AD V E RTIS EM ENT TO TH E S ERI ES

The present vol u me is the first of a proposed se ries of Commentaries on the Books of Holy Scriptu res which the Jewish Publication Society of Ame rica has unde rtaken to e e pr par . T is se ies is i te e im i for the te c e the h r n nd d pr ar ly a h r, in ui i u i the e e e e w ho ee e to q r ng p p l , and g n ral r ad r, n d h lp o t i u e sta di of the c i tu es at o ce e i e b a n an nd r n ng S r p r , n r l abl and e is i e the o ess of i ic u J w h . Wh l pr gr B bl al st dy in o e ti es e e e ossi e c ie the iscove m d rn m , r nd r d p bl h fly by d ry of cie t o u e ts ost u es is eco i e an n m n m n and l lang ag , r gn z d, due account is take n of the fact that the people to whom the c i tu es e e ive w ho fou e the scie ce of S r p r w r g n , and nd d n t ei i te etatio ossess in the o s of the e is h r n rpr n , p w rk J w h commentators of all ages val uable mate rial whic h has not s e fu fou its i to is ost- i i a y t lly nd way n Engl h . P B bl cal e is ite tu e T mu i s the oo of e J w h l ra r ( al d , M dra h , B k Pray r) is drawn upon to show the contin uity of Jewish thought in c i tu u ltimately rooted S r p re . c oo is ivi e i to sectio s e c sectio Ea h b k d d d n n , and a h n ec e su of co te ts A co cise I ntrodu c pr ed d by a mmary n n . n tion seeks to make known the general aspects of the i ic oo its te com ositio co te ts s i it B bl al b k , da , p n , n n , and p r . The t s tio i fo o as far as ossi e the is ran la n w ll ll w , p bl , Engl h Version which is now being prepared for the Jewish Publi c tio ociet se on the isto ic is ve sio s a n S y, ba d h r al Engl h r n , with only su ch changes as represent mo re correctly the ext accepted Hebrew t . The Committee under whose s upe rvision the se ries is e e ssu es no es o si i it in tte s of etai pr par d a m r p n b l y ma r d l , ic are eft to the u e t of the i divi u co t i uto wh h l j dgm n n d al n r b r. THE HOLY S CRIPTU RES wn‘ u COMMENTARY

MICAH

T HE HOLY S CRI PT U RES

WITH COMMENTARY

M CAH

MAX L . MARGOLIS , PH. D .

PHILADELPHIA

Tun J ew usu Pusu cA'n ou S ocls'rv on Amac

5669—1908 C PY R I G H T 1 0 BY O , 9 8 , T H E s xsn PU BL I CAT I ON 5 00 31 3! o n AM E R I CA I NTROD U CTI ON

1 The oo of ic occu ies the sixt ce in the . B k M ah p h pla “ ” ou of the T e ve o ets ic at e te gr p w l Pr ph , wh h , an arly da

i c x ix fo e vo u e itse f cou ti as one (S ra h l . rm d a l m by l , n ng

oo a o th t -f u it cco i to b k m ng e wenty o r of H oly Wr . A rd ng the e i i I the ut o of the o ecies w as ic h ad ng ( . ) , a h r pr ph M ah of M oresheth s to in the S he helah the Lo (a mall wn p , wland , or s o e et ee the i i s of uda a the iti l p , b w n h gh h ll J and mar me co st of i isti co te o of the i s ot a Ph l a) , a n mp rary k ng J ham ,

e e i T e e is ot i in the utte ces Ahaz , and H z k ah . h r n h ng ran of the prophet which points to the stirring events connected

’ with Sennache rib s Palestinian campaign in 701 it may therefore b e assu med that his ministry cl osed at a previous

te t us exte i in ove e io of some t i t da , h nd ng all r a p r d h r y years (from 7 35 to The prophetic activity of Isaiah

e itt e e ie c ose so e t te b gan a l l arl r and l d m wha la r .

There is no reason to doubt the accuracy of the date given in the ea i i i xx . a t is in b r vi . h d ng ( especially s part corroborated y J e . 18 f m ia . w e e i a i i 2 is in f u i of a a i . 1 u u h e , h r M c h q oted ll . T e d str ct on S r , w i is e of as a fu u e eve in i 61 is a e b ma h ch spok n t r nt . 5 , pl c d y ny o a at va ia e wi i iii in h i of A a and K xv . 10 t e e sch l rs , r nc th II ngs , r gn h z, the reign ofJotham must have been considerably shorter than we are led to e ieve f m i xv i e H istor o th b l ro II K ngs . 33. S ee K tt l , y f e e r ews a H b , és3 . 2 INTRODUCTION

2 The e io in ic the tw o ets iv . p r d wh h proph l ed and worked w as that of Assyrian s upremacy in the affairs of

este si I t w as the a e of Ti lath- ileser W rn A a. g g p III (745 Shalmaneser IV (7 27 Sargon II (7 2 2 Sennacherib (705- 68 I ) — those mighty monarchs u nder

o the est v ce of ss i e u it wh m w ward ad an A yr a, b g n w h a ste u ose ce tu e ie cu mi te in the con ady p rp a n ry arl r, l na d

uest of i the f of D m scus in 2 i q Syr a, all a a ( 7 3 ) and Samar a (in and the reduction of J u dah and other Palestinian

i ci iti s to state v ss The ss i co ossus e of e . pr n pal a a alag A yr an l , absol ute master of the Armenian highlands as well as the cou t ies est of the u ates u e ec n r w E phr , had h mbl d r al citrant o w as at the te of the o ic em i e Babyl n and ga Phara n p r , both of which had repeatedly instigated the Palestinian

s princes to foolhardy sedition against their Assyrian master .

a e ine f om its e a i a o i i and o u a i was at P l st , r g ogr ph c l p s t on c nfig r t on , all times in antiquity an object of prey to the two mighty empires in the i e and in the i ri - u a e va e and i u i o a N l T g s E phr t s ll y, spl t p nt variety of cantonal principaliti es resisting fusion and re ndering i e i n Th of and fore gn aggr ss on a easy matter . e history Israel u a is e efo e o i i a ea i b ut an e i o e in the J d h th r r , p l t c lly sp k ng , p s d f Th contest o the two great civilizations for supremacy. e Old Babylonian dominion in the fou rth millennium before the Chris tian era was succee ded b y the Egyptian conquest under Tahutimes III ; the i u m e F m the f u Egypt an s pre acy last d not quite two centuri es . ro o r teenth to the tenth centu ry Egypt was too weak to interfere in the affairs of Syria and Palestine ; in that interval of time our ancestors

e e in ale i e and we e on ei wa to fou i . a we fu s ttl d P st n , r th r y nd ng po r l m w h f i com on ealth . T e success ul career of Dav d was unhampered on the one i e b and on the o e b A ia u e in a e i s d y Egypt th r y ssyr , j st th n p r od of decline afte r its rise to power toward the end of the fourteenth I NTROD U CTI ON 3

v m th ft and e ve century and its westward mo e ents in e twel h le nth . ’ Solomon s advances were checked b y Shishak I who was ambitious to o ue i e w i had ee for tw o e u ie rec nq r Palest n , h ch b n lost to Egypt c nt r s or mo The a aoh o e wi e o oam a ai o omo in re . Ph r pl tt d th J r b g nst S l n ; the ft ea of e oam he i va e a e i e au i ea uffe fi h y r R hob n d d P l st n , c s ng gr t s r in a the ei h e u i ue e g to Israel and J ud h . In g th c nt ry Egypt an infl nc f f n i e h d h mi a ie again began to mani est itsel i Palest n . Egypt a er e ss r s at the e a e i ia ou w i i o and af i i i i the p tty P l st n n c rts , so ng d sc rd cr t ly nc t ng a i the A ia a va h u alwa s princes to resist nce aga nst ssyr n d nce . T o gh y “ ” v m i u e ia e a ui e ee i x iii . and a el a nr l bl ( br s d r d , II K ngs r r y k ng h r mi e of e she was the au e of all the ou e in good e pro s s h lp , c s tr bl i i wi 2 1 for a w e e ur h am of e i e e . T e Pal st n , b g nn ng th 7 , hol c nt y e fl s rebellion w ere fanned from the opposite quarter b y an ambitious al aea i e e o a h - ala a who wi e the a e i Ch d n pr nc , M r d c b d n II , t c , on cc ss on as we as on a of e a e i ou t i vo v ia of Sargon ll th t S nn ch r b , s ght o n l e Syr i i A i in an u i a a a. S ee a o ar l and Palestine pr s ng g nst ssyr P t n, E y — i stor o S ri a and Palesti ne 1 01 a e I XI I . H y f y , 9 , ch pt rs

et ee t ss i s e cte to use the 3. B w n Egyp and A yr a , I ra l a d , “ u e of ose vn i e si ove it out lang ag H a ( . l k a lly d , w h ” u st i its co uet it the e t o e s nder and ng . In q ry w h gr a p w r , “ i s si its i ivi u i i he mixeth t w as f t o t . a l ng nd d al y Ephra m , ” i se f o the eo es the s me o et com i s h m l am ng p pl , a pr ph pla n

vu The o e aim of the os ic L ee to ( . wh l M a aw had b n

’ safe u s e s voc tio as o tio O the soi g ard I ra l a n a h ly na n . n l

of esti e s e w as to c e te u i ue o e of t i s Pal n , I ra l r a an n q rd r h ng grounded in equity and j ustice and rooted in the l ove of

Bu s e soo f he c i s of its e test God. t I ra l n orgot t tea h ng gr a

et O c the s ites sse the o t e o . e e c o pr ph n I ra l had r d J rdan , h y

succu e o the u su e io civi i tio mb d t all rements of a p r r l za n . The native popu latio n proved too powe rfu l for whole

s e exte i tio so t e e ce it the al rm na n , and h y mad pea w h INTRODUCTION

ites i te ie it t t e i e Canaan and n rmarr d w h hem , h y m ngl d themselves with the nations and learned their deeds

Ps cvi The Lo w as o s i ( . . rd w r h pped after the same manne r and with the same impu re rites as the Baals of the

tive o u tio e of h us O i . U t e o e of na p p la n nd r Ahab , h mr , the cu t of the oe ici was i t o uce The l Ph n an Baal n r d d . “ ” worship of the host of heaven w as particularly in vogue in h ti e i ic w e co c e i s c i ces t e m w th wh h are n ern d . Ch ld a r fi

ust of it is e i s xvi were c omary ; Ahaz r ported (II K ng . 3)

h his own son The Tem e at that e offered by fire. pl

m n t sc defilement ve h e us e did o . o t e J r al e ape All r land ,

u o eve i i u e ver e f t ee i p n ry h gh h ll , and nd r e y l a y r , h gh

ces e e ect . o eove ustice e e pla w re r ed M r r, law and j w r

e u e foot cious istoc c T ou trampl d nd r by a rapa ar ra y . hr gh u su e of ex ctio the oo e e fleeced ry and all mann r a n , p r w r ,

e of t ei ossessio s i e us e robb d all h r p n . Samar a and J r al m

it i eve and o e is For vied w h N n h Babyl n and M mph .

I srae l fo rgot his Maker and builded palaces ; and J u dah

u ti ie fo ti e cities ose viii I m l pl d r fi d (H a . 4) .

U i e s i w ho too ctive i te est in the 4. nl k I a ah , k an a n r

o itic uestio s of the f e u t co f o ti i s p l al q n day, r q en ly n r n ng k ng

i i it ies in e so ic fe e the t and h gh d gn ar p r n , M ah pre rr d par

i b ut eve t e ess ee s ve H e oo s of st t o . a d an , n r h l k n b er r l k u o the i it itions of u as the oot of evi p n m l ary amb J dah r all l , “ ” c ief sin i to et e it the s u e stitio s its h est ( . g h r w h p r n

the i o t ous ctices of the tw o c ita s t e con and d la r pra ap l , h y stitute the e e e si e ese t o e of t i s ic must r pr h n bl pr n rd r h ng , wh h

h i su c of his u ci ti s ss v . e e t e o pa away ( 9 (T ma n bj d n n a n ,

o ve is the maladlninistration of ustice the ex loi h we r, j and p tation of the oo on the t of the u i c sses it p r par r l ng la . ‘W h the fe ess ess of os ose o e w as in the ei arl n an Am , wh h m n gh

o i i e ness of Te o he ec i s i st the e e b r ng w ld r k a , d la m aga n g n ral

u io The i ces the u es are in e ue it corr pt n . pr n and j dg l ag w h

h u u u u s ic v n ose ouses are fu of the t e nscr p l o r h ( . wh h ll

s of vi e ce vi The t e s are eceitfu proceed ol n ( . rad r d l

it ei ic e ces t ei sc t e su e vi w h th r w k d balan and h r an m a r ( . The most intimate relati ons of friends hip and domestic

ife are is u te vu e us e e s to the o et l d r p d ( . 5 J r al m app ar pr ph

i h o of her oo iii co u ci ui t t t e o . 1 . as a ty b l w h bl d p r ( 0 ; mp . iii 8 f. . 1 1 f. ; ;

The ruin of Samaria seemed to the prophet to involve

th f te of he sout i i s e e t e o . co ve e H a h rn k ngd m ( 9 mp . r boldly annou nced the destruction of Jerusalem which he b e

lieved to b e im i e t iii H e co ceiv it as ivi e m n n ( . n ed a d n

u is e t in etu for the si s of her e i c sses p n hm n r rn n l ad ng la . His stern rebukes and his prophecy of evil natu rally made him

u o u H e was ta o i e c ss of e s - oi np p lar . an g n z d by a la a y g ng ,

o ti istic o ets w ho e t ssu i the eo e t t no p m pr ph , k p a r ng p pl ha

evi ou ef the cit i st t e no ess t l w ld b all y . Aga n h m , l han

i st the cious ic the co u t u es the ve aga n rapa r h , rr p j dg , and nal

iests the o et i ects his iti i vec iv ii f. t e i. pr , pr ph d r b ng n ( 5 The popu lar prophet is the man bent on falsehood and 6 INTRODUCTION

’ h h eo e s se suous etites n flatter w o s t e . 11 y, pamper p pl n app ( )

c ies e ce as o as is i for his se vices and r , P a , l ng he pa d r

iii Ove i st the f s o ets who is ui e ( . r aga n al e pr ph m g d the eo e ic o s i se f as the t ue o et p pl , M ah kn w h m l r pr ph , inspired by the Lord with a sense of justice and with “ cou e to ive utte ce to his co victi o s to ec e rag g ran n n , d lar ” u to co his t s essio to s e his sin n Ja b ran gr n , and I ra l

i h 6 . Wh le t e destruction of Jerusalem is to Micah an

ss u e f ct it no e s co stitutes the eve t a r d a , by m an n final n

’ in the o et s v sio o s f ie t pr ph i n . He kn w o an anc n

o ec co ce i the o ious essi ic futu e e pr ph y n rn ng gl r M an r , wh n

Zio s eco e the site of ise e i e the n hall b m Parad R ga n d , s i itu ce t e of the o iv 1 T t i p r al n r w rld ( . ha day w ll s u Ti u e co e . t o eve e s e her eo e r ly m ll hen , h w r, J r al m and p pl

' ust sufler uc u i i tio The cit i b e c tu . e m m h h m l a n y w ll ap r d ,

the o u io i b e exi e iv e i t f. T and p p la n w ll l d ( . 9 ; h y w ll

come even unto Babylon ; b ut there the Lord will redeem

t e iv 1 a T e i b 0 . e t e i us h m ( . ) h r w ll e a la t r and m ore gl or o

exodus ; the dipersed of Israel will b e gathered and the old

’ s esto e i e s e s e emies i b e ut to landmark r r d , wh l I ra l n w ll p

s ii f v f. 1 i e 10 v . ham ( . ; 4 f ; Once more the nations of the earth will b e gathered about J erusal em for a final

ss u t b ut t e i b e u tte oute iv 1 1 T e a a l h y w ll rly r d ( . h n

the essi ic u e i ise est is in the M an r l r w ll ar and abl h peace land .

ss i i n A yr a w ll o more invade the H oly Land ; and the rem I NTROD U CTI ON 7 n t of co i e in secu it v ff iv a . 1 VI I an Ja b w ll dw ll r y ( ; . 7 ; .

I t i b e commu it f ee f om sin ii v 18 f. f w ll a n y r d r ( . ) and rom all the impu rities attaching to the present o rde r of things

v ff The eve sti K i om f od n ou io ( . 9 ) . rla ng ngd o G o m nt Z n

i sta is iv a w b e e e . ll then bl h d ( . 7 )

i e it he o e o i u h . t t ets c ce s es t e 7 In l n w h h r pr ph , M ah n r

’ people s foolish notions concerning the manner in which th i t b e s ve The he o e e e Lo s o e . Lo t t d rd r d rd , pr ph c es esi es eit e u t- offe i s nor t ous s of lar , d r n h r b rn r ng , h and

ms nor te s of t ousa s of ive s of oil nor the s c i ce ra , n h nd r r , a r fi

’ es c i vi 6 The uties of the t u of one s dear t h ld ( . d r e

i ar su e u it c ssic evit The worsh ppe r e mm d p w h la br y.

’ s is sim e ou x cute ustice prophet code ple n gh . E e j and

i ess a u m it th God vi ove I . l k ndn , and w lk h bly w h y (

’ i s u e is u u oft e is fo f c t o o t . H o 8 . M ah lang ag hr gh l y nd

e i if iv i n s o ev c . 1 at a o o o . 0 . . pl y ng w rd , h w r ( mp

i s h i s c s i u 11 iii T ou fe ess in t s t . me e ar a c ( . ; h gh arl

is e of e e oo s e u ci tio the o et c te . d n n a n , pr ph apabl nd r r m d His last word to his people is one of consolati on and inte r

f His eo o co ceives of the o as si I 1 f . t L ces on (VI . 4 ) h l gy n rd a stern J u dge w ho will n ot suffer the sinner to go un

u is i et as i fo ivi to the e ite t p n hed ( . 3 y k nd and rg ng p n n

VI I Fo r sin ust b e ex i te b ut t e e is o for ( . m p a d, h r h pe the sinner w ho confesses his guilt and s ubmits without a

s m v i T e is evi mu rmu r to the divine chasti e ent ( i . her l 8 INTRODUCTION in the o b ut it i b e ove co in the end w rld , w ll r me ; when

is s s is su es vii 6 s co u tio e te t v tio t . e rr p n gr a , al a n r ( I ra l

ust ss t ou the ess of exi e is e sio m pa hr gh darkn l and d p r n , “ b ut there is a glo rious futu re for the remnant

For the Lo rd does not retain His anger forever ; He will fu lfil the promises made to the fathers in the days of old

vii 18 The i est ucti i it of s e e s the ( . nd r b l y I ra l m an u ltimate triu mph of God in and ove r the wo rld ; the tw o ar i s o e e n eparably interwoven in the prophetic faith and h p .

The u i of au i w hi h in kee i wi a i i is e e n ty thorsh p c , p ng th tr d t on , h r assumed for the entire book has been challenged b y the exponents of “ th i i i i i m As a ie to th e e i e h gher or l te rary cr t c s . ppl d proph t c w i i i e a i i i m is a ua e of a e u old its i i e r t ngs , l t r ry cr t c s q rt r c nt ry , pr nc pl s avi ee s t f in 188 1 in w a has ee de i e b one of the h ng b n e orth , h t b n scr b d y school as a pionee ring article b y the late Professor Stade in the first v ume of the Z ei tsclzr t ii r alttestamentli che M ssensclza t of w i ol i/ f f , h ch h was the i h u e i i is a the i e ed tor. T e nd rly ng concept on th t prophet c k i ea of e e e i m e e i of the u te a es boo s , nst d r pr s nt ng co pl te coll ct ons t r nc of the proph ets made b y th e authors themselves or b y their immediate i i le a e o i u e the e u of the i e a a ivit of n d sc p s , r th r c nst t t r s lt l t r ry ct y ge erations of students at whose hands the pre-exilic prophecies received u a ia a i i i e i i e a i mi i th e e i ef s bst nt l dd t ons ( ns rt ons , nt rpol t ons ) rror ng b l s and i ea b ut a i u a the e and wi e of the os —exi i d s, p rt c l rly hop s sh s , p t l c i mmu i Adva e i i e i a e a i Je w sh co n ty. nc d cr t cs do not h s t t to ss gn large portions of the prophetical literature to as late a period as the b n i l th e a i a e i h o e ea i a a a . e a e M cca Esp c l y sch tolog c l s ct ons , t s d l ng wi th e ia i fu u e of th e a i are in u k o u e b e th e M ss n c t r n t on , b l pr no nc d to f i a i of -exi i i e a a i i af e - wt w i the abr c t ons post l c scr b s , p r s t c t r gro hs , h ch must b e removed in order th at the genuine pre-exilic prophecies may i w he a ume u o w i i e ar i i i m b e laid open to v e . T rg nts p n h ch l t r y cr t c s bases its results are mainly drawn from incohe rencies i n th e sequence f u iffe e e of v a u a and e and diffi u ie of a o tho ght, d r nc s oc b l ry styl , c lt s n

i f a the a i i f m th denun v antiquarian character. It s ound th t tr ns t on ro e INTRODUCTION 9

ciat r the a o e ie in our o f m . 11 to . 12 o y to consol tory pr ph c s ( b ok ro n n , i i u a ed and f m vi . 6 n s f e a u e i 12 iv f v . m ii . . 1 ro to , ro to 7 ) O t n br pt, npr p r , h NO m psychologically inconceivable in one and t e same w riter. roo

t b w for th f a of th ima i a i w i is cer seems o e allo ed e ree pl y e g n t on , h ch tainly capable of bridging over the gulf yawning between periods w idely apart ; nor is it remembered that abruptness and a ce rtain r f i i e a amount of obscurity a e characteristic o prophet c style . L t r ry

i i i m m eove e a e wi a e o eive o io a w e cr t c s , or r, op r t s th pr c nc d n t n th t possess in the prophetic books full verbal reports of the prophetic u e a e whi the o i e is a e ue tha f m the ou s e we tt r nc s , le ppos t r th r tr , t ro t t

ave b ut e e of the a ua ee e f a me s oo e u h cho s ct l sp ch s , r g nt l s ly str ng e he and mi f m iffe e e io in the a ivi of the tog t r, co ng ro d r nt p r ds ct ty i i i f f i i i ame he . e a a t s a a a e o e a i m s prop t Th n, g n , t l rror l t r ry cr t c s a ume a e au e a ertai i ea mee us for the ime in a to ss th t, b c s c n d ts first t la i it i a i f u it i th e e ar u ti is e e a e e . s t l t r y prod c on , n c ss r ly l t ts l Th s e merit of a n ewer school of criticism ( h eaded b y Gunkel ) to have made it plausible that the sum of ideas denoted as eschatological and most completely developed in the late prophetic and apocalyptic w iti is in oi of fa of a ie a and e u i t r ngs , p nt ct nc nt d te pr s pposed n he ea i x m nn e o e i u e a e e a . S ee Gress a D er Urs run rl st pr ph t c tt r nc s t nt , p g

‘ der israelitis iz- di schen E schatol e 1 c zi o i 0 . j g , 9 5

As for iffe e e of v a u ar it is w e to em m d r nc s oc b l y, ll r e ber that the transformation which a language undergoes is usually in the natu re of a ow e e u i r ui r sl proc ss . C nt r es a e req red fo a word or a syn tactical i vati a wa the oi a e of i divi ua w i e nno on , l ys c n g n d l r t rs , to become the ommo e t of i e a m n is e c n prop r y l t r ry e . It pr posterous to pronounce vi - 16 b . 9 to e late merely because some of the words ( mam “ ” ' “ ” “ wi om ve e am to b e u e nd rum i u sd , rs 9, p r , a , dece tf l ve e 11 are f e ue in ate w i i h rs ) r q nt l r t ngs . T e j udgment of style is a ma e of u e ive a e u e u te w ei i um tt r s bj ct t st ; nl ss s ppor d by ght er arg ents , th e evi e e e ef m is i o u i d nc th r ro nc ncl s ve . Antiquarian difli culties are

a u a of ea e m me b ut in view of our im e fe l f n t r lly gr t r o nt, p r ct know edge o i to i a i um a e a au iou a i u h s r c l c rc st nc s c t s tt t de is imperative .

The subjoined tabl e shows th e extent of the additions or inter

olations w i a va ed i i i m a ume in the oo of i p h ch d nc cr t c s ss s b k M cah . 10 INTRODUCTION

i f 3 722 Samaria destroyed 5 i , , 9 . I 6 H ez ekiah ; b ? I saiah 5 U " (” I - - 11. 1 11 m 111. 1 2 a ; , 3a ’ 0 , 01 Se nnache i b s I n 7 r a 2 b 4, 5 , , vas i on 5 15— 12

692 M anasseh

637 J osiah J e remiah

604 Neb uchadrez z ar

597 J ehoiachi n E z ekiel 586 F all of J erusalem 538 Cyrus H a ai Z echa iah gg , r 5 15 Second Temple completed

445 Nehemiah

Great

167 M accab a an U p V11 7 -20 ris i ng

10 A is ob ul s I 3 r t u .

INTRODUCTION accept th e ob vious meaning and then either acquiesce in the abrupt ha e of u e or e e u e a w e ave e e a mi a ed c ng s bj ct, ls s ppos th t h h r spl c i e i f i h the orig nal conn ct on o wh ch as been lost. 2— 4 ( w ith the omission of th e last n i m i a i is ea l im i e verse a d w th slight textual od fic t ons) . It cl r y poss bl u e t a i a we the e f om aia Ab rab anel to s ppos h t M c h borro d proph cy r Is h ( ) , it m i a N r n w u i to th or that Isaiah borrowed fro M c h . o ca e s bscr be e ’ opinion that Micah s prophecy w as inserted in the book of Isaiah b y i e ai i i ex ai the i a i f th a copyist or comp ler. C rt n cr t cs pl n dupl c t on o e passage as the result of uncertainty on the part of the compilers of the sacred texts who knew the prophecy to belong to the period of H eze kia b ut we e ou fu as w e e aia or i a was the au h , r d bt l to h th r Is h M c h thor . he m au i e vi ew w eve is a of e T ost pl s bl , ho r, th t Kopp Both Micah and Isaiah made use of an ancient prophecy with which they w e a uai e re cq nt d .

a er iv and v the e e e of the a t it mu b e w e In ch pt s coh r nc p r s, st o n d ,

eave mu to b e e i e . eve e e it is o i e e a i a l s ch d s r d N rth l ss, p ss bl to st bl sh

ea a e e ue e of u h . The o e e i b i u i r son bl s q nc tho g t pr ph t b g ns y p ct r ng , in the a ua e of an a ie e the of the fu u e l ng g nc nt proph cy, glory t r u a em as he i i ua f th w iv 1 and de u e Jer s l t sp r t l centre o e orld ( . d c s therefrom the lesson that Israel must hold fast to its religion ( verse For th e exile is not final ; the dispersed shall b e gathered ( ve rses 6 and and the former kingdom shall b e restored to Jerusalem ve e e e do e u a e au e of i ! for ( rs H nc , not los co r g , O d ght r Z on ’ u ou mu o i o exile he e in th e exi e the tho gh th st g nt , t r , l , Lord s deliverance will come to thee ( verse 9 Many nations will then a he a ai a ou e u a em the of Go in the a ua e of g t r g n b t J r s l , hosts g, l ng g ekie xxxviii b ut e e e a b m u e Ez l (ch . ) ; th r th y sh ll e co pletely ro t d ( ve rses 11 ( Ezekiel [verse 17] clearly indicates that the coming f h f ve e 1 o t e hosts of Gog was the subj ect of ormer prophecies . ) In rs 4 the prophet resumes the subj ect of verse 9 as an introduction to the fu e e i i e v I m uff humili a o . if. Now u u e ll r M ss n c pr ph cy, thy r ler st s r “ ation ( verse b ut after a time the greater ruler will rise and e a i eve a i ea e for th e emn f v 1 en st bl sh rl st ng p c r ant o Jacob ( . Th the present civilizati on with its repre hensible features will disappear ( verses 9 ( In the closing verse the prophet indicates that

the obj ectionable practices w ere acquired from the nations ; hence the INTRODUCTION I 3

a e mu e d in e a ael ma es a a i l tt r st b e d stroye ord r th t Isr y c pe cont g on. ) A i t e e is ea ea u w i h ade the two ccord ngly, h r no r son to br k p, t St , i 1- — 1 - id i tw a e e iv . 11 v 1 m dle chapters nto o par llel proph c s ( 4 ; 4 ; . 3; — i i v as a a e . 6 1 v . f. w . 4 ; 4 , th 5 br ck t) The antiquarian difli culties which induce Stade to assign a post-exilic a e to the two o i e are b mea in u m u a le The d t pr phec s y no ns s r o nt b . most serious difli culty is the mention of Babylon as the place of cap tivi v i an ifli ult and it was met th a of t i . s d c e y ( It old y, on p rt ’ many scholars b y pronouncing a portion of the verse to b e a copyist s x i h um i w eve is an un e e a on u e a T e a e . p ns on . ss pt on, ho r, n c ss ry J st “ ” as ia is a eti a the a d of im d v the Assyr c lled po c lly l n N ro ( . 5 ) on i f n x 11 th ve ame a a e make i t u i h as o e . . e a e a b s G , ry s p ss g s pl s bl t t m for A i h f l a i e b ut a o e a e a . T e i o a B bylon s h re n th r n ssyr c ty B by on , f m the ime of ammu a i was the e i e me li of ro t H r b on , r cogn z d tropo s i the i of A i u m w i We A ia. ve u e a e a ste rn s E n d r ng p r od ssyr n s pr cy, h ch i i w i the time of i a a u u u a e b co nc des th M c h , B bylon , tho gh s bj g t d y A ia was u u al the a i a of We e A ia see a ssyr , c lt r ly c p t l st rn s ( P ton , ' i f mi D as Alte T stament i m L i e/zte aes Alter: . c t . . e e a e loc , p . 47 ; J r s , r i ents The e u e ef e w i oo ea use O . , p proph t co ld, th r or , th g d r son

u nd ab e i a The he difli culties i e out Assh r a B l nterch ngeably. ot r po nt d b a e e u e eive i w i a b e i u e y St d r st pon pr conc d not ons , h ch c nnot d sc ss d e e h r .

h lu i i in vi 6 om wa d i T e al s on to child sacr fices . 7 pr pted E l to ass gn vi an I I n m u e of h i f e chapte rs d V to a anony o s proph t t e re gn o Manass h . i n t i ed f th im i i i xi s ue u a ac s e t o e u x . It tr , s ch r por p o s k ng ( II K ngs i w imil e of A a i d . xvi We ave eve a a . e ve h , ho r, s r r port h z ( b , Mor o r, w a an A a a a a e u in e the eo e at a e h t h z or M n ss h co ld do p rson , p pl l rg we e e ain a a e of oi eve u e e ekia u h the r c rt ly c p bl d ng n nd r H z h , tho g k F m e emia and ki ing himself was a foe of idolatry . ro J r h Eze el w e gather that in their days child sacrifices w ere b y no mea ns an aber hu t e e is i in the efe ration confined to royalty. T s h r noth ng r rence to hi e a e e a a eme w i ma an im c ld sacrifices b yond g n r l st t nt h ch y fit y t e . The transition from the despondent soliloquy of the ideal community ii 1—6 th u a on the eve of its discomfitu re ( v . ) to e b oy nt hope that th e darkness of the exile will give w ay to brighte r days and b e follow ed b a a e exo u as ma ve u as the f me VI I fit is b y l tt r d s r llo s or r ( . 7 ) , y no i mm h means as abrupt as s co only asserted . T e antithetical con 14 INTRODUCTION struction with which the closing section sets i n ( verse 7 ) clea rly ex

e e the u ha wh en the evil the m al evi as well as its pr ss s tho ght t t , or l

i e divi is ea has fur e m e o e ue e s a e e e e . c ns q nc s , gr t st , n h lp n r st It th r or

ee i e d out ha al h u in i of aet a e u aw b n po nt t t, t o gh po nt f c nt ry y ns

’ e we e vii 6 and vii it is far f om im i e for the e b t n . . 7 , r poss bl proph t s h l he ima i a i n i th e two e i e ideal . e ve t g n t o to br ng p r ods toget r y Mor o r, ’ fall of the kingdom was to the proph et s mind b y no means a distant d t h i hi n i a eve he e x e e i l and n s ow a . nt ; p ct s ort y d ys M c h , no e a aia l k for the adve of the e ia i ime in a l ss th n Is h , oo s nt M ss n c t e a ive em e e i d b ut not at all in di a an a e as b e r l t ly r ot p r o , so st nt g to e h i f m d ima i the ea h of the b yond t e hor zon o a o erate ginat on . Both d t nation and its resurrection w e re conceived b y the prophets of the f k h mi i f a u a i e i o e e ia as even eak ad o . p r od H z ts , so to sp , tt ng c lc l t on ” The time of the A mi h e i u e ea ned eali e are s l g ty, th r s cc ssors l r to r z , m w in mi h th ld h i i The uch slo er co ng t an e O er prop ets ant c pated . divine counsel into which b ut a peep is grante d even to the prophetic diffi u eh ehi d th m e e is mu m e m e . e e e e y , ch or c lt to co pr nd B n ss ng r, Providence mysteriously and in H is own righteous ways gove rns the w orld .

