Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Environmental Impact Assessment Report Harbor Development at Veyvah, Meemu Atoll

Report Prepared by LaMer Pvt Ltd: Hussein Zahir Shahama A. Sattar Ahmed Fizal

Proponents Name: Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

February 2018

Land and Marine Environmental Resource Group Pvt Ltd, Maldives

Table of contents

Table of contents ...... ii List of Tables ...... iv Table of Figures ...... v Consultants Declaration ...... vi Proponents Declaration ...... vii 1 Non-technical Summary ...... ix Background ...... ix Key impacts, mitigation measures and alternatives ...... ix ުފަރާޢަތ ...... xi xi ...... ތިމާވެއްޓަށް ކޮށްފާނެ އަސަރު، އަދި މިއަސަރު ކުޑަކުރުމަށް އެޅިދާނެ ފިޔަވަޅުތަކާއި ބަދަލުގައި ކުރެވިދާނެ ކަންތައް 2 Introduction ...... 2-1 Purpose of the report and need for the EIA ...... 2-1 3 Terms of Reference (ToR) ...... 3-2 4 Project Setting ...... 4-3 5 Project Description ...... 5-5 Project Proponent ...... 5-5 The Project ...... 5-5 Need for the Project ...... 5-5 Location and Extent of Site Boundaries ...... 5-5 Project management ...... 5-6 Construction phase and schedule for implementation ...... 5-6 Major Inputs and Outputs ...... 5-6 Inputs (description of the project in terms of raw materials, processes, equipment and work force) ...... 5-6 Outputs (development concept and built environment) ...... 5-9 6 Methodology ...... 6-10 Literature review ...... 6-10 Marine survey ...... 6-10 Bathymetric survey ...... 6-11 Water quality analysis ...... 6-11 Shoreline survey and beach profiles ...... 6-12 7 Existing environment ...... 7-13 Geographic location and general setting of Veyvah, Meemu Atoll ...... 7-13 Climatology and oceanography ...... 7-13 Wind climate ...... 7-13

ii Rainfall ...... 7-17 Tide ...... 7-17 Wave ...... 7-18 Reef survey ...... 7-19 Seawater quality ...... 7-22 Bathymetry ...... 7-23 Shoreline and beach environment ...... 7-24 Socioeconomic Environment ...... 7-27 Demography ...... 7-27 Land use planning, natural resource use and zoning of activities at sea ...... 7-28 Accessibility and public transport to other islands ...... 7-28 Hazard Vulnerability, Area vulnerable to flooding and storm surge ...... 7-28 8 Stakeholder consultation ...... 8-32 Meeting with Veyvah Council and community ...... 8-32 Outcome of consultation meeting ...... 8-33 9 Environmental Impacts ...... 9-35 Impact Identification ...... 9-35 Limitation or uncertainty of impact prediction ...... 9-37 Constructional Impacts ...... 9-37 Changes in current flow and impact on shoreline ...... 9-37 Loss of marine habitat ...... 9-37 Sedimentation related impacts due to dredging work ...... 9-38 Impact on existing structure ...... 9-39 Pollution of the natural environment ...... 9-39 Impacts of noise and other disturbances ...... 9-40 Socioeconomic impacts ...... 9-40 Impact on employment and income (during construction) ...... 9-40 Impact on marine and other economic activities ...... 9-40 Risk of accidents and pollution on workers and community ...... 9-40 Impact on social values, norms and beliefs ...... 9-41 Impact Analysis ...... 9-41 10 Alternatives ...... 10-44 Considered alternatives ...... 10-44 Design of harbour ...... 10-44 Location of disposal of dredge material ...... 10-44 The no-project scenario ...... 10-44 Selected alternatives ...... 10-44 iii Selected design of harbour ...... 10-44 Selected location of dredge material disposal ...... 10-45 11 Mitigation Plan ...... 11-46 12 Monitoring Program ...... 12-49 13 Conclusion ...... 13-51 Acknowledgements ...... 13-53 References ...... 13-54 Appendices ...... 13-55 Appendix 1 List of abbreviations ...... 13-56 Appendix 2 ToR ...... 13-57 Appendix 3 Site plan ...... 13-58 Appendix 4 Initial harbour design ...... 13-59 Appendix 5 Work schedule ...... 13-60 Appendix 6 Shoreline and bathymetric survey map ...... 13-61 Appendix 7 Meeting minutes and list of stakeholders consulted ...... 13-62

