habitat (SARA [Canada]) tion size or is listed as an endangered Availability Bias SARA designation of habitat that is or threatened species under the ESA.5 When animals are missed by a sur- necessary for the survival or recovery vey due to being submerged or oth- of a listed wildlife species and that is Depleted (general definition) erwise unavailable for detection; identified as the species’ critical habi- A population that is below its maxi- availability bias can be estimated with tat in a recovery strategy or in an ac- mum sustainable yield (MSY) level. data on dive times, surfacing intervals, tion plan for the species.2 and location, and a correction factor DFO [Canada] can be applied to the survey results to Critically Endangered (IUCN) Fisheries and Oceans Canada (for- remove the bias. Red List designation of a species, merly Department of Fisheries and subspecies, or “subpopulation” (as de- Oceans). CAFF fined in the Guidelines) that is facing Conservation of Arctic Flora and an extremely high risk of extinction in Distinct Population Segment (DPS) Fauna; a working group of the Arctic the wild.3 (ESA [USA]) Council. A vertebrate population or group of CS populations that is discrete from other COSEWIC [Canada] Cumberland Sound; body of water populations of the species and signifi- Committee on the Status of Endan- in Nunavut, Canada; in this issue, a be- cant in relation to the entire species. gered Wildlife in Canada; an indepen- luga stock residing therein. The ESA provides for listing species, dent advisory panel to the Minister subspecies, or distinct population seg- of Environment and Climate Change Data Deficient (Norwegian Red List) ments of vertebrate species.6 Canada, established under the Species Red List designation of a species or At Risk Act of 2002. The committee population that is at risk of extinction, meets twice a year to assess the risk of 4How the Red List is compiled (https://www. biodiversity.no/Pages/135393/How_the_Red_ extinction of wildlife species; status cat- 1Critical Habitat What is it? U.S. Fish and Wild- List_is). egories include Extinct, Extirpated, En- life Service, Dep. Interior. (https://www.fws.gov/ 5Lowry, L., D. W. Laist, E. Taylor. 2007. En- dangered, Threatened, Special Concern, endangered/esa-library/pdf/critical_habitat.pdf). dangered, Threatened, and Depleted Marine Data Deficient, Not at Risk (https:// 2A guide to the Species At Risk Act (SARA): Mammals in U. S. Waters: A review of species Information for federal land managers (https:// classification systems and listed species (avail. www.canada.ca/en/environment-cli- www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/6AC53F6B- at https://www.mmc.gov/wp-content/uploads/et- mate-change/services/committee-sta- 550E-473D-9BDB-1CCBF661F521/fedland- dmarinemammals.pdf). tus-endangered-wildlife.html). eng.pdf). 6Endangered Species Act Section 3. U.S. Fish 3IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (https:// and Wildlife Service, Dep. Interior (avail. at www.iucnredlist.org/resources/categories-and- https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/ doi: https://doi.org/10.7755/MFR.81.3-4.g criteria). section-3.html).

81(3–4) vii EBI cies is legally designated as “Critical a beluga stock with its distribution Eastern Baffin Island; in this issue, a Habitat.”6 centered in James Bay. narwhal stock that summers along the east coast of Baffin Island. GROM JCNB Global Review of Monodontids. Canada/Greenland Joint Commis- EBS sion on the Conservation and Manage- Eastern Beaufort Sea; in this issue, a IB ment of Narwhal and Beluga.11 beluga stock that summers in the east- Inglefield Bredning; a body of wa- ern Beaufort Sea. ter in West Greenland; in this issue, a LRC [Canada] narwhal stock that aggregates in Ingle- Loss Rate Correction; a correction EHB field Bredning in summer. factor applied to landings to account Eastern Hudson Bay; in this issue, a for struck-but-lost animals (shot, har- beluga stock that summers in eastern IWC pooned, etc., but not secured and Hudson Bay. International Whaling Commission; counted in catch statistics) in estimat- international body established under ing removals from the population. Endangered (COSEWIC) [Canada] the 1946 International Convention for COSEWIC designation of a wildlife the Regulation of Whaling to “provide MB species (encompassing subspecies and for the proper conservation of whale Melville Bay; a body of water in “designatable units”—a term specific stocks and thus make possible the or- West Greenland; in this issue, a nar- to SARA) that is facing imminent ex- derly development of the whaling in- whal stock that aggregates in Melville tirpation or extinction.7 dustry”. In recent years it has become Bay in summer. increasingly involved in assessment of Endangered (ESA [USA]) small cetaceans and in cetacean con- Monodontids ESA designation of a species, sub- servation issues not directly related to Cetaceans in the family Monodonti- 8 species, or distinct population segment whaling. dae, comprising two extant species— that is in danger of extinction through- the beluga and the narwhal. out all or a significant portion of its IUCN range.6 International Union for Conserva- MMPA - Marine Mammal tion of Nature; international orga- Protection Act [USA] Endangered (IUCN) nization in the field of conservation U.S. law enacted in 1972 to protect Red List designation of a species, of natural resources; holds observer all marine mammals; among other subspecies, or “subpopulation” (as de- and consultative status in the United things, it prohibits the “taking” (see fined in the