The text of the b oo of ic t ou ese ti 9. k M ah , h gh pr n ng a

u e of ifficu ties ic oi t to ea co u ti o is on n mb r d l wh h p n rly rr p n ,

the o e in oo co itio I t ma b e s i t t our wh l g d nd n . y a d ha (Maso retic) text is substantially identical with the one

u e i the u te end of fo u t istia ce tu r nd rly ng V lga ( r h Chr n n y) ,

the ee Ve sio s of ui a c u s Theodotion Gr k r n Aq l , Symma h , and

seco ce tu the iac e sio seco ce tu an d ( nd n ry) , Syr V r n ( nd n ry) ,

the Ta u the ic e sio ic co tai s cie t rg m ( Arama V r n , wh h n n an n

ia th ri s ra The text u e mater l antedating e Ch tian e ) . nd r lying the Greek Ve rsio n (Septuagint) in all likelihood

v i so e exte f u r w n few oo e i s ar ed to m nt rom o o . A g d r ad ng

are ese ve e e pr r d th r . I NTRODUCTION 15

1 The ve sio s are so usefu for the u ose of est 0. r n al l p rp ab lishin h e i et tio The si e se se is e o g t e arly nte rpr a n . mpl n r pr duced in exce t the T u ic is stic all p arg m , wh h paraphra , and ofte evi tes t e ef o in f vo of o i etic i te et tio n d a h r r m a r h m l n rpr a n ,

’ the aeraslz The tte is e o ie in the ic o tio s . la r mb d d Haggad p r n of the T u in the i s i The te i is con alm d and M dra h m . ma r al veniently gathered in the Y alkutim on Micah ; the Yalkut

M aéiri was v i e o the i e f o t sc i t of a a labl t wr t r r m a ran r p MS .

Harley 5704 in the British M use u m secu red by President

ec i e he e c co e t to s— s i ie c te . t S h h r Wh l Fr n h mm n a r Ra h , d d 1105 Menahem bar H elb o (fragments collected by

Poz n nski 1 o a s K e ite . a 0 t e s exte t ose S , 9 4) l n J ph ara ( d d

s i — e o i . te 1 0 e e ive to th etic by S Eppen n , 9 3) w r g n h m l i te et tio the si e se se w as se u ous cu tiv te n rpr a n , mpl n d l ly l a d

the is s oo We ve for h o of ic by Span h ch l . ha t e b ok M ah

uot tio in f o ue ha- a i ca 1 a q a n Ibn Ezra r m Sam l N g d ( . 0 the grammatical and lexicographical works of Ab ulw alid

M erwan an h i o c he e es C a a. t t t Ibn (Rabb J nah , gr a of e iaev e aists the co e t of b en m d al H br , mm n ary Abraham M eir Ibn Ezra ( 1155 the lexicon and commentary of D avid b en J oseph Kimhi (died and the com mentary of D on Isaac Ab rab anel (died Of recent (Christian) commentators the foll owing may b e mentioned Ewald Hitzig-Steiner Cheyne (in the

i e i e for c oo s o e es Cambr dg B bl S h l and C ll g , Ryssel Reuss Wellhausen Nowack 16 I NTRODUCTION

Marti The critical questions are cussed in the introductions : K uenen Cornill K Onig Wildeboer D river

Baudissin M I CA H

Tlze headin E R . 1 CHAPT I . g .

H E word of the Lord that came to Micah the I

M orashtite in the s of ot day J ham , Ahaz , and

e i i s of u ic he saw co ce i H zek ah , k ng J dah , wh h n rn ng

ia e us e Samar and J r al m .

2— 12 Tb e ud ment over sin ul amaria CHAP . I . III . . j g f S

and erusalem j .

’ — Tb e L ord s mani estati on as ud e 2 . CHAP . I . 4 f f g .

e eo es of ou Hear, y p pl , all y ;

e e O e t t at t e ei is H ark n , ar h , and all h h r n

E I T H E H E AD I N G . CHAPT R I . .

i 1 e u t o . S e Introd c n, 5 M ean A ame a e i aia mm w in a e of the ] n s k , M c h co on ord pl c ’ f m i d u i alz Th the o a e n nar r a . e son I l h, proph s e ord y ) prophet sees der a and was i i ui hed in his e a i i a i Ah b , d st ng s cst sy s ghts ord n r ly f i xxii i i for his ea e e . i e he ee n o ar rl ssn ss ( I K ngs h dd n , or s s rd n y 8—28 The e of ve e 28 i mea i o i a i . clos rs , th ngs n ngs not rd n r ly w i is wa i in th e eek eived The e is e e h ch nt ng Gr perc . proph t th r e sio ma b e due to a fa e f e f e ue a e }zoz eiz a V r n , y ls or r q ntly c ll d , i i f tw e dentificat on o the o proph ts . m ix Amo VI I seer ( I S a . . 9; s . K imhi a and . Comp . Ibn Ezr ) nd e kaz on a vision a proph cy ,

lz k vii saw] H ebrew az alz ( an un ( Ez e . .

— I N F L S AM AR I A AN D E 2 . 12 TH E M E E S U CHAPT R I . III . J UDG NT OV R

J E RUSALE M . ' l h i E . 2 2 . e eo es t e e CHAPT R I fl . y p p ] Not tr b s ’ of s ae Kimhi who om a e 2— TH E I r l ( , c p r s 4. L OR D s MAN I FE S A i ut the i ii . b at n TI ON E . xx T as JUDG Deut . x n o s A 18 . w MIC H , I ( . 3. 4

let the Lo God b e it ess i st o u And rd w n aga n y ,

The Lo f om His o te rd r h ly mple .

For e o the Lo co et fo t o ut of His ce , b h ld , rd m h r h pla ,

i co e o t e u o the i ces And w ll m d wn , and r ad p n h gh pla

of the e t ar h .

the ou t i s s b e o te u e Him And m n a n hall m l n nd r ,

the v e s s b e c eft And all y hall l ,

ofth mm a a xxxnI e w . e are u e . orld Th y s on d r bb , ch ) says Woe as u e e w ee the d the wi ked for e u th not j dg s b t n Lor to c , th y t rn e nd m r vi me ifu a u of a e . . 18 e i Israel (co p . J rc l n t r God nto se i ” b u e The ve . t as inter sted persons . r ty u me a ain ae is con an wi ll come down and tr ead j dg nt g st Isr l d , ceived in the natu re of a w orld upon the hig h places of the ear th ] u me a um : and wi ll r eveal [ J im j dg nt. T rg witness i e a u e se and tram le u nder ot ] . . cc s r. lf, p f o the a ai nst ou Of u e the str on o the ear th the au g y ] co rs , g f ( h ghty

a i are a e e ae and u a hi . Th e a ua e n t ons ddr ss d , not Isr l pro d , R s ) l ng g , nd u of ur e is u a ive it is mea t a J dah . co s , fig r t ; n r H i l i to o ve the ma e i ea e f om s holy temp e] . e . c n y j st c gr tn ss h of th as H e t v imhi . T e e a a ea e a K . e o h n ( Ibn Ezr , ) Lord pp rs u e the w or The i a e Hebrew word hehal is an Assyrian j dg ld . h gh pl c s a -w o ekalla f m ume ia of a u are its m u ai and lo n rd ( , ro S r n co ntry o nt ns e- al r eat house and e l a u a n h to ea u g , g ) , prop r y n t r l stro g olds ; tr d pon la em mea exe ise mi i on designates a pa ce. th ns to rc do n

i l ve the u . The ea wi t o s ace i . . ou e as 3 f H p ] . , o r co ntry rth th the ex ve ow eave its m u ai is to the o com n t rb sh s , h n ( Ibn o nt ns L rd m xx 2 i n f m eave w a a ou I sa. vi 1 e . a Ezra ; co p . ; Hos g ro h n h t c ntry v The ar um a a as e w i its fa e e is a fo ei . T g p r phr s th stn ss s to r gn

is a u evea im e f r om ue o . The d ma ife i ( bo t to r l H s l ) f conq r r Lor , n st ng im elf as u e is e e mined the place of abode of H is Presence H s J dg , d t r i i m l to edu e the ea h to the imeval e a Ra . a e ( Sh k n h ) . sh (co p P s r c rt pr ' ti ia a mud Ta anit 6 b f m a w e e it ame . n n T l , 5 ) ro ch os h nc c the seat of mercy to the seat of Th i l h u m n e as Gen . c t T e n e e a judgment . M dr h ( ef ] at ral ph no

20 H . v . MICA , I [ . 7

And a placef or the planting of vineyards

i ou o the sto es t e eof i to the va e And I w ll p r d wn n h r n ll y ,

i u cove the fou ti s t e And I w ll n r nda on h reof.

her ve i es s b e e te to ieces And all gra n mag hall b a n p ,

her i es s b e u e it fire And all h r hall b rn d w h , And all her idols will I lay desolate

For of the i e of ot th she e e t e h r a harl ha gath r d h m ,

to the i e of ot s t e etu And h r a harl hall h y r rn .

m iii a e . . e u of u i e i fi ld (co p P rh ps fig re conj gal nfid l ty. In “ ” we should read mo for our passage the hires apparent me n x1 l i ima 5. y des gnate the votive ges h and I wi ll our down &c . la e in th m e b t e p , ] p c d e te pl s y F m the of the i u atefu eo e or b i ividua ro top h ll pon gr l p pl y nd ls , w hich th e city was situated ( comp . for favors believed to have bee n in xvi i e e ive f m th aa e I K gs . Th s proph cy r ce d ro e B ls . Th y was made good b y John H yrcanus are the bribes paid to the para nti i ti e xiii 28 I A s . m u d i m e xvi e u u e . . (Jos ph s, q , , o r ty (co p . Ez k i em da i ea : f A au e e . pl s bl n t on r ds 33 , and I wi ll bur n the stones ther eof will I lay desolate] The verb i nto lime does not fit the obj ect ; pe rhaps

r aven i ma de u io in e e a is mea . 7 . g g es] Of stone str ct n g n r l nt t i of m a o he hi re o a har lot . e . or et l . f f ] and all her hi r es] The hire he r w ealth conceived as the gift f m ii 1 o th . a is the payment received b y a e Baals (co p H ose . 4; - —1 n ix 1 imi harlot or b y a temple prostitute also verses 7 3 a d . ; s xii 1 he c m l rl x i f. t o ( in the impure rites of the Phaani a y in I sa. . 7 cians in a i u a imm a i me e of e is e of as the p rt c l r, or l ty rc Tyr spok n “ ” was practised in the w orship of a hire of her harlotry with all

ei and in the immedia r th e w . d ty, te p e orld ) cincts of th m m hath she athered them S o e e e o . u t pl ; c p De t . g ] iii 1 iii 1 the ee e si Ra i xx I sa xx . x i . e . v . 9; . 7 ; Ez k Gr k V r on , sh , Ibn h a imb i th e ect w i is T e prophets ( Hosea and Ezr , K ( obj , h ch . e e e e the i a u w an in in the He ew is ea i oth rs) r pr s nt dol tro s t g br , s ly u of the u he u ie f m the tex he r c lt Israelites nder t s ppl d ro con t, A 2 1 v . . MIC H , I

— 16 The ro het bewails the calami which over 8 . p p ty

’ w helm udah lihezmse j .

or t is i i o F h w ll I wa l and h wl , I will go stripped and naked

the e a the of mou i or e f-a aseme idols) . On oth r h nd , rn ng s l b nt um m m i a e a o . S a xv 0 I s u . a. Syriac Vers on, V lg t , T rg , ( c p II . 3 ; xx ha-Na id Ga a and . Samuel g , Ibn n h , ' h m a xx 2 n I s . . a d na eu Co p . many modems take the verb as the apocryphal Ascension o f a passive ; he nce : have they been i 1 Th em v aia i . 0. e o a Is h , r l of ather ed. g ’ one s garments w as apparently and to the hi re of a har lot shall mea to ex e e f-a a eme nt pr ss s l b s nt, they retu rn] Either in the sense al ou in m e a ie ime it h the i ols the o and th gh or nc nt t s that t ey ( d , g ld may have expressed passionate silver of which they are made ) ief and in imi ive ime ma gr , pr t t s y shall b e carried away by the vic have been associated w ith upe r tors and placed by them as votive S The i stitious rites . rend ng of offerings in the temples of their ’ e a me s f e ue efe re a um a Kimhi on s g r nt r q ntly r r d gods (T rg , Ibn Ezr , , i u e 11 m i 1 to in Scr pt r ( S a . . 1 w a and ot e s o r efe E ld, h r ) ; , pr r iii 1 and e ewh e e eem . 3 , ls r ) s s to a i e the i o are oome bly, s nc d ls d d have been symbolic of the same e u io in a ove ia to d str ct n, pr rb l The a i fix the ea t ideas . r bb s t r a e a t e a o wa te sens , th t h y sh ll g to s , ’ a hand s-breadth at the breas t as m e e on a a Ra i on y sp nt h rlot ( sh ' ' e a o 26 b Y oreh e a ( Mo d k t n , D h , e llh n and W ause ) . 0 o i to the i — TH E E BEW I § 34 , Acc rd ng M sh 8 16 . PROPH T A LS ’ k iii i wa nah Mo ed aton . t s T H E CALAM I TY WH I CH WI L L ( H I K EWI E u omar for m ur ers to a e OVE RWH E LM JUDA L S . c st y o n b r m hei a m and ou e see I . sa. u . Comp . 4 t r r s sh ld rs ( m l h m i Biichler Z ei tsch r . t alttesta eut . 8 For this i . e . t e i e . ] p nd ng , f i fl . a Wi ss. xxi 8 1 destruction of Samaria. , . ) B r ng a h xxi 1 is m . v. tri ed S o u a e t e feet . e s pp ] V lg t , Ibn Ezr , ( co p Ez k 7 ) ' h Th ee e io m e Kim i . e Gr k V rs n or prescribed in a Baraita ( Mo ed

' : bare oot a m o a o 1 b Y oreh e ah specifically f , sy b l k t n 5 D , 22 A . vv 10 MIC H , I [ . 9, .

i e ai i i e the c s I w ll mak a w l ng l k ja kal ,

ou i i e the ost ic es And a m rn ng l k r h . For her wo u nd is incu rable

For it is come even unto J udah ;

I t e c et u to the te of e o e eve r a h h n ga my p pl , n

e us e J r al m .

Te it not in t ll Ga h ,

lihe the jackals] S o Syriac Judah seems to have remained e i and Tanhum of e u a em eu B t V rs on J r s l n tral . u in 7 13another revolt

u ed b R edi The ren was a e Az uri ki ofAs h ( q ot y o ge r) . st rt d by , ng ” d d o . i im de ring dragons is given b y Th s t e Judah along with several of the ancient versions Edom and Moab joined in th e m v m . e e A and b y S aadya and Ibn Ganah o nt . shdod w as capture d in 11 d i an u e e e . eru like the ostr i ches] The cry of 7 , q t r stor d J a em e a ed th f f th the ostrich w hich is often emitted s l sc p e ate o e ili i at i is a ou u and Ph st ne city b y timely sub mis n ght l d , doloro s , i ’ . i ah fea weve ridu u ou and in the i s on M c s rs , ho r, st lo s s nd , st ll u e e in the e i i f th ness of the desert plains may b e tt r d b g nn ng o e am ai n w e e w e - u ded heard at a great distance (Tris c p g , r ll gro n m I . sa . xx 1 see a am Fauna and Flor a o Pales (co p . ; P ton , tr , f

it . . 2 6 . c fit loc , p 4 . f. 2 ) ti ne . 10 , p 9 , 33 her wound th eek i t r eacheth A e e a ea 9. ] So e Gr ] l tt r pp rs and Syriac Ve rsions and the V ul to b e missing in the Hebrew ( read The e ew ex ma b e m mfor gate . H br t t y rende red : f or she is i ncurable as u nto the g ate of my people] t h r w u ds e a o e o n (Jos ph K ra) . The gate metonymically for th e

i t i m i e the w u d i the i i a a of w i or s co e . . f ] o n , c ty, pr nc p l p rt h ch was the a e ef e the a e its the stroke . pl c b or g t , li i l e M e even u nto judah] Spreading po t ca centr . y p ople

f m ama ia he ama ia udah . ro S r . W n S r J in ll i t not i n Gath The was destroyed ( Judah 10. Te ] was n t m d u w are u uall i e e ed o oleste . Soon eno gh ords s y nt rpr t to weve th e i ia m a a the i i of the ca ho r, Palest n n e n th t t d ngs s a es w e e in e e io At t lamit of u a ou b e ke t t t r r b ll n . firs y J d h sh ld p A v . 2 . MIC H , I 3

Weep not at all

At et - le- o t se f in the ust B h Aphrah r ll hy l d .

ss e O i it t of S ha hi r in e ess u Pa y away, nhab an p , nak dn and s hame from the knowledge of Philistine r oll thyself i n] S o the Jewish m e h r . i v m . am i m a T a e a S . a . e e G th (co p II G th , co nt tors nc nt w eve eem u e e e i for the mo a e de ho r, s s to fig r h r , s ons st p rt r n r

et e wi the u aea vi a e bes r i nkle th se with . the tog h r th J d n ll g s , p y lf In as a town along the route of the He b rew there is an additional i a m The a ea la i i ia hit all shi Assyr an r y. tone pp rs p y on Ph l st ( p a ) ; to b e o ne of mock pity : Tell it hence the locality must have been in a for the i i wi i ua e onor ea i i i e e i not G th , t d ngs ll s t t d n r Ph l st n t rr i f h in u r i b e a u to er. The e . i o ve p n l proph t, tory Roll ng d st ( co r ng as in the f wi i a e a th e ead wi u is a i of ollo ng nst nc s , pl ys h th d st) s gn me of h i be at al m u i i 6 and th e a t e G om ua vi . on n c ty ( o rn ng (c p . Josh , ta idu ae e u e a e ew e e u as i i i gg ) . Gr tz conj ct r s th t ls h r ) , j st s tt ng or ly ng the prophet is alluding to the in dust is a symbol of humiliation i x ix d i . I s x n a m am. iv a d e w u aea S . a e e e . J n G tt ( II 3; ( . 4 ls h r )

Neh . xi . to the a i e & Th 1 1. Pass e awa c . e or D n t y y, ] a - imm ua xix G th R on (Josh . H ebrew text presents consider wee not at all all the a e diffi u t e i incon p ] So bl c l y. Ther s a ie ve i wi the exce ruit in um e s far as th nc nt rs ons th p g y n b r, o e

i of the ee . The a e tw w are d t on Gr k l tt r, first o ords conce rne ; aside from misreading the verb while a syn tactical di fficulty at 13311for e i e in the a e th a tw Th a ( r cogn z d t ch s to e l st o . e p ro e ew w the ame of a nomas ia it eem ive wa e e first H br ord n , s s , g s y h r w Bachim as me ma u u - i ha hir to n , (not so n to tho ght incongru ty. S p i s ea Akk w i la i e i ed wi mode S a wa r scr pt r d , o , h ch y too ( d nt fi th rn fi , far th e north = Bochim a w f i k f . o A o o to ) , to n S E . shdod ; thers th n e he m 1 ea . u e 1 . the u aea w S hami r ua n r B t l (co p J dg s J d n to n , Josh 1 The e a ive i e e xv 8 for w i a ou f eek , n g t st ll pr s nts . 4 , h ch gr p o Gr a difficulty. manuscripts read S haphi r ) B eth -le-A hr ah i e u k w B eaut -town is to o i exi e p ] S t n no n . y , g nto l The name suggests to the proph et with her shame exposed ( so J ewish h m i - t e ea D ust town mme a . n ng . co nt tors ) 2 A . vv 12 1 . 4 MIC H , I [ . , 3

The inhabitant of Zaanan is not come forth ; The wailing of Beth- ezel shall take from yo u the

s i - ce t eof tand ng pla her . For the inhabitant of Maroth waiteth anxiously for good Because evil is come down from the Lo rd u nto the gate

us of Jer alem .

i the c iots to the ste s O i it t of L c is B nd har ed , nhab an a h h

t th Z aanan] Thought to b e he 13. Bi nd e chari ots to the ame as Z enan ua xv i e steeds The meani of the ve s Josh . 37 s t ] ng rb u k -t wn is a e f m th e o x . n nown M arch o . g th r d ro e c nte t It i t r h i h is e a th i h s e . as e e e s ar no comef o t ] . not obj ct d th t hors m ne s d t h a i a d the ma e out to a e o . s e o t e n rch d b ttl (c p ch r ot, not m i u in b ie e eve e e a i e a i A v s . os . or sh t ys g r rs P rh ps, d sr g rd ng u vi the a e ua i w e u t m a . o ( co p . Josh cc nt t on , o ght - m i d th i li c e e e e e m . the a u B n wa n & . e g , ] B th z l r nd r ( co p T rg “ u k w Th a di - a the chari ots to horse ! The in n no n . e st n ng pl ce , ” the re of is supposed to mean the habitants of Lachish are ad i mo i t a e i Kimhi i . i i i of emai e e e . e o poss b l ty r n ng th r , n sh d t k to fl ght ( ff d u no efu e But it w ill a or yo r g . and e or th e o e i n oth rs) ; , pr ph t ro h i du i u t e ex is ex ee . t t c d ngly b o s ically bids them prepare their 12 M aroth i e u w . ] S t nkno n ; chariots and mount their horses — all in vai ea l so a n (n r y Ibn Ezr ) . waiteth anx i ous S m ly] So y The Hebrew w ord for steeds machus Theodotion a um , , T rg , Ibn ( rehesh ) is chosen as a pl ay on m f he i Ga ah a i . The i a i a of the a e o t . n , R sh nh b t nt n c ty L achi sh A i in the S he he Bitte r-town waiting for good ] c ty p lah in exi e e as far a k as the wha a a i i ! A ui a , st nc b c t contr d ct on q l , - i ia e u f ee re . ia e i u a e e a fi t nth p Chr st n c nt ry Syr c V rs on, V lg t , M n has ee i e i e wi the e m b ar H elb o a imb i It b n d nt fi d th h , Ibn Ezr , K - - d e l H es S ee F. moun T ll e y . translate less plausibly : i s i n J i A M ound o M an Ci ti es tr avai l ( anguish ) f or the g ood Bl ss , f y or Tell-el-H es E x ca vated 18 8 i wa y , 9 ; ( wh ch has passed a y) . F i e e ie Tell-cl-H es a because evi l &c . u : b ut , y , , ] S pply l nd rs P tr moi 1 As f i d M e r 8 1. a o i e di i e . they w ill b e sappo nt , 9 rt fi d c ty v A 2 . MIC H , I . 5

I t is the chiefest sin of the dau ghter of Zion ;

For the t s essio s of s ae are fo u in t ee ran gr n I r l nd h . Therefore shalt tho u give a parting gift to M oresheth gath

it is me i d i h a a ia ma io of the i o e o x . t e nt n II Chr n . 9 ; p l t l ns ns r ch , er xxxiv he uxu of the w ome and in . . . e a e a t J 7 S nn ch rib c p l ry n , , tured it w i e his wa a i e de ee i a i and h l on y to Egypt, h gh r gr st ll , ch r ots and sent the Rabshakeh thence to horses are view ed b y them as m i x i i I f i im o a i f m i e e u a e v i . 1 e J r s l ( II K ngs 4, 7 ; or gn p rt t ons ro N n - m i Th x A has ief o m m v h r a o e . e ix. rel c m e o e o B byl n or M ph s ’ rating Sennache rib s successes in defiant display of human strength Lachish is preserxed in the British which renders the divine help um th f mi u e e a is a tie u e . e a ua e o e M s In l ng g G . se ngly nn c ss ry p r mi H i to c l o a l rl xi u t m The s r i a Ge r h u a o e . A . S th ( g p y y obno o s th h and it i the ea we s now o t e H o L . was ea f ly , p l n ng on gr t po r , an u o a u om - a i on A ia now is in o tp st, c st s st t on , ssyr , on Egypt, u n The between J daea a d Egypt ; w ar their j udgment apostasy. d mme e w ii 16 f f i th an o e a u . xv . o e co rc b th s pt p st L aw ( De t . ) rb ds ” her ki t e a a e um e of . ng o ke p l rg n b r i h mi i i f m or t i . e . t e ar u m im ] l t y eq p ent. horses ported ro Egypt, h i f and t e . e . o e a io and o e u ea u e o o Or, y, th s ch r ts st r p tr s r s g ld i v i o . au h i m th e o e e e : s e . e . i . e h rs s L ss pl s bly , s lve r Solo on , ry opp s t a i Kimhi h of an i ea ki had L ch sh ( ) . of t e type d l ng, the chi ef est si n] The sin of special cities for his chariots and h i i ix x. t e Lach sh was not some spe cific horses ( I K ngs . 9 ; ” i o a ou u a K im a te we e im or e f m d l tr s c lt ( Ibn Ezr , l t r r p t d ro Egypt i i h a e i . f a hi b ut its orses and a io s . x 28 . a ) , h ch r t ( b d , L ch s pp r nt and its equipment as a fortress ly was such a city; the re w e re h ia e The ke the e and a iot of on t e Egypt n bord r. pt hors s ch r s e s as the e e e a ive the ki of uda the iefe t proph t , r pr s nt t s ng J h ch s sin of i of th e convictions of the Mosaic Z on . ime ave a a u a aversI On to I srael The i ea ame for the t s , h n t r l ] d l n i da e e eo e . the ci vilization of the ir y. nt r p pl 1 her e or e shalt thou i ve Treasu res of gold and silve r 4. T f g ] “ ld I ae di n t o e all ob a i i the au e which o sr l d o p ss ss , In pr b l ty d ght r A I 26 . v 1 MIC H , [ . 5 .