List of Tables

Table 1. Legislation pertaining to the project ...... 4-3 Table 2. Estimated inputs for the construction and operational phase of the project ...... 5-7 Table 3. The months characterizing the two monsoon periods and the transition periods ...... 7-14 Table 4. Frequency distribution of wind speed ...... 7-16 Table 5. Summary of tide level at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport, Male Atoll ...... 7-17 Table 6. Substrate composition at sites R1 and R2, as observed in November 2017 ...... 7-20 Table 7. Results of the parameters tested in-situ at site R1 ...... 7-23 Table 8. Results of the parameters tested in-situ at site R2 ...... 7-23 Table 9. Response from MHI to various concerns raised during the Consultation meeting ...... 8-33 Table 10. Impact prediction categorized ...... 9-35 Table 11. Grading scales for the four impact evaluation criteria ...... 9-36 Table 12. Assessment of Probability of impact from project activities ...... 9-41 Table 13. Assessment of significance of impact from project activities ...... 9-42 Table 14. Assessment of magnitude of impact due to project activities ...... 9-42 Table 15. Assessment of duration of impact due to project activities ...... 9-43 Table 16. Possible environmental impacts and mitigation measures for harbor reconstruction work at M. Veyvah ...... 11-47 Table 17. Monitoring programme for construction phase of the project ...... 12-49 Table 18 Monitoring programme for operational phase of the project ...... 12-50

iv Table of Figures

Figure 1. Satellite image of Veyvah showing project area (right highlight, left image), and closeup of project area; new basin (red highlight) and maintenance dredging of existing basin and channel (yellow outline) ...... 5-6 Figure 2. Reef survey sites at Veyvah reef ...... 6-11 Figure 3. Beach profile locations with GPS coordinates at Veyvah ...... 6-12 Figure 4. Location of Veyvah in Meemu atoll (A), Aerial image of Veyvah (B) ...... 7-13 Figure 5. Wind rose graph for the daily averaged wind data from Kadhdhoo Airport, Laamu Atoll (years 1991-2008) ...... 7-15 Figure 6. Mean monthly temperatures for Hulhule station (Data recorded for period between January 2006 and December 2015) ...... 7-17 Figure 7. Ten year mean monthly ocean swell height (solid line) and swell direction (dotted line) for the central Maldives (Data from Young (1999)) ...... 7-18 Figure 8. Assumed wave climate of the localized reef system of Veyvah ...... 7-19 Figure 9. Percent composition of major categories of substrate at survey sites R1 and R2 ...... 7-20 Figure 10. Percentage composition of substrates at sites R1 and R2, as surveyed in November 2017 ...... 7-21 Figure 11. Representative photographs of site R1, as surveyed in November 2017 ...... 7-21 Figure 12. Representative photographs of site R2, as surveyed in November 2017 ...... 7-22 Figure 13. Sea grass bed at the basin extension area ...... 7-22 Figure 14. Beach profile at P1 ...... 7-24 Figure 15. Beach profile at P2 ...... 7-24 Figure 16. Beach profile at P3 ...... 7-25 Figure 17. Beach profile at P4 ...... 7-25 Figure 18. Schematic drawing showing areas where erosion is observed ...... 7-26 Figure 19. Proposed harbor extension area (existing reclaimed land during initial harbor development works) ...... 7-26 Figure 20. Shoreline north of the harbor ...... 7-27 Figure 21. Shoreline at the southern side of the harbor (beach is observed to be very narrow) 7-27 Figure 22. Population of M. Veyvah as reported by the Island Council in June 2017 ...... 7-28 Figure 23. Tsunami hazard zones; category 5 is the highest risk zone while 1 is the lowest (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 7-29 Figure 24. Track of severe storms affecting the Maldives during 1877-2004 ...... 7-30 Figure 25. Cyclone Hazard Zoning (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 7-30 Figure 26. Surge Hazard Zones (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 7-31 Figure 27. Extent of sediment plume due to dredging works ...... 9-39

v Consultants Declaration

I certify that to best of my knowledge the statements made in this Environmental Impact Assessment report for harbour development works at Veyvah, Meemu Atoll, are true, complete and correct.