Guidelines) that is facing Nations; plays a role in the imple- “Takes (MMPA [USA])”) of marine a high risk of extinction in the near mentation of several international con- mammals, and establishes a morato- future.3 ventions on nature conservation and rium on the importation, exportation, biodiversity; manages the Red List of 9 and sale of any marine mammal, or ES Threatened Species. any marine mammal part or product.12 Eclipse Sound; body of water in Nunavut, Canada; in this issue, a nar- IUCN Red List MSYL whal stock that aggregates in Eclipse A system of assessing the global Maximum Sustainable Yield Level; Sound in summer. conservation status of species, subspe- “the greatest harvest that can be taken cies, and “subpopulations” (as defined from a self-regenerating stock of ani- ESA - Endangered Species Act in the Guidelines); categories include mals year after year while still main- [USA] Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically taining a constant average size of the Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, U.S. law enacted in 1973 to conserve 10 stock” (Holt and Talbot, 1978:Appen- and protect endangered and threatened Near Threatened, Least Concern. dix 3). species and their habitat; status listings JB include Endangered, Threatened, Can- James Bay; body of water in South- mtDNA didate (species being considered for ern Hudson Bay, Canada; in this issue, mitochondrial genetics (DNA = de- listing). Habitat essential for the spe- oxyribonucleic acid). 8The International Whaling Commission (IWC) 7COSEWIC definitions and abbreviations: (https://iwc.int/home). 11JCNB (https://www.nwmb.com/en/2-uncategor Approved by Committee on the Status of 9 Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) International Union for Conservation of Na- ised/83-canada-greenland-joint-commission-on- in November 2017 (https://www.canada.ca/en/ ture (IUCN) (https://www.iucn.org/). beluga-and-narwhal). environment-climate-change/services/commit- 10IUCN. Red List of Threatened Species (https:// 12MMPA (https://www.fws.gov/international/ tee-status-endangered-wildlife/definitions-ab- www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tools/ laws-treaties-agreements/us-conservation-laws/ breviations.html). iucn-red-list-threatened-species). marine-mammal-protection-act.html). viii Marine Fisheries Review NAMMCO land coast from the Kara Sea, Laptev species) of animals, plants, and fungi North Atlantic Marine Mammal Sea, and East Siberian Sea to the Ber- in the terrestrial and marine environ- Commission; regional body for coop- ing Strait. ments within the Chukotka Autono- eration on conservation, management, mous Okrug, Russian Federation.15 and study of cetaceans (whales, dol- NWP phins and porpoises) and pinnipeds Northwest Passage; sea route be- Removals (seals and walruses) in the North At- tween the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Individuals removed from a popula- lantic Ocean13. following the coast of northern Alaska tion due to human activities including from the Bering Strait and through the hunting, bycatch (incidental mortality) Near Threatened (IUCN) Canadian Arctic Archipelago to Baffin in fisheries, live-capture for display or Red List designation of a species, Bay. research, vessel strikes, etc. subspecies, or “subpopulation” (as de- fined in the Guidelines) that has been PBR Risk Assessment Modeling evaluated against the Red List criteria Potential Biological Removal; risk- Estimates levels of risk to a popu- but does not qualify for Critically En- averse method of assessing a stock lation from different levels of remov- dangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable, with limited information (a recent esti- als; as applied to monodontid stocks in but is close to qualifying for Vulner- mate of abundance and an estimate of Greenland and some stocks in Canada able or is likely to qualify for Vulner- removals: Wade, 1998); sets a thresh- (c.f., Witting et al., 2019), a series of 3 able in the near future. old number of removals below which abundance estimates and history of re- NHB there is little concern; provides guid- movals are used in a Bayesian frame- Northern Hudson Bay; in this issue, ance for managing removals to assure work to estimate the depletion level a narwhal stock that summers in Hud- sustainability and if necessary, recov- and the probability that the population son Bay. ery of the stock to some desired level will not decline at various levels of re- which under U.S. law is the “optimum moval over 5 years; this information NOW sustainable population”. The PBR val- is provided to managers who can then North Water Polynya called Pikiala- ue is not an estimate of the maximum consider risk tolerance and recovery sorsuaq in Greenlandic; polynya (area number of individuals that can be tak- goals in setting allowable take levels. of open water surrounded by sea ice) en sustainably each year, but rather it that remains open year-round between is seen as a safe limit—i.e., as long as Risk Tolerance Greenland and Canada in northern removals are below the PBR, there is a In conservation, a judgment reflect- Baffin Bay and extending into Smith high probability that the stock will re- ed in policy that indicates the degree Sound and Lancaster Sound. cover to or remain within its optimum of willingness to accept risk when sustainable population size. making conservation decisions. For Norwegian Red List example, acceptance of a 70% prob- List of species considered to be at PBDE’s ability that allowable removal levels risk of going extinct in Norway. Spe- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; will