The houses of Achzib shall b e a deceitful thing unto the

i s s ae k ng of I r l .

i et i u to t ee O i ita t of es I w ll y br ng n h , nhab n Mar hah ,

him that s hall possess thee :

The o of s e s come eve u to u gl ry I ra l hall n n Ad llam .

f i i d u xxxvm o s a e e a . os ua xv . in th Z on ddr ss , ltho gh 5 ; J h 44 ; e i n the verse immediately pre latter passage it is mentioned b y h i i a i is add e ed. t e e of a e a h ced ng L ch sh r ss s d M r sh h ) . T e

a ar ti n i t A ui a ame u e s he a i f l p g g f ] So q l , n s gg st t dject ve o

mma hu Theodotion Tar wi Sy c s , , lo ng .

um e a a I b n a a decei ul thi n The e ew g , Jos ph K r , Ezr , tf g ] H br

i hi n ix I w akz ab is u ua a lied i . 6 K m (comp . I K gs ) ; ord ( ) s lly pp the o k in the e es the 1 the if whi a fa e iv to br o s st pp , . e . g t ch th r g es w a e of whi h dr u in the sum to his dau e h er ma e t rs c y p ght r on rriag . me r h u e eivi the t ave e The prophet plays on the name , t s d c ng r ll r r xv 8 and e e ia m e . . 1 of the town which suggests to him ( co p . J , sp c lly the eau ifu oeti e i i the word meaning a betrothed b t l p c d scr pt on , ’

vi 1 . ob . 5 fl w oman Othe rs J unto the ki n s o I sr ael i ia e io e a em b ar g f ] K ngs (Syr c V rs n , M n h ae i n the plural dynasty . Isr l H elbo Ras i and ma m em , h , ny od s ) Judah .

di m l i . d e : s i ssa e . iv rend r , orce . M ar eshah e i e wit 15 . ] Id nt fi d h h i is i i i T e a v . c ty to go nto c pt ty a ash modern M r . M or esheth g ath] Apparently him th at shall possess thee] I n th e same as the tow n which was H ebre w ( ha-yor esh ) there is a the me of the he see ho prop t ( In th play on the name of e town . troduction él The name i i , nd the lor i e wea or g y] E th r lth , h it w as i u e in th cates t at s t at d e b i it no l y. f e i o a . t rr tory G th come fle i . e e ] . the houses e e a i th e ] Not n c ss r ly Adullam m ua xv . . ] Co p . Josh 35 em les imb i b ut the e i e t p ( K ) , nt r d i tai Mo e rn site not qu te cer n . w wi l its u m to n th al ho ses . The re is no play on th e na e

u an wn en e ib the ex is orru t . Achz ib] A J dze to ( G . h re ; poss ly t t c p

A - 2 . vv . 2 8 MIC H , II [ 4.

n t covet fields — t s i t And whe hey , hey e ze hem ;

when the covet houseS — t e t th And y , h y ake em away

T us t e o ss his ous h h y ppre a man and h e ,

i ri Even a man and h s he tage . Therefo re th us saith the Lord

e o i st t is f i do vis an evi B h ld , aga n h am ly I de e l ,

o ic s not e ove ou ec s Fr m wh h ye hall r m y r n k ,

Neither shall ye walk upright ;

i i ti e For t shall b e an ev l m .

t t s t e ta e u i st ou In ha day hall h y k p a parable aga n y ,

2 the covet u eaki me o e o s to t ei . y ] Th s br ng nt c rr sp nd h r the e h omma me x . m v 1 e a a . t nt c nd nt ( E od ( co p . erse ; Jos ph K r )

xx. r emove your necks] The e vil sei z e them vio e e as ] By l nc , as it will press upon them and i n the a e of a o h i c s N b t ( I K ngs keep them down is likene d to a i xx . ) e Of ou se fo ei e vi u e yok . c r , r gn s r t d i do i u i e o ress . e . . pp ] nj st c to is mea t n . The inj ustice is felt not only b y m u ht i . a f prig ] e . s ree en . th e b ut as it we e al e p rsons , r so f or i t shall be an evi l time] t ee i io a by the hings . S Add t n l Reference is to the j udgment

e . Not II it m when co es . amil The wo in th e 3. f y] rd take u a arable Th 4. p p ] e large r se nse for a group of people ebrew equivalent (mashal de e a e b oo a i e ri e H r l t d y bl d , k ndr d , t b , es a oem u ed in h e ew e uiva e not p constr ct or race . T e H br q l nt parallel sentences expressing re usually denotes the subdivision a e i ea b ut a in e e a a i l t d d s, lso g n r l of a e a a o ua VI I . tr b , cl n (J sh e i u a ive i u e in b ut also the tribe itself (J udges proph t c , fig r t d sco rs , xiii a e a e a ti u a one o ai i vei e . nd ven a l rg r p r c l r c nt n ng l d i a usio s of a a a e at o e a o a a re a e er. x. 2 n t n l gg g t (J 5, ll n ch r ct r nc

and e ew e e . S ee Addi i a at e i and i o i a m I ls h r ) t on l p h t c r n c l (co p . sa. e I I I iv . x . H ab . ii . 6 a o Num Not 4 ; ; ls . devise an vil The i xxi e ] pun sh . A I v I . 2 . MIC H , 9

e t it o efu e tatio and sa And lam n w h a d l l lam n n , y, ‘ We are utterly undone H e changeth the po rtion of my people H ow doth he remove it from me ’ ste of esto i our e s he ivi t them In ad r r ng fi ld , d de h . Therefore thou shalt have n one that s hall cast by lot

the co e tio of the Lo In ngr ga n rd .

and lament wi th a doleful la vary in their interpretation of the mentati on K imhi imi a ex whi wi mi a e ] So (s l rly t t ch , th nor Ch ng s ,

w as ea hem all is Targum and S yriac Version ) . r d by t . It The Greek Bible and the Vulgate impossible to elicit a satisfactory h a m l dious lamen e m i h d : wi t e o e . u s ea a the ren er s ns So ch cl r, t t o i the e ew ex i a d wh ea the e d lati on . P ss bly H br t t r ch l n lords o st l fi l s contains three letters thought o f the poor shall b e punished in lessly repeated We losing them to the enemy ( Ibn u e a e e im : a Sho ld p rh ps r nd r s ply Ezr ) . and si n a lamentati on an e e . than h i divi g ( l gy ) 5 . ] T e n dual b e and sa e a w i th e y] P rh ps, th longing to th e class of grasping a e of a i e et e 1i a is a e e I b n a ch ng s ngl l t r ( nto l ndlords ddr ss d ( Ezr ) . i w eve a e h Poss bly, ho r, l tter as he chang eth the por ti on of my dropped out in the original l The u e is i i e peop e] s bj ct ndefin t ; ( TBWD we should rende r

i m a Ga a . di : the enemy s e nt ( Ibn n h ) accor ngly ye.

i e nor ve w eve is ina ro none i . e . e The rb , ho r, pp ] n th r son imhi dau e a K . priate ; perhaps we ought to read ght r ( Ibn Ezr , ) wi the ee e sio : he meas h l i th m u i t e n . ea th Gr k V r n i e] e . e s r ng ar eth o win i . e. a o tio m m ii S a . vi . f ( g) , pp r ns cord (co p . II

m his own . lot a a ong by ] Lots , prob bly con h ow doth he r emove itf rom me] sisting of stones put into the

how doth it de art r om me fo of a a me ov. xvi . Or, p f ld g r nt ( Pr i a ve e and ake t d r estori n &c. S o . I ns ea of g , ] or nto ss l Sh n, d imb i The ver i we e a amo ot e u o es I b n Ezra an K . s ons r c st, ng h r p rp s , 0 A . vv 6 . 3 MIC H , II [ . , 7

The rebuked im atient w ith the er n ro et 6 st h . , 7 . p p p

‘ ’ T e not thus t e t alk y , h y alk ‘ T e s not t of t ese t in s h y hall alk h h g ,

’ n o t e s e That they Shall t ak ham .

the ouse of co sa Shall h Ja b y, ‘ I s the spirit of the Lord waxed short ?

for the a i me of o e w i o e mea to ss gn nt pr p rty h ch pr p rly ns drop , ” m The or d iv w i f m Nu . xxv e e e th i . e e ( co p . 33 r l , th r r nc to e refe rence is to the distribution drivelling mouth of the common ’ of a man s property among his prophets i n their fits of epileptic

i af e his ea e a . ch ldre n t r d th . cst sy n ati on o the or d the shall not l n th co r e L ta k c . i e g g f ] y , & ] So A m ame for the e e of Ra i a mbi The e i . sol n n p opl sh , Ibn Ezr , K e m e i e ei is Israel . M b rsh p th r n people are supposed to b e speak ’ every Israelite s by birth ; exactly in on e a h g to nother. T e prophets h im as he succee ds to is patr ony mu a k of e e i of st not t l th s th ngs , th e ea of his fa e upon d th th r, so u i hme and the ik I f e p n s nt l e . th y ’ does he take his father s place e wi e eive i mi iou do , th y ll r c gno n s mmu i in the in the co n ty, both ea me at ur a tr t nt o h nds . smaller community of the town S hall th a 7 . e house of jacob s y] d in the a e mmu i of an l rg r co n ty The rendering presupposes the i e A i i a h . S e t e nat on dd t on l slight Change of a vowe l ( noun

ote . for wansn w i eem b e su N III ) , h ch s s to p T H E E B K E I I E 6, . R M N the The 7 U D PAT T ported by Targum . ’ WI T H E TE E . TH S RN PROPH T prophet anticipates the people s ‘ ’ 6 Talk e not u the talk . y , th s y ] uer ea ea it and ex q y, or r lly h rs , e The rebuked inners addr ss e hi i hme S press s s aston s nt . ik i ah wi the re prophets l e M c th I s the spi r it of the L or d wax ed h a l a k quest that t ey sh l not t l to short ] In the idiom of the Biblical mh h m a Ki i wa d . t e ( Ibn Ezr , , l ) a ua e lon o s i ri t mea E l ng g , g f p ns “ ” nd aia e imi a a ie f ea i and Amos a Is h r cord s l r p t nt, orb r ng, t i ” v i 6 I sa short o s i r i im a e . Amo i . I . experiences ( s ; f p , p t nt e e is a o em S i r i t is u ed in the e e of xxx. 10 Th r c nt p p s s ns ” uon ote in the e ew ve em e e ecia a e . t s n H br rb, t p r, sp lly ng r v . A I I : MIC H , . 3

’ Are these His doings ? D o not My words do good to him that walketh U pfi ghfl y?

he doin s o he ric on e o e scribe 8 1 T t h c m r de d. 0. g f

But of late they have made of My people an enemy ;

it the e t e st i so the t e W h garm n , y r p al man l

th d k th in — E I e o as e eo e 8 10. TH G TH E Is L r , p pl DO N S OF fei ed ie ive t a and I C C E E E C I BE . gn p ty, g n o nger R H ON MOR D S R D

o late e ew : e t impatience ? 8 . f ] H br y s er day A re these fl i s doi n s i the ee e i S m g ] . e . are ( so Gr k V rs on , y machus and the i a xo the punishments announced by . M dr sh [E d . i the o e ve e a a ch . x i w i w i a pr ph t ( rs 3ff. ) conso r bb , l ] , h ch , th w view to the e e a a e re nant ith the divine Character ? pr s nt p ss g , ’ ma a ae e hu ia m D o not lil wor ds c T r s th t Isr l s nt s s , y , & . ] he k ’ ’ di a e at the ime of the ivi Lord s answe r to the people s spl y d t d ne ’ ma ife a io u S i ai que ry ; or the prophet s answe r n st t n on Mo nt n , his i T lasted b ut one day : Y esterda to own quest on . he prophets y e aid We wi l and ea e frequently identify themselves y s , l do h rk n

x . xxiv. b ut d a i with th e Lord i n wh ose name [E od to y, Th s ’ i th 0 ael i id s . xxxi t e Th y God , Isr [ b , i . h y speak . e Lord s words

i . e . the e da re e H i d oth r y, quite a at o s ee PS . xxx i nc ds ( i i . e e u em i I , a i the . v en r c ntly th s ph s z ng 9 ; sa l . h ce it can b e ai of em t a e d contrast between the accusations s d th h t th y o good . w i ey in f wa a ai to him that walketh uprightly] h ch th br g or rd g nst the a e of the ivi e u i Wh t e 0 ou e of a do h st d n p n sh y, h n , h s J cob , me and ei o wn wi e e . you not change you r conduct ? nt, th r ck dn ss A ui a a um Ra i Wa k u i and th o q l , T rg , sh , Ibn l pr ghtly, e L rd Ga w il a , on the o e a a e l rej oice to do you good . I f n h th r h nd , t k ou e i in ou evi du the e ew in the e e of y p rs st y r l con ct, H br s ns “ ” the o mu u i ou t u a ai f i L rd st p n sh y , ho gh g nst . S ee the ollow ng it b e co ar to H is a u e t e ntr y n t r o not . u ish th ha ve made l p n . ey of .My peop e 2 A vv . . . 10 3 MIC H , II [ 9,

om t e t t ss secu so t t t e are as Fr h m ha pa by rely, ha h y

t e t t etu f h y ha r rn rom war . The women of My people ye cast out from their pleasant

houses ; From their young childre n ye take away My glo ry for

eve r.

ise e e t for t is is not ou esti - ce Ar y , and d par ; h y r r ng pla an enemy] This is the approxi Peaceful passers-b y are mal ma e e f h e e i e of ei a me ts e o t e ew . a e t s ns H br tr t d , str pp d th r g r n e im e o a u e ou and e oi e as e who me Th y, p rs n l s bj ct ; y d sp l d thos co m w r e ex di f o a . Th is ffi Ga a Wellhausen w u d back r t t ( Ibn n h , ) o l u c lt . ui the ex mu e s t cont t ch b tter.

“ The women o .M eo le ” 9. f y p p , eo e i e . the My p pl , . poor i i u a The a u o s e . &c . a e m x xx ] ll s n ncl r It o . n . 2 cl ss s (c p E od . 4 ; i s o i le a th e e has in imb i ar lb p ss b th t proph t K ) . Menahem b H e o mind the ej ection of poor tenants rende rs less plausibly : [ My people i i ve w me from the r dwell ngs . E n o n u as an enem Th i s r isen p y . e text a e and children are not sp r d . may have read originally : B ut lily g lory] No satisfactory ex ye r i se up as an enemy ag ai nst planation can b e given of the word [M eo le Wellhausen y p p ( ” x glory in the present conte t. wi th the ar ment e str i al g , y p so The text is certainly obscure . mantle S o o e imb i the . ] J s ph K rise e and de art The I o. A y , p ] ’ The a me is the oo ma g r nt p r n s Greek Version has the singular : i ve x . xxu . 2 h and de ar t. T e co r by n ght ( E od 5 A r i se thou, p

h e ma e ea e h a e as a w o e the com T ntl ( r d p r ps p ople h l , or

‘ ven fi fl ee not b e a re mun i is a e e : e a t wo m) n d p ty, ddr ss d D p r e i n a of the ki de i xi t nt o s Clo k ( nd hence nto e le . d in i b ut a scribe Joshua vi . f or thi s i s not your resti ng plain mantle similar to those worn place] The Greek reads : f or i t I - b the o e 1 i xix. i s not or thee this r esti n lace. y pr ph ts ( K ngs 3; f , g p h ii i a a e of est e . a s i Z c x i . P le t n e s called pl c r ii b ut it is r m them that ass b &c . for ae eut. x . f o p y , ] Isr l ( D

for ou ou must o ence. S o the Jew ish commentators . not y ; y g h W 11 A . . , MIC H , II 33

ec use of the u c e ess thereof it s est o ou B a n l ann , hall d r y y ,

it so es t uctio even w h a re d r n .

11 The o ular ro het . p p p p .

I f i in i f se oo do lie sa i n a man walk ng w nd and al h d , y g , ‘ ’ I will talk unto thee of wine and of strong drink ;

H S eve b e the o et of t is o e e hall n pr ph h pe pl .

A assa o is u ed ean n an connection 12 1 e d t m i d . , 3. p g f p g

i s u e ss e 0 co of t e I w ll r ly a embl , Ja b , all h e ;

I will s u rely gather the remnant of Israel ; I will render them all as sheep in a sheepfold

because of the u ncleanness th e wind ; the second noun ex

thereo i . e . e au u ave h f ] b c se yo h plains t e first.

defiled the a b ou evi eed . h ll talk c . T e ea l nd yy r l d s wi , & ] sy

Th e o a L ev . xviii. 2 ff. i a e i fa e e is T r h ( 5 ) go ng , fl tt r ng ls proph t ea of a e ti e as defiled b k H d sp ks P l s n y introduced as spea ing . e e the Canaanites and warns Israe l ludes the people with the assur imita e ei a omi a i all is we and t no not to t th r b n t ons , ance that ll , tha “ a the a vomi not ou out f th t l nd t y evil need b e eared . a w e e e e it as it lso, h n d fil , hall en be &c . u y he s ev , l S ch mi out the natio hat was vo ted n t prophets are acceptable to the ” f u e e yo . o a the u u a b or people . C ntr st npop l r mhi i t shall destr o &c . 5 0 Ki . of u and y, l prophet who preaches d ty

a w eve on the a i o f the punishment which must Prob bly, ho r, b s s k er io w e u f w its i f i eme ve e of the Gree V s n , sho ld ollo n r ng nt ( rs d hall be destro ed even 1 E D I S ea : e s 12 . A G r y y , , 3 PASSA OF wi th a sor e or om e e destr uc PU TE D E A I C E C , c pl t , M N NG AND ONN

i n B. n I . S ee odu tion (Sa T ON Intr ct o , ! m all T 12 . I wi ll r ender the 11 TH E E . ] . POPULAR PROPH fol u l f om the end of the ve e e . walki ng i n wi nd ] i . S pp y r rs

i ma of e o e . i af e t i a u i , o lowing after w nd . t r h ngs b stl ng n sy ss p pl i i e I wi ll ut as unsubstantial and delusive as The Engl sh B bl ( p A v . 1 . 34 MIC H , II . [ 3

As oc in the i st of t ei stu e a fl k m d h r pa r , They shall make great noise by reason of the multitude

men .

The breaker is gone up befo re them

T e ve o e fo t sse on h y ha br k n r h and pa d ,

the te are o e ou t t e e t By ga , and g n h r a

t ei i is sse on efo e t e And h r k ng pa d b r h m ,

the Lo at the e of e And rd h ad th m .

them tog ether ) misunderstands mixture of two readings : ( 1) a the e w i i r a tu r e H bre d om . pastur e ( 2 ) thei p s . as sheep i n a sheepf old ] The they] The grammatical subj ect e de i ar um f we b in e ew is the w ee r n r ng (T g ollo d y H br ord sh p, to Ra hi ul a e and a a e l the ve a f m is s , V g t , pp r nt y which rb l or con a A ui a and mma u im ti uous b ut the i a u e is lso q l Sy ch s ) g , log c l s bj ct ' - ie e ha a difle rent v ali lea the eo e a o ae . pl s p r ps oc c rly p pl , J c b Isr l - z ation be si r ah in A a i th e i se i e h ll m k r eat no . ( r b c s a a e g ] . the u in i in fu e oi e word means enclosure for lo d , d st ct , con s d n s f e ma of cattle The English Version o a larg ss people . f l wi d K imhi h r eak r e th o a an e b e i . . e e ( o l ng Ibn Ezr ) 13. T ] b ll

w e he whi eak u the ta es the e b ew wo as o a t r, ch br s thro gh k H r rd B zr h , l capita l of the land of Edom gate of the enc osure first ( Ibn i e r m i t i k h a . me a e th Ta ( A os . O he rs th n of t e Ezr ) So nc nts ( i h um f w e b as i u a e a e a er . xlvi i 2 , Mo b t Bozr (J i . 4; g ollo d y R h V lg t ) the ame as e e eu iv u de a d b the b eake the re s B z r, D t . . n rst n y r r a was a a i in a e deeme who is ea the e e Mo b l nd r ch c ttl , r to l d p opl a i u a i in out of exi e the one who wil p rt c l rly n Sheep ( II K gs l , or l iii ave the wa for the adve of the . The sheep of Bozrah or p y nt i n ie Beze r may have be en as famous Mess ah ( Elijah ; so a anc nt

m . as the kine of Bashan ( Amos Midrash quoted b y K imhi ; co p i v . or the am of e ai a G lxxxv h . en . a a c r s N b oth lso r bb , ) ,

I sa. 1x. ev ( or the Lord Himself ( so L . as a ock i n the mi dst o thei r a a xxxii and a a e l fl f r bb , ch . , pp r nt y astu r e h iedma T e e e w e e a Pesikta rab b eti ed . F p ] H br pr s nts , r nn,

6 I I I . W 3 MICAH , [ 3. 4»

Who rob t ei s i f o off t e h r k n r m h m ,

And their flesh from off their bones ;

Who so eat the es of o e al fl h my pe pl ,

t ei s i f o off t e And flay h r k n r m h m , And break their bones

Y ea t e c o t e in ieces as me t in the ot , h y h p h m p , a p , i i h And as flesh w th n t e caldron .

T e s t e cr u to the Lo b ut H e i h n hall h y y n rd , w ll answer them

Y ea H e i i e His f ce f om t em at t t ti e , w ll h d a r h ha m ,

Acco i as t e ve ou t evi in t ei oi s rd ng h y ha wr gh l h r d ng .

Th u i h u The u ave no a e ede dress . e constr ct on , t o gh prono ns h nt c nt ; i a at fau is for a e a b ut the efe e e is e fe t log c lly lt, th t r son r r nc p r c ly i i v u . all the more forc ble . ob o s i i h th ood i e . a w s . w o also eat the sh e g ] . th t h ch 3 fl e of m a m eo le ik ee th or lly good . y p p ] L e sh p e poor i w i is ar n the evil . e . a e ot fleeced b ut ea e u ] th t h ch only . t n p i e m e h i vi e u v . . x morally e l . Th y th s n rt ( co p Z c . v 20 Am and br k h v m I sa . . ea t r b alues (co p . ; os ei ones] The y

v . 1 are ea e u e and o e 4 t n p , fl sh b n s .

who r ob thei r ski n &c . H ea the cho them i n i , ] y y , y p p eces ] ” b olical a ua e de i i m i h er e . e t e p l ng g scr b ng Th , . poor. the heartlessness with which the as meat i n the pot ] S o read i ee d a ai the wi the eek i use) : r ch proc g nst poor, th Gr Vers on ( for robbing th em of all their posses h u nd ex i i u u r a a . hen in T i . t a s ons thro g s y ct ons 4 ] e . h t evil day in ex e of w a is due e of e k i c ss h t or prop r, r c on ng . generally with some show of legal but H e will not answer them] f mali b ut f e u fai and xa as e efu or ty, o t n n rly E ctly th y r sed to hee d m u de fa e e e e . for the of the o n r ls pr t nc s (co p cry p or. f m 11 6 . ll imi a m ai A . ea H e wi hide ac s l r co pl nts os ; y , H is f e ] iii Th d is id ii f I s . e a if i f iv 1 v 11 . a. u H i . s . 9 ; . ; . ; Lor s to l t p u e a i e Num v . r . nd e ew e e . o . w 1 f. e . v 2 a en 4 ; J 7 , ls h r ) c nt n nc ( h v I I I . . MICAH , 37

— The doin s o the mercenar ro hets and their ate 8 . 5 g f y p p f . M icah contrasts their fl attering speeches with his ow n ’ oura eous castz ation o I srael s sin c g g f .

Th us saith the Lord concerning the prOplI ets that make my people to err

T t cr e ce e t ei teet ve an t i to ite ha y, P a , wh n h r h ha y h ng b ;

oso uttet not i to t ei out s And wh p h n h r m h , They eve n prepare war against him

i in ki xiii H e is favorably inclined ; con aga nst also Eze el ( ch . ;

l L am . ii r l i m a . ve se w e H e wi d aw H s . y, h n th r s co p so fav H i aid t i that make m eo le to er r e s o ide H s fa e . or, s h c 5 y p p ] i ii 2 m I a. i 1 ix 1 e xxx 1 i i s . . . u . f. I sa . v i . 1 . ( D t . 7 ; 7, Co p ; 5 h ac and w t t cr Pe e . For m . ha &c a e e e e a I a. ls r co p lso s y , , l con i l x. 2 i 2 ix i a i sa a i f n xii . x 2 e e m a HI . o ; Job 4 ; . 5 ) s d r t on , y st p nd r imi a the a i sa a er i ue ial e a e e e e S l rly r bb s y th t c nfl nt p rson g , th y d lud tain sins cause the Divine Presence the nation with th eir optimistic eki a w f i for an x (Sh n h) to ithdraw rom prophec es (comp . e am ’ ae Y eb amot 6 a l H ananiah s r . e e e . Isr l ( 4 ) p proph cy, J — . H H 8 T E I TH E xxviii . 2 I a i ea e 5 DO NGS OF ) , s y ng, P c , ” E C E E ea e w ile e e is ea e M R N A R Y PROPH TS AND p c , h th r no p c E I E I C C r k xiii i . 1 . . e v e . TH R FAT M AH ONTRASTS (J . 4 ; Ez TH E I R FLATTE RI NG SPE E CH E S they even pr epar e war agai nst WI TH H I S OWN COURAGE OUS hi m] Not in th e sense of a private ’ C I I I E S I N . feud b ut w e ei i e d is AST GAT ON OF SRA L S , , h n th r st p n Af e the u e the e s w i aw e a u e t th t r r l rs , proph t thdr n , th y nno nc , o e come next in order as those who annoya nce oftheir form er political mi u i e th The f i i i ffi a w r i e eo e . e n e a s sg d p pl first r nds h gh o c , th t he w m w find in i immi ew the h a e prop t ho e confl ct nent . In H ebr p r s wi the fal e e is the d h r m th s proph ts rea s : t ey sanctify wa ( co p . ame a e of our o he i aia r i Th . v w e e e and e e . e n s k pr p t , M c h J . 4, ls h r ) b en mla i xxii e e m ei I h ( I K ngs ) . J r Greeks com enced th r wars miah is p articularly bitter against with sacrifices of the most solemn m r h x iii n el k e . . x d i i i e C a e the a e of e ia I . th (J , s nd ( s cr fic Iph g n ) where ) ; we find them inveighed It was the custom in the early A v 8 H . v . 6 . 3 MIC , III [ , 7

T e efo it s i t u to ou t t e s v h r re hall be n gh n y , ha y hall ha e no vision

it s u to ou t t e s not ivi e And hall be dark n y , ha y hall d n ;

the sun s o o u o the o ets And hall g d wn p n pr ph ,

th s b c ov t And e day hall e bla k er hem .

the see s s ut to s e the divi e s And r hall be p ham , and n r confou nded

Y ea t e s cove t ei u e i s , h y hall all r h r pp r l p

For t e e s no s e of od h r hall b e an w r G .

iod of ae i i i ew : kasam F th per Isr l t sh h story to br . rom e Arabic m i wi b u m t open a ca pa gn th a w e know that the word designates d ” off u vi . 20 am ering (J ges ; I S . di vi i b l t For a descri n ng y o . p i xiii The e v i . a i . 9 ; s cr fic tion of the Arab method of divi f constituted the consecration o a i b mea of a w se n t on y ns rro s , e i I i ’ w m . x ii the a o . sa . rr ors (c p 3, D ri ver s Comme ntary on D euter ’ and L uz z atto s mme a a , d 2 f m l co nt ry . 2 m . . a o no e . y, p 3 ; co p so Ez k um who w i e the cam loc ) , h l f for i u illu xxi 26 . a a a . Scr pt r l str ai n as ed w e u e to cer , e iii p g l t r s bj ct i h xv . ff. T e a eu . t on . Tor h ( D t 9 ) tain restrictions othe rwise im i f divi a i proh bits all manner o n t on , d u il im u d f r pose po n p gr s bo n o and institutes th e office of the

th e a ua se . s s nct ry ( e W Robe rt on e the e i ima e u e proph t , l g t t s cc ssor mi R eli i on o the S emites S th , g f , u th e i th to Moses . J st as e latt r s e 1 01 Hi Of u e 8 . 94, p 4 ; co rs , e ofthe i ki d of a e typ r ght n proph t, the a e e i ed af e the phr s p rs st long t r Balaam represents the heath en id th primitive eas concerning e ivi iii 22 um e ua x N . d n r (Josh . ; sacred natu re of war had passed “ ” xx 1 . h 1 . 7 ) T e term diviner is h aw a . T e a i ve i ar y nc ent rs ons p applied in the Bible to heathen a h ras in h of the p e t e manner s o a e m am vi o ths y rs ( co p . I S . . li i Eng sh B ble . or disparagingly to the false 6 k . ni ht ] i . e . me a a e h e s of l m I a iii a s . . g nt l d r n ss prop t Isr e (co p . as a e ul of the udde e of r i 2 e . xxv i iii . e x r s t s nn ss ; J 9 ; Ez k . . 9, th ix e a a e om . I sa. xx . and l ew e c t stroph (c p e s h re ) .

10 f. th l 7 . ei r upper ips] The H e that ye shall not di vi ne ] H e brew word properly denotes the 8 A I I I . vv . , MIC H , 39

But t u fu of o e the s i it of the Lo 8 I r ly am ll p w r by p r rd ,

of ustice of i t And j , and m gh ,

To ec e u to co his t s essio d lar n Ja b ran gr n ,

to s e his sin And I ra l .

— 12 A summar o the sins o the three leadin classes 9 . y f f g ,

rulers riests and r o hets The inevitable , p , p p .

ca

e t is ou e e s of the ouse of co H ar h , I pray y , y h ad h Ja b , 9

u e s of the ouse of s e And r l r h I ra l ,

T t o ustice e ve t e uit ha abh r j , and p r r all q y ;

i h e i i answer o od Th m is ha r on t e upp r l p . Cover ng f G ] e ter th i i a i i h e beard was a S gn of mourn ng not specifically Isr el t s .

ek . xxiv . 1 umi ia i ut I The e n ( Ez 7 ) or h l t on 8 . B ] proph t co v xiii a ve the ( L e . . Wh te r trasts himself w ith the false o i i of the va i u m u i r g n r o s o rn ng prophets . i e e ame mea th e r t s , th y c to n by the spi ri t of the L or d] The eve a of the di a i f r rs l or n ry hab ts o implication is that the false ife in f d and d e and the l , oo r ss prophets are not in communion ik Th a d w i h w e . e e as l b r , h c con w i f the d ith the spir t o Lor . The idered the ame of ma d s orn nt nhoo Spirit that is in them is the spirit m h a i e k a x. t e a ( II S . 4 ; r bb s sp of fa e o w e a e ls ho d , to hos g ncy f it a eau of the count o s b ty e Micaiah b en Imlah ascribes the ” ' a e a a me i a 8 a was n nc , B b s 4 ) , del usions of the false prophets i 22 i xi . r x i . x either shaved (J e . l or ( I K ngs e e ove e u . The a i re f i u ti ce i . e a en e o w a s ls c r d p r bb s p j s ] . s s h t i e a the m u e ve scr b th t o rn r co r right. d k f the fa i head an chee s a ter sh on mig ht ] The true prophet does ‘ of the Arabs ( Mo ed katon 15 a ; t H k th a e . e e e u not fl t r sp a s tr th . 2 a i i e w eve la e H e has vi io as i 4 ) ; th s r t , ho r, t r con ct ns to r ght ' fe i i u e Y oreh e a and w o and h e e e ll nto d s s ( D h , r ng , poss ss s the ma o to ea t em t 6386) nho d sp k h ou . A . o vv . 10 11. 4 MIC H , III [ ,

T t ui u Zio it oo ha b ld p n w h bl d ,

e us e it i i uit And J r al m w h n q y .

The e s t e eof u e for e h ad h r j dg r ward ,

the iests t e eof te c for i e And pr h r a h h r , And the prophets thereof divine for money

Y et i t e e u o the Lo sa w ll h y l an p n rd, and y,

‘ I s not the Lord in the midst of us ?

’ o evi s c u o us N l hall ome p n .