Name: Hussein Zahir

Consultant Registration Number: EIA P04/2007

Signature:

Company Name: Land and Marine Environmental Resource Group Pvt Ltd

Date: 26th February 2018

vi

Proponents Declaration

vii

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Economic Prosperity - Social Harmony

Date: 22 February 20 IS No: l3S-PIS 1/203/20 lSI s

Mr. Ibrahim Naeem

Director General

Environmental Protection Agency,

Ministry of Environment and Energy,

Green Building, Male', Maldives.

RE: PROPONENT DECLARATION AND COMMITMENT TO EtA FOR M.VEYVAH HARBOUR

Dear Sir,

As the proponent of the proposed project we guarantee that we have read the report and to the best of our knowledge, all information relevant to this project in terms of project description, project construction works and operational aspects provided here are accurate and complete.

As the Proponent of the project; we assure you our commitment to undertake the proposed mitigation measures and monitoring programme given in the report.

Thanking you

Sincerely,

Fathirnath Shaana Farroq,

Director General

Page I 0/1 Ameenee Magu, Maafannu, Male', 20392, Republic of Maldives. :tz!i +(960) 300 4 300 C' +(960) 300 4 301 2 [email protected] f!'; www.housing.gov.mv Ii www.facebook.com/housing.gov.mv ~ www.twitter.com/HousingGovMv

1 Non-technical Summary

Background

The non-technical summary outlines the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed harbour development works at Veyvah, Meemu Atoll. The proponent of the proposed project is Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. The total estimated cost of this project is MVR 9 million.

The proposed project involves extension of the existing harbour facility at M. Veyvah, by 54m. The project also involves the construction of a quaywall for the area extended, installation of mooring buoys and harbour lights at the facility and paving of the area in front of the proposed extension area.

Key impacts, mitigation measures and alternatives

Impacts on the environment have been considered for the constructional phase and post constructional phase of the project. These impacts have been identified through interviews with the project management team, field data collection and surveys and are also based on past experience of consultant in similar development projects.

Impact analysis was done using the Leopold matrix. The impacts identified are described according to their location, probability of impact, magnitude, significance and duration. Mitigation measures have also been identified for impacts which are irreversible in nature.

Impact analysis showed that the main impact due to the project was during the construction phase, due to dredging activity. Impact due to dredging on habitat was anticipated to be of low effect (due to absence of live coral cover at direct impact area), while that due to sedimentation was anticipated to be of medium effect due to spread of sediment plume. Loss of habitat is also a permanent impact, while sedimentation impacts are temporary impact. Overall, impacts identified were found to be of low effect and restricted to the project site, with temporary effects.

One of the key social impacts is the question of feasibility of the project with proposed scope. As evident from the consultation meeting with the council and community, they were not in favour of the current design of the harbour facility, as it does not address any of the issues which were raised during their meetings with the proponent. While the proponent has stated that they will explore the feasibility of carrying out some of their requests, through this project (Section 8.2), continuation of the project as it is, is envisaged to have a negative impact on the community and their viewpoint on the project.

ix

Mitigation measures are discussed in the report for potential impacts, such as limiting dredging activity to low tide phase to reduce possible sedimentation impacts and working within project boundary so as to minimise habitat loss. Detailed mitigation measures are discussed in Section 11 of the report.

Given the scope of the project and need, alternatives have only been considered for the following:

➢ Design of harbour ➢ Location of dredge material disposal

The no-project scenario which was also considered. However, if this option is selected, environmental impacts which are minor in most instances will be avoided. On the other hand, continuation of the project, based on the current design is envisaged to have significant negative social impacts as the council and community feel that their issues and concerns have not been addressed with the current design. Hence, consultant feels that continuation of the project is environmentally feasible, although in the context of social environment, continuation of the project is not feasible.

The Consultant thus recommends reconsideration of the design so as to make the project more favourable and feasible both in the context of environmental and social aspects, as well as fulfilling the need for the project.

x

ާސާލުޚ .1

ުފަރާޢަތ

ްތަކްއަސަމ ެގުމުރުކ ުތާމާރަމ ުރަދނަބ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުއިދްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ިއަގުށަވޭވ .މ ީނެދިއަކްއަދ ްނިއާޞާލުޚ ިމ

ެގުޢޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެއާޞާލުޚ ެގުކަތްނުދޯހ ެގްޓޯޕިރ ާރުކްނާޔަބ ުރަވްނިމ ެނާރޯފ ުރަސައ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ާވިއަފްށޮކުރާޔްއަތ ްނިރުކ ެގުމުރުކ

