Mainstreaming Sustainable Urban Water Management Issues and challenges in policy and practice
Water augmentation in Delhi - NCR Manu Bhatnagar Principal Director, Natural Heritage division, intach AN UNCERTAIN water FUTURE SUPPLY SIDE OPTIONS GETTING NARROWED
DAM BUILding in himalayan basins uncertain
AQUIFERS depleting rapidly
GALLOPING DEMAND - DEMAND AND SUPPLY PROJECTIONS INCREASINGLY DIVERGENT
CENTRAL GOVT.S’ POWERS TO MANAGE INTERSTATE RIVER WATERS INCREASINGLY CRAMPED BY INTERSTATE DISHARMONY, UPSURGE IN LOCAL RESISTANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVATIONS
UPPER YAMUNA ACCORD WILL BE UP FOR REVIEW IN 2025
CLIMATE CHANGE & GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTS : RECEDING GLACIERS & erratic rainfall leading to resource variability
Demand beyond delhi’s borders and in the neighbourhood set to rise SCENARIO I SCENARIO II – Supply Side Emphasis SCENARIO III – Plan For The Worst
Deficient Precipitation Declining River Flow/Decreased Abstraction No Further Upstream Reservoirs Inter-State Rivalry Depleted Aquifers SCENARIO IV SCENARIO V
Climate Change Resilience P O L I C Y DEFAULT POLICY BASELINE Emphasis On Supply Side Approach Focus On Dams Reduce Conveyance & Distribution Losses Adhoc Initiatives In Recycling - Some Initiatives Have Been Taken But No Comprehensive Approach
Exclusions : Decentralized Approach, Demand Management, Groundwater Management, Conservation & Efficiency, Target Setting, Gaps In Legal Framework, Equity Issues, Comprehensive Database Management, Co-opting The Public and Major Stakeholders • Employment Levels Static •Industry Has Moved Out Of Delhi POPULATION TRENDS•Metro Enables People To Work In Delhi While Staying In NCR DDA PROJECTION •Delhi Has Become A Very 18.20 Million Expensive City For Migrants To Move In •Migrants Require To Be Skilled In Order To Move In To Delhi •Construction Is Becoming Mechanized •Obtaining Accommodation Difficult With Severe Constraints On Slums And Unauthorized Colonies •Schemes Such As NREGA Reduce The Incentive To Migrate •Better Governance In The States Of Migrant Origin Reduces The Incentive To Migrate DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH RATES 1951-1961 TO 2021-2031
60 52.44 52.93 53 51.45 47.02 50
40
30 20.96 20
10 15%
% DECADAL % DECADAL GROWTHRATE 0 1951 - 1961 1961 - 1971 1971 - 1981 1981 - 1991 1991 - 2001 2001 - 2011 2011 - 2021 2021 - 2031 Comparison of Population Projections by Various Agencies [Millions] Agency 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051 • Employment Levels Static NCRPB 17.99 20.00 - •Industry Has Moved DDA/DJB 18.20 23.0 - Out Of Delhi •Metro Enables People McKinsey/UN 18.451 - 26.0 To Work In Delhi Population Fndn. 17.075 20.48 23.44 25.08 25.95 While Staying In NCR •Delhi Has Become A Of India I Very Expensive City Population Fndn. 17.057 20.31 22.94 For Migrants To Move In Of India II •Migrants Require To Be Skilled In Order To Move In To Delhi Census of India 16.75 <20.0** 22.89 24.49 25.33 •Construction Is Becoming Mechanized •Obtaining Accommodation Difficult With Severe Total Urbanizable Area Constraints On Slums 920 Sq.KM. With Gross And Unauthorized Colonies Density As 300 PPH •Schemes Such As = 27 Million Population NREGA Reduce The Incentive To Migrate •Better Governance In The States Of Migrant Origin Reduces The Incentive To Migrate Projected Domestic Water Demand Based On Projected Population
S. No. Author Supply Norm 2021 2031 2051 [Population [Population [Population 20 Million] 25 Million] 27 Million]
1 CPHEEO 172 LPCD 760 MGD 942 MGD 1018 MGD 2 National Water 160 LPCD 705 MGD 877 MGD 947 MGD Commission
The Supply Norm Can Keep On Declining With Appropriate Measures IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND , DELHI (1971-2015)
600 570
500 505
400 409
338
300 IN MCM IN
200
115 100
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 YEAR