— E hi r Th i r on 9 12 . A SUMMARY OP T H e] e pr ests who a e c SI NS OF T H E THR E E LE ADI NG sulted b y the people as to what is i h f n E r w L ev . x. 10 a d C E I E o . LASS S , RUL RS , PR STS , AND r g t rong ( , E TH E I E I B E e ew e e ar u f v PROPH TS . N V TA L ls h r ) e acc se d o e i C E nal t . The ue ion w i th ATASTROPH . y q st s h ch e 1 that bui ld u Zi on with i e we e a le u t de 0. p pr sts r c l d pon o blood ] Either w ith the actual cide comprised the entire sphe re shedding of blood through j udi of th e religious and moral life ; CI aI mu de i xxi m it was wi hi ei w e ei e r r ( I K ngs ; co p . t n th r po r th r e xxii b w ki to ui ke deade the Ez k . . or y or ng q c n or n ’ d nd e e ie e m ai the poor to eath a thus en p opl s consc nc . Co pl nts i i em e ve a ei a ai the i e mee us el e r ch ng th s l s , so th t th r g nst pr sts t s a a e are as it w e e ui wi w e e in the o e i li e a u e p l c s , r , b lt th h r pr ph t c t r t r h iv fl v h f i ea . 1 vi t e em a . . . e blood o t e poor. J r h ( Hos 4 ; ; 9 ; i k f r ii e i l k m r i . . . l e u a i e ia i o fa e 8 . pbr ds K ng J ho l J ; Z ph 4 ; Ez . ure a h w kme who uil xxu to p y t e or n b t .

l r xxii m . i s a . o h p ace (J e . C p di vi ne] The disparaging te rm

a o Am v . 11 H ab . 11. 12 . is u e h ls os ; p rpos ly c osen . i i ni uit i . e . u fa n e the t wi ll th l n h e e ea c . T e q y] n r ss , y y , & ] o i of e ui ppos te q ty. form is that of an indignant ques h h s i th r i i di a i h a u di of 11 e ead . e . u e t . T ] e r l s, t on n c t ng e bs r ty t in i offi ei i io hose h gh ce. th r pos t n . s ot th m or r ewar d f r a i e I n e r d . o . i . e . L o &c f ] o br b , ] C p iii m 2 . Am 2 v 2 I i nd e w e . . ix. o r o . I sa . . a e e e . (c p 3, ls h r ) os ; 4 ; ; J i i h h v 12 i . v ii nd t ri ests t er eo teac or . v 8 a hep f f ; 4 ; . . v. A . 1 MIC H , III 4

T e efo e s Zio for ou s e b e o e as e h r r hall n y r ak pl w d a fi ld ,

e us e s come e s And J r al m hall be h ap , And the mountain of the house as the high places of a

1 o ou ak i e i was th ime w e ia 2 . r r s e . e e e f y ] . on th s t h n H z k h set a u h account of your sins (Targum ) . bo t destroying t e high low d l m a i xviii be e as a e d o . e . p fi ] C p pl c s ( II K ngs 4, i The ef m was of o n . 6. o u e i r r , c rs ,

hea s i . e . ea of e effe tua e ekia ei suc p ] h ps ston s , c l , H z h b ng rui eded id a u ki ns . ce by ol tro s ngs . h l t o e . h ig h p aces f a f ores ] i . Similarly t e more comprehen mounds amidst uncultivated sur sive reform of J osiah was made u di in the wi iv b his u o w o . i o e a e e r r n ngs , ld o ds n p r t y s cc sso s . ve i h is e s u e er. e t ue e who is le Th rs q ot d J T r proph t, fil d i 18 . e em a is a u e of i e f th xxvi . w h a ee e o e i and J r h cc s d t d p s ns r ght, i ea e au e he edi e is ma u i ve u e h gh tr son , b c s pr ct d nly eno gh to g tt rance the de u io of e u a em in an his view wi of u e b e str ct n J r s l to s , ll , co rs , d e e em i in e e a Th e a wa ad r ss r s bl ng g n r l u npopular . e p ople l ys u o the a e i of our efe the ea - i e p rp rt l st s ct on pr r sy go ng proph t, r i i f n a e nd v d i . m e wi a a e e e e . v who ve e d o ch pt r pr s r J h s l lo s n s ng, H is e ed f m d at th i a 1 ff. e r scu ro eath to e stern cast g tor of their the a d of the offe e i e vi e who is a i ed wi h n s nd d pr nc s , c s , not s t sfi th o e s and i e s b i am alf- ea e a e ia e b ut de pr ph t , pr st , y Ah k h h rt d ll g nc , the f me f the m d th son o Shaphan . So o an s e absolute surrender e e a u e on i o a i of all a is w and fa e ld rs dd c th s cc s on th t hollo ls , the i a e of i a who w as and m e dev i to u nst nc M c h , co pl te ot on tr th e mi in he am and i Th u s te to e t e u e . e e e p r t d proph sy s j st c tr proph t , ma e in the da of kia ev u a e and e e . e e e t nn r ys H z h n rth l ss , ho gh h t d is a e e e ve e 1 a au ed at as vi io a ie are on It st t d th r ( rs 9) th t l gh s n r s , ’ Hezekiah took Micah s prophecy the whole the inviolable men ’ t ea nd i th t i e i o h rt a mplored e Lord s of God even o the r en m es . f ive e w e eu o the o At ime u ets w a a org n ss , h r p n L rd t s s ch proph s y ef ai e f om a i out the i u m a ike e ekia r r n d r c rry ng p o s on rch l H z h , evil which H e had threatened to and some of their visions become b ri n h l no e w at ma b n e i a . ma t g upo t peop le. Poss bly re And t r h y e 2 A . v. I . 4 MIC H , IV [

E R — onsolator ro hecies o n CHAPT S IV VII . C yp p c ncerni g the

restoration the second exodus the M essianic kin dom , , g of

eace and the lorious uture o ur ied Zion in the end p , g f f p if

o da s I nters ersed are denuncia ons o e f y . p ti f the pr sent order of things with its di sruption of all social bonds and

its erverse notions concer ni n the service the L ord p g of .

— H . 1 T u u io . he t re lor o Z n Paradi se Re C AP IV 4 . f g y f .

ained n an ient r o hec . A c g p p y .

‘ But in the end of s it s come to ss day hall pa , ‘ ’ That the mou ntain of the Lord s house s hall be estab

lished as the to of the mou t i s p n a n , t ei a i in th mm i u e u is h r st nd ng e co un ty th ose that tter th m. S ch of hei ow n da ei w d are th e w e of a w d ke f m t r y, th r or s po r or spo n ro a e ed e i s th ue th fu e of o vi i in the cc pt by post r ty a e tr e ln ss c n ct on, w d of G od while th e a e vi e of u i e and ut and b or s , or cl s ser c j st c tr h , y of i i f d the r antagonists perish with the grace of th e sp rit o the Lor .

E — E CI E C CE I T H E CHAPT RS IV VII . CONSOLATORY PROPH S ON RN NG ‘ E I T H E E C D E xoD U S T H E E I I C xI N G D OM R STORAT ON , S ON , M SS AN E CE AN D T H E I E I I E D I I N OF P A , GLOR OUS FUTUR OF PUR F Z ON H A E E E ARE E CI ATI T E E N D OF D YS . INT RSP RS D D NUN ONS OF T H E PRE SE NT ORDE R OF THI NGS WI TH I T S DI SRUPTI ON OF ALL SOCI AL BOND S AND I TS PE RVE RSE NOTI ONS CONCE RN I NG T H E

SE RVI CE OF T H E LORD .

On Micah as the author of these chapters as w ell as on the sequence f the a see o u io 8 w e e the a ume to the con o p rts , Intr d ct n , é , h r rg nts a f ed trary re re ut .

E 1 i n the end o da s ro CHAPT R IV . . f y ] A p

1— T H E T E op hetic phr ase denoting a future 4. FU UR GLORY p A e i a i u a l the o e I . D I E E I E AN Z ON PAR S R GA N D . p r od , p rt c l r y cl s ’ C I E E C e e f so far as the ea e AN NT PROPH Y . th r o , sp k r s

A . v 2 . 44 MIC H , IV [ .

‘ tio s s o sa And many na n hall g and y, ‘ o e let us o u to the ou t i of th C me y , and g p m n a n e

Lo rd, ‘ And to the house of the God of Jacob ; ‘ H e i te c us of H is s And w ll a h way , ‘ And w e will walk in H is paths ‘ For out of Zio s o fo t i st uctio n hall g r h n r n , ‘ the o of the Lo f o e us e And w rd rd r m J r al m . streams whereof make glad the and that the elevation of Mount i of God the ie w e i io is ake him in a fi ura c ty , hol st d ll ng Z n t n by g ” i i ive se e a Kimhi on t x v . of he Most H gh ( PS . l t ns ( Ibn Ezr ; ‘ f u a io is to b e the the river o pleas re adanim our pass ge ) . Z n th ive of a a i e E den the i i ua e e of the w e r r p r d s ( ) , sp r t l c ntr orld “ ” f if x 10 t e ia P . xxxv . I s . i he f u tai o e s i f. a . o n n l ( 9 ( Comp . ; M ss h “ ” i u i is a e th a o f the at 3. And so Mo nt Z on c ll d e the b nner n ons , ” of the o P i a ee far and wi e and farthest ends n rth ( S . s gn l s n d

viii wi u mi ta a e a u a a i the a io . xl . th n s k bl ll ttr ct ng n t ns ) “ h m u tai f em i v i u e i t t e o o a w e . m e n s on o n n ss fl o ] . o nbrok n ii uz z tt n I s . xi m v i . b see L a o o a v. 1 n o . ec . ly ( 3, successio (c p Z h ’ nd unkel s omme ta 20 a G C n ry on ff.

i 1 02 al s n e . e . z . and a o e a G nes s , 9 , p So so y] to noth r th e e a sa e w e ei I I i s wa s e a out of i n e pr s nt p s g , h r n of y ] p rh ps , ( the a ve of the o e a e th ea u e o H is wa s or d nt g ld n g on e tr s r ) f y ,

u io is o ie its im I I is wa s. The w a of Mo nt Z n pr phes d , s ply , y ys el evation above all the mountains the Lord are H is moral and reli th is fittin l e h The o ea e of e earth g y mp a gions precepts . L rd t ch s i e in th e ve e i u u H is e e e a ive s z d ry op n ng, th s thro gh r pr s nt t s ea l e i a i i as Pa e ie ts the Mes ia cl r y d s gn t ng Z on ( proph ts , pr s , s h , i i in th d of e rad se Rega ned e en H is peopl ) .

a . Th f th e a a e or &c. ex a a or re d ys e tone o p ss g , f , l An pl n t y h weve w u u e a ma t e e . ho r, o ld s gg st th t, rk by proph t h i wi nstr ucti on H ew : torah while the prop et s borro ng i ] ebr . a i a e he is at u i in the various u ies nc ent phr s ology , Instr ct on d t f mea the ame ime i i ua i i it of li e is t . s t Sp r t l z ng , n A vv I v . . 3, MIC H , 45

‘ H e s u e et ee eo es And hall j dg b w n many p pl ,

‘ And shall decide concerning mighty nations afar off;

‘ t e s a e t t ei s o s i to o s es And h y h ll b a h r w rd n pl w har ,

‘ And their spears into pru ning - hooks ;

‘ tio s a not ift u s o i st tio Na n h ll l p w rd aga n na n ,

it e s t e e w ar e Ne h r hall h y l arn any mor .

‘ But they shall sit every man under his vine and u nder 4 his fig-tree ‘ And none shall make them afraid ‘ ’ F r the out of the Lo of osts t s o e it o m h rd h ha h p k n .

And H e shall ud e between i e ai a e k wi a 3. j g s d D ly Pr y r Boo th e l s W e the ew i b th e R v man o e o n a a e . . y p p ] h n L rd tr nsl t on , y S iv a a k w ed ed H i is u e o e e . n rs lly c n l g , S ng r, p w i u e e wee a i and lowshar es erha s s ades ll j dg b t n n t ons p ] Or, p p , p . f l i w a i a e or eo e . ae e e w e e d ea rb tr t p p s In Isr l , P opl ll s ttl o n to p ce whenever two persons have a ful occupations ; w eapons and di u e t e ome the a mi i a ie e wi b e a ma sp t , h y c to s nc l t ry sc nc ll tter b — d a i th f . tu r f the d an e e o the m . I sa xi 6 I a o a . o o y Lor b d y p st C p . ; f H i e e ative ii 20 h i i o s e . e . ix e ea . 10 and d c s on r pr s nt s Hos ; Z c ; , ii fl h . xv 8 . th e a d xii 8 eu . n e iv xo . x . o e 10 ( E d ; D t ) oth r n , Jo l . While at present only private The Talmud ( Shabbat 63a ) adds feu are u e mi a ed in the in the e iani a e ds th s t r n t , that M ss c g arms future disputes betw een nations will not b e considered even an will b e adjusted in th e same ornament ; th ey will b e out of Th i f l in da li e e a o i w r i d e . mann r. b l t on o a s place as a can y ght f th l h i ma ki d ll . e ue e o u ive a t e e . a a cons q nc e n rs 4. y] . n n recognition of the sovereignty of under hi s vi ne and u nder hi s the d of a The i ima e i -tr ee A i u e of utmo Go Isr el . p lgr g f g ] p ct r st i wi u i of humanity to Mount Z on ll sec r ty. lead to a permanent and real truce the L or d of hosts] H ebrew f the Ad i t ve the the an ua e o ona S ebao . W a e of God. In l g g h t r . i u ma ki wi e f m a mea i of the m i a i ma l t rgy, n nd ll th n or n ng co b n t on y m th Au ave een in imi ive ime single band (co p . e thor h b pr t t s , 6 v 6 A I V . v . . 4 MIC H , [ 5,

A lesson or I srael i n he resen order o hin s . t t t 5 f p f g .

For the eo es e c one in the me of its od 5 all p pl walk a h na g , And w e will walk in the name of the Lord o u r God for

eve eve r and r .

6 The a herin is er a o . t o the d sed nd the c nstitution o , 7 g g f p f “ he r emnant t .

6 t t s it the Lo i sse e her t at is In ha day, a h rd , w ll I a mbl h

me la ,

it is conceded that the prophets who in the end of days will b e o e d w i it he i i b i T c nn cte th t concept on recogn ze d y all mank nd. he of u e mu da e we ma e he eak me d w s p r n n po r or j s prop t, so to sp , co s o n ty ( see article N ames in the E ncy to earth ; w ith a view to the de clo e di a B ibli ca 12 a L u z lorab le di i of the e e p , 6 3; lso p con t ons pr s nt, z att s i The eek whe th i di o I a . . e a are vide on Gr n n t ons d , Version rende rs it usually b y holding fast to their religious tra d of the owe f e ditions it e ve ae th Lor p rs , or orc s , b hoo s Isr l e “ ” or the A mi G od m e eadfas i i l ghty , or st tly to cl ng to ts “ ” d mi o wn e i i w i is the u Lor Al ghty. r l g on , h ch tr e hath spoken i t ] And therefore religion destined to survive all i u e b i i h m ii w t . I a . ll s r ly r ng to pass ( Ibn ot ers (co p . s

a imb i . 6 T H E E I H . T E Ezr , K ) , 7 GATH R NG OF A E E I N I E E D AN D T H E CON S T I T U 5 . L SSON FOR ISRA L D SP RS “ ” H E E E D E I I T H E E M . T PR S NT OR R OF TH NGS . T ON OF R NANT h walk] in the present tense 6 . I n t at day] An indefinite ll a Th i i m Ab rab anel e a wi e . e n i e con ( ) , or, p rh ps , phr s po nt t walk in a fu u e e e b ut te m lated b the e e e is , not t r s ns , p y proph t h r m i an e i the e i d e i i plying a natural hab t . t r or to p r o d scr bed th i i ki it i n the e i of th h i n nam v . e a e . e . e e] . n o ng op n ng c pt r “ o i ts od ods w i The a he i of the di e e f g ] Or, g , h ch g t r ng sp rs d ii mu a u al de the t d er . e e ye are no go s (J . st n t r ly pr c con and we will walk i n the n ame stitu tion of the ideal community

h or d The ivi G od u io . of t e L ] L ng , on Mo nt Z n I v. A v MIC H , . 47

' i ather her t t is ive And I w ll g ha dr n away, And her that I have afflicted

i e her t t w as m em t And I w ll mak ha la e a r nan ,

And her that w as cast far off a mighty nati o n ; And the Lord shall reign over the m from thenceforth

eve for eve n r.

r th t i s l m in ib ix he a a e ae struct le Amo . 8 o ] Isr l ( s ; c mp. i ik m im d nd aiah i exile s l ened to a e a v. Is symbol cally nam ed e iii n f i - m . h s a u i ee . . o e o n ea . e . lost Sh p (co p Z ph so s Sh r j sh b , and her that I have a i cted A— em a — a — r tum I fi ] r n nt sh ll e ( sa. ' ' h u a iv a ua e in th ii The e e T e fig r t e l ng g e v . p opl must go a f of the verse is u ex t ou h a me i e M l first h l th s hr g s lt ng proc ss ( a . ai e 2 the ivi e e f w wh pl n d . iii . pr l g d e o a r nant h r e in th k f 7 . em ] T e remnant a e ntered e Boo o the is the community at the time of Li ving ( the Book of Life ) con ” the e ia i e a i Th S titu e e l m a . e t th e e M ss n c r stor t on ho y r n nt, thos idea t a the i fu a i mu wh r e f o a e a e e t I sa . iv h t s n l n t on st sc p d or l ( . u de o a if i e is a f if x xvii m n 2 x 20 . x 1 n rg s t ng proc ss . ; . 3 co p . e n u i n l in i e . as e a i 1 a d e ew e e th a o as t e 11. 1 e nc nt J st c rt n Z ph . 3, s h r i the e ha he u i The com s to proph ts t t t b lk proph etic l terature ) . of the nation is doomed to per munity that su rvived the fall of i i the a io a i a te is e u a em w e e u de e e d t on, n t n l d s s r by J r s l , h th r n r J r m m e i a ea o e a o ex ia r. xl 1 or u de a no ns c pl t n t n l m h (J e . 5 ) n r Ezr i cti em ma e how and e emiah a ix k e w t n on to th . No tt r N h ( Ezr . n “ small the number of those whose itself as th e remnant and as ” knees have not bow ed unto Baal the bearer of the prophetic prom i i v x x. 1 m ud e ii h 8 . i es And in t i u ( I K ngs ; co p J g s . s . so e l t rgy we if i m 5 . they const tute the re nant designate ourselves as the rem “ ha i b e d i dia 01 s ave . As a so a and a : ua t t to s El j h , n nt pr y O G r n d e m di i u i e w ee ael ua th e em a of o s A os st ng sh b t n Isr , g rd r n nt Is the i fu ki d m a is des ael and uffe ae e i s n l ng o th t r , s r not Isr l to p r sh, i i i i n ua e a a a d the who sa H ear O ae . t n d to nn h l t on, y, , Isr l O G rd i e u u eu of th e fu u e i n of the ne a i ua the r ght o s n cl s t r a o n t on , g rd us e of a o at is i e em a of the one e e and ho J c b th nd r n nt p opl , s A 8 1 . vv . 4 MIC H , v [ , 9

8 10 The revival the D avida kin dom The exile but . of g .

a transition to the lorious uture g f .

t ou i -e e the i of the u te of Zio And h , M gdal d r, h ll da gh r n ,

U nto thee shall it come ;

Y ea the fo me o i io s come , r r d m n n hall ,

The in o of the u te of e us e k gd m da gh r J r al m . Now why dost thou cry out aloud let the one a i e i who is i e weve tha not n t on p r sh , It poss bl , ho r, t

fe Th U i . ua dia wi the ame end in iew the con ss y n ty O G r n th s V , f the l na i ua the o h th f o ho y t on , g rd pr phet c ooses e name o the em a of th e e e and de and m m d r n nt holy p opl , ol r ore o est settle uffe the o a i me in ea u a em w i s r not h ly n t on to nt or n r J er s l , h ch e i h who a ee t i e th e a a e in e e i a e p r s , c ll Th hr c p ss g G n s s pl c s ’ l i e a e k . in at ia a ime Ho y (S ng r s Pr y r Boo , p p r rch l t s. 64 the hill of the daug hter of Zi on] ” “ ” and her that w as cast ar 0 7 il or o d is the f 1 ] H l , str nghol , w i h a i a e in one m f Or, t sl ght Ch ng com only accepted rendering o ‘ ‘ n m nN nJ m a d the H e ew o el m I sa n a J for S n o . . letter ( N ) , br f (c p i k xxxi . The O hel as a a her that was si c . p p rt — of e u m 10 T H E E I T H E a e . . e of the 8 . R V VAL OF J r s l (S E slop E em l hill m i eh A I C K I D T H E E xI L e ? is e e N . D VI D NG OM . T p ) nt on d

BU T I I T H E iii . 26 f. xi . 2 1 and . A TRANS T ON TO ; , II Chron iii h i x ii . xxx l f E x v . 1 . T e o GLORI OUS FUTUR . 3; 4 h l llfi dal-eder The a e is the dau e of i is a 8 . g ] pl c ght r Z on prob bly n xx v 1 nd in a oe i a e a i f r the i of i ed e . x . 2 a o ment on G , p t c pp ll t on h ll “ i om h i . I sa x. 2 t e h hekal m 1 as . the Mishna (S v1 . Z on (c p 3

e u a em Th e m u of the au e of io a place near J r s l . o nt d ght r Z n, th i f i o English Version : 0 tower of the e h ll o n app it wi - k h e ad e i s ion i da ede . floc . T e proph t, dr ss ng th M g l r

a m in ui a it as it i t u the u e t the J e rus l e r ns , c lls , ] S pply s bj c ( w e a li a fl ock - we in the domi n ion ki n dom f om the er , so t ry to r or g ) r

th e e eme of a e e d ha f of the ve e . desert, s ttl nt sh p s con l rs th o mer i e avidi m e r . . . h erd and his household ( co p . f ] D c

v o . xxvi . . The o et is ad ressi II Kings x n . 9 ; II Chr n 9 pr ph d ng v. MICAH , IV . 49

I s t e e no Ki in t ee h r ng h ,

I s th ou se o e is e y C n ll r p r h d , That pangs have taken hold of thee as of a woman in travail ?

in i ou to i fo t O u te of Be pa n , and lab r br ng r h , da gh r

Zio i e om in t vai n , l k a w an ra l

For now s t t ou o fo t out of the cit s t hal h g r h y , and hal

we in the e d ll fi ld ,

And shalt come even u nto Babylon ; there shalt thou

b e escue r d , There shall the Lord redeem thee from the hand of t i e e i s h n nem e . the i in th e f h i e f th ia u e i in new c ty e thro s o t e s eg o e Mess h , sh r ng

the eve of the exi e he id ife the i u e ia i fu u e . on l ; b s l , glor o s M ss n c t r her b e of oo ou a e i e the and labour to bri n or th S O g d c r g , s nc g f ] exi t z a is the i i of a le will b e b ut he transition to Ibn E r . It cr s s i a i us fu u new ife in a . glor o t re . l born p n N ow a i a e se now as wi then ] In log c l s n , ] In contr t th , i n th e c m i i er . hen e. pl ed cry out aloud ] S O Ibn Ezra i n the field] The city is con an i i t d wi the e d w e e on d K mb . tras e th fi l h r e e ll the da e f I s there no K i n Th is bes t by a ng rs rom c . g , & ] e w i h one is afe in the fo me King and Counsellor is the Lord h c s r r. l m n I b n ra i b i i m and sha t co e eve unto Baby m a o . ( Ez , K , M rt ; c p i on ee du o 8 . ii l ] S Intro ct n , ! er vi . J . n that an s ha aken h l ther e] The Greek a d Syriac ve t o d &c . p g , l i : th nce Ve rs ons e . m r vi 2 xxu . 2 e . . . Co p . J 4 ; 3 — i n ai n The a 11 1 . T H E I 10. B e p ] gony 3 F NAL ASSAULT

which Israe l about to b e exiled is OF T H E H E ATH E N WORLD . ex e i i a b e in the lan ve w e e ued f m the p r enc ng sh ll , E n h n r sc ro guage of the rabbis ( Mekilta on exile and brought back to J erusa i 2 and 0 a a lem a b u e te on x xv . e e e E od . 5 3 ; Sh bb t , th y sh ll s bj c d to m 11 a and e ew e e th e t e o e na a au t . a atio s 8 , ls h r ) , hro s r fi l ss l M ny n n - 0 A I V . vv . 11 1 . 5 MIC H , [ 3

— 1 The nal assault o the heathen w orld 11 3. fi f .

n ow tio s are ssem e ai st t ee And many na n a bl d ag n h ,

d fil l u r e u o Zio T t sa L et her he e ed et o e e . ha y, , and y gaz p n n

But t e ow not the t ou ts of the Lo h y kn h gh rd , Neither understand they His cou nsel For H e hath gathere d them as the sheaves to the

t es i -fl oor hr h ng .

ise t es O u te of Zio Ar and hr h , da gh r n

For w i a e th o i on I ll m k y h rn r , And I will make thy hoofs brass

’ wi a e a u e u alem b ut a i i d m of i e ll g th r bo t J r s , l st ng K ng o God (S ng r s k a b d Th a e . e e u e . e a ea th y sh ll ro t pp r Pr y r Boo , p i n i de i e f a 1 now . e . at a e anc o great heathen force 1. ] n fin t about Jeru salem on the eve of th e pe riod in the future . Messianic age and its definitive L et her be defi led] From the ’ i of iew erusa overthrow form part of the tra prophet s po nt V . J ditional amme in the lem is w e a er progr pro holy, h n no str ng s m h tic e ha m s a u her . e iv p e sc tology ( co p . I a . p ss thro gh (co p Jo l i 2 — - ii . 12 x 2 xvn . 12 1 i . x ; v . 4 7 ; 4 ; Joel [ ] iii ix 1 — 1 — u n i wi ma i io v e . ii az e o . e . us i . 6 x 1 [ ] ; Z ch 4 ; . 9, g p ] th l c n w ki a d e e e e . e el a o ls h r ) Ez ( ch p j y. xxxviii x i xiv 2 6 e and xxxi d m I sa . 2 f t e a e 12 . o . . . rs ) s gn t s C p 4, h ai e a s . t e ass lants a the hosts of Gog counsel ] i . pl n . m u r x i i a . F i e th e o &c . o o of the ( M gog) ro Scr pt r f , ] E p s t n - a e i de in the dv l Gog M gog p so a ent divine p an . of the i i ki d m and thr sh M ess an c ng o has 13. e ] AS a heifer a ed wh m k m h i a e . ea p ss on to t e rabb s o ( co p Hos x. freque nt reference thereto ( Bera f or I will make thy horn i ron] kot 1 a a e i b and e e W e ewi e the a ai a t 3 ; S nh dr n 95 , ls h r th to gor ss l n w m e e . h the a iii . h t e i u . eu xxx h r ) In l t rgy, p ss ( co p D t . T e ing aw ay from the earth of the figure of the threshing animal arrogant kingdom with all its is let go to b e taken U p forth wickedness ushe rs in the ever

v . 2 A v. 1. 5 MIC H , [

1— The advent o the M essiah and the inau u CHAP . V . 5. f g

ration er manent eace or I srael of p p f .

But t o u et - e e t h , B h l h m Ephra h ,

ic art itt e to b e o the t ous s of u Wh h l l am ng h and J dah , Out of thee shall one come fo rth u nto M e that is to b e

ruler in I srael ;

se oi s fo t are f om of old f om cie s o t . Wh g ng r h r , r an n day

0 daug hter of tr oops] The of Ephrath the one was situated i i a the in mi - mea s u e . e e e w ee e h el and n ng obsc r P rh ps B nja n , b t n B t x i in i ma and was th i of th te s o e . a e e e t d s rd r R h , S t h ha laid The f h n xxx ve si e c . m a . 16 ff T e e & o e Ge v . y g , ] to b R c l ( . ; ’ m a i x 2 xxxi h e a e . m . er t e peopl s l nt t on I S a . ; J . . the smite u on the ch k h in udah u h iv 11 ee e . S am y p ] ot r J ( R t ; I . x ii 2 6 x i . x i m . i . I sa. v i e e of u e the Co p I K ngs 4 ; ; . H r , co rs , x i 10 u umilia v . . s i m A i d Job To ch h tion latt er s eant . th r Beth w i the i and its u e b e sub e em in a i ee is me i e ll c ty r l r l h , G l l , nt on d , t d But e i a i u xix 1 u ec e . e s o ua see e aue L a j th r glor s Josh . 5 ( N b r, m n m a i a a r i d almu . 1 e e d e éo a h e a T d 88 ff. r stor t on to co , or g g p , p i u u e who a exe i e d i mili thousan s . e . a es glor o s r l r, sh ll rc s ] f , or mi i ove the a i w ho h i a . u t e ea n u a do n on r n t ons , cl ns Tho gh l st J d h , no w ame fu umi ia e ll h so sh lly h l t it is rea y t e greatest . ae Isr l . i sr l i th i r uler n I ae . e e a ] e . M ss h the ud i e the u e m j g e] . . r l r . Co p . a um a e and ea e (T rg ) , s cond gr t r ii 20 S am . vi I , . 1 k xxxi ea 1 1. e . v David ( Hos 5 ; Ez . ' i 2 f xxxvi . The e is 3 . ; str ss A E CH PT R V. upon the Davidic descent of the — TH E AD VE T H E 1 5 . NT OF Messiah ; for David w as a Beth E I AN D T H E I A A M SS AH N UGUR lehemite . I E E E C E T ON OF P RMAN NT P A FOR f r om anci ent days] A relative E ISRA L term denoti ng the more or less

h-l h hr ath e e di a r a e th e 1. B et e em E ou a p ] Th r st nt past. In p ss g we e two i ie amed e - e em ime of the i e of the avidi r c t s n B th l h , t r s D c h he i and each ad the additi onal name dynasty is meant. T Engl sh W 2 A . V MIC H . 53

T e efo e i H e ive t e u ( h r r w ll g h m p, U ntil the time that she w ho travaileth hath brought fo rth Then the resid ue of his brethren shall retu rn with

th c i e of s e e h ldr n I ra l . )

he s st s fee his lock in the And hall and , and hall d f 3

st e t of the Lo r ng h rd, In the maj esty of the name of the Lord his God

t e s we i n sa et for t e s he b e And h y hall d ll f y , h n hall

e t u to the e s of the e t gr a n nd ar h . And this shall b e peace

i r m r lasti n im eed hi k e o eve . s The e V rs on f g , 3 f floc ] obj ct plying the doctrine of the pre is added for the sake of the Eng h i m h k exi e e o f the e ia . the . t e e e V e i st nc M ss So l sh (co p Gr rs on) . m h s m tt d i n the str th a u : w o e n a e was u er e en &c . H e a T rg g , ] Sh ll i n the be i nni n S ee Addi i a b e e d w e b th d wi g g . t on l n o d y e Lor th the we and au i i Note IV. po r thor ty belong ng to 2 her e or e Th e is the i ea ule n mak . T f ] e vers d l r r a d ing for a a e e i al the i of time ei of i e u e and ea p r nth t c , po nt r gn r ght o sn ss p ce i 1 m I xi 2 ei a of v 0 iv 1 . sa . b ng th t . , or . 4. ( co p . i th m u i i e . e ve m g ve e p ] . d l r the and they shall dwell in safety] i mi to the r ene es . Th e last two words are easily il h time i unt t e &c . U a u ie f , ] nt l th t s ppl d rom the context ( Ibn ea i the u e of avi i a imb i gr t ch ld ( r l r D d c Ezr , K ) . Less correctly :

k has ee n . m stoc ) b n bor Co p . and they shall r eturn (Syriac

I ii 1 . sa. v . 4 e i a um u a e a i V rs on , T rg , V lg t , R sh , h sidue o hi br thr n i t e r e s e e e . f ] . e h a ub h Jos p K ra ) . S j ect t e f u a i imb i the i e o a . tr b J d h ( R sh , K ) e e ae and u a p opl , Isr l J d h . shall r eturn the a ] TO Holy L nd . o th n i e at the im f r e ] . . t e w hen imhi wi th] So K . the Messianic kingdom w ill b e the chi ldr n o r a l e I s e i . e . th e e a i e f ] st bl sh d . t n imb i e i e a i . e e tr b s ( sh , K ) Th r nd thi R 4. A s shall be peace] will b e a retu rn of All-Israe l This peace ensuing upon the ad i v h om H ea ii . 2 I a x . e f e i (c p . os ; s . nt o t Mess ah Shall b e peace A . 54 MIC H , V

e the s s i s come i to ou r Wh n A yr an hall n land ,

e he s t e in o u r ces And wh n hall r ad pala ,

T e s w e ise i s t him seve s e e s h n hall ra aga n n h ph rd ,

i i ces o men And e ght pr n am ng .

t e ste the of ss i it the s o And h y Shall wa land A yr a w h w rd ,

in all u eal and a idi is l e in b . The e e tr th , r b ng, con ro l d lood pr s nt i i as the f wi illu a a e is b ut the e ude s st ng, ollo ng s p ss g pr l to i n the ul i of iv 1 ea e ae trat on w i e s . sho s , r p on first p c to Isr l, a i m h u w a fa e if e es a e hostile attacks (so R sh ; co p . t ro gh r r n c s ry ; th n i m m ki w e w h eek e and a u . ea u a ar t e Gr V rs on T rg ) p ce to h n nd, h n

The e ew h u wi h le a l b e m e . H br , t o gh t ss sh l no or ab ili a mi of ei ren the Ass r i an The e em prob ty, d ts b ng y ] n y de red : and thi s man shall be o ur threatening the Messianic king ac i hi i h d m is ide i ed wi the d mi e K e . e o e u a e m . p (V lg t , ) , nt fi th o we in th e ime of the sh all b e the guarantee of our peace nant po r t s

h . ( b y repelling the attacks o f our prop et la h mi A i the Tal i n our pa ces] T e Gre ek e ne es ) . ( ccord ng to ’ i : i n our land =l J nDWN3 mud a a 10b d ame Vers on [Sh bb t ] , Go s n

r a se a ai ns t hi m i . e as adver Th i i g ] . i ea e . a h x s e a e e . P c ) p ss g Z c . sari es b e eade in m a i 10 is ui e a a u i a , to l rs co b t ng not q t n logo s, n s f di oe . e w mu as e e in the i i o f th e intru ng P rhaps e ch th r , sp r t u d e de : set b hi s si de i ah iv 1 the e ia i ea e sho l r n r y , M c . M ss n c p c b th ide of the e ia i e . e im ie the e a i of w a fa . y s M ss h , pl s c ss t on r re . nd ieu e h d I s ix as his aids a l t nants . ha a . f t e e . On oth r n , 5 . ei ht A is qu ite apposite w ith its reference seven g ] goodly “ um e a imb i m to a period of peace without n b r ( Ibn Ezr , K ; co p . ” nd wi h i i l xi 2 an w d e ew e e . e s u ed a e . . ( t h ch Co p Eccl s , ls h r ) “ ei of u i e and i h e u i l h w eve the um e r gn j st c r g t o s Poss b y, o r, n b rs ” e e e of i e nal ivi are b e ake as adi i a and n ss , h nc nt r , c c to t n tr t on l , peace ) ushered in b y a king the refere nce is h e re to the “ ” i e a of w ik a wh m i f th i a e a e o a o e e a . l b r tor rl ch r ct r, Co p n ons M ss h is eak d w th k o f S ee Addi i nal te to br o n e yo e t o No V . ’ his e e e s maki amon men The e e is Oh p opl s oppr ssor , ng g ] s ns awa w i h eve a d y t ry boot th t trea s scure . w i i and ev h er ak a . waste T e e ew e do n no s ly, y clo th t 5 ] H br prop rly v . A MIC H , V. 55

And the land of Nimrod with the naked sw ord

he s e ive us f o the ss i e he And hall d l r r m A yr an , wh n

comet i to o u r h n land ,

e he t e et it i u r o e And wh n r ad h w h n o b rd r .