ާޒާދްނައ ްށަމަކ ޭނާގނިހ ުކައިޅުމ ްށައުޢޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެއރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްފްނިއ ްޑްނެއ ްގްނިސުއަހ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިނިމ ީކަރާޔިދެއ

.ެވެއާޔިފުރ ްނައިލިމ 9 ީނެވެރުކ

މިމަޝްރޫޢުގެ ދަށުން މ. ވޭވަށުގައި އޮންނަ ބަނދަރުގެ ދިގުމިނަށް 54މ. އިތުރުކުރުމާއި އެކު، ދިގުކުރެވޭ ސަރަޙައްދުގެ

ވާޓަރު ކޮންކްރީޓްއިން އެޅުމަށް ވަނީ ހަމަޖެހިފައެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން، ދިގުކުރެވޭ ސަރަޙައްދުގައި ޕޭވްމަންޓް އެޅުމާއި ބަނދަރުގައި

.ެވެއަފިހެޖަމަހ ީނަވ ްސެވްށަމުޅެއ ެއޮބ ގްނިރޫމ

ތިމާވެއްޓަށް ކޮށްފާނެ އަސަރު، އަދި މިއަސަރު ކުޑަކުރުމަށް އެޅިދާނެ ފިޔަވަޅުތަކާއި ބަދަލުގައި

ްއަތްނަކ ެނާދިވެރުކ

ިއާކަތްތާރަފ ާގްނިހ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ީނަވިމިއަފިދޯހ ުތާމޫލުޢަމ ްނުތޮގޭހެބ ިއާރަސައ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމިމ

ވާހަކަ ދެކެވިގެންނާއި، ފީލްޑް މަސައްކަތުން އެއްކުރެވުނު މަޢުލޫމާތުގެ މައްޗަށް ބިނާކުރެވިގެންނާއި، މީގެ ކުރިން ކުރެވިފައިވާ

.ެވެށޮކާނިބ ްށަޗްއަމ ެގާބިރްޖަތ ާވިއަފިބިލ ްށަޓްނަޓްލަސްނޮކ ްނުކަތްތަކްއަސަމ ަދަފިމ

ާވިއަފިދޯހ ްނުތޮގިމ .ެވެއަގީހެއ ެގްއެއްސކިރްޓެމް ްޑްލޯޕޮއިލ ީނަވިއަފިދޯހ ްއަތުރަސައ ޭނާފްށޮކ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމިމ

އަސަރުތައްވަނީ އަސަރުކުރާ ސަރަޙައްދު، އަސަރުކުރުމުގެ ފުރުސަތު ުއޮތްވަރ، އަސަރުގެ ކުޑަ/ބޮޑުމިނާއި މުހިއްމުކަން އަދި

ްސެވްއަތުޅަވަޔިފ ެނާދިޅެއ ްށަމުރުކަޑުކ ްއަތުރަސައިމ ިދައ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކްލީސްފަތ ިވެލާލަބ ްށަޗްއަމ ެގުތަދްއުމ ާރުކުރަސައ

.ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެރުކްނާޔަބ

ެގުމުނޮކ ްށަމުރުކްނުފ ުދްއަޙަރަހަސ ުރަދނަބ ީކަރަސައ ަންނެފ ްށަމަކެނާރުކ ިއަގްއެތޮގ ުޑނަގިއަމ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމިމ

ަޑުކ ީނަންނެފ ްށަމަކ ޭނާރުކ ްނުތޮގާދީސ ްށަލުއަޙާމ ެގުރަފ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުރަސައ ިމ .ެވެރަސައ ޭނާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ

އަސަރެކެވެ. އެހެންނަމަވެސް މިއީ ދާއިމީ އަސަރެކެވެ. ފަޅުފުންކުރުމުގެ ސަބަބުން މޫދުގެ ލޮނުގަނޑު ކިލަނބުވެ، އެކަމުގެ ސަބަބުން

ފަރުގެ މާހައުލަށް މެދުމިނެއްގެ، ނަމަވެސް ކުރުމުއްދަތެއްގެ އަސަރެއް ކުރާނޭކަމަށް ފެނެއެވެ.

xi

ްށައިރުކ ްށަތޮގޮއިއަފިވޭރ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ީކަރަސައ ްއެއ ުޑޮބ ެމްނެއ ަންނެފ ްށަމަކޭނާރުކ ްނުތޮގީޢާމިތްޖިއ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމިމ

ގެންގޮސްފިނަމަ މަޝްރޫޢުއަށް ލިބޭ ތަރުޙިބް ހުރި މިންވަރެއެވެ. ރަށު ކައުންސިލް އާއި ރައްޔިތުންނާއި ބައްދަލުކުރެވުނު އިރު،

މިހާރު ރޭވިފައިވާ ގޮތަށް މަޝްރޫޢުކުރިއަށް ގެންގޮސްފިނަމަ، މަޝްރޫޢުގެ ސަބަބުން އެއްވެސް ފައިދާއެއް ނުކުރާނޭކަމަށް އެފަރާތުން

.ެވެމަރުކ ަގަހާފ ްނަކްއެއާތުކުނ ުމްއިހުމ ްނަލާންސިވ ީއިމ ްނުމަކްނެހެއ .ެވެއަފެވުޅާދިވ ީނަވ

.ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެލާލަބ ިއަގްޓރޯޕިރިމ ްސެވްށަކަތުޅަވަޔިފ ެނާދިޅެއ ްށަމުރުކަޑުކ ްއަތުރަސައ ެނާފްށޮކ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ

ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ .ެވެއެވްނެގިވެލުކެއ ްއަތުޅަވަޔިފ ަދަފ ްނުރުކ ިއަގުތުގަވ ިޑައ ުރަވަޔިދ ްތަކްއަސަމ ެގުމުރުކްނުފ ުރަދނަބ ްނުތޮގިމ

ިއަގ 11 ްނަޝްކެސ ެގްޓރޯޕިރިމ ްލީޞްފަތ ެގުކަތުޅަވަޔިފ ުރުތިއ ެނާދިޅެއ ްނުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކަޑުކ ުރަސައ ާރުކ

.ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެރުކްނާޔަބ

މިމަޝްރުޢުގެ މަސައްކަތުގެ ސްކޯޕް ކުޑަވުމުގެ ސަބަބުންނާއި، މަޝްރޫޢުގެ ބޭނުމަށްބެލި، ބަދަލުގައި ކުރެވިދާނެ ކަންތައްތަކުގައި

:ެވެށަކަތްނަކ ާވިއަފިވެރުކްނާޔަބ ިއަގީރިތ ިނަކެއަމަހ ީނަވިއަފިވެލާލަބ

ްނިއަޒިޑ ާވިއަފިޅެހށުހަ ްށަމުދެހ ުރަދނަބ ➢

ުދްއަޙަރަސ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުޅެއ ިލެވ ޭގެނ ްނުމުރުކްނުފ ުރަދނަބ ➢

ްނުބަބަސ ެގިޢޫރަޝަމ ަމަނިފްށޮކުރާޔިޚ ްށަތޮގިމ .ެވެކެތޮގ ްތޮއ ީއެއ ްސެވ ްނުއިދްނެގުނ ްށައިރުކ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ުކެއިއާއެއަމަހ

ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްސައިވ ިއަގުމަކ ުނުވެދްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ްށަފާލިޚ ާއިމ .ެވެއެނާރުކުނ ްއެކަތުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ

ޭވެދޭނ ްނުތޮގިޢާމިތްޖިއ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ ްސެވަމަންނެހެއ .ެވެކެކަތުރަސައ ުދަމ ިދައ ިދުކ ީނެވެރުކާފަލ ްށަމަކޭނާރުކ

އަސަރުތަކެއް ކުރާނޭކަމަށް ފެނެއެވެ. އެހެނީ ކައުންސިލް އަދި ރައްޔިތުން ދެކޭގޮތުގައި އެފަރާތުގެ ޝުއޫރުތަކާއި ޚިޔާލުތަށް،

ޭނާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ިއަގުތޮގ ަންނެފ ްށަޓްނަޓްލަސްނޮކ ްނުމަކްނެހެއ .ެވެއެވުނ ްއެއަފިނެމިހ ިއަގުމުވޭރ ުޢޫރްޝަމ

އަސރުތަކަށްބެލެވި، މަޝްރޫޢު ކުރިއަށް ގެންދެވުނުކަމުގައި ވިއަސް، އިޖްތިމާއީ އަސަރުތަކަށް ބެލެވި، މަޝްރޫޢު ކުރިއަށް ގެންދިއުން