Area Under Irrigation 1991 – 76239 Ha 2001 - 60991 Ha 2014 - 30000 Ha S.No. Sources of Water Qty [MGD] 1 Yamuna River [incl. 37 MGD from Munak 391 Canal savings] 2 Ganga River 254 3 Bhakra Storage [incl. 58 MGD from Munak 222 Canal savings] 5 Sub Total 867 6 Ranney Wells/Tube Wells (G.W) [100] 80 7 Total [895]947
S No. Present Water Resources Quantum 1 Surface + Sust. GW Resources 947 MGD 2 Rain Water Runoff Recharge Potential [50 MCM] 30 MGD* 3 Recycled Waste Water Potential 400 MGD Total Availability 1347 MGD Fresh Water Sources 5 Renuka Dam #275 MGD 6 Kishau Dam #372 MGD 7 Lakhwar Vyasi Dam #135 MGD 8 Sharda – Yamuna Link #4085 MGD DEMAND Vs. SUPPLY [RIVER + GW + RWH + RECYCLED WATER] [1018 MGD] [1347 MGD] DEMAND Can be met by a combo of RIVER + RECYCLED WATER + gw + Rain water
AGAINST FINAL DEMAND OF 1018 MGD [2051] [27 Million Population]
765 MGD [freshwater] + 400 MGD [recycled water] = 1165 MGD availability [20% Losses] by 2022 810 MGD [freshwater] + 425 MGD [recycled water] = 1235 MGD availability [15% Losses] by 2025 855 MGD [freshwater] + 450 MGD [recycled water] = 1305 MGD availability [10% Losses] by 2027
NOTE : The Demand Is Based On Norm of 172 LPCD – This Can Be Reduced Further To Say 150 LPCD – At That Level A Population Of 41 Million Can Be Supported [Norm Can Be Brought Down To 100 LPCD Progressively] POLICY OBJECTIVES ENSURING FUTURE WATER SECURITY Ensuring sustainability and climate change resilience Emphasize demand management enhance resource availability thru recycling REDUCe FRESHWATER FOOTPRINT To Factor In Uncertainity & Risk, Develop Resilience To Climate Change, Mitigate Future Conflict With Upper Riparians enhance river flow & conserve river Floodplains curtailing distribution losses CONSERVe local WATER RESOURCES Statement 1 : Priority In Water Allocation
101 The Priority In Allocation Of Water Resources Would Be In The Following Sequence : Drinking Water And Human Freshwater Use River and Wetland Ecology Power Sector Industry Irrigation Statement 2 : Demand Management
201 NCT Delhi Will Focus On Demand Management.
Towards This End NCT Delhi Will Reduce Its Present Per Capita Consumption Norm Of 172 Lpcd By A Minimum Of 10 Litres Every 5 Years
•By 2020 Norm Should Decline To 160 LPCD •By 2025 Norm Should Decline to 135 LPCD •By 2030 Norm Should Decline To 120 LPCD
[The above are minimum targets] Statement 3 : Recycled Water Resource
301 NCT Delhi Will Increasingly Use Recycled Wastewater And Decrease Its Freshwater Footprint. Towards This End : 302 NCT Delhi Will Regulate Phosphate Content Of Detergents As Well As Promote The Use Of Water Saving Natural Cleansers 303 NCT Delhi Will Frame Targets To Increase Recycled Water Use : To 35% Minimum By 2022 To 50% Minimum By 2025 To Minimum 80% By 2027 304 Decentralized Treatment Of Sewage/WW Will Be Promoted, Alternative Treatment Systems Encouraged, Local Reuse Promoted 305 New Urbanization Will Be Built Around Decentralized STPs Located Close To Points Of Generation 306 Treated Discharge Of Existing STPs Would Be Reused To The Extent Possible By Users Located In Their Command Areas [2019] 307 Large Generators Of Sewage/Wastewater Such As Transport Sector/Institutions/Industry Would Have To Install Own Treatment Plants And Recycle The Resource [2019] Statement 4 : NCT Delhi Will Promote Conservation & Efficiency
401 Towards This End Delhi Will Implement A Water Device Efficiency Rating System [2016]
402 NCT Delhi Will Use Financial Instruments To Promote The Use Of Water Efficient Devices [2017]
403 NCT Delhi Will Implement A Program Of Retrofitting Water Conserving Fixtures In Govt. and Private Buildings [2019]
404 NCT Delhi will Introduce Water Audit Capacities On Lines Of Energy Audit And Implement The Results Thereof [2016] Statement 5 : Controlling Distribution Losses
501 NCT Delhi Will Curtail Distribution Losses At All Levels Of The Distribution Hierarchy To Limit Maximum Loss Figure To : • Under 20% By 2020 • Under 15% By 2025 • Under 10% By 2030 Statement 6 : Aquifer Management