6— The rea ness o e o d co u i 8 . t th r est re mm n t g f y .

! the em t of co in the idst of m 6 And r nan Ja b , m any

eo es s b e p pl , hall

AS dew f om the Lo as o e s u o the ass r rd , Sh w r p n gr ,

T t are not oo e fo r f om man ha l k d r ,

Nor ite t h s of the so s of awa d a t e hand n Adam .

‘ H afta r ah ( Prophet i c L esso n ) corres p on ding to the Lesson from the or h — a a . T , Bat k ( Num . xxu . 2 xxv

mea eed on eat u ai of and he shall deli ver us The ns f , p ( s d ] a i a e and the v is e is u ied f m the con gr z ng c ttl ) , erb Obj ct s ppl ro

x u e : th e e ia im inte nded as a play on shepher ds te t. S bj ct M ss h ( K h WI h di v hi ead : t e . in t e e e s . e pr c ng r e ) , or r y ( W ) the land of Ni mr od A poetic when he cometh when he appellation of Assyria for the sake tr eadeth] Implying : so that he l i A di en f a a e m . G o . m m p r l l s ccor ng to ay not co e nor tread . i w he f u d — x. 8 m d as t e of T H E E E T H N ro o n r 6 8 . GR ATN SS OF E A ia a ia Ci vi i a i . E T E D C I Y B bylon n l z t on ssyr R S OR OMMUN T . h as an off is clearly indic ated t e re 6 n th r emnant . A d e o am f l b , l ia shoot ( colony) from Baby on . h S O wi t e a e . &c . ] th cc nts im d a ia and A ia In N ro , B bylon ssyr as dew] The Biblical dew ma b id b e u i e . - y e sa to n t d is the night mist of the summer w r d with the naked s o ] So m h in a e i e w i h re ont s P l st n , h c p A ui a an a o m u ee q l , n ny o s Gr k resents the condensed moistu re ve i ui a ul a e rs on ! nt V g t , Ibn b rought b y westerly winds from a a li a imb i . e g Ezr , K P rh ps s ht the M edite rranean and cooled b y ' h x nn fl fl l for th i ir A ai d change of t e te t ( e n ght a . s r n oes not ‘ n nnm i e e a fa l f m the e i i of M a to ) s n c ss ry. l ro b g nn ng y 6 — A . v v . 5 MIC H , V [ 7 9 .

the e t of co o the tio s in the And r mnan Ja b , am ng na n , i st of eo es s m d many p pl , hall be As io mo the e sts of the fo est a l n a ng b a r , As a yo ung lion among the flocks of sheep Who if he o t ou t e et o te et in ieces , g hr gh , r ad h d wn and ar h p , t e is o e to e ive And h re n n d l r . L et Th b e ifte u ove T i e ve s ies y hand l d p ab h n ad r ar , emi s ut of And let all Thine en e b e c f.

1 The communit reed rom the re r ehensible eatures 9 4. y f f p f s a un olested b enemies of the present order of thing nd m y .

it s co e to ss in t t s it the Lo And hall m pa ha day, a h rd ,

the a e a of o e the r om the L or d x ai e in l tt r p rt Oct b r, f ] E pl n d - f f th e night mist supplies to the parched the s econd hal o e v rse . h mmu i u con vegetation moisture abundant 7 . T e co n ty th s i he umme i u b n of fea enough to susta n t s r st t ted will e a object r . crops ( see article D ew in the among the nati ons] The words E ncyclopa’di a B ibli ca The point are inse rted by the Greek Version m a i i et f in the a i 6 of co p r son s s orth lso n verse .

end of the ve e . u as the dew Th u ifte a w i 8 . e rs J st pl d h nd , to h ch and the ai are le i s f m is e the la k ha is the r n b ss ng ro oppos d s c nd , th e w i uma eff m Th e Lord h ch no h n ort sy bol of powe rful activity . can i a u the re br ng bo t , so enemies of Israel are the enemi es e mmu i as it a a f h As the ex a o t o . e stor d co n ty, sh ll st nd e L rd t t r ds , f am the a i w i b e w e av e e a ra e a i of orth ong n t ons , ll h e h r p y r, s gh the di e e u of the ivi e th i in r ct r s lt d n e commun ty exile . sal vation coming spontaneously — H E 9 14. T COMMUNI TY FRE E D d w e lea ex e ed e a an h n st p ct ( M n FROM T H E RE PRE H E NS I BLE F E A i h em b ar H elb o . The dew s ) TURES OF T H E PRESE NT ORDE R l w x i 1 n m I ES E BY e e e e I sa. x v a e s h r ( . 9) OF TH NGS AND UNMOL T D E m th e E I E . ble of resurrection ; comp . N M S “ i n h Targumic phrase th e dew of 9. t at day] According to ‘ Nm'nm m the o ext in the es ia ic e u i Ps . r s rrect on ( r , c nt , M s n x m e i d the aim of the r et i 2 . v ii I o . Ha i b l . ; co p g gah 1 ) p r o , p oph 10 M A . w . IC H , V 57

T t I i cut off th o ses out of the i st of t ee ha w ll y h r m d h , And will destroy thy chariots i cut off the cities of th And I w ll y land , And will throw down all thy strongho lds And I will cut Off witchcrafts out of thy hand ; And thou shalt have no mor e soothsayers And I will cut Off thy graven images and thy pillars out of the midst of thee ; And tho u shalt no more worship the work of thy s hand .

ei mu i w i it is i i e e i a e b ng not so ch to descr be h ch nscr b d , d s gn t s the a e as b o t a mmem a ive eli k e e e l tt r , y c ntrast, o co or t Ob s r ct d castigate the reprehensible prac over a tomb ( h ence in late H e

i e in v ue in his own da ew : a mb e in e e a t c s og y. br to ston g n r l ) ,

Thus a transition is effecte d to or in honor of a deity. The the u e -ma e of the f w ma e a ou em e s bj ct tt r ollo ss b h , th gh ploy d in ti g sec ons . f ee b the a ia Gen r ly y p tr rchs ( . xxxi 1 xx iii 2 2 . m v . f. 45 , 5 ; co p .

S ee e i . 1 . x xxiv I xix a . . sa . 1 not on 3 lso E od 4 ; . 9 ; i in th the ci ties Fo i e i ie ea ii . e a two 10. ] rt fi d c t s Hos 4; l st m as a e weve an ae m are ea . nt p s g s , ho r, co I 1 witchcr af ts out of thy hand ] modation to the custom of the Apparently such magic arts are Egyptians and the idolatrou s a ude as w e ma i u a e ae i e is u ua a a ll d to er n p l t d Isr l t s ) , s lly ch r c

‘ teriz ed as a h eat e m b y the hand . h n sy bol h rs a o e of the a aa i e and soot saye ] Prob bly th s C n n t s , pro h x d xxii e vi t e i e . i . 2 and e e who divine by obs r ng scr b d ( E o 4, ls r w clouds ( Hebrew meoneni m ; fo here ) . rabbinic explanations see Sanhe wor ship the wor k of thy hands] i a The ima e a e we e e dr n 65 ) . g s lon r prop rly

i llar s The w masse an e of w i ; eve 12 . p ] ord ( obj ct orsh p n r theless the masseb ot w e e ike bah ) occurs in Phoenician and , r l a m e e and as ma b e wi e a ia ed wi the im u e P l yr n , , y s ssoc t th p r t f wo i ga hered rom the objects on rsh p . 8 A . vv 1 1 1 5 MIC H , V, VI [ . 3, 4 ; .

And I will pl uck up thine Asherim out of the midst of thee

i est o t i e e e ies And I w ll d r y h n n m . And I will execute vengeance in anger and fu ry upon

the tio s na n ,

ec us t e e e not B a e hey h ark n d .

1— 8 A contr overs between the L ord and I srael CHAP . VI . . y .

The alse and the ru e service the L ord f t of .

Hear ye now what the Lord is saying ‘ ise co t t o u efo e the ou t i s Ar , n end h b r m n a n ,

’ let h i s th v ice And t e h ll hear y o .

1 Ash ri m i h i 3. e ] S ngular : Ashe e nemies are t e nat ons that r ah a or o e a e in the are o i e and i i e a , post p l , pl nt d b th d r ctly nd r ctly u nd e i e an a and f F m gro b s d ltar vene source o danger to Israel . ro a ed as a a e m h th a i ome the a a r t s cr d sy bol . T e e n t ons c tt cks on ’ Asher ah is prohibited in the Israel s security ; from th em the a m xvi . 2 1 o i an th i i Tor h ( Deut. the de idolatrous w rsh p d e l u i f m i i he a i m str ct on o Canaanite Asher im tary a b t ons . T n t ons ust is ikewi i x b e ro ae ivi e e o e o . xxxiv e e a l s nj n d ( E d . d st y d , so th t Isr l , l ng n f m th 1 a d e ew e e . eve e e i n afe and f ee o e con 3, ls h r ) N rth l ss s ty r d r the a aa i e u om wa mi a e ta ion ma ev e i e f that C n n t c st s i t t d g , y d ot ts l to b the u i i ua a i e ife w i is t u a wi y nsp r t l Isr el t s . A l h ch r ly conson nt th fam u Asher ah in m i its e iu and e me the o s Sa ar a is g n s , b co holy a u e i xiii 6 a i the Lo has esti e it m . ll d d to II K ngs . (co p n t on rd d n d i x b v e . I K ngs i . Josiah destroyed to the Asher ah erected by Manasseh because they hear kened not ]

‘ i n th m f e e 11 xxiii 6 . T ple ( Kings . I n the language of the Midras h xxii . iii b if xxx . e (S re on Deut. thi ne enemi es S o the a a iv ] M sor h , cause they refused to rece e Tar um R hi n imh as b Ganah K i . g , , I , the L aw at the time that Israe l

I . u on th 4 p e nati ons] The did .

A H . vv 60 MIC , VI [ . 4, 5

I s it ec us rou t t ee u out of the of t b a e I b gh h p land Egyp ,

And e ee e t ee out of the ouse of o e r d m d h h b ndag ,

se t fo e t e oses o i i And n be r he M , Aar n, and M r am

0 o e e e e now t i of o My pe pl , r m mb r wha Balak k ng M ab

evise d d ,

And what Balaam the son of Beor answered him ;

om itti u to i Fr Sh m n G lgal ,

the i teous c s f h That ye may know r gh a t o t e Lord .

hu i m fth w m a r 11. 1 ave u e e e a O e e s e J e . 3 ) h I s bj ct d nt s s o n Mos s xe ti ex e f th m n x x t ee ea e o a o e e . v 1 h to too gr t r n, or do s th t ( E od . , hausted th a i e and u The t ee are e i at y p t enc , th s hr d s gn ed as x f r e Num xii b ut afforded thee a prete t o d sert prophets ( . ) ; the ing Me ? primacy of Moses is emphasize d i i he a es w e . m a . t o . o ea x11 1 4 On c ntr ry, I b to d ( b d Co p ls Hos . 4 ;

h v . h sa x ii 1 i fa o I . i 2 nd u ee u a T e . a e ew e e . The pon t S ng l r rs l , ls h r arraignment gains in force b y th e Targum paraphrases thr ee i m Am ii r o h ts os h h i o a uer . o . . e M es to teac t e L aw r n c l q y C p os p p , ,

10 er. ii . 6 a o Ho ea xi . 1 Aar on to atone or the eo le and ; J ; ls s ; f p p , m 1 1 .Mi ria to i nstr uct th m xi . e w n 4. o e . B la and r edeemed thee out of the 5 . a k ki ng of M oab devised ] h m u m m da . Nu xxii 6 ouse o o e e . . . . f b n g ] Co p . D t Co p 8 xiii 6 and e ew e B alaam the on o r v11. . e . s B c ; , ls h r f ea u and sent be or e thee The swered him om Num xxiii f ] ] C p . . . ” e i im ie a ivi e com ff 1 if s nd ng pl s d n 3 . ; 5 . ; Joshua ” mi i efo e t ee ui xxi v f ss on ; b r h , g d . 9 . ance in th e flight from Egypt and f r om S hittim unto Gi lg al ] the joum eyings from the wilder There is an apparent diffi culty in e as w as i i u mi i e a . ui e w d h r n ss ll sp r t l n stry constr ng th se or s . T e ef e and Aa o are u e e e e oweve can l b e Mos s r n co pl d r nc , h r, on y to ’ o e h e as the eo e ui e the i of th rdan and th t g t r p pl s g d s , cross ng e J o e s P x 2 1 x ie s . vii . x i . 6 a i i f i or pr st , l c tr ns t on rom the camp l fe in

om . x . iii . 1 if and e e the ai of a m h ua ( c p E od 4 , ls pl ns Mo b (co p . Jos Af the e w e e . te a a u ii h r ) r p ss g thro gh . I ) to settled conditions on th e the Red S ea Mi iam a ou e the ot e side of the o an i i , r r s s h r J rd ( b d . , v A . MIC H , VI .

e e it s co e efo e the Lo Wh r w h hall I m b r rd , And b ow myself before God on high

co e efo e Him it b u m t-offe i s Shall I m b r w h r ng , With calves of a year old

— m x . i t x. 12 . xv ac l as th i f 9 ; co p E od . y e k nd o service they m T ff in i or e th e a u . he e h e i d e i i So , c r ctly, T rg O r t r n ol nt, cr ng ng, possession of the Holy Land cow ardly spirit is insulting to the is the imax the i vi fav ei The a ai me u cl to d ne ors D ty. rr gn nt th s u i x d m ea i e w th e e o u o . ue and the e le b g n th s (c p r lly cont n s , p op m 1 r i r A 1. I o i e d . a m d u f os ; J e . con e ne o t o their own th r i hteous act h m u e g s] T e H ebrew o th . sedakah m m i com b r i . m ea o e a e e o e e . ee as one ns r th n r ght f ] t, eousness in the e e of u i e mee e eive a f ie d s ns j st c , ts , or r c s , r n , or ue wi ifts w i d d e . f vi v ea an i . o gi ng to e e ry man that g st, th g , th br w at r I xi I xx e sa . x . eu iii which is his due b y law ; it in ( 4 ; D t . 5 ) . cludes eq uity and humane con Hence come bef or e make an ff u ki d e A an a t i u e i u a e . . s e d ct, n n ss t r b t o r ng to (V lg t ) m s Of the o it is u ed w i bow el i . e . e m ead L rd , Co pl th y f ] b nd y h h esed vi ki d e Ps I sa. viii . in um e sub mis , lo ng n n ss ( . ( l 5 ) h bl i and w hi xxx i i i s on ors p . v . 11 H s ci i . be or e God on hi h i e i righteous acts are those which f g ] . . n a e he ea and ft w i i n he v n . T gr t lo y God o e xx v. a d rk bl ss ngs ( PS . 5 ) a v who inhabits the height of heaven a io I sa xlv . 8 and t . e e s l n ( , ls I xxxiii is the om . sa . w e e in sam x i ( c p . 5 ) oly . e e as i . h r ) H r ( I . 7 ) H i i lvu I God . . a e de the divine favo rs to Israel in the ( b d , 5 ) , tr nsc n nt ’ in a a e et b mea un ou e of the a io i r and Ch r ct r, y y no ns c rs n t n s h sto y, and di a especi ally in the beginning there approachable st nt . ' - n s i . ffe i of are mea bur nt ofi er i g ] e . O r ngs , nt . 6 h in w i the vi im is a ly con . T e reply of the penitent h ch ct tot l m d b fi re u th e a a eo e w i u e y pon lt r, no p pl , h ch only serves to bring S i of th e ei u e for out their utter lack of understand port on e fl sh b ng s d food di i ui e f m the o e ing as to the right kind of service , st ng sh d ro th r “ ema e b th h sacrificial variety called sacri d nd d y e Lord . T e ” fi z bah - ff i willingness of the people to repay ce e ) or peace O er ng ’ the Lo d s favo is a e i ex shelem shelamim ofw i afte r rs p th t c, ( , ) , h ch , r 62 A VI . MIC H ,

i the Lo b e e se it t ous s of r s 7 W ll rd pl a d w h h and am , Or with ten thousands of rive rs of oil

ive first-b om fo r m t s essio Shall I g my y ran gr n , The fruit of my b ody for the sin of my soul ?

the internal organs together with tained with reference to the needs th f t ave ee umed of the ei it is e ai a e a h b n cons on D ty, c rt n th t, th a a the e is ea e b the u the a e e i e a e lt r, fl sh t n y tho gh phr s s p rs st d to rifi r nd his i vi ed ue a e a e ei e conno sac ce a n t g sts , l t d t , th r gross r i ortions which are tations had ee e imi a e f m barring certa n p , b n l n t d ro i t the ies as his due the i u es of the eo e g ven o pr t consc o sn s p pl , i V —6 i n i ha i ii i . 1 i a d th a d me t b L e v . e e o m . e ( co p v. ; ; ; s cr fic s co 11 The Torah speaks also looked upon me rely as symbolic “ ” Of sin-offe rings ( of which the o f the readiness of the w orshippe r ui -offe i is a sub -va ie ive u his ver e as an ex g lt r ng r ty) , to g p y b st of which the flesh is eith e r eaten pression of his dependence on the u u i th ei A i i a b the ie o e e . S ee e . y pr st , or b rnt ts d D ty dd t on l Not VI m L ev Vi I with calves o a ear old iv . camp (co p . . ; V ; 7 f y ] - ii The u and sin offe i m . L ev . i . . V . b rnt r ngs Co p 3, 5

are o in the e ee w i e . is it a ue i of h ly first d gr , h l 7 Nor q st on - ua i the peace offe rings are holy only q nt ty. he hum r ams oeti e i a i n in the second degree . T t ] P c sp c fic t o m sam xv offering is clearly typical of the ( co p . I . . i h oi l Oil was u e as far as w e idea of sacrifice as a g ft to t e ] s d , b k w i ci a in o e i n Deity ; it is w holly accepted y no , pr n p lly c nn ct o “ - H im w i e in the a e of wi the mea ffe i L ev. , h l c s th l o r ng ( i i i . x . I o ff. ii om . v e the other sacrifices H e cedes Of ; c p b d , ; Ez k . “ ” i 6 xlv. the i ah Zeb ahim i n d i xxi . H s ow foo . ( b d , , In M shn (

- nd e w e e the ie x. 8 a votive f eewi ffe i a lse h r ) to pr st, or ) or r ll o r ng i foil wi u u i e i the sacrificer e e ai o s ed . to , nt rt n ng ( tho t flo r) r cogn z em as it we e at H is own m r st-born the r uit o m th , r , y fi f f y “ ” bod h e i e a M i m L ev . T e a table ( al . . 7 ; co p . y] Tor h pr scr b s th t i h all ma e fi rst-b om w e e fm n h xxn . Whi e n t e o a a a c . r bb , ) l l , h th r ea e i a e a i eve th e ea e o to the rly p r od , nt d t ng n or b st, b l ng Lord

x d xm. 2 nd w e i i of the a i a ife of . a e e e beg nn ngs n t on l l ( E o , ls h r ) , a u e o io we e e e and mu b e e i ate or ffe e Isr el , cr d n t ns r nt r st d d c d, O r d v . A H V I . 6 MIC , 3

I t t ee ec e u to t ee 0 t is oo 8 ha h b n d lar d n h , man , wha g d :

t ot the Lo e ui e of t ee And wha d h rd r q r h ,

t H im x xii 2 o o . i . i . e . ai e i n h t e a . ( E d , d n d Tor h S ee Ad the ffe a e a ima as a i e ditional e o r bl n ls s cr fic s Not VI . i id w i i l a h . e e a u e 8 . T e o e e ie ( b , h l c rt n nc n pr ph t r pl s . animals and the human fi rst-born I t h ath been declar ed unto are to b e e eemed th e f me thee Th a u in r d , or r ] e logic l s bj ect is b an offe a e a ima and the e i e eek e io A ui a y r bl n l , d fin t ( Gr V rs n , q l , a e the a me of m The d tion m is e o o a u . l tt r by p y nt on y , T rg ) It

to the i e i i . 1 1 see a a e i i of the e ew idiom pr st ( b d , 3, 5 ; ch r ct r st c H br Mekilta on verse On the to su ppress the subj ect w hen o e a d the a ri e of i i de i e me ime wi the th r h n , s c fic ch l n fin t ; so t s , th “ e u is f id e ame f e the u e is ex dr n nto Moloch orb d n s orc , s bj ct as a profanation of the name of pressed according to the well the Lord under the penalty of known pattern : when he who iii — ea L v . xv . 2 1 xx 2 h r e . r ea m . xvu . hea s s . S a d th ( ; 5 ; , ( II 9) m u xviii o . e . . e v h it i he d e e o e w e s a . S O c p D t Mor r, n r h r , it is i u ed am the ab omin in a fu e ma e it mi ave ncl d ong ll r nn r, ght h a e a i e of the a aa i e ee aid : H e who hath declar ed bl pr ct c s C n n t s b n s , w i the ae i e are ad the declar er hath declar ed h ch Isr l t s or , m i d u t thee i h d wi i n o . e . e a e e u u x i . on sh to sh n ( De t . , thos c rg th Ad i i a e a i evea i maki S ee e . d t on l Not VII d cl r ng ( r l ng , ng ow the w of God th e f or my tr ansg r essi on f or the kn n ) ord , e ave ma e k w to si n of my sou l ] The principal proph ts , h d no n i it ma b e for t ee . a function of the sacrificial cult is h M c h , y i u a The ift is m i e ea of m e t ef ai f m p ac l r. g to sy bol z r sons od s y, r r ns ro h ll m ea the devotion of th e repentant pronouncing t e fo ow g t ch n i his own me b ut in u i e who e a ed f m G od i n a , , s nn r, , str ng ro g n tr th b his S in w u d e e im e f wi Am and ea ef e him y , o l r stor h s l th os Hos b or , me io e he u to divine favor and re establish not to nt n Mos s , co ld i h A a a e aim i i a i for him relations w th t e Deity. s sc rc ly cl or g n l ty

of e e a e a i e is se f. symbol r p nt nc s cr fic , l Of ur e mea re rehen 0 man The i divi ua ew co s , by no ns p ] n d l J , sible ; from this point of View though a member of the holy sac i e as an i stituti on is or ation is a man am men r fic n n , ong , 6 M H 4 ICA , VI .