އެއީ އެންމެ އެކަށޭނަ ގޮތެއް ނޫނެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން ކޮންސަލްޓަންޓް ލަފާދެނީ މަޝްރޫޢުގެ ޑިޒައިން ބަދަލުކުރެވި، ތިމާވެއްޓަށާއި،

.ެވެށަމުއިދްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ްށަކަތޮގ ޭނާރުކ ާދިއަފ ެމްނެއ ްނުތޮގިއާމިތްޖިއ

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2 Introduction

The proposed project involves extension of the existing harbour facility at M. Veyvah, by 54m. The project also involves the construction of a quaywall for the area extended, installation of mooring buoys and harbour lights at the facility and paving of the area in front of the proposed extension area.

Initial design for the harbour redevelopment works (refer Appendix 4) was far more detailed and included the following components:

• Expansion of the harbour to 122m by 76m • Construction of a breakwater with total length of 134m • Construction of a quaywall with total length of 224m • Constructing a 173m pavement • Widening the existing channel to 24m • Construction of a rockboulder revetment of length 64m • Reclaiming/nourishing the northern side of the harbour

However, the initial design was later revised to accommodate for the allocated budget of 2018.

The proponent of the proposed project is the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. The total estimated cost of this project is MVR 9 million.

Purpose of the report and need for the EIA

This document presents the findings of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed harbour development at M. Veyvah. Developers of such development projects are required to carry out EIA studies under the Environmental Act of Maldives. The developer is required to obtain approval of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), prior to the implementations of any development activities on the island.

Land and Marine Environmental Resources Group Pvt Ltd won the bid for the project to prepare the EIA and to provide assistance in other environmental related activities. This EIA is prepared in accordance with Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012 and the environmental policy and guidelines of the Government of Maldives.

2-1 3 Terms of Reference (ToR)

All development projects that have a socioeconomic environmental relevance listed in Appendix Raa of the EIA Regulations 2012 are required to submit an Environmental Impact Assessment report which forms the basis for project approval. As such, projects are required to follow a screening process identifying the environmental impacts associated with the project. Projects which are not listed in the above-mentioned schedule has to follow a screening process, based on which EPA decides whether the project requires the submission of an Initial Environment Evaluation report or and Environmental Monitoring report. Based on the findings of this report, EPA as the regulator makes a decision on whether the specified project further requires the submission of an EIA based on the impacts associated with the project.

In accordance with the regulations of Ministry of Environment and Energy, an EIA application form and project brief were sent stating the nature of the project and likely impacts associated with the environment. The scoping meeting was held at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the 2nd of October 2017 with the project proponent, consultant and EPA officials. Based on the discussions at the meeting, a ToR was finalized and approved by EPA on the 5th of October 2017 (See Appendix 2 for approved TOR).

It should be noted here that the design and project brief provided by proponent at the time of the meeting was the initial design and hence discussions were based on this design and project scope. However, the design was later revised and submitted to EPA for their information and for changes to the TOR if required. However, given that the approved TOR addresses all requirements of a new TOR for revised design, EPA has given their approval for EIA assessment based on prior approved TOR.

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4 Project Setting

The project conforms to the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives, Law no. 4/93. The EIA has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulation 2012 of the Maldives by a registered consultant. Furthermore, it adheres to the principles underlined in the regulations, action plans, programs and policies of the following Ministries of the Government of Maldives.

➢ Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE)

Table 1. Legislation pertaining to the project

Legislation How does current project conform to legislation Environmental Protection and EIA undertaken as stipulated in the Act, which states that Preservation Act (Law 4/93) any developmental project which has a potential impact on the environment should have an EIA done prior to commencement of the project. List of such projects are given in the EIA Regulations 2012 Third National Environment The plan sets out the agenda for environmental planning Action Plan (2009 – 2013) (NEAP and management for the period of 2009 – 2013. One of III) the targeted goals of the plan is to strengthen the EIA process. By undertaking the EIA prior to the project, the project ensures that environmental impacts due to the project are minimized. National Biodiversity Strategy and The objective of NBSAP was to “achieve biodiversity Action Plan (NBSAP) conservation and sustainable utilization of biological resources in the Maldives” by integration of biodiversity conservation into all areas of national planning, policy development and administration (MHAHE, 2002). To achieve this objective, one of the first actions listed is “formulation and adoption of suitable development planning procedures, land use plans and strengthening of the EIA process”. The current project conforms to this policy, by carrying out the EIA prior to commencement of the project, so as to minimize impact on the environment and to incorporate ways of environmental monitoring and management during the project works. Regulation on dredging and The Regulation on Dredging and Reclamation was reclamation (R-15/2013) published in the gazette on the 2nd of April 2013 and came into effect on the day itself. The regulation was implemented to minimize the impacts on the environment due to dredging and reclamation works carried out as part of a project.

