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TC 2 PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 1 AGENDA • Application of PA system • Acoustics • Microphones • Loud speakers • Amplifiers • Planning of PA • Installation • Special types of PAIRISET systems • Phasing and matching methods Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 2 What is a PA system ? • P.A. System is a type of communication, which can be used to communicate to a limited public over a limited area. • The basic function of an audio system is to deliver audible and recognizable sounds at comparable level to the listener. IRISET • PA system comprises all the devices and networks that exists between a source of sound (or its electrical Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 3 equivalent) and its point of final reproduction. Application of P.A. system in Railways IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 4 • Passenger amenity • Marshalling Yards • Breakdown Train Emergency Equipment • Special Functions • Railway Workshops • Conferences IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 5 Acoustics Acoustics is defined as the "Scientific Study” of Sound, especially of its generation, propagation, reception and interaction with materials and is further described as the "total effect of sound” especially as produced in an enclosed space. IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 6 Terms related to the study of Acoustics IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 7 Intensity: The intensity I, is the sound power passing normally through a unit area of space. This relates to amplitude of acoustic force. It is expressed in W/m2 Loudness: It is the intensity of the sound stimulus as perceived by the human ear and chiefly a function of sound pressure. However, it dependsIRISET upon the frequency and the complexity of the waveform. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 8 Frequency: Frequency is the number of Cycles per second of a particular sound wave. It is expressed in Hz. Pitch: It is the frequency of a sound as perceived by human ear. A high frequency gives rise to a high pitch note and a low frequency produces a low pitch note. At Low Freq. : Pitch variesIRISET directly with intensity and At High Freq.: Pitch varies inversely with intensity. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 9 Timbre: Timbre denotes the harmonic content of a sound wave. Brightness: This refers to the upper harmonic content of a tone. Threshold of Audibility: The lowest acoustic pressure that gives rise to a sensationIRISET of hearing. Threshold of Pain: The highest acoustic pressure to which ear can respond without experiencing pain. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 10 Volume Range •It is the difference in amplitude expressed in decibels between the maximum and minimum volumes that can be satisfactorily handled by a system. •In a recording system, the signal to noise ratio of the system determines the maximum volume of dynamic range of that system. •For a live pickup, the IRISETambient noise level of the recording studio and the system noise combined limits the volume range. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 11 Audibility • Hearing is the end result of differential pressure changes applied to a membrane within the ear. • If very little or no pressure changes are present, the ear hears nothing. • Conversely, if extreme changes appear, the forced vibrations of the membrane may damage the ear. • The ratio of acoustic power at these two limits is the dynamic range of the ear and is approximately 1012 (the threshold of pain representsIRISET 1012 times the power of the threshold of audibility) near the middle of the audio spectrum. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 12 Sound pressure and its units • Sound at a particular point in air is the rapid variation in the air pressure around a steady state value. • This sound pressure is measured in the same units as atmospheric pressure, and since it is an alternating quantity, the term "sound pressure" usually refers to its RMS value. IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 13 • At a frequency of 1 KHz, a sound with an RMS pressure of 2 x 10-4 μbar, or about 2 x 10-10 atmosphere, is just below the threshold of hearing for good ears, that is a sound of this magnitude is inaudible, but slightly larger sound pressures can barely be heard. IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 14 • This demonstrates the amazing sensitivity of the human ear - it can detect variations in atmospheric pressure as small as a few parts in 1010. One μbar equals one dynes per square centimeter or 0.1 Newton per square meter. A human speaker at a distance of 1meterIRISET generates a sound pressure of 1μ bar. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 15 Acoustic impedance • Acoustic impedance of a sound medium is the complex quotient of the sound pressure and the particle velocity multiplied by the unit of area (square centimeter, square meter, etc.). • The surface of the unit area must lie on the sound wave front, i.e., the surface ofIRISET the area is at all points perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 19 • Sound intensity, analogous to electrical power, is the rate at which acoustic energy flows through a unit area normal to the direction of propagation. • It is the product of sound pressure and particle velocity. • Expressed mathematically,IRISET Sound intensity I = PV where P is sound pressure and V is particle velocity. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 21 Loudness and its units • In acoustics the accepted standard is a pure 1 KHz tone or narrow-band noise centered at 1 KHz. • The loudness level of any sound is defined as the sound pressure level of a standard sound, which appears to a significant number of observers to be as loud as the unknown. IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 22 • Loudness level is measured in "Phon", the loudness level of any sound in phons being equal to the sound pressure level in dB of an equally loud standard sound. • Thus a sound which is judged to be as loud as 40 dB @ 1 KHz tone has IRISETa loudness level Ls = 40 Phons. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 23 LOUDNESS LOUDNESS Decibels SOURCE OF SOUND LEVELS LEVELS (PHONS) (dB) (SONES) Threshold of Pain 140 1024 130 Truck 100 64 90 Orator 80 16 Low conversation 60 4 60 Quite Room 40 1 30 Rustling of Leaves IRISET20 -- 10 Hearing Threshold 4 -- 0 Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 24 MICROPHONES IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 25 • Microphone is a transducer, which converts acoustic energy into electrical energy. • Microphones may be classified into two according to the Mode of Operation: i) Pressure operated,IRISET and ii) Velocity operated Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 26 Pressure operated • Pressure operated microphones employ a diaphragm with only one surface exposed to the sound source. • The displacement of the diaphragm is proportional to the instantaneous pressure of the sound wave. • At lower frequencies such microphones generally cause a resonant response, giving rise to a peak that may reach 6 to 8 dB with reference to 1IRISETKHz. • The pressure-operated microphones are carbon, crystal, dynamic and capacitor. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 27 Velocity Operated • A velocity microphone is one in which the electrical output substantially corresponds to the instantaneous particle velocity in the addressed sound wave. • A velocity microphone is also referred to as a gradient microphone. • A gradient microphoneIRISET is a microphone in which the output corresponds to the gradient of the sound pressure. • Ribbon microphones are velocity operated type. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 28 Specifications of Microphones IRISET Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 29 1. Type 2. Sensitivity 3. Frequency Response 4. Max. Sound Pressure level. 5. Impedance 6. Minimum load impedanceIRISET 7. Cable and Connectors 8. Front to Back Ratio 9. Polar Response. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 30 Type: This specifies the microphone whether it is a Dynamic, Ribbon, Capacitor or Crystal and also specifies whether it is a Pressure gradient or Pressure Operated. Sensitivity: It is the amount of voltage developed or generated by the microphone for an applied sound pressure at a test frequency of 1KHz. It is generally specified as mV/Microbar. ItIRISET is also specified as mV/Pa where Pa is Pascal, which is equal to 10 microbars. The higher the voltage produced the higher the sensitivity and vice versa. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 31 Frequency Response: • It is the ability of a microphone to produce a proportionate output to the sound pressure applied for the specified range of frequencies. • The frequency response is distorted when the microphone is kept too close to the mouth. • It generates spherical sound waves with very high impact pressure when the distance from the mouth increases the spherical sound waves flatten and become plane waves. So the distortion IRISETdiminishes with distance. Ver 1.0 TC2 Public Address System 32 Maximum Sound Pressure Level It is the maximum Sound Pressure level that can produce a proportional output with a total harmonic distortion limited to 1%. Impedance It is the impedance offered by the microphone at 1KHz. There are low impedance and high impedance microphones. IRISET Low Impedance means less than 600 ohms High Impedance meansVer 1.0 more TC2 Public than Address System10K ohms. 33 Minimum Load Impedance: It is the minimum input impedance of the amplifier, which is used to utilize the microphone. The amplifier input impedance should not be less than the minimum load impedance of the microphone specified.
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