601 NCT Delhi Will Take Wide Ranging Measures To Recoup Aquifers As Measured In Terms Of Depth To Water Table.
602 The Aquifer Exploitation Will Be Neutralized By 2020 And Attain Recovery To Year 2000 Levels By 2030
603 To Achieve Above Objectives An Aquifer Management Strategy Is To Be Drawn Up [2015-16] Incorporating Recharge and Substitution
604 Groundwater Bill Will Be Modified And Enacted [2015-16]
605 Aquifer Water Quality Will Be Protected and Improved Through Dilution Where Contaminated Statement 7 : Database Management
701 To Provide Decision Support Comprehensive Database Needs To Be Generated. For This Metering Devices Are To Be Installed At Various Levels In The Hierarchy Upto Micro Level.
702 Metering Would Also Be Done For The Return Water At Various Levels Of The Hierarchy
703 Metering Targets Are To Be Set Up For Various Levels Of The Hierarchy To Achieve 100% Metering By 2020
704 Real Time Water Audit Capacities Are To Be Built Up For Water Budgeting In Large Users Statement 8 : Access To Water For All
801 NCT Delhi Will Ensure Access To Water To Every Resident Of The Territory For Their Minimum Water Requirements In Keeping With Potential Interpretation Of Article 21 Of Constitution Of India And In Accordance With UN Resolution To Which India Is A Signatory. [2019]
802 The Minimum Requirement Will Be Determined And May Vary Downward With The Passage Of Time
803 Affordability Of Norm Based Water Supply Would Be Maintained Statement 9 : Institutional Organization
901 To Track And Integrate Several Strands Of The Dynamic Water Environment, Internal And External To NCT Delhi, A Water Resources Commission Or State Water Board Will Be Set Up With DJB At The Core [2016]
902 The Commission Would Be A Steering Body With Comprehensive Mandate And Provided With Defined Policy Making, Regulatory And Monitoring Powers. The Commission Would Coordinate The Actions Of All Agencies Directly Concerned With Water Services, Resource Management, River Issues, Foster Technological And Administrative And Financial Innovations, Track Developments In The Northern River Basins And Riparian States, Track Climate Change Impacts On Resources, Benchmark Performance On Policy Parameters, Act As A Pricing Regulator Statement 10 : River Related Issues 1001 NCT Delhi Will Progressively Reduce Its Abstraction Of River Water From Yamuna and Ganga Rivers By Increasing Its Reliance On Recycled Water Resources. The Allocated Unutilized Volumes Will Remain In The River And Available To Delhi At Any Time.
1002 NCT Delhi Will Take Steps To Restore River Water Quality To Bathing Quality By 2020 And Also Carry Out Progressive Ecological Monitoring Of The Recovery Of The Riverine Eco-system.