The implementing agency for the regulation is the Environmental Protection Agency.

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In addition to listing the circumstances where dredging and reclamation can be undertaken on inhabited islands, the regulation also details the procedure to be followed prior to the commencement of dredging works. Dredging can be undertaken on an inhabited island, so as to improve the social and economic condition of the island.

Should dredging be required during the project works, the proponent will first obtain the required permit from EPA, prior to work commencement Waste Management Regulation This Regulation was gazetted on the 5th of August 2013 (R-58/2013) and came into effect 6 months from the date, on 5th of February 2014. The main objective of this regulation is to implement the national policy on waste management.

Article 8 of the regulation addresses management of hazardous waste, where Section Raa of specifies that transport of hazardous waste from one location to another should be in a manner where the waste is packed in tightly sealed containers so as to prevent leakage.

The Article further specifies that hazardous waste should not be dumped or burnt under any circumstance. Hazardous waste has to be separated and stored separately in a manner which ensures no leakage of waste.

As per the regulation, hazardous waste generated during the project will be collected and stored separately and as per the regulation. Transportation will also be as per the Regulation

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5 Project Description Project Proponent

The proponent of the proposed project is the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure. The total estimated cost of this project is MVR 9.5 million. The contractor for the project is Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (MTCC) Plc.

The Project

The proposed project involves extension of the existing harbour facility at M. Veyvah. The proposed design includes the following components:

➢ Extension of the harbour length by 54m on the northern end (final length 125m) ➢ Construction of a 58m concrete quaywall ➢ Constructing a pavement in an area of 290 m2 ➢ Installation of 08 harbour lights at an interval of 25m ➢ Maintenance dredging of the existing harbour basin and channel and dredging of new harbour basin (to a depth of 3m) ➢ Installation of 13 mooring rings at an interval of 5m

Need for the Project

Veyvah is heavily involved in the tuna fish processing industry. The fish processors of the island purchase almost all of the fish remaining in the fishing vessels in the area, after sale of fish to the industrial processors. Hence during peak fishing seasons, a large number of vessels visit the island during peak seasons. Currently the island has 15 areas of land (of area 2000sqft) allocated for fish processing work. In addition to this the island has 4 vessels of different sizes which go for tuna fishing and 24 vessels of varying sizes which carry out reef fishing or different types. Given the high usage of the harbour facility, especially during peak fishing seasons, it is important that the facility is easy to use and allows easy maneuverability and means of quick entrance and exit to allow for access by all vessels. Thus, the need for development and expansion of the existing harbour facility is clearly observed.

Location and Extent of Site Boundaries

Veyvah is located on the eastern peripheral reef of Meemu Atoll. The proposed work will be carried out on the western side of Veyvah where the existing harbour is located (as shown in Figure 1 and Appendix 3: Site plan).

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Figure 1. Satellite image of Veyvah showing project area (right highlight, left image), and closeup of project area; new basin (red highlight) and maintenance dredging of existing basin and channel (yellow outline)

Project management Construction phase and schedule for implementation

The project duration for the reconstruction of the existing harbour facility at M. Veyvah is expected to be 224 days. Listed below are the construction phases, which have been provided by the proponent (Refer Appendix 5 for a detailed schedule).

➢ Preliminaries (Contract Signing and EIA work) – 95 days ➢ Construction work – 123 days o Mobilization – 14 days o Dredging of basin and channel - 88 days o Construction of quaywall - 38 days o Harbour pavement and light installation – 16 days ➢ Handover – 8 days

Major Inputs and Outputs Inputs (description of the project in terms of raw materials, processes, equipment and work force) 5.6.1.1 Workforce requirements, availability and logistics

The estimated work force required for the project are 35 workers, which includes project management personnel, site engineers, heavy machinery operators, foremen and laborers. Since the workforce is small, they can be accommodated at existing residential facilities on the island (either by renting houses or rooms). Temporary construction facilities are proposed to be set up at the land area to the north of the harbour facility. 5-6 Table 2. Estimated inputs for the construction and operational phase of the project