But to ex cute ustic to ov i ess e j e, and l e k ndn , And to walk h umbly with thy God

n i t Here ends th e Lesso .

vi u ie to his fe w-men o 0 o u h ha ng d t s llo go d , L rd, nto those w o ’ of w a eve atio a i and are o d P x if h t r n n l ty, g o ( s . c xv. ( S ra - e o ni i the u a ati a xvi a mma L ev. ii Ba a r c g z ng s pr n on l on . 5 ; b k

fou a io of m a i . i nd t ns or l ty In ntro 8 a a in a 3 ; S nhedr 59 a ; 77 ) . ducing the laws prohibiting inces t and to love ki ndness] Hebrew imm a i ie and other gross or l t s , hesed a erm i nif i the oi , t s g y ng d ng among them also the law for of u favors as are not exa t i a i e the L aw s ch c ly bidding ch ld s cr fic , a ma e of u i e and ce tai i e u ea de a i tt r j st c , r nly g v r, tho gh cl rly cl r ng not of legal requirement ; it is that such immoralities are prae m e om e e ive a and tised o h the ia and or c pr h ns th n, b t by Egypt ns “ e efo e i u ive of me c a aa i e eve e e desi th r r ncl s , r y, C n n t s , n rth l ss g d x e th i . e . in ness e tend d to e nates those laws as ordinances k

w ee and mi era e . I n w i if a man do em he lo ly, n dy, s bl b y h ch , th , ” the a eo o of the a i v xviii The phr s l gy r bb s , shall live ( L e . “ ‘ the oi of i e e mxm rabbis have certainly grasped the d ng k ndn ss s ( ' O’WOI I is a wi e e m desi full meaning of this w ord when ) d t r g a i all a i a e a to er they say by way of explicit com n t ng ch r t bl cts p “ n ot ece a i de e e t i t w i e A ri est so s n n ss r ly p nd n , ment It s no r tt n , p , i r an I sr aelite b ut a especially such as go w th personal a L evite, o ,

e vi e u a b . A i n e eve a e i e who s r c ( S kk h 49 ) ccord ng ma ; henc , n G nt l to a i ea a a m ivi b e keeps the Torah is as worthy as R bb El z r, l sg ng it is a o comes a complete act of charity the high priest . So ls ‘ u wi a ee f n t i is the law of only if co pled th d d o written , A d h s ‘ ’ i e e indness The same m vi . man ( II S a . Op n y k ea e mai ai t at w i e h a e ha the r i hteous Gen t ch r nt ns h , h l t e g t s, t t g a m ivi a e in va ue all tile ( M ) who keepe th truth may l sg ng tr nsc nds l ’ ‘ a i ee of i e are Th I S is s cr fices , d ds ndn ss xxvi . k enter I n ( I sa.

ea e a a m ivi i i . th e gate of the Lord : the r ig ht gr t r th n l sg ng ( b d ) iii and to walk humb with th xv . eous Shall enter into it ( Ps . c ly y R the d 0 e God Wal ing with God means ejoice in Lor , y ] k ‘ ’ ivi in i tima and ose fel ow S xxxiii . l ng n cy cl l r ighteous ( P . Do i v A v . 6 . MIC H , 5

D enunciation of the in ustice o the rich and ruli n 9 16 . j f g

the Lo c iet u to the cit Hark rd r h n y, (And the man of wisdom will see Thy name

e e the rod w ho t oi te it H ar y , and ha h app n d . ship with God and in a manner Levi assigns the highest place to

easi to H im m . G en . v . 22 umi i o e a pl ng (co p , h l ty M d sty, s ys and um mod e ew e e . the i a Pesikta rab b eti ed ls h r ) H bly M dr sh ( , . estl e i i u o u ive y, r t r ngly, n btr s ly, i dma b i F e . 18 s m r nn, p 5 ) , ost u e tatiou not wi the nost n sly, th ea i i e i pl s ng to God . It s spec ally devotion which must express it a Virtue of the Jewish w oman elf in o and u i a i ia s c stly p bl c s cr fic l a a 1 0 b Num a ( Sh bb t 4 ; . r bba, ift a of a i b ut wi g s ( or cts ch r ty) , th . i b ut a o of the ewi Ch ) , ls J sh i wa d evo i and i e e a n r d t on no s l ss cts man i id b M enahot a ( b . , 53 ; 43 ) . f v umi i is the e n e o lo e . H l ty k y ot — 6 E I 9 1 . D NUNC ATI ON OF T H E o i Th f Jewish ethical teach ngs . e I NJ USTI CE OF T H E R I CH AND Jewish saint is pre-eminently I RU N C E . S ee Addi m m xii b L G LASS S u e Nu . . e a 6 h bl ( 3; B r kot ) . tional e Not II . According to Rabbi Phinehas b en

. H ar k ! &c . The o e ai a ea to au i 9 ] pr ph t J r, Tor h l ds c t on ; i he i is spea ng . T C ty is appar caution leads to forethought ; k ently Je rusalem ; the Lord crieth forethought leads to sinlessness ; h r i . u o e e. e a e h nt , d cl r s to er sinlessness leads to asceticism ; her guilt and the consequences asceticism leads to purity ; purity f t e eo . leads to holiness ; holiness leads h r and the man of wi dom & s c . to h umility ; humility leads to , ] nd imh t h a K i . Bu t the fear of sin ; fear of sin leads So Ibn Ezr a e “ ” to piety ; piety leads to the holy words the man of are not in i i th e o i i ave the the e e w and ei mi io sp r t ; h ly sp r t p s H br , th r o ss n w ay for the resurrection ( Abodah does not appear j ustified b y oth er a a 2 b Th h 0 a i a . r t e e i z r h ) . e r bb s dd that analogi es No does e r nd r ng iet ea i as it es th and Th name hall see that p y, l d ng do to e y s ” i i is the i e de ree whi ch i s ield a ati fa holy sp r t , h gh st g , y s s ctory of ll w i e R ua b en e t e e i t i s a h l abbi Josh sens . O h rs translat A 66 H . vv. I o 11. MIC , VI [ ,

Are there yet the treas u res of wickedness in h ouse

of the wic ked, And the scant measu re that is abominable

b e u e it ic e ces Shall I p r w h w k d balan , And with a bag of deceitfu l weights

r h 1 A r e th r wisdom to look o T name 0. e e t &c f y , ye , . ] S O a a k th imb i m a e i a em u i o . a Th p r nthet c l r r rg ng e K (c p T rgum) . e im ta e of ivi ee to the por nc g ng h d arraignme nt procee ds in the form followi ng warning and threat f i t all o interrogat on . Ye this ( euss) ; or ( on the basis of the ime in i of e ea ed w am R t , sp te r p t i i anc ent vers ons ) i t i s salvati on i s t e e erin ave ng . O h r r nd gs h a utar to ear Th name ( s l y) f y , ee o e w i w eve b n prop s d , h ch, ho r, - equally a side remark showing r i a e not convinc ng . ’ how w e the Lo d voi e of , h n r s c and the scant e ew : lean ] H br . e u e is ea e who ike r b k h rd, thos , l iii m Amo v . eu . xxv Co p . s 5 ; D t . ’ the o e fea o ame ee pr ph t, rG d s n , n d 1 3if. n t f a a me w i e the wi ke o eel l r d , h l c d measur He ew e hah a e] br : p , d Th ex mu t em e wa ) . e st r bl (E l t t i m u i e gra n eas re about 40 l tr s . re ai u e m ns obsc r . om l eut xxv ab i nab e] m . . . i Co p D th r od &c . S o R hear ye e , ] ash , 16. imb i The d i th I b n a . ro s e Ezr , K 1 hall be ur Th e im 1 . S I p e] rod of punishment ; thus Assyria “ personal I in the sense of is e i a e d as the of the “ d s gn t rod The ee e io one . Gr k V rs n ’ i “ x. Lord s anger n I sa. 5 . And e m to ave ea the t i ” s e s h r d h rd who hath appointed it the e o e ua in an im er o a p rs n, q lly p s n l wi em a i of ou e pronoun th ph s s; c rs , m Pure a e e . sense . bl l ss mea The the Lord is nt. Lord alan m wi th wicked b ces] . a oi t the r d as H e is ai Co p pp n s o , s d i xx 1 L ev. x x. 6 eu . v. . er 3 ; D t 3 to appoint the sword (J . f du k Wi cked rau lent. xl u m . ee v . Ewald ( co p Gr

eu . r io u a a um e a and with a bag ] omp . D t Ve s n, V lg te, T rg , M n C

: ear O tribe xxv . 1 ov. xvi . 11. was hem b ar H elb o ) H , , 3; Pr It m i and whoso assembleth it ( th e customary to carry s all w e ghts

i in a b a a ou the . k ng) . g b t body

68 A . vv . 1 16. MIC H , VI [ 5 ,

T ou s t sow b ut s t not e h hal , hal r ap

T ou s t t e the o ives b u t s t n ot an o1nt h hal r ad l , hal With Oil

h i e b u s t not i the i e t e t t . And V n ag , hal dr nk w n

For the st tu tes of O ri are e t a m k p ,

the o s of the ouse of And all w rk h Ahab, And ye walk in their cou nsels

T t e t ee sto is e t ha I may mak h an a n hm n ,

And the inhabitants thereof a hissing ;

e s e he e of eo And y hall b ar t r proach My p ple. w hich is given in the following anoi nt thee wi th oi l ] The w ima e Of a e i e t e note . arm cl t P l st n and thou shalt r emove but sha lt i a i Of fat th e , quires appl c t on to not car r awa sa e and that was u ma to oil the y y f ; skin . It c sto ry ii h r t am. x . 20 whic thou car i est awa sc . of afte a a S y] body r b h ( II , th b e i in a i u a l w e e and a o to u y long ngs ( p rt c l r and e se h r ) , ls po r d i wa d d PS xli w me an e . th ea . . and o n ch ldr n ) So E l oil upon e h ( c 5 , m A ui a and e ai ma u m is fr o . e The u e ( c p q l c rt n n elsewher ) . c sto s i ts of the eek e i d d in the ish cr p Gr V rs on, quently allu e to M nah iii e the u a Y oma v . e e e . . h nc V lg t ) . Ibn Ganah ( g The e w wo ( followe d b y Ibn Ez ra and Kimb i ) vi ntag e] H bre rd “ ” prope rly means must ( accord rende rs : and she thy wife ) in to Kimb i me mi a for ll cei e but shall r g tony c lly sha con v , not bea x iii n a e m eu . x v . 18 f o . a d or ( c p D t , gr p s h xxi a 1 For the statutes mr i t e verb Job . nd whom 6 . of O oe er h bea th Th a r e ke t wi a i a e s v s e r e . e e e s ns p ] Or, th sl ght ch ng i s ex e e nd it ma b e er of the ex or e kee c ll nt, a y p t t f y p, mi i tw o &c The ura and th ss ble to suggest for the . pl l e singular e edi w h eme de i e a e th e er pr c ng ords t e n d nt rch ng , p son addressed reading : and thy wif e i n her body i n the preceding vers es being typ - nu 1 : m m i . a of the w o as of ra dee ( p 1 ) c l h le cl s g n s . “ 1 . Thou shalt sow &c . The a u e of mri the 5 , ] st t t s O

om M os v. 11 r i C p . . ph ase mmediately suggests the v A V I I . MIC H ,

1— 6 The r o het lamen s e om le e . . t h c t CHAP . VII p p t p

ru tion o the moral order p f .

Woe is me ! for I am as when they have gathered

s u e f uits mm r r , As when they glean the grapes of the Vi ntage

There is n o cl uster to eat ;

N or first- i ic sou esi et r pe fig wh h my l d r h .

’ contrast : the Lord s statutes are addressed throughout th e last ke m i a th f e f v e a O e e . not pt. O r w s th r rs s

A a t i e . an e i x i The an ast i shmen . h b ( I K ngs v . on ] Obj ct au h f f i f t or o the Book o K ngs O astonishment. m i e h k f e . e im i i e . o e u a d scr b s as a ng more thereof ] . J r s l wicked than any of his predeces a hissi ng ] The tw o nouns i f e ue l i . re u e et e sors ( b d , a co pl d tog h r r q nt y and all h xv ii 16 and e e k us r i . t e wor s o the h o e m . e . f (co p J , ls “ ” o Ahab Th w k of the h f ] e or s w ere .

u e of Aha and ima of and e shall bear &c . As ho s b, pr rily y , ] a w e e th e i of e s f the eo e the e a h Ah b, r ntroduction lead r o p pl , r pro c the Baal and Asherah cults to which they shall b e subj ected

i i 1 th n w b e u . Our ex was ea . e e e u io a d i ( b d , 3 p rs c t n ll yo rs t t r d

slaughte r of the prophets of th e b y Targum and Vulgate .

i . xxii 2 x ii and i . vi . Lord ( b d , 7 ; E rapacity exemplified by the rob CHAPT R VII . — 6 T H E E AM E S bery and ju dicial murder of Na 1 . PROPH T L NT i m ae th e T H E C E E I I i xxi . F o both ( b d . , ) r Isr l OMPL T D SRUPT ON OF E idolatrous worship passed on to T H E M ORAL ORD R . h o e eak in the 2 m . 1. T e Judah ( II Kings viii . 7 ; co p pr ph t sp s mu i i i xvi ame of the om y. al d . n c n t so b . , The conse I am as i e of o me n t ma &c . ] str pp d go d tha I y , ] b n vi e a aft e quence is frequently presented y as a orch ard or n y rd r h f e i n and the Scriptural writers ironically as t e ruit has been gather d

e i eani s are eft . d s gn . only gl ng l the have ather ed h i e the udzean ra ee . as when , e . t e ] . J g nd y g & And a few of the worst are I t is quite likely that the king is c . ] o A vv 2 7 MIC H , VII . [ . , 3.

The o is e is e ou t of the e t g dly man p r h d ar h, And the upright among men is no more

They all lie in wait for blood ;

T e u t eve man his ot e it net h y h n ry br h r w h a . Their hands are upon that which is evil to do it diligently

The i ce s et the u e is r ead for e pr n a k h , and j dg y a r ward ;

ft he i e th m i a ia a ivi ie of the le in t orchard . Poss bly w e hu an t r n ct t s i de i m i 1 . x i u e m m a d I . v i . PS . s o . sa h ld r n r ( co p Targu h s ( co p . l ; and Rashi ) : as the last of the 2 I [ ] if. summer r ui f ts . i d i di a ed er he e . a e . p s ] . s pp r as when th lea th a ey g n e g r pes of out of the ear th] Although the the vi nta e as the r a e g ] Or, g p prophet is speaking w ith a View leanin s o the vi nta g g f g e. hi wn i e he ma con to s o c rcl , y there i s no cluster to eat ] nly e exa e a e . ve O ceivab ly gg r t Mor o r, mai th s a te e a e e . e c t r d gr p s r n Or ea man as he di a ea ch godly , s pp rs , efe e e is to the uali as in r r nc q ty, may well b e said to b e gone out f i the ollow ng verse . h The ea th e w o d f t ea . o e rth rth , rl , nor r st-ri i he e & . T fi p f g , c ] i is poorer for th e loss of h m . S ee early figs w ere regarde d as a the x lau e ne t c s . i e a om . I sa . xxviii d l c cy ( c p . and the u ri ht &c . U ri p g , ] p ght the end f th umme e At o e s r th y ness is a human quality : one is are of ou e m e For the , c rs , no or . n m n upright as a ma among e . u a i ve e m I 2 e s v . fig r t s ns , co p . a . ; e n on vi 8. S e ote .

ea ix. 10 The soul as often os . , H , li e i n wai tf or blood ] S ee note he ea f th e i t s t o e app t tes . i i xi i . 1 e n iii . 1 a w o 0. In S r ch 9 Th odl man 2 . e g y ] ebrew H read : Wild asses of the wilder h asid th e man who a iv , ct ely prae ness are food for the lion : so the “ ” “ ” ti e hesed ki d e ve r s s , n n ss , lo , poor a e the prey of the rich . th i th e e . t p ous and saintly man . In 3 he pr i nce asketh] Supply a mu h - almudi the ud T l d and t e post T c j ge for a bribe . lite ratu re the te rm comes nearest and the judg e is ready f or a “ ” i r w f th e to the English saint . In Scr p e ar d ] From the hands o m i e m to li i ture the e as e e man . , ph s s s on r ch A . 1 V . MIC H , VII 7

the e t man he utte et the evi esi e of his sou And gr a , r h l d r l

T us t e e ve it o et e h h y w a t g h r .

The est of t e is as ie b h m a br r, The most upright is w orse than a thorn hedge

The of th tc e eve th visitatio is co e day y wa hm n , n y n , m ;

NOW s b e t ei er exit hall h r p pl y .

and the at ma h i al i h m w i m r e n i . e . t e e a e g ] s gn l ng to t , rn ng th i h m n th f i m xx k man i e m I sa . i 6 a e o ue e e . . e r c , nfl nc b t s ( co p ; Ez . h h n h w o u s t e u e . xxx111 2 ff. a d elsew ere ers corr pt j dg . , ) . Oth he utter eth the evil desi re hi a m Ra i imbi om o s u . f ( T rg , sh , K ; c p l sou ] S o th e versions unani also theTalmudic passage refe rred ” m usl = o y ; evil desire wicked to above ) think of the optimistic “ u t. f e e s e the da of tho ght, plo als proph t ; th n, y th h us t e i . e . the ee eadi th wa hme an i i a y ] thr l ng y tc n , ron c l l m asse a g em e ve . a e the e ai e b th e c s on st th s l s phr s , hop s r s d y “ ” weave i t to ether indefi g ] It, w ords being dashed b y the fol i e eu e e . The e de i i x i i n t n t r Obj ct r n r ng low ng e pos t on . of the ve oe a a Tal th vi sitation is come The rb g s b ck to y , ] “ mu ie au o it a i e e iah e i e i i atio d th r y ( R bb B r ch proph t c t nse . V s t n ' in a e i ia a mud Ta anit f m the ati visi tar e fre uen P l st n n T l , ( ro L n , q “ 6 b and is a a e e 5 ) , pp r ntly corr ct, tative of vi ser e o at a e , l ok tt n Weavi i i i hu th ng ntr gu ng . T s e tively is the Scriptural word i i ue is a om li e the ’ ntr g cc p sh d, plot for God s providential and retrib a ai s th t e oo . u ive a ivit in ew a di g n p r t ct y, both r r ng is a r . br ie i as . e . as i the a e 4 ] crooke d and pu nish ng. Here l tt r and as i i pr ckly . connotation is meant : it s the the most u ri ht i s w e than da f e k i the da of p g ors , y o r c on ng, y

&c . s i l we h u d ead d m ] Po s b y s o l r : j u g ent . the most u r i ht o them is as a now e t t at oint in p g f ] th n, a h p thorn he nD 01W d e i DD om . the fu u e g ( ) . C p t r . S am xx1i i . f l . . sha l be t i . m as . II 5 ] e . co e o p s the day of thy watchmen] The thei r perplex i ty] So the Tar o e is a wa ma eei the um m I xxii e o . sa . pr p h t tch n s ng g corr ctly (C p . 5 a e ahea of the eo e and x xi The e versi d ng r d p pl E od . v. oth r ons : A V I I . vv . 6. 7 MIC H , [ 5 ,

T u st e not in f ie r y a r nd,

Put ye not confidence in a familiar friend ; K eep the doo rs of thy mouth from her that lieth oso b m .

For the son is o ou et the f t e d h n r h a h r,

The u te ri set u i st her ot e da gh r h p aga n m h r, The daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law

’ s e ies he men of his own ouse A man nem are t h .

i r b b e i 6 a a d e e e ex e th e u a w i a t . n w e ( c pt V lg te, h ch ncor , p 4 : 75 , ls h r ;

rectl e e : devastati on ui e e e e z ut a . x a . y r nd rs , r n) D r k r s t , ch ; C nt and the a mu in the a a e a a 11 om an T l d ( p ss g r bb , ch . ; c p . also S referred to above ) read ( or mis b e drin 97 a The idea u nde r a a e : thei r wee i n tr nsl t ) p g . lying these expectations is that A f e ta The u evi mu t ave run its u 5 . r sh s rt. corr p l s h co rse i has e s far t th e m ef e the can om Th t on gon o hat ost b or good c e . e intimate relations of fri endship hope in the triumphant advent of nd d me i ife are i u ed th e i m of God is i e i a o st c l d sr pt . K ngdo nt ns fied m r ix b th v m ti f th . e . . e e o e a o Co p J . 3 y ry c nt pl on e

rust e m e o a a d e evil as it exi ts . W e the m T y ] I p rs n l d r ss . s h n oral

the men his own house u io is ea e t a vati 6 . of ] corr pt n gr t s , s l on i his d me i e va m is u e as the a i sa . e . o st c s r nts ( co p . s r st ; or, r bb s y, xix out of i e me e ief Job . d str ss co th r l i the i a S o a ix 1 ra hob e on Ps . xxii In M shn h ( t h . 5 ) ( M d sh S r Tob ; er xxx is a o i e u e our verse is embodied in a passage J . . 7 pp s t ly q ot d) . ’ m F ie m e descriptive ofthe conditions which ( Co p . r d ann s r marks at are to obtain in the period immedi the end of section xxxv ii of th e Pesikta w i ow e e ati n ately preceding the advent of the , h ch Sh p n tr o m e iah o . a a ew x i the e i i u e of the M ss (c p lso M tth . nto r l g o s cont nts “ ” x11 i f uke . imi e . a w e a o . The e 35 L S l r J sh sch tol gy hop , “ h u h and a eo u he a in the e e e a i of t o g ts phr s logy occ r s ys , r g n r t on i n the apocalyptic writI ngs ( Ba th e world after a period of greatest i h i lxx v . 2 d u ff. a v. a n vil i r ch . 3 ; IV Ezr 9 ; 4 ; p ys c l a d moral e s eeply Enoch 11) and in the Midrashim implanted in the J ewish

if e on eu . xxxii 6 esikt i ( S r D t . 3 ; P a Th s thought dominates the pres W A . 7 MIC H , VII . 73

7 13 N evertheless the community hopes f or a better f uture

and or tri um hant restoration a ter the exile f p f .

But as for me i oo u to the Lo , I w ll l k n rd I will wait for the God of my salvation

God i e me My w ll h ar .

e oice not i st me O i e e e R j aga n , m n n my

T ou b e f e s ise h gh I all n , I hall ar ;

T ou sit in ess the Lo is i t u to me h gh I darkn , rd a l gh n .

i e the i i tio of the Lo I w ll b ar nd gna n rd ,

Because I have sinned against H im ;

U ti H e e c use execu te u e t for me n l pl ad my a , and j dgm n

ent a a e and is ex e ed in ea di e and umi ia io p ss g , pr ss gr t str ss h l t n m i e l w i a eda e the . I sa . x. 1 PS xxiii phras o ogy h ch nt t s ( co p ; . . 4 h i L am iii h e e t e eem . . prop ets . H nc s ngly sudden transition to the hopeful the L or d is a lig ht unto me] h m s . xx f. w e e t e . P vn 1 vi i ve e f . s on, rs 7 , h r Co p . e ea s for the rem e i l k proph t sp k 9. P n tent Israe ac now ledges nant ( verse the ideal com its sins and the justification of mu i w i w e f ee f m i um ed o diti But th n ty h ch , h n r d ro ts h bl c n on . e its own sin is de i e ium da of a va i mu daw , st n d to tr ph y s l t on st n . ove the a i now e oi i in wi l r I l bea i . w i i r n t ons r j c ng ] e . ll ngly and its downfall . resignedly ; for my punishment is — d m E E E E T H E w e e e ve . r iv 1 . o . e . x 7 3 N V RTH L SS ll s r d C p J . C E BE E 20 vi I Ps . c OMMUN TY HOP S FOR A TT R 7 , ; . FUTURE AND FOR TRI UMPHANT because I have si nned ] I t is E T H E XI E f mu f f i E A I E . th e o a o e R STOR T ON AFT R L r l con ss on . Th he eak in th e m cause The au e f 7 . e prop t sp s y ] c s o Israel f “ ” i am O the em a . a a n the a io is i at n e r n nt g st n t ns th s, th , t A ria u d R oi ce no &c . e b th 8 . e o G o as e j , ] ssy , tho gh ch s n y i a f th e i imi a ea en i ume of u i me e typ c l o n c l h th nstr nt p n sh nt, th y i m iv 1 ave a e ex ee ded h imi w d d d . . . t o s a e . e rl , dr sse Co p 4 h l rg ly c l ts k i ve for set t em and are e t i n dar ness] Figurat ly to h , b n on v 10. 74 MICAH , VII . [ .

H e i i me fo t to the i t w ll br ng r h l gh ,

And s a e o His ri teous ess I h ll b h ld gh n .

T e i e e e s see it s e s cove her h n m n n my hall , and ham hall r ; ‘ ’ Who s i u to me e e is the Lo th God ? a d n , Wh r rd y

Mine eyes shall gaze upon her ;

N ow s she b e t o e o as the i e he st ee hall r dd n d wn m r of t r ts .

m I sa ’ an i i a i ae . . x. m i n h l t ng Isr l (co p Lord s honor ( co p. II K ngs ix k xl . . xxv ii ii xx xl . 2 e x i if . e . 1 P . ix s . 5 ; 7 ; 4 ; Ez v . 34 ; Jo l 7 ; l PS x ii 2 if. . iii . 2 i . if. xxv I o x 8 ; l ; c v. th ve e edi i hall z u e e e o s a e . a e H enc S nth B n ct n g e pon her ] i . g z “ k now u our affl i i wi de i h u her w fa Loo pon ct on, th l g t pon do n ll . and ead our au e and edeem now S ee v pl c s , r ] note on erse 4. e di f r th k h x us 0 e o e a e 11 1 . e e ve e are e eed , Lord, sp ly s 7 3 T s rs s c f Th ame e e b e u i l difli ult d am i o . n c an u u . y n Bl ss d Tho , g y b g o s ” “ ” “ ” d edeeme of ae . The ea or the a d O Lor , R r Isr l rth l n i ’ k b l i e a e . ve e 1 ma e a es e ( S ng r s Pr y r Boo , p ( rs 3) y P t n or The immedia e e e di e e e di u ie T h t ly pr c ng B n th surroun ng co ntr s . e i i a in the onfe i et if the di e e ak e d ct on cont s c ss on proph , r ct sp r, of in m e e i ae s . a b e a on y thr t n ng Isr l , or, i bri n me or th to the li ht the t a the a . I n th g f g ] con r ry, n t ons e Out of m e e t a e f me a e he ma afte all y pr s n d rkn ss or r c s , y r ( verse mention the devastation of th e H is ri hteousness The o d a not as a b ut as g ] L r Holy L nd, fin l , vindicates H is own righteous preliminary to th e gathering of character b y taking up the cause the dispersed (v erse It wou ld of the d w dde and w a ea ha th e e add e e o ntro n ronged . pp r t t p rson r ss d ’ e e the d i h e u e i n ve e 11 and 12 is the am e H nc Lor s r g t o sn ss rs s s , is tantamount to H is favor and yet the vocalization introduces a a va i see n i i i i b maki the one in e v . s l t on ; not o 5 . d st nct on y ng 1 a m ve e 11 f i nd th 0. who s id unto mi a e on e &c . a e e , ] rs n ne , The au im ie h the humil i n ve se 2 i t nt pl s bot r 1 a mascul ne person . iation of Israel abandoned b y the The translation and inte rpretation ’ d and the m d d i e e . a r f t Lor , Lor s pot nc opted here a e there ore enta The ommu i a ea to the ive c n ty pp ls t .

6 A . vv . 1 1 7 MIC H , VII [ 3. 4.

13 the a s b e eso te for t e t at e t e ei And l nd hall d la h m h dw ll h r n ,

ec use of the f uit of t ei oi s B a r h r d ng .

’ — 2 The r o he s o lu i n w o A 1 0. t c nc d rd ra er on behal 4 p p g . p y f

ee Th eo e it Th rod the oc of Th erita e F d y p pl w h y , fl k y h g ,

- e ew a e ed b A ui a V ul R i ver u h a e G en xxxi H br ( tt st y q l , E p r t s ; . . a e and ia e i ead 2 1 and el e w e e and r om g t , Syr c V rs on ) r s , s h r ) , f sea

H E sha ll come and : E to sea f m the e i e a ea , not TH Y ( ro M d t rr n n to shall come the e e w it is ue the e sia u f and r om ( H br , tr , P r n G l ) , f may b e taken as an impe rsonal mountai n to mou ntai n ( from the i s 8 - la construct on ; ee note on vi . ) S e Arabian p teau to the I ra e d a af e the e u of ia and A me ia i h a s con ly, th t, t r r t rn n n r n n h g l nds ) . the di e ed ve e 1 w i its Out of th e d i f sp rs , rs 3 th esolat on o Western reference to a desolate land Asia ( or of the w orld ; see Midrash i e a i fa h b I e e e on PS . 2 y lds no s t s ctory s ns , S o r Tob . ) shall arise the u ie i i whethe r co ntr s conta n ng the Messianic Kingdom ( and a exile ew ale i e b e mea d J s , or P st n , nt e e e a ed w ld . is ue r g n r t or ) It tr , “ ” b the a hi dl a the y l nd ; t r y, th t ag ai nst thee w ould suit th e inter h l of th e p raseo ogy present verse p retation adopted here bette r r om A ss r i a even to the ci ti es a unto th e a th (f y th n ee. P rh ps e H e o E t a di a au f gyp , or, ccor ng to pl brew should b e emended to read — “ ” i " i e eme dati mi for W th enem M for m s bl n on y y ( P 1 m. r om A ss r i a even to E t 1 A nd th la . e nd &c . f y gyp ) 3 , ] S ee i s a e an a ea to w i e the e edi ve po nt r th r to r h ch not on pr c ng rse . “ ” “ the subject implied in the ebrew wit a di et H Not hst n ng, y ( Eng ve is nd r om rb to go , a not which i h e i ns make if n t f l s V rs o ) , sh ts o it i m is h s to co e . It t erefore pos w a a e b the w idi m rr nt d y Hebre o . i e ha w e ave he e the e t or them & c . t a e s bl t t h r r tor f , ] SO h t th y ’ the au of rae e em : a dw e l i to t nt Is l s n y sh ll not l there n . It shall Ther e h s a l h i . l be a da when e . e b e u i a i d y , n nh b te . the e em shall come a i 1 — 2 T ’ 0. H E n y, , l y ng 4 PROPHE T S CON w a e the wh e e of the I A Y E st ol str tch CLUD NG WORD . PRA R ON u r om A ss r i a even to BE A AE co ntry f y H LF OF ISR L. E t and r om E t en to the The e s are n t m gyp , f gyp ev proph t o erely v M A . . IC H , VII 77

T t e so it i as fo est in the i st of th f uitfu ha dw ll l ar ly, a r m d e r l field

L et t e fee in s i e as in the s h m d Ba han and G l ad , day f o Old . ‘ As in the days of thy coming forth out of the lan d of t Egyp . ’ i s u to him ve ous t i s W ll I how n mar ll h ng .

’ m a i a r of t ei e e i . u e xv1u e e se c st g to s h r p opl s s ns ; ( co p J dg s . h nc n r m eu t e f e and a wa i the end u e o . . xxxiii h y O t n, l ys , c ly (c p D t . d f m r as a orest i n the midst the interce e or them . Co p . J e . f of i ul l i x i 20 r u e d . e . as i a e i le vi i . . f tf fi n cc ss b

‘ d i t d as a fo e &c . a . Per 1 Fee . e . e as a e 4 ] n , sh p r st, ( Ibn Ezr ) m en x ix 2 a we ou d ea let them eed herd ( co p . G . l . 4, and h ps sh l r d f ’ e for W i n the midst o the elsewhe r ) . ) f i l with Th r od om s f r u tful fie d Western Pales y ] C p . P . i e t n ) . xxiii . 1 ii . B ashan and Gi lead the the fl ock of Thy her itag e] ] On ” ea of the a o u ied in s ae is a e the e ita e st Jord n, cc p I r l c ll d h r g “ the a Of old Reu e i of the u d ys by b n, port on) Lord ( De t. Gad and a f of a a e Num , h l M n ss h ( . iv. 20 and e ew e e as H , ls h r ) is elect “ xxxii ) . eo e . e e e p pl As h r , p ople ( or ’ “ ” “ ” 1 . The d 5 Lor s reply. The nation ) and heritage are a e i ext is su o e b f e ue o oi ed I sa xix 2 M sor t c t pp rt d y r q ntly c nj n ( . . 5, all the a ie ve io The and e ew ua nc nt rs ns . ls here ) . Eq llythe Holy marvellous things are the miracles Land and the Temple are called i i e t to th e e ’ nc d n d liverance from the e ita e S am Lord s h r g ( I . xxvi . x iii t o . . 2 an Egyp (E d 0, d else 1 and e ew e e x d xv 9, ls h r ; E o . . 17 , w e e i ee the li h r ) , nd d , de verance and e e w ls here ) . The designation itself as a wonderful act of divine ’ of ae as the is Isr l Lord s flock we and i e e io m po r nt rc ss n ( co p . i f u e e ue t er. xiii 20 an q t r q n (J . , d er. xxi . 2 i a J ; S r ch xxxv. S ee e ew e e ls h r ) . A i i a e dd t on l Not VIII . that dwell solitari i . e. in 16 if Th ly] . e prophet again is e u io and i a e i e to foe ea i s cl s n n cc ss bl s sp k ng . A — 8 . vv . 16 18 7 MIC H , VII [ .

The nati ons shall see and b e pu t to shame fo r all their might

T e s t ei u o t ei out h y hall lay h r hand p n h r m h ,

b e e f Their ears shall d a .

They shall lick the d ust like a se rpent ; Like crawling things of the earth they s hall come tre m bling out of their close places

T e s come it fe u to the Lo ou r God h y hall w h ar n rd ,

s b e f i ec use of T ee And hall a ra d b a h .