1003 Preservation Of River Corridors/Floodplains Would Be Mandatory Statement 11 : Public Education and Awareness
1101 NCT Delhi Will Enlist The Cooperation Of The Public And Other Sectoral Entities In Attaining Policy Objectives. This Would Be Done By Initiating Campaigns To Raise The Level Of Public Literacy About Delhi’s Water Endowments, Constraints, Challenges And Wise Use Of Resources [2015 Onwards]
1102 NCT Delhi Would Draw Up A Charter Of Water Related Duties and Obligations Of The State And Duties and Rights Of The Citizenry In Conformity With Policy Objectives [2015-16] Statement 12 : Promoting Innovation In The Water Sector
1201 NCT Delhi Will Examine Innovations Involving Technical, Social, Regulatory, Governance Innovations To Improve The Sustainability, Service Delivery, Affordability And Equity In The Water Sector
1202 NCT Delhi Would Decrease The Energy Footprint Of Its Entire Cycle Of Water Operations [Treatment, Supply, Sewage Collection And Treatment]
1203 NCT Delhi Will Implement ‘Report Of Sub-committee For Development Of National Sustainable Habitat Parameters On Urban Stormwater Management’ And Waterbodies In Order To Enhance The Availability Of Local Water Resources. DELHI: DRAINAGE SUB-BASINS PALEO-CHANNELS & LINÉAMENTS Sector 36 B
INTACH 30 km of Link Drains 95 km of Storm water Channels 50 km of Irrigation Channels 150 Ponds
Narela Narela Tank (6 Railway Singhola Station ha) Lake
(2 ha) 2 km
0.3 km
0.5 km
Tikri 1 (5 ha) STP
Tikri 2 (5 ha)
DSIDC 6HA Bhorgarh 6HA
Khampur Depression 5HA
Policy On Tanks, NDMA Guidelines, NSHM Ruins of delhi Shahjahanabad
Firoz Shah Kotla
Dinpanah
Hauz-i-Khas Siri
Jahanpanah Qila Rai pithora
Tughlakabad
40
42 43 • Ancient Reservoir Made By Allaudin Khilji In 1298 A.D. • Overlooked By Tughlaq Monuments • Reservoir Dry On Account Of Fall in Water Table and Diversions of Inflows Since 1959. • Reservoir Area : 58515 Sq. Mtrs. Safdarjung • Depth Range : 2 – 3.5 Mtrs • Storage Capacity : 128733 Cu.M. Hauz Khas • Lithology : Silt With Gravel • Depth to Bedrock : 70 MBGL. • Water Table Depth: 20.0 MBGL. • Permeability Coefficient : 3.54 X 10-7 cm/sec
Rose Garden
I.I.T 44 Existing Spillover HauzPipe
HAUZ KHAS Operational Scheme
EXISTING PIPELINE
Chlorinator (Optional) Diversion Chamber •Storm Water From 175 Ha Rose Garden Diversion Chamber
Indian Institute Of Technology Catchment I.I.T. •Treated Effluent From J.N.U. Katwaria Sarai Katwaria Sarai Vasant Kunj STP •Directed to Hauz Through Series of 5 Check Dams in PIPE LAID ON BED OF SW CHANNEL
5 AQUATIC PLANT LAGOON Sanjay Van
AQUATIC PLANT 4 LAGOON SANJAY VAN Reserved Forest •From Last Check Dam 3 Km Sanjay Van 3 Pipeline (600 mm Dia. PSC ) AQUATIC PLANT LAGOON
N Laid in SW Nala To Hauz 2 1 PIPE CHECK DAM
•Gravity Flow Ensured
Hence-No Energy Metres 800 600 400 200 0
STP Vasant Kunj STP Consumption. 45 SOI MAP - 1981 46 47 48 Ground Water
March, 2003 MID-PROJECT April, 2013 – pH : 7.6 (April 2009) – pH : 7.7 – Chloride : 70 mg/l – Chloride : 92 – BOD : 3 mg/l – pH : 7.1 mg/l – COD : 10 mg/l – Nitrate : 20 mg/l – Chloride : 84 – BOD : BDL – EC : 650 mohms/cm mg/l – COD : BDL – TDS : 425 – BOD : 1 mg/l – Nitrate : 4.3 – Ammonia : mg/l 0.04mg/l – COD : 4 mg/l – Phosphate : BDL – Total Hardness : – Nitrate : 1.14 350 mg/l mg/l – Fluoride : 0.4 – Fluoride : 0.1 mg/l mg/l – Phosphate : 1.44 – Total Coliform : mg/l 125 [MPN/100ml] – Total Hardness : Monitoring Wells
2
4 1 7 3
5
6 •Rain Water Recharged From Sep •Water in Bore No.7 Risen From 20 2003 to Date 500 Million Litres MBGL to 8 MBGL (Estimated) • Water Appeared in Wells No.2 & 3 •Dry Handpumps in Hauz Khas •Treated Effluent Recharged From Village Revived Sep 2003 to Date 1000 Million Litres 50 (Estimated) 51 52 Common Pochard 53 54 • NCT Delhi Area 1485 Sq.Km. • Urbanized Area 750 Sq.Km. • Protected Area 200 Sq.Km. • Park System Area, Drain Network 15 Sq.Km. • Proposed Urban Extn. [MPD 2021] 250 Sq.Km.
• 32 Mammal Species • 25 Reptile Species • 434 Bird Species • 585 Vertebrate Species • 1202 Invertebrate Species : ZSI {1997} RWH – Desealing the City, Role of Urban Forests
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