not cause the population to de- cies are generally included on the chemicals that are used as flame re- cline may be characterized as a mod- Red List because they are rare or be- tardants; because of their toxicity and erate degree of risk tolerance (c.f. cause the number of individuals is in persistence, the industrial production Witting et al., 2019). strong decline. Habitat fragmentation of some PBDE’s is restricted under and loss also increase the risk of ex- the Stockholm Convention, a treaty to SARA - Species At Risk Act tinction; categories are: Regionally control and phase out major persistent [Canada] Extinct (RE), Critically Endangered organic pollutants. Federal law passed in 2002 which (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable came into full effect in 2004, with (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Data PCB’s three main goals, to 1) prevent endan- Deficient (DD).14 Polychlorinated biphenyls; organic chlorine compounds that were widely 15Andreev, A.V., D. I. Berman, P. Yu Gorbunov, NSR used in electrical equipment and other N. E. Dokuchaev, V. S. Kononenko, B. A. Ko- Northern Sea Route; shipping route applications; and are now banned by rotyaev, A. A. Kochnev, A. V. Krechmar, D. I. within the Russian EEZ, defined by Litovka, Yu. M. Marusik, L. A. Prozorova, I. A. international convention (See PBDE’s) Chereshnev, F. B. Chernyavsky, and O. A. Khru- Russian legislation that extends from but remain as persistent pollutants in leva. 2008. The Red Book (Endangered Species Novaya Zemlya and along the main- many aquatic ecosystems. List) of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug // Chu- kotka Dep. of Ind. & Agricult.;RAS Far Eastern 13 Branch, Northeastern Scientific Center, Institute NAMMCO (https://nammco.no/). Red Book of Chukotka [Russia] of Biological Problems of the North. Magadan. 14Norwegian Red List for Species (https://www. - Vol. 1 Animals, p. 235 (avail. at https://www. biodiversity.no/Pages/135380/Norwegian_ Official state document that lists ipae.uran.ru/sites/default/files/publications/ Red_List_for_Species). rare and endangered species (and sub- ipae/0876_2008_RedBook_ChukotAO_T1.pdf).

81(3–4) ix gered or threatened species from be- clining and is likely to be listed as a Takes (General) coming extinct or extirpated, 2) help in threatened species under the ESA in Animals removed from a population the recovery of endangered, threatened the foreseeable future; or 3) that is list- by hunting (or other means). and extirpated species, and 3) man- ed as a threatened or endangered spe- age human activities to prevent species cies under the ESA, or is designated as Threatened (COSEWIC [Canada]) from becoming endangered or threat- depleted under the MMPA.12 COSEWIC designation of a wildlife ened; designations include Extirpated, species (encompassing subspecies and Endangered, Threatened, Special Con- Struck-But-Lost (or Struck- “designatable units” – a term specific cern, and Not At Risk.2 And-Lost) to SARA) that is likely to be assessed Term for instances when an animal as Endangered if not enough is done to SLE being hunted is struck by the weapon reverse the factors leading to its listing St. Lawrence Estuary; in this issue, (e.g., harpoon, rifle) but is not recov- as Threatened.7 a beluga stock residing therein. ered or secured and therefore is not counted as caught or landed; also re- Threatened (ESA [USA]) SI ferred to as hunting loss. ESA designation of a species, sub- Somerset Island; in this issue, a nar- species, or DPS that is likely to be whal stock that aggregates near Som- Sustainable Removals listed as Endangered in the foreseeable erset Island in summer. Levels of removals by hunting (or future throughout all or a significant other human actions) that do not cause portion of its range.6 Stock the stock abundance to decline. A subunit of a biological popula- WHB tion that is suitable for management; TALC Western Hudson Bay; in this issue, a should be designated and managed in Total Allowable Landed Catch; al- beluga stock that summers in western such a way that the population and/or lowed catch level, the total allowable Hudson Bay. species as a whole persists throughout removals minus the estimated number its range; often comprises a breeding of struck-but-lost. Literature Cited population that occupies the same re- Holt, S. J., and L. M. Talbot. 1998. New prin- gions annually. TAT ciples for the conservation of wild living re- Total Allowable Take; landed (se- sources. Wildl. Monogr. 59, 33 p. Wade, P. R. 1998. Calculating limits to the allow- Strategic (as Defined by MMPA cured) catch plus the known or esti- able human-caused mortality of cetaceans and [USA]) mated struck-but-lost. pinnipeds. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 14(1):1–37 (doi: Designation of a marine mammal https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998. tb00688.x). stock 1) for which the level of direct Take (or Taking) (MMPA [USA]) Witting, L., T. Doniol-Valcroze, R. C. Hobbs, S. human-caused mortality exceeds the Defined in the MMPA as “the act Ditlevsen, and M. P. Heide-Jørgensen. 2019. potential biological removal (PBR, see of hunting, killing, capture, and/or ha- Meta-population modeling of narwhals, Mon- odon monoceros, in East Canada and West above) level; 2) that based on the best rassment of any marine mammal; or, Greenland. Mar. Fish. Rev. 81(3–4):116–124 scientific information available, is de- the attempt at such.”12 (doi: https://doi.org/10.7755/MFR.81.3-4.7).

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