Who is God i e u to T ee t at o et the i i uit a l k n h , h pard n h n q y,

asset the t s essio of the e nt of H is And p h by ran gr n , r mna he ritage

h of i 1 shall see se . t e a um a om . 6 . ] glory t on (T rg , Ibn Ezr ; c p I x sa. ix. Israel . l i f f or all thei r mig ht] In sp te o crawli ng thi ng s of the earth] all the u e f e i n whi h e h i . e e i i in t br t orc c th y . r pt les crawl ng to e u e and whi a in wi e ea t i e tr st d, ch sh ll no s rth o h d . h m avail t e . u l i e . o t of thei r c ose places] . lay thei r hand upon th ei r mouth] f m i m their astnesses ( Ki b co p . b e ee e as a e u of i . e . sp chl ss r s lt i 6 w i h are i e e PS . xvii . 4 . h c l k n d

ei discomfiture . th r e of e ti here to the hol s r p les .

h ll be dea i e . thei r ear s s a f ] . come wi th f ear u nto the L or d stupefi ed with the magnitude of i e u mi H im in fea om . . . s b t to r ( c p the catastrophe which has over iii Hosea . w e me em . h l d th ” The e a in the 18 fl . proph t pr ys h h ll li ck &c The 1 . T e s a . 7 y , ] “ m ” name of the re nant . m vi as it e wi serpent, o ng do s th

m . ho i s a God &c . 18 . W u th e u ma , ] Co p its mouth pon gro nd , y

x d xv 11 and e ew e e . E o . . , ls h r readily b e supposed to sw allow that ardoneth the i ni ui t more dust th an othe r animals ( see p q y] i 6 if. d xxxi . i i . ii omp . b , en i . the commentaries on G . C mnant o H is herita e Licking the dust of anothe r per of the r e f g ] ’ i . son s feet means humble subjec S ee note on v. 7 vv 1 A . 9, MIC H , VII . 79

H e et i et not His e for eve r a n h ang r r,

ec use H e e i tet in ovi i ess B a d l gh h l ngk ndn .

H e will again have compassion upon us ; H e will subdue ou r iniquities

T ou i t c st all t ei si s i to the e t s of the sea And h w l a h r n n d p h .

T ou i t s o th fait fu ess to co a nd th ovi h w l h w y h ln Ja b, y l ng

i ess to m k ndn Abraha ,

H e r etai neth not H i s an er or a ed see u e i stor o the g f t ; Sch r r, H y f ever m x xxxn 6 wi h l d ivi . . . . e s Peo e e i ] Co p E od j p , S con D s on, caus H e li ht be de eth i n 10 i n . f n e v 6 . a d t a for for g g II , p 9 ) o pr y ki nd ss m ek xviii 2 ive e f i l e i ne . . n s o w i ] Co p Ez . 3; g s s ns h e r c ting

PS . xxx. our k of a e our a a e Tashlik the e ew c In Boo Pr y r p ss g , H br ’ ( Closing Prayer of the D ay of for Thou wi lt cast ; see Singer s

A m : F or Thou deli htest a e k h u e e . T e ton nt) g Pr y r Boo , p c stom not i n th destru cti on o the wor ld is m i d b e f , first ent one y Jacob MOlin but art a God o or i veness die in W m in f f g , ( d or s r acious and com assi onate lon thei r The eek e i ou g p , g ] Gr V rs on r .

' su er i n lenti ul i n lovi n i nto the de ths o the a fi g , p f g p f se ] ki ndness and abu ndant i n doi n W e e e ma not me u , g h nc th y y co p ’ i ood i e a e oo a a . g ( S ng r s Pr y r B k, g n

. 2 i l h 0. Thou w t s o & w c . p , ] ” “ H e wi ll a ai n ha ve com ” 19. g Faithfulness and me rcy are as u m p sion pon us] Co p . Hosea frequently associated as attributes

xiv fl . . 5 of the Lord indicating H is firm H e will subdue our i ni ui ti es e e ia e e and ki q ] n ss, r l bl n ss , ndness u e a l ave we in H is deali w i h men m Th s th y sh l h no po r ngs t (co p .

ve us a . e Gen . xxiv . 2 and e ew e e o r ( Ibn Ezr ) Oth rs 7 , ls h r ) . e de : su r ess imb i : h i r n r pp ( K ) , or T e Lord s a God of truth

t i . d d i P xxxi d u d oo . e e S . . 6 tr ea n er e . f , stroy fi l ty) ( as Thou wi lt cast ] H ence the H e is abundant in lovingkindness l m th e af e of th e Num xiv . 18 and us o . e ew e e c t on t rnoon ( , s h r ) . New Y ear to gather beside a H is faithfulness and lovingkind i h th e a ue es e u e f r ive ea w o eve PS . i r r (n r h c syn gog s n s nd r r ( cxvi .

in a ie t times we e u ua i u 2 and el ew e e . a o and nc n r s lly s t , s h r ) J c b A VI I . 80 v . 20 MIC H , [ .

Which Thou hast sworn u nto o u r fathers from the days f ld o o .

Abraham the see d of Jacob and The last three ve rses are joined the k f h in t Abraham . to Boo o Jona he Lesson whi ch Thou hast swor n u nto ( Haftarah ) on the afternoon Of r h r n xxii 1 xxviii 6 . ou f at e s] Ge . . ; the D a f A eme y o ton nt . m — 1 f. . Ps . cv. 8 11 2 . 3 Co p , 4 AD D ITIONAL NOTES I i On . 5 TH E H I GH PLACES

i u a : bamah The w : bamot . ah m xx e e s Nu . xiii 2 H br , ng l r Tor ( . 5 ) mma a wi the ex e mi a i of the a aa i e u a i co nds, long th t r n t on C n n t pop l t on th e ae iti o u a io Of ale i e the e u i upon Isr l sh cc p t n P st n , d str ct on of the ir “ f m xii bamot in the a ua e o e u e . all th , or, l ng g D t rono y ( e places w e ei e e ve t ei u the i mou ai and h r n th y s r d h r gods , pon h gh nt ns , upon ” the i and u e eve e af ee e e wi ei a urte h lls, nd r ry l y tr , tog th r th th r pp i a ma i a e as al a a e i e and the e . The id a u n nc s , t rs, s cr d p ll rs , g s, l k ol tro s and im u e a ti e of the a aa i e w i f e ue fe p r pr c c s C n n t s , to h ch r q nt re rence is

ma in the a xo . xxiii . 2 and e ew e e are th i de Tor h ( E d 4, ls h r ) , to e m nd of the aw ive a o a u e Of a e a a x xxiii L g r c nst nt so rc d ng r ( sn re E od . . and e ew e e to the i mi ae i e who are f u in 33, ls h r ) nco ng Isr l t s; to o nd “ i a n w of i e ti a a i x xix a e e e o e o . 6 P l st n rd r th ngs b fit ng holy n t n ( E od , , and elsew here ) ; hence the repeated inj unctions for the complete rooting out of the idolatrous population as w ell as the destruction of ei a i h i v w ve is a a o e ua e . T aw e e . th r s nct r s e L g r, ho r, lso pr ph t Although th e entire L aw which he is setting before the people has for its aim the af ’ a o a io f ee s eguarding of Israel s vocation as h ly n t n , r from the impurities and immoralitie s of the Egyptians on the one hand and Of the a aa i e on the o e he a i i a e the ea i whi C n n t s th r, nt c p t s r l ty ch wi b e u th him ae w il ll j st e reverse of the ideal contemplated by . Isr l l b e seduced into the unholy practices ofth e Canaanite population only i d part ally conquered b y the invade rs ; the long road of apostasy an the inevitably ensuing divine punishment which the Lawgive r w ould fai a e his wi av b e aver e ha e e h a e n sp r people , ll h e to tr s d , t t th n p rc nc , ie ou o of un an d exi e t e ma ad e em tr d thr gh l ss co try l , h y y dr ss th selves to a realization of the Mosaic ideal and become in all truth the

e e of the who . for all H is a i eme is mindfu of the p opl Lord , , ch st s nts , l a ien vena wi the fa e u is the u oo in th e e i nc t co nt th th rs . S ch o tl k proph t c

rti f th u iv 2 ff. o i e . . o e o a eu . x ii v xxv p ons T r h ( D t xvi ; L e . ; D t 5 82 ADDITIONAL NOTES xxix And so Israel crossed the Jordan and succumbed to the i ivi i a i u ii iii u 22 . allurements of a s pe r or C l z t on (J dges . ; The impuri ties of the Canaanite religion crept into such a sanctuary as that of m 11 w e a L eviticaI i e mi i i 1 S a . . e e Sh loh ( h r pr sthood n st red . Canaanite sanctuari es w ere taken over w ith all their idolatrous appur h tenances u e ix . ve w e e t e i e we e u e the a a i (J dg s ) E n h r r t s r p r r, C na n te a e and a ua ie at w i a am custom was dopt d, s nct r s h ch S uel and a

om ffe e ei a i e w e e i ua e u e eva i and Sol on O r d th r s cr fic s r s t t d pon l t ons , ” w e i a e in a aa i e fa i as i a e bamat e e S am . r d s gn t d C n n t sh on h gh pl c s, ( I ix ii ea h e w e e u e e ai e b ; I Kings i . Gr t op s r no do bt nt rt n d y the leade rs h m of l m ut U pon the e rection of t e Te ple So o on . B those hopes w e re t i A e i of a u e f ei i ue e and no real zed . p r od c t or gn nfl nc religious e i m set in and u me of the i u i s of udah did syncr t s , , tho gh so p o s k ng J away with the grosse r immoralities an d impurities introduced b y their ’ h a l d wi ke e e e r t e b mo i ue . The e e ie of a c d pr d c sso s , cont n n rg s Isr el s leaders were directed to the eradication of the pernicious Baal cult and i u u wa u e ia i e i the other dolatro s c lts . It s tr ly a sp c l d sp nsat on mm 11mi n if u x i m f u e e . i a e o e e wa ra e ( ; S r on D t . od proc d r r nt d b the ecia i i ai i u de the r é ime of Aha ha y sp l cond t ons Obt n ng n r g b, t t i a the ea ea - e u h e e th e dem i ed El j h , gr t z lot proph t, so g t to r stor ol sh a a of the e fe i a u a i of a ua i e dev ed the lt rs Lord, pr rr ng pl r l ty s nct r s ot to worship of the Lord of Israel to the temples of the foreign and impure i x iii u h aa 1 v . The i f h i e a a ow B l ( K ngs ) Mosa c idea o t e s ngl s nct ry, m ia i eve was e u e wi i f the e o . r, r s d th V gor b y the prophets o Assyr n p r d Our a a e is w ei e ekia and wi e i f . p ss g ghty t st mony to this act H z h , th xiii set u eate u e i ff. x a t a i xvi . gr r thoro ghn ss , Jos h ( II K ngs 3 ) , bo the i x u i The carrying old Mosa c ideal of the Single sanctuary I nto e ec t on . amot im u i i e b we e em ve e of all . r r o d , and th e Temple cleans d p r t s ei eff s weve w b ei wi ke u e Th r ort , ho r, ere neutralized y th r c d s cc ssors

i i . 2 xxi the es a i ( b d , v . W e afte the exi e 3 , 37 ; 9, h n , r l , r tor t on ame h t e idea of th e i i ve ea . c , e single sanctuary had become d fin t ly r l i ma i ike the amarita or n ia ma ave i u e th e Sch s t cs , l S ns O s , y h d sp t d claims of Je rusalem ; b ut no one questioned the law of the single a ua s nct ry as the ve ry foundation of the true worship of the Lord .

Moreove th e em e of ia was i uate out i e of Palestine . r, T pl On s s t d s d S imi a the am A a t a m . A i e l rly B h ( r g ar ) of E lephan n . S ee h on t w e i if. e o u e t a Zeb ahim xiv . h l s bj c M shn h , 4

84 ADDITIONAL NOTES

’ f 1 2 . h de 2 fl u xv. ve t f th ee xo . xxi . e . eo e a e o e r ( E d D t fl Mor r, c r e e e is a i e dut Th i e i e p nd nt class s repe tedly enj o n d as a y . e r ch Isra l t should manifest his gratitude for the blessings he has receive d at th e a f vi e e b i vi i his o e e e e e ia th e h nds o Pro d nc y n t ng po r r br thr n, sp c lly tra e the fat e e and the wi w the a ri ia mea eu s ng r, h rl ss , do , to s c fic l ls ( D t . x h i ’ h ’ th b vi . 10 if t e t ea i e t e oo i e as e a i , h rd y r s t th ( p r s t th , r b s it i x 2 m 2 a e i i 8 f. xx i . 1 e e em v. . v c ll ) b longs nt r ly to th ( b d . ; co p The m e of the e a f e eaf and the e i s Of th e co rs fi ld , orgott n sh , gl an ng 7 ! ”' S 139 ” D . vineyard ( I D P ) are equally to b e left for the poor ( L ev i i 1 h x x f. ii 2 h f t e . m xx 2 u xxiv . T e o ee e 9 . ; De t . 9 pr c ds ro fi ld hi li i xxiii 11 w ch es fallow n the sabbatic year go to the poor ( Exod . . )

r e xv . 1 nor a e debts to b e exacted in the year of release ( D ut . x x ii 2 m n i e . x e a b i e a ae o . L e Mon y y not e lent on nt rest to Isr l t ( E d 4 ; v . i i re d e b e ak x xxv if. e x i a e e e e o u x . n . 35 D t . nor pl g s to t n c pt i f i 2 eu xx v I O f. h f. . . T e w a i i x xx. e f certa n cond t ons ( E od . 5 D t ) g s o a i da L v xix 1 eu xxi i an mu b th me e . . v . 1 h red m st e pa d e sa y ( 3; D t. 4 f. u r th i nd m vi i of th e L aw H f r S ch a e e w se a hu ane pro s ons . ow a th e e i aw of an a a ia a a e w e e e it is im i e sp c fic l s gr r n ch r ct r r k pt, poss bl to a r ai a the i i u i of the ea f a e m i sce t n . Th t nst t t on y r o rele s re a ned an m f m v xx i i i ea we a a e L e . v . a d th e T l d l , y g th r ro 34, 43; ccor ng to a

' mud ( Arakin 32 b ) the j ubilee year ceased to b e observed with th e transportation of the trans-J ordanic tribes b y the King o f Assyria f h W a of a i f . e e ar a e o e a ( re erred to II C ron V . h r S ngul c s ncro ch m th a of the wi ke i A a i xxi the im ent on e p rt c d K ng h b ( I K ngs ) . In t e of i a a o wi w m ai of th e e laveme of her two El sh , po r do co pl ns ns nt i b ue e i 11 i iv the ti i ch ldren y a cr l cr d tor ( K ngs . In prophe c l te ra ture we freque ntly meet with complaints about the rapacity of the f if 6 xxi 1 k iii 1 . v 8 . r v 2 i ff . xxi . ff. . z e i . 2 i I sa . . e . . . r ch ( 4 J 3 E 7, 9 ; ii ii i f 1 . ff if ii i 1 1 f v i . M l i 6 i . . m i . . . v . a . Th A os . ; 9 ; ; V ; 4 ; . e i in de to i u e h ei a e i e for all ki d of uxu Am r ch , or r nd lg t r pp t t s n s l ry ( os i and a ti u a l in e a if the ex ava a e i e V . 4 p r c l r y ord r to gr t y tr g nt d s r s of i i i i . v i i 6 r I sa . . 1 u u i wive and au er . 1 a e u the r s d ght s ( b d , ; nscr p lous dl d v n m a ea xii 8 li d e . u as a . 8 a e l n or s ( I sa . ) rch nts ( Hos s l ng s ch i i i viii nd har a commod ties as gra n at the r own prices ( Amos . a sh s ’ c e i eceivi in le e the oo ma e i r d tors, r ng p dg not only p r n s b long ngs , m 11 8 er xxxiv 11 m i b ut his pe rson as w ell ( A os . ; J . . ; co p . II K ngs Th i f if in the i e ir f a ia an iv . e p cture o l e h gh r c cles o Sam r d ADDITIONAL NOTES 85

eru a em as e e te the e ma e a b e a i e J s l , pr s n d by proph ts , y p rh ps tr fl ove aw and e e ma b me exa a i in i f rdr n , th r y e so gger t on the r portrayal o the a a i and i o e of the i la d o or t ade of the r p c ty d sh n sty r ch n l rd r r, or venality of j ustice nor is the prophetic bent of mind capable of con ni the i e ualiti i e i all i i i But it is i ve do ng n q es nher nt n c vil zat on . th s ry one- i ed e a ma e of the o e t i u e of the e e s d n ss th t d pr ph ts r b n s p opl , and their sympathy with those that are crushed in the battle of life was e ueat e all o e i the a m the oo are at the ame b q h d to p st r ty . In Ps l s , p r s ime the um e and the i us and i is a mo m u wi t h bl p o , r ch l st synony o s th ’ t i WW the i om amo yrannical ( YW) and w cked (D ) . In W sd books ( ng w i ma b e k e the a ha i a ove and w ea are h ch y e r c on d pocryp l S r ch ) , p rty lth ma th m a i u u e a vert is de e subject of any sentent o s tteranc . Not th t po y o ou e a vi ue for the wi e man k ow how f e it f ow in pr n nc d rt , s n s o t n oll s th f i n o a d i it d m e wa e o ov. v o the e s ee e a k sloth ( Pr . nor, th r h n , d e v rt n r e as ea i i The u f vic . Po e y a d wealth a e accept d r l t es. g l between the rich and the poor could not b e portrayed more strikingly than by Sirach in the famous saying : What fellowship shall wolf have with lamb ? Such is the wicked unto th e righte ous : and so is the rich unto “ d xi i 1 f S ee c e te ewi if in a man a is e i u e i . . e th t st t t ( 7 ( S h ch r, J sh L the ime of Ben i a in S tudies i n udai sm e o e ie 1 08 T S r , j , S c nd S r s , 9 , But ma e w at the ea i ma b e e i io ema the 77 if. ) no tt r h r l ty y , r l g n d nds h e ua it of oo and i efo e G od w o is the a e of ov. q l y p r r ch b r , M k r both ( Pr i b i xxii 2 m xiv. ove s e a e e as a i i e . ; co p . P rty to cc pt d d sc pl n ir ii and the o e of a e e fu u e mu eve b e ive u ( S ach . h p b tt r t r st n r g n p i i The w ea of the i is f e ill- o e and a ti ( b d . , 4, lth r ch O t n g tt n h s ly

iii 1 i x xx iii . the i ive in a ui ov x . 1 x 8 x. 2 1 v cq red ( Pr . ; v . ; ; r ch l o ea Of o i i w ea h f i e e the a m c nstant dr d l s ng the r lt , r ght n d by ph nto s i i i e u xv . 2o w e e d e which a gu lty consc ence conjur s p (Job h n th y , i i em it oe not e en af e they must leave the r wealth beh nd th , d s d sc d t r f m l in ea e and ove is to b e re h m Ps x ix. i A u a ea t e ( . l 7 f ) . r g l p c l p l f if a d a e v xv 16 m f. ferred to su ptuous banquets ful o str e n h tr d ( Pro . . ; i i e i i . xxi i n i te a e r . xvi . a d d ame s e a goo n b t r th n gr at ch s ( b d , With the Scriptu ral estimate of wealth goes the w ell-know n rabbinic t i Wea saying : H e is rich w ho is content w ith his lo (Abot v. lth should b e put to rightful use : he is rich who truly enjoys his w ealth 2 Of ae as a w e how a b . ( whether great or small ; Shabb t 5 ) Isr l hol , eve it is sai at ove t is m me to it Ha i a b . W i e r, d th p r y ost co ly ( g g h 9 ) h l 86 ADDITIONAL NOTES

i es im artia i in the a mi i t a io of u ti e is in i e on str ct t p l ty d n s r t n j s c s st d , charity to the po or in deed and w ord and personal service is made a ‘ ief vi tu e and i eou es n ut is o mou wi a m Ch r , r ght sn s ( p ) syn ny s th l s i i vi . The e a i of i ivi ua ou oweve not e o g ng l b r l ty nd d ls sh ld, h r, go b y nd due limits ; and no man should give aw ay more than one-fifth of his w ea u 0 a all h i e i u e t . ve t e ru u m lth ( K t bo 5 ) Abo , rabb s njo n sc p lo s co m iai h wi h f m t k e o e . e w o aw o u he ma e or rc h n sty Th y t dr pr d cts ro r t, rai e i e a i a i and e who tam e w i mea u e and e s pr c s rb tr r ly, th y p r th s r s , th y ho m e n i f m it iii w e o o e e o e is ai Am v . Th l nd n y nt r st, th s d ( os e wea e b the i e of a u e w i eve f e an of Lord s r th y pr d J cob , s r ly I ll n r org t y ” ir w k e e r a ii a a at a 0 b t de- the or s ( Derek r s abb . ; B b b r 9 ; Abo rabbi e Th u i m f r fa if i a . me u a ed. S c ec e e o a es N th n , h ht r, p p n sh nt ls y ng s r i “ i ’ transcends that for ncest ( Baba batra 88 b ) . Wrong ng one s ” i m i th r i e o L ev. xxv. a e a ef . e n ghb r ( co p ccord ng to bb s , r rs not me el to mo e a f au b ut a vexi a erso b w of r y n t ry r ds , lso to ng p n y ord m u as for in a e w e a e e ta i e is emi e of his o th , , st nc , h n r p n nt s nn r r nd d f me ife a e e of his a a a e e e t w e one e s or r l , or pros lyt p g n nt c d n s , or h n s t his eye upon buying anything when he has no money ; for touching all i r the h ea i u e a i i ma e w a e ive ve c . tt rs h ch g n o r to rt, S r pt r s ys ( b d , ' f h a a me i a 8 b Thou shalt ear t y God ( B b s 5 ) .

III ii On . 3, 5 TH E TE RMS BY WH I CH I SRAE L I S D ESI GNATE D I N BI BLI CAL AND POST-BI BLI CAL LI TE RATU RE

The subject is a vast one and requires spe cial treatment in a mono wi uf e ecif the a a i and de graph . It ll s fic here to sp y ppell t ons fine em as ea as w e ma i u e we are e i a e as a nation th n rly y. In Scr pt r , d s gn t d I “ eo le DI) UR Aa é or r ace e ma S tamm nnavn ( L or p p , ) , g) , ( G r n , , - . The a t te m ea i i a es oo e a i o s i w i is WM) l s r cl rly nd c t bl d r l t n h p , h ch a o im ie in th m rm évo ar mem ers of one e te seed . We e ls pl d r ( , y r) b " ” ” b ot e e and a e MR or: 33 b oeflvei and ms nnavn 33 . p opl r c , ( u c) ( l ) The - m i er ture is nms prevailing term in Talmudic and post Tal udic l t a , w i t u m an i u iv of our ara e as a h ch, ho gh synony ous with , is ncl s e ch ct r

' re i i h u i m SR W’ now w ic o res on s ous o . T e alm c e l g b dy T d t r , h h c r p d ADDITIONAL NOTES 87

to Etc/d om is a o em te m e i us ie on our re i i o , s l n r d not ng ch fly l g ous side ;

‘ ' it e a e the i i a o e a i am émh aia n w r pl c d B bl c l c ngr g t on ( p, n ; , m a w w i e i a e in the a e the y yb) , h ch d s gn t s first pl c people assembled for ommu a or a i a e eavo w ar i u e in e w c n l n t on l nd r, ncl d d , oth r ords as an a i e d b ut a o im the ati i e a org n z d bo y, ls s ply n on cons der d s forming a ' i of u u a e i i u eflort em e i in un t c lt r l ( r l g o s ) . M b rsh p the congregation im ie am e ivi e e the i of o u ium i pl s ong oth r pr l g s r ght c nn b . It s every ’ ae i e s b i . e tai e o ow eve e i e in eu Isr l t y b rth C r n p rs ns, h r, sp c fi d D t. 2 f r ex lude i th xxii a e . W e ex e io of i . . the a h , c d th c pt n C naanites, w o mi i i i 2 . he A mu b e ex e a e . vi f. t mmo i e and o i e st t r n t d ( b d , n t s M ab t s, d th ia an d omi e in the two ati i i an e e e o . Egypt ns Ed t s first g n r ns ( b d , “ mi i to the e a i is a a e xxiii . 4 ad ss on congr g t on pp r ntly open to ' ” the a e iJ a e i i u e e at all eve the a e str ng r ( In r l g o s s ns , nts, str ng r, afte u mi i to the i e of i i ia i is e ai i e e as a r s b tt ng r t n t t on, c rt nly cons d r d “ member of the congregation on an e qual footing with the native i u th m . w e u i b e m xv 1 ve . Nu . . a ( 5 ; co p , ho r, K dd sh n 73 ) Th s Tor h provides for the integration of outsiders into our nati onal and reli m gious organis . IV

1 On V . T H E PRE - E XI STE NT M ESSI AH

co i a a ai a Pesahim a Nedarim b the nam Ac rd ng to B r t ( 54 ; 39 ) , e of th e Messiah is one of the seven things made before the creation of e wo The a i i u a ma i th rld . r bb s find S cr pt r l confir t on thereof in the w o of the a mi PS . xxii . w i in ei e e i om rd Ps l st ( l h ch th r r nd r ng (c p . the ee e i ea : B e ore the sun hi s name was established Gr k V rs on ) r ds f . “ i i in th k f x vii Sim larly it is sa d e Boo o Enoch ( l i . 3) B ef or e the sun and th si ns ofthe o ia w r cr eated be or the star s o th e g ( Z d c) e e , f e f e heaven wer e made hi s name was named be or e th L ord o s i ri ts om , f e f p (c p . ” D n Vii 6 h -exi e ame a 1 x11. iii 2 T re . . a 2 x . e 3 IV Ezr 3 ; , p st nt n is e uiva e to a a e t u e the e ia ou a ea i q l nt tr nscend n fig r ; M ss h , th gh pp r ng on the e e f i to t a i e e i is ea in exi te e o sc n o h s ry a defin t p r od , r lly s nc l ng i i o au e D ie ef . A b ore h s mundane career begins ( ccord ng t Kl sn r,

' messiani schen Vorstellung en des judi schen Volkes im Z ei talter der “ “ Tannaiten 1 0 66 the ame mdicates me e the i ea , 9 3, p . , n r ly d 88 ADDITIONAL NOTES

i r l ahu imi F ie ma in his o u t o to S ede E . s larly r d nn , Intr d c n y , p u no ma e wha ma e a his omi he mu ome for h e Th s , tt r t y d l y c ng, st c , h f th i i has b e en in th e world since its beginning . T e author o e S m li “ tu e in the Bo of o h a e him in eave wit God u de d s ok En c pl c s h n h , n r ” h d of i i xxxvii in the a ua e of th the wings of t e Lor sp r ts ( . 7 ; l ng g e “ i 16 b hi u th sikta rabb et . 1 e e e e Of rabbis [Pe , p ] , dd n nd r thron h f th e i e u and e e eau ifu l e e e God at the ead o r ght o s l ct, b t l y r spl nd nt ” “ f fire am t em the r fat e who f om the b e i as lights o , ong h fi st h rs r g n xx The e ia is a o i th ning dwell in that place ( l . M ss h cc rd ngly e

‘ n he e e ia man is u tima e a m th o celestial first ma . T c l st l first l t ly y i e W i e the a e w i er are a uai e wi th e log cal figur . h l s cr d r t s cq nt d th m h i and f e ue w oe i ima e fr m em th e Old yt olog es r q ntly borro p t c g s o th , Biblical books accepted b y the Synagogue as canonical characte r istically divest the rec eive d figu res of their myth ological coloring b y investing them w ith ethical significance and frequently b y combining them with historical persons in Israel or with the nation i se f w as e e ve for the i era u e of a a e da th t l . It r s r d l t t r l t r y ( e a a i w i w as ke out of the a the a a a poc lypt c , h ch pt c non ; H gg d h always subordinated to the Halakah) to re introduce the ancie nt m i a u e w i the f - e i i had not i a e ytholog c l fig r s h ch olk r l g on d sc rd d , e uea i e m the new i i i fu me a e eme b q th ng th to rel g on as ts nda nt l l nt . u is the au i e of God the ima e of the i vi i e the S ch P l n Son , g n s bl God , ” “ ” first- of all ea i the eave l man born cr t on ( Colossians i . h n y i i x f u was e i . r a v h i o e ( I Co nth ns . w o n the person J s s s nt nto “ iii em the world in the likeness of sinful flesh ( Romans v . pty in and um i im f ie eve u o ea g h bl ng h sel , becoming obed nt n nt d th i i ia ii b o ue i ( Ph l pp ns . 7 then proving himself heavenly y c nq r ng ea a e and w ie A am i i th e w o sin and d th , s cond orth r d , br ng ng rld not dea b ut the e ive a e e ef m ei i u ti all i a th , d l r nc th r ro , r gn ng n l th ngs sh ll ave ee u e t ed him h o al im e f be h b n s bj c to , that th en t e Son als sh l h s l

u e e to H im a did u e all t in u him at ma s bj ct d th t s bj ct h gs nto , th God y ” . b e all in all int hia the th e re-exi te xv . e uel (I Cor ns ) In s q , p s nt ce e ia M - l st l an of Ori ental: mythology became the pre existent and e er a W d the Rea of N o- a i m w i t n l or , Logos , or son , e Pl ton s , h ch w as in the e i i wi and e ame e in e u h i b g nn ng th God , b c fl sh J s s C r st, ” the e t e i r k f a li e l o . Ou o e u only b got n Son ( J hn ) Boo Pr y r, on n s tr y i u a em a i es the a io a a a of th e e ia t ou h Scr pt r l , ph s z n t n l ch r cter M ss h , h g ADDITIONAL NOTES 89

thic - e i iou im i a io are f te na the the e o r l g s pl c t ns not orgot n ; y, person of the e ia is mo e or e e in the a k u and the ea of the M ss h r l ss k pt b c gro nd, h rt ew as he a s for na io a e to a i the a h e i ofth e i e ed J , pr y t n l r s r t on, g t r ng d sp rs , n he e ui i of io e e in the a ve of the i m of a d t r b ld ng Z n , c ntr s d nt K ngdo f r a uma it i a e i ae a e o et e to God o h n y ntegr t d nto Isr l , b nd d t g h r do ’ wi wi a erfe ea wi io as the i i ua e t f God s ll th p ct h rt, th Z n sp r t l c n re o i ’ k the w see e P a e o . orld ( S ng r s r y r B o , p

V

On V. 4 TH E COM PANI ONS OF T H E M ESSI AH

The a mu ukka 2 b e i e the eve e e as am T l d (S h 5 ) sp c fi s s n sh ph rds Ad , S et and e u ela a o e ea i : e o and et u e a h , M th s h ( n th r r d ng S th , En ch , M h s l h ) n the i and A ra am a o and o e the eft wi i o r ght, b h , J c b, M s s on l , th Dav d in the e e and the ei i e as e e au amue Am c ntr ; ght pr nc s J ss , S l, S l, os, e a ia edekia a o e eadi : e e ia i a and the Z ph n h , Z h ( n th r r ng H z k h) , El j h , m ' M i Nu . a a . xiv e a i r n e a . d fl ss h ( r bb , ch , r cords e e ce of Opinion ” o e i the um e of a i e d e D'mWD l aroi c nc rn ng n b r no nt p rsons , , xp , as mma u has it e e a i me it am u ts to eve w i Sy ch s h r ; ccord ng to so , o n s n , h le

i it u t ei . S e e a Pesikta rab b eti a ot e o . . a i h rs br ng p ght lso , p 75 ) R sh confesses his ignorance of the source of this Haggadic list of names or i e a m e a n i th e princ ple of selection . P rh ps or th n o e pr nciple under h i i a a i i it . T e e e u e no ex avi is f l es M ss ah r q r s pl n t on . D d requently f the iii oke o as fu u e ru e ea . and e ew e e m e ve sp n t r l r ( Hos 5, ls h r ) ; or o r, ’ ” h hears the e ia i i e th e d A i e ix e S am . x 22 M ss n c t tl Lor s no nt d, II . , d w e e he me i ive au am x an e e . T a e is S . x ls h r ) s t tl g n to S l ( I iv. in m iv 20 m a o L a . . to one oft e a i of u a w o o me ls h l st k ngs J d h , h s ( Ibn a i e if wi m hi k of ia t ki whi e a u . Ezr ) d nt y h Zede ah , le oth rs (T rg ) t n Jos h nd v i ii o a i . a en . 2 En ch El j h were translated to heaven ( G . 4 II K ngs e e i a a i z utta 1 wi u vi nt r ng p r d se while alive ( Derek eres . tho t ha ng ta e dea i d M e ie the i of Gen. a a . xx an st d th ( r bb , ch ) ; os s d d by k ss the o u xi S I milarl it is aid of a a he e . a a . . L rd ( D t r bb , ch ) y s J cob th t id n t uff f a w am d o s e r death ( Ta anit 5 b) . O Abr ham e read (Test ent of a am xvi f t a the a e of a e e e im elf t hi Abr h . ) h t ( ng l ) de th pr s nt d h s o m in b eautifu fo m and ow U his ea n the om f l r with a cr n pon h d, a d bos o 90 ADDITIONAL NOTES

Abraham is the place to which the righteous are carried u pon their h x 2 m vi . am e ea i u i b . u e and d th ( K dd s n 7 ; co p L k Ad , S th, Methuselah represent the righteous patriarchs of the antediluvian i e is the fa e of avi mo eov th ra i o . e e e e pe r d J ss th r D d ; r r, bb s t ll f him a he was i e at the ime of his dea h t u me i i o th t s nl ss t t , h s r t ng the latter only in consequence of the unive rsal fall of man b amue is th who a i (Shabbat 55 ) . S l e prophet no nted David n h and a i 1 m xvi . can o ea w Amo e a ( S a . ) I find r son y s Z ph n h should “ b t f m m all the i e ar e s He e kia e singled ou ro a ong l t r y proph t . z h is a - k i a e a 28 b . would b e Messiah (Sanhedrin 94 ; comp . B r ot ) El j ah is frequently menti oned as the fore runner of the M essiah ( see Fried ’ i iti of d r lz hu m n u i to h s S e e E a . 8 ff. a a n s Introd ct on Ed on j , p ccording i th m a m x xi ii and e F a e a u o . i 2 to eu . a a . . D t r bb , ch , r g nt ry T rg , E d 4 , b e the o f the tr n fi he will b e accompanied y Mos s . In st ry o a s guration k ix 2 i u is u ou e b e and i a the m a . f e co ( M r ) , J s s s rr nd d y Mos s El j h , “ ” i th ia all o a i i a k of the ve pan ons of e Mess h . In pr b b l ty, b c se n “ ” ” a i ed ei if the Me ia im e f no nt persons ( or ght, ss h h s l b e counted ) are mythological conceptions conce rning the seve n planets or a an e see Zimmem D i e K ei li nschm ten und das Alte Testa rch g ls ( , f ment 1 620 if a he exam e of m th i a ma 0 . te , 9 3, p ) , not r pl y olog c l t r i h m wi th h i i e i e . o i of w s ee a na . e e o e th ch a b n n t o l z d , c b n d th h p s e atio n n .

T H E PROPH ETI C ESTI M ATES OF TH E SACRI FI CI AL CU LT

Prophetic estimates of the sacrificial cult and of ritualism as an in i u in m 1 m m e of w o . 2 if ea V i 6 ferior . od orsh p cc r A os V ; Hos , co p . r 1 m i 11 if e vi . 1 m x 2 i I sa. . . . 2 if a I vi 1 . S . v 2 s i . 3; ; J ; co p I . ; a.

’ vi if viii 16 ndifl r n th i if . i i i ii . e . . I e e e a i a lv . 5 Z ch 5 ; f. ce to s cr fic l cu lt met i in the a m x li 1 f and in the a . . i is w th Ps l s ( l 8 . ) H ggad c f the i u b ut one : e a ke Wi d m a e o ra . e utter nc s bb s To q ot Th y s d s o , i e e ue e of sin ? a we e vi u ue i e s What s th cons q nc It ns r d, E l p rs th s nn r

xiii e a we e : The u tha i et it a ( Prov. . Proph cy ns r d so l t s nn h , sh ll die e xviii The a an we e : L et him i a u i ( Ez k . . Tor h s r d br ng g lt ffe i and it b e f ive him God an we e : L et him e en o r ng shall org n . s r d r p t

92 ADD ITIONAL NOTES

ome u em so the Ho One e e b e H e ai L e c pon th ; ly , bl ss d , s d , t them offe t ei a i e ef e Me at all ime in the a e a r h r s cr fic s b or t s , T b rn cle, and ” m i a nd u b e wi b e w e f o a e ave . th y ll ean d r dol try, th s s d It goes w ith out a i a wit a di u view the a i did e s y ng th t, not hst n ng s ch s, r bb s not c ase to look forward to a restoration of the sacrificial cult in the Mes iani time s c s .

H U M AN SACRI F I CES

The custom of child sacrifice in antiquity is met with in many parts o f the w orld ; b ut nowhere among civilized nations w as it as estab ished a a of the u i e i io as amo the oeni ia and l p rt p bl c r l g n ng Ph c ns, l h a i ia The au o of the ook of i especia ly t e Carth g n ns . th r B K ngs hi fi re i xvi imi reports that Ahaz offered s son by ( II K ngs . s larly mi a Of a a e i i . xxi . e e a nd e ie a u e to the rac M n ss h ( b d , J r h Ez k l ll d p i ix f xx ii ii 1 f. x . om . i 2 r i . x . i e in t ei a e . v . ek t c h r d ys (J 3 ; 5 35 ; c p 4 Ez . 1 ii i he e im f 6 xx 26 xxi . A o to t xvi 20 . . . , 3 ; , 3 37 , cc rd ng t st ony f th f the e e of the ild a i w the t in o e ormer, sc n ch s cr fices as Tophe the va e of Ben i om out ide of e u a em not far f om the em e ll y H nn s J r s l , r T pl . ’ he i e w e e ai and e oflered as b umt- ffe i e T ch ldr n r sl n th n O r ngs ( Ez k . i r xix se h ni ii i e . . e Na ma on v xvi 6 xx i . L e . xvi . 2o f. . , 3 ; 39 ; J 5 ; It is also clear from several of the Biblical references that the sacrifices were offered to the Lord unde r the aspect of King ( M elek M olek ; the latter is a conscious mispronunciation for the purpose of suggesting B oshet ame a t ou the a ti e was i u e in rae , Sh l h gh pr c c ntrod c d Is l m e ia vii . 1 and w me f m a a . e e e e e ve e e s ro bro d J r h ( 3 , ls h r ) h ntly prot st against th e idea that such sacrifices were ordered by the Lord ; and i i f. a a a m k e xx. 2 e e i e Eze l ( 9 ) d cl r s th t , n s uch as the people d sob yed ’ “ the omma me t b w i ifa man do t em he wi ive Lord s c nd n s y h ch , h , ll l h a is we f om L e x i t t e e v . v ii m in e ( phr s borro d r . 5 ) H e i planted h m th e e i i u i ea at H e e i e u a i e u defilin t em p rn c o s d th d s r d s ch s cr fic s , th s g h ei ve ifts to the Lo cor by th r ry g rd and preparing their destru ction (so, l m ’ rect the ar u . L v x ii . 2 a e . xv see D illmann s omme . y, T g ) ( On 9, C nt ry ) th f m f e o a to Gen . xx11 ve the e o at a ou h the In or s ry, con ys l ss n th , lth g ’ motive which prompts the sacrifice of one s dearest child has a religious ADDITIONA L NOTES 93

h o u a i es are e i b i i n die e t e e m . bas s i obe nc to L rd, s ch s cr fic not d s r d y H i e weve the dénouement of a i a i s is ui e sat Wh l , ho r, th t d d ct c tory not q t isfactory w ith its accommodation to the popular need oftangible devo tion b y means of animal sacrifices ( a ram is substitute d for the child e e a i e I saac in E nc clo e di a Bibli ca a om a e it wi Ch yn , rt cl y p , ptly c p r s th th e accommodation to popular standards in the epilogue ofthe Book of our a a e i e a i e view b aimi a e ve Job ) , p ss g r s s to h gh r y procl ng th t n “ ” m ma de b the i a i e are me n ra s are not de n d y Lord . Ch ld s cr fic s n d i the i e in tw o he a e the son of e a i tio e n B bl ot r pl c s ( M sh , II K ngs i n i iii 2 th e vow of e a ud e x . The a i i mme . 7 , J phth h , J g s ) r bb s , co nt ng on i m i i a i e the a i e of the of e a er. x x. a a e J 5, nt n th t n th r s cr fic son M sh , nor a of the dau e of e a ha of aa was mma e th t ght r J phth h , nor t t Is c, co nd d ' it by the Lord (Ta an 4 a) .

vu 1 On . 5

TH E PASSOVE R WH I CH I S TO COME

The fu u e e ia i e em i is f e u e l like e the t t r , M ss n c, r d pt on r q nt y n d to firs , and the latter exodus from the exile to the former exodus from Egypt i 1 h xii r x xv x f. c . e . r m I sa. . e ( co p . 5 [ cor sponds to E od ] J . i The a b i f e ue ike th e a t e eeme the xxii . 7 r b s r q ntly l n l s r d r ( h o Pesikta rab b ti 2 e ia to t e e e . a . a a on M ss h ) first ( M s s ) ( , p 7 b ; C nt r bb

ii and a a e a a e and la e the a e e em i in a t . . C n 9, p r ll l p ss g s ) , p c l tt r r d pt on h m of th f me e em i x a a xv i a t e e . . N s n , onth or r r d pt on ( E od r bb , ch . ) our ok of a e no e a in the i a i i e a u e the In Bo Pr y r, l ss th n M dr sh c l t r t r , emotions of Israel oscillate betw ee n the memory of the glorious beginning of our national life and the hope in the still more i u fu u e e e afte the e i a of the ma ve u redem glor o s t r . H nc , r r c t l r llo s p i f om t the a e : 0 Ro k of ae a i e as e e t on r Egyp , pr y r c Isr l , r s H lp r of ae and e eem a i w uda and a Isr l , r d ccord ng to Thy ord J h Isr el ; Th name of is our e ee me o of One of a e . y old r d r, L rd hosts , Holy Isr l ” ’ e e b e u e eeme of ae i e a e k Bl ss d Tho , O R d r Isr l (S ng r s Pr y r Boo ,

. o i to the eki a on x . xv the new p Acc rd ng M lt ( E od . song lu 0 i n t I sa . x 1 the f i i h ( . ) s song o final tr umph e Passover which is to c me e o i the of e at the as ve of o , corr sp nd ng to song Mos s P so r Egypt . 94 ADDITIONAL NOTES

Hence the prayer in the Passover Haggadah ( antedating the “ m h i 2 6 m 6 . a o t . i na Pesahi x. o e ed b e M sh h , ; c p M z r V ry, p 9 ) Bl ss

u our i of th e w d who ha e eeme us Tho , O Lord God, K ng orl , st r d d n fa e f m and a au e us ea i i h a d our th rs ro Egypt, h st c s d to r ch th s n g t, to eat e e u eave ed ea and i e e ma e u th r on nl n br d b tt r h rbs ; so y st Tho , O our au e us ea e ea and fe i va w i Lord God , c s to r ch oth r s sons st ls h ch ar f in ea e e i i in the e ui di ofTh i and a e be ore us p c , r jo c ng r b l ng yc ty gl d of Th e vi e a we ma eat e e of the a a a ri e and of the y s r c , th t y th r p sch l s c fic

' he ofierin s wh en the e e fwi u the wa of hi e a ta ot r g , blood th r o ll to ch ll T n l r, that w e may b e acce pte d before Thee ; and that w e may then praise ee our and of our fa e wi a new n for our Th , O Lord God God th rs , th so g

edem i and the e ive a e of o ur u . e e b e ou r pt on d l r nc so ls Bl ss d Th , O ” Th i i i i in o Re ee me of ae . e a a e the ve in L rd , d r Isr l p t n c ns rt ons E n g

h da f ve a it f t e a o a o . a e o f. ar Pr y r l st y P ss r ( M hzor V ry, p 573 ) e built on the motive that the Passover of Egypt ( m m non) will b e paralleled m ‘vnvS no b the a ove w i is e s . A ai Ben ma y P ss r h ch to co ( ) g nst Zo , i i f. ma i h who the a i of er. xxii . a s a t e ia x , on b s s J 7 , nt n th t Egypt n e odus will b e so far transcende d b y the latte r that the former w ill no longer b e me i e the in the i h ah are of the i i nt on d, doctors M s n op n on that the former exodus w ill still b e a secondary th eme whe n the latter will b e ’ the mai u e of ae ai e e ak i . almu 12 6 n s bj ct Isr l s pr s s ( B r ot 5 ; T d, Thus the historic continuity of Israel is assured even for the glorious im f i t e o the final restorat on .

96 INDEX TO REFERENCES TO THE SCRIPTU RES

— ’ — ' ’ J osu ux Cont d I c s Cont d I su an — Cont d v ii 2 1 . xi . 15 - x 12 . . 9 xii .

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xi . xi ii 12 . x 0 0 x 111. 17 f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 xviii . xxvi .

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0 0 0 0 1 XVI . 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . xi. 3 AND OTHER ANCIENT WRITINGS

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xii . 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . v iii . 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. ( xiii . I V .

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xviii . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 3 11. 4

xx. 2 6 1 f 6 8 , 3 111. 9 3 . 4 xx 2 f . 10 6 . 9 iii.

xxi . 1 0 0 0 0 6 8 2 iv. 0 0 34. 3 . 4 [ 1 ii xx . v0 3. 2 4

xxii . 0 0 XI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v .

xxii . 2 . xx i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 v . 3 . 4

xxiii . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 , 39 v . 3

xxiii . . 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 v . 5 47

2 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v. 9

2 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 v . 4 - X V I 1 . 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X . 7 vi . 4

V I ". ii XX v .

V I ". ii 16 . XX v .

XXXI I i 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 v111. 4 0

XXXI Y v 0 0 0 0 0 66 : iii. 5 0 xxxvu 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 V iii 0 7 0 0 0 0 98 INDEX TO REFERENCES TO THE SCRIPTU RES

’ ’ Pu ma — Cont d Pt ovm s— Cont d n o: Eccm msr z s

CV ) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . “ . 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 . 3 0 ii o o o 5

cxv xx . 2 2 8 . viii 5 x 3 8 c vii. 3

cxv u i . z o xx c v . 4

CXXXO 0 0 . 0 x c li . 5 Pnovu as v; 1 1 V . 30 T"

I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o g i 31 y . xxv . 3x xv u6 f xw y. xv y xvg 33 . o o o o o o o o o o o o o l ‘ I o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 xx 2 ! 0 O O 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u m t 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T H E APOCRY PH A AND S E D E P I G RAP A 6. P U H — ’ — ’ S m cn I V E z nA Cont d E N oc n Con t d

3 xxx . 88 6 . 2 7 xi. 4. vi. 4 7 vii x 8 x13 32 8 7 lviii . 3 7 . 88 x 1 f xm 2 6 2 87 lxx. 4 . ggg. 7 , 5 Tw e n m o. AB RAH AM

xv ‘. f 89 0 0 . I lix. 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SCE N SI ON or I SA I AH I V E z u A it v ; 9 .

E W E S T M E N T c. TH E N T A

M ATTH EW J ogm 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 i . 0 0 0 x0 35 0 O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ARK ROM AN S M H ' ix; s v u L 3 H I AN S L U K E I CORI N T

xv 0 Xii 2 0 0 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 5 xv 1 . 48 xv .

E M I S H N AH d . TH

Y OM A

94 v ifi .

' M o ED E ATON

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o iii . 4

T H E AL E S TI N I AN A M D e . P T L U

IND EX

Aa n , 60. m ro Ben Zo a, 94. Ab rab anel. S ee I sa Ab ac rab an el. , , 7 1. A Berechiah rabbi , 89. - 2 braham Beth ezel , 4. A I b n - - E , , le A 2 braham ben Meir zra cited Beth phrah, 3. 1 1 1 a 2 2 - , 7 . [ ] . 1 [ z ] 2 . 2 . 4 . 5 . Beth lehem, 5 2 6. 2 0 6 9 3 34 44. 4 . Bezer, 34 4 6 66 6 9 53. 54. 5 5. 59. s. . 7 . ss F. 2 Bli . J ., cited, 4. 68 , 7 5 , 7 7 , 7 8, 89 ; 2 commentator on Bochim, 3. 1 , 5 . B Micah oshet, 92 . Ab ulw alid t I b n Canah Me wan , com Bozrah, 34. men tator 1 2 , 5 ; 1 . on Micah cited, , Breaker, the, 34 2 2 2 2 1 2 - . 4. 9. 3 . 3 . 68 ff n 8 Burnt o ering, to begi war, 3 ; de A 2 6 , . n 61 chzib d, . A fi e 8 0. dam , 9, 9 A S eb aot 6 C i 8 1-2 donai , 45 . anaanite relig on, .

A 8 . C P grarian laws, 3 anaanites , the, defile alestine, 33, A 6 8 8 hab, 4, 9, 4. 7 az 1 1 Caut1on 6 . . 4. 3. g , 5 . A a C c 2 of S 1 . hik m the son haphan, 4 . hariots, prophets obje t to, 5

A 6 86 C 8 . lmsgiving, 4 ; and righteousness, . harity, laws of, 4 A C t 8 . 1 mmonites, the, 7 heyne, commen ator on Micah, 5 ; A 6 8 0 mos. s. 3. 9. 9 cited, 93 A x C sacr 1fices 1 1 2 2 . S as also quila. te t of Micah , 4 ; cited, 4, hild , 3, 9 2 6 H 6 6 . 9 349 31 7 51 7 ' uman sacrifices A 6 C 1 -16 sceticism, 5 . ommentators on Micah , 5 . As 2 2 C s 8 hdod , captured, . ompanions of the Mes iah , 54, 9 A 6 0 sherah cult, 9. 9 . A C I 8 8 . sherim , 5 . ongregation, srael , 7 A s - C o 66 2 0. s yria, 55 , , 73; and Palestine, 3. ongregation of the L rd, 3 A - 1 C in 8 . t ssyrian loan word, onjugal fidelity, figure for idola ry. A 2 2 0 ssyrian supremacy, .

A C 8 . uthorised Daily Prayer Book, trans onnubium , 7 - C S . S 8 8 . lation by inger , cited , 45 , 47 , orners of the field, 4 0 a 8 Cornill 16 5 . 7 4. 7 9 [ ] . 9 . 93 , introduction to Micah, . Az u ri As 2 2 , king of hdod, .

m s s 2 . Da a cu , fall of, 6 8 ss Baal cult, 9. David, 3, 9 ; ancestor of the Me iah,

2 . Babylon , 5 , 55 . 3 s 1 b 11 1 Babylon , metropoli , 3. David ben Joseph Kim i , cited, , 7 2 2 8. 2 9 2 1 2 6 Balaam , 3 . 4 s 1 2 0 2 Ban , the, 5 . 9 3 3 . 33. 34 Bamot S ee H 2 . s . 6 2 igh Place , the 439 449 4 9 49 [ 19 5 3 [ 419 $4 [ 19 8 6 66 6 Bashan , 7 7 5 5 5 . 59. s. 7 Bau dissi n i 68 1 8 a on , ntroduction to Micah , , 7 , 7 5 7 ; comment tor 1 Beard , the, 39. Micah , 5 .

S . i 1 Benediction , the eventh, 7 4 Devoted, definit on of, 5 . H V -6 2 . Ben innom, alley of, 9 . Dew, 5 5 INDEX I O!

H 2 2 1 D illman n 2 . 0 . , cited, 9 arlot, the hire of a , , H i 8 . 0. Divinat on , 3 asid, 7 .1 i r 16 H . Driver, nt oduction to Micah, eritage , 7 7 8 H 6 1 6 0 cited, 3 . esed, , 4, 7 .

D u st in 2 i the 8. ez eki ah 1 1 1 8 0. , rolling , 3; lick ng , 7 , , 3, 4 , 9, 9 H 1 1 1-2 6 . 8 8 . Dysentery, 7 igh places , the, , 9,

H h . ills, the mot ers, 59 - u 1 . H S Earthquake, fig re for sin, 9 itzig teiner, commentators on Mi 1 Eden. 43. 44» cah , 5 .

2 2 H 6 . Edom , . oliness, 5 - the 8 . H . Edomites , , 7 oly Land, the , devastation of, 7 4 5 - 2 . H S 6 . Egypt , and Palestine, 3, 7 5 oly pirit , the , 5

8 . H 8 . Egyptians, the, 7 onesty in trade, 3

6 . H s 2 . Eleazar, rabbi, 4 orse , prophets object to , 5 2 . 8 . 89. 0. H 6 . Elijah . 34. 47 9 osea, 3 e 6 6 2 - ee al o C H m . S s Encyclop dia Biblica, cited, 43, 4 , 5 , u an sacrifices , 9 3 hild 93° sacrifices. - s 2 . H m 2 . End of day , 4 3 umiliation , sy bol of, 3, 39 - 8 . H 6 . Enoch , 9 umility, 4 5 - ee . Ephrath. S Beth lehem

s 7 2 . I b n E S ee A I b n E chatology, Jewish , zra . braham ben Meir 1 E , , 5 ; wald commentator on Micah Ezra. 2 1 0 66 6 68 . h ee Ab u lw alid M erw an cited , , 3 , 7 , , 7 5 I b n Cmn a . S x s t e E odus, the, and the Me sianic I b n Ganah . - , 934. I n demption dolatry, co jugal infidelity figure for, E , 47 . 2 0 a 8 1 zra ; warning ag inst, ; and sacri 1 fices, 9 .

F 6 . I 1. ear of sin, 5 ncisions , symbol of mourning, 5 F 0 , y , 7 . I 8 . igs earl nterest , laws on, 4 F - 62 - , , 3. I . irst born the phigenia, 37 F ’ , 7 7 . I . lock, the Lord s saac , sacrifice of, 93

F 6 . I Ab rab anel orethought , 5 saac , commentator on Mi F 8 4. 1 12 1. orgotten sheaf, cah , 5 ; cited, , 9

I 1 12 4 . saiah , , 4 , ; the son of, 7 Gad I - ; . 7 7 srael , political relations of , 34 and - - 2 2 . 8 1 2 rm 86 7 . Gath , 3 idolatry , ; te s for, - 2 . I an 1 . Gath Rimmon, 3 srael, interch ged with Jacob , 9 Gilead, 77 .

G , 2 3. 8 . ittaim Jacob , 9 8 G , 4. I 1 . leanings Jacob , interchanged with srael , 9 12 Gog, , 50. 0 Jehoiakim , 4 .

2 1. G , , 3, 5 . raetz cited Jephthah , vow of, 93 V x G , 1. reek ersion of Micah te t Jeremiah , accused of treason, 4 1 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 2 , 7 , , , , 3, 9, 1 . cited Jeremias , cited , 3 6 6 33. 3 . 4 . 49. 5 3. 4 . 5 Jeroboam , 3

66 68 , 87 . defiled Jerusalem , , 4, 5 ; destruction

Gr essman n . 6 , cited, 9 of, announced, 5 , ; the spiritual Gri fi on - t he 2 12 o 1 in vulture, , 7 . centre , ; sin pers nified , 9 ; - ff 62 0. Guilt o ering, . the Messianic age , 5

8 0. Gunkel , cited, 44~ Jesse, 9, 9 H - 8 6 80 8 . aftarah , 55 4, . Jesus,

H i man 6 . anan ah, 37. Jew, the, as a , 34 102 INDEX

H rcanu s 2 0. s the 2 2 John y , Mes iah . . 34. 35. 44. 5 . 53. 5 4. 7 . S ee Ab ulwalid v an I b n 8 ro- x t 8 - an Jonah . Mer 9 ; p e is ent, 7 9 ; comp ions

G a . 8 . an h of, 9 ; and Moses . 93 - the 80. 8 12 1 1 Jonah, Book of, Messianic age, the, , , 3 4, 43, - , 4 . 9 6 Joseph Kara , commentator on Micah s 49. 5 . 534. 7

2 2 2 6 2 8 . s 15 ; cited, , , , 53 Mes ianic redemption, the, and the - imhi 1 1 2 , 35. x . Joseph K , cited, , 3 E odus, 934

2 0. e a 89, 90. Josephus, cited, Methus l h ,

8 8 . , , 1; Josiah , 5 , 9 Micah place and time of compared I 1. , 4 ; , Jotham, with saiah as social reformer - 8 8 . 4 5 ; , 5 ; Jubilee year, 3, 4 unpopular and the false - h 0. 6 ; s ro Judicial murder, 4 prophets, 5 use an ancient p p 8 86. - us s , 35, 3, ecy, 6 7 , 12 ; d i s , 7 ; J tice, admini tration of on iv ne ervice -8 ; the diction of, 7 , 9 ; theology of, 7 ee Ki mhi ; - K imhi . S D v J u 8 1 xt a id ben oseph nity of his authorship, 4 ; te of h J Kim i. 1 1 oseph book of, 4 ; versions of book of, 5 ; 6 . - s , 4 m 1 16 Kindnes es, the doing of co mentaries on book of, 5 ; and

d 2 . Go 7 H 1 6 . Kingdom of , ezekiah , 4 ; modesty of, 3 1 d . a I 1 . Kittel , cite , Micai h the son of mlah , 7 , 39 - 87 . 8 Klausner, cited, Migdal eder, 4 . H . in , 35 a 60. Know g, in ebrew Miri m, 6 Kén i , 9 . 2 2 g, introduction to Micah Moab , , 34. 12 . th e 8 Koppe, cited , Moabites, , 7 . 16. K uen en , 6 , introduction to Micah Modesty, 5. li M ii n, J , 7 9. - acob 2 . L , 4 5 achish 6 . Moloch , 3 2 . L ndl rd , 9 or h e h 1 a o s e t . M s , 8 . L m , 3 andmarks, re oval of M oresh eth- 2 6 gath, . 1 Lev , r bb , 9 . 60 8 0 i a i . Moses, , 9, 9 , 93 ’ o 88 . L g , he, th e s - os t . Mountain of Lord s hou e, 434 - 2 0. ” L , 9 3 ots a . Mount ins, the fathers, 59 6 . Lovingkindness, 4, 7 9 2 1 2 2 1. Mourning, , 3, 7 , 39, 5 z z atto 8 , 46. L u , cited, 3 , 44

N ab oth , 2 8, 69. S ee . Magog. Gog N ahman i 1. , cited, 9 V y , , 94 Mahzor itr cited - N , I , 86 7 . i mu n i 1. ation srael M a , cited, 9 N , 34. s 1 8 2 . ebaioth Manas eh, 3, 5 , 9 N , 47 . . ehemiah Manasseh, half of, 7 7 enb au er 2 . 2 N , cited, 5 Mantle , 3 . N , 5 5 . 2 6. imrod Mareshah, N 2 . 2 ineveh, 5 Maroth, 4. c N ck mm n r , t 16. owa , co e tato Mi ah Marti , commenta or on Micah , 2 8 Mashal , . Oil, 62 , 68. Masor, 7 5. O , 69. s 8. mri Ma orah , the , cited, 5 O , 82 . x 1 . nias Masoretic te t, 4 O 8. phel , the, 4 Massebah , 57 . O . 2 ptimism , false, 37 Memphis, 5 . O 2 2 . H elbo mm strich , the, Menahem bar , co entator 1 i 2 2 6 2 66. Micah, 5 ; c ted, 4, , 3 , 2 - - P l l l , 3; n I I . , Merodach balada , 3 a estine politica re ations of 2 defiled . f , 3 ; , 33 s . l e o re Me ha, 93 p ac st

104 IND EX

S n and s 0. U i tness 0. pirit. lo g hort of, 3 pr gh , 7 S a 8 1 t de , cited, , 3. S h 1 teint al , cited, 9 . V na am n r sts 0. lity o g p i , 4 S x 1 e e ymmachus, te t of Micah, 4 ; cited, V 1. isitation , 7 19. 2 4. 2 6. 31. 3 4 V u 1 lgate, the , text of Micah , 4 ; cited, S V 1 yriac ersion, text of Micah, 4 ; 2 2 2 2 19, 2 1 . 4. 9. 34 5 3. 2 1 2 2 2 2 6 2 cited. . 4. . 9. 49. 53. 68 6 2 54. 5 5. 59. 6x. 66. 67 . . 9. 7 . 7 5 67 . 76 76

Tahuti mes I I I , 2 .

Tanhum s em c 2 2 . W s s on 8 . of Jeru al , ited, age , law , 4 - T u 11 18 2 1 2 War a 8 n . arg m , cited , , 4 , s nctified , 37 ; abolitio of, 45 2 6 2 1 x 2 Wellhausen m a . 9. 3 . 34 4 . 5 . 53 , com ent tor on Micah, 8 60 6 x 6 66 1 2 54. 5 . 59 . . 3. 5 ; cited, 3

6 6 0 : 8 W t 16. 7 . 9. 7 . 7 7 s 7 . ildeboer, introduc ion to Micah,

8 2 t a 1 r W 88. 9. 9 ; tex of Mic h, 4 ; pa a ord, the eternal, phrastic, 15. T i ashl k, 79. Y alkut ki i, h, 15 . T -el-H es 2 - Ma r on Mica ell y, 4 5. Y al u im, , 15 . T 82 k t on Micah emple, the, . ' Y oreh D h, , 2 1 39. Theodotion x 1 e a cited , te t of Micah, 4; cited,

2 6. 63. 7 5 - Ti lath ileser I I I 2 n n 2 . g p , . Zaa a , 4

T s 8 6 1. ithe , 4. Zebah , - To m n i s . i 8 . p of the ou ta n , 434 Zedek ah, 35, 9

T 2 . n 2 . ophet, 9 Zena , 4

T . 89, 0. orah , defined , 44 Zephaniah , 9

T 6 1. , , 90. orah , the, 5 ; and the prophets, 9 Zimmern cited - T 2 2 2 . , 43 . ristram, cited, , 7 Zion, the future 4 - T 2 0. Z n n , 4. yre, io , Mou t 43