Phase Input resource(s) Source/Type How to manage workers, acquire, dispose materials and waste Construction Construction 35 foreign/local workers Contractor phase workers during peak construction period Construction Concrete quay wall (sheet Caste on Thilafushi material piles) Mooring bouys Purchased locally or imported Habour lights Paving blocks Purchased from MRDC Waste management Construction related waste, Local waste disposal site workforce borne domestic type waste Waste from vehicles/ Local waste site/ transported to Thilafushi machinery Fuel storage No large quantities of fuel Under commercial terms with local supplier are expected to be stored by the Contractor

5.6.1.2 Access to site, mobilization and material unloading

Construction material and machinery will be brought to island on barges and heavy cargo dhonis. The rock boulders will be stored on the barge. Materials to be unloaded, will be unloaded at the existing harbor area and stored land area to the north of the harbour facility.

5.6.1.3 Dredging works

Dredging of the basin to deepen the area to a depth of 3 m at MSL will be undertaken using an excavator on barge. Excavated materials from the deeper areas will be transferred to land via barges, while sand bunds would be used to dredge the shallower areas. The anticipated volume of sand that will be sourced from the dredging works is approximately 12,900m3; that is 3,670m3 from the existing harbour and 9,230m3 from the extended area. The dredged material will be stockpiled at the empty land area on the southern side of the harbour. The channel and the harbour basin will be dredged to a minimum depth of 3m below Mean Sea Level.

5.6.1.4 Construction of harbor facility

Machinery and equipment to be used

Machinery and equipment which will be used for the project are excavators, dump truck, barge, bull dozer, crane and concrete machine.

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Quaywall construction

The harbor quaywall for the extended area will be constructed using concrete quay wall elements (L section). The concrete quay wall elements will be caste on Thilafushi and transported to site. Quaywall construction will commence once dredging work is complete. The quay wall elements will be placed using either excavator or crane. Once the L section elements are placed the anchor blocks will be placed and tied to the L section elements using tie rods. Afterwards the harbor front area will be backfilled to finish height (1.5m MSL).

Harbour design

Following construction of the quay wall, 13 mooring bouys will be placed along the length of the harbour (at the centre). The bouys will be placed at a distance of 5m apart. Area in front of harbour extension area will be paved and lights installed along the harbour front.

5.6.1.5 Emergency plan in the incidence of spills

First aid kits will be available at the site office and construction yard. In the event of minor injuries, where possible, first aid kit will be used. Workers can also be treated at the Regional Hospital which is located on Muli, at a distance of 4.5km from Veyvah. Workers will also be transferred to Male’ for health care if the need arises.

All workers will be provided with sufficient safety equipment which is in good condition, which is the responsibility of the contractor.

Fuel and hazardous material will be stored on land at the construction yard area. Fuel will be stored in barrels; therefore spills are expected to be uncommon and insignificant.

5.6.1.6 Environmental management

The project will be undertaken after fully implementing all mitigation measures addressed in this report, so as to minimize impact on the environment due to project works. Furthermore, monitoring proposed in the EIA report will be carried out as per schedule so as to identify impacts and mitigate these (if necessary) as work is on-going. This will allow better mitigation and earlier correction of work methods.

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Outputs (development concept and built environment) 5.6.2.1 Site Planning and design

The site plans and structure designs (see Appendix 3 and 4) have been drawn by the Infrastructure Department of the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure.

5.6.2.2 Key outputs

The final output of the project is a harbour facility which has been extended in length by 54m, with the following features: ➢ Harbour facility with final length of 125m and depth of 3m ➢ Concrete quaywall of length 58m along the extended part of the facility ➢ Pavement at an area of 290 m2 in front extended part of harbour ➢ 08 harbour lights at an interval of 25m ➢ Mooring rings (13) at an interval of 5m, installed along the centre line of the facility (along the length of the facility)

5.6.2.3 Dredged material

Estimated amount of dredge material to be sourced through the project is 12,900 m3; that is 3,670 m3 from the existing harbour, 9,230 m3 from the extended area from the entrance channels. This material will be stock piled at the empty land area on the southern side of the harbour.

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6 Methodology

The approach to data collection and compilation of this report includes;

➢ Consultation and discussion with the proponent with regard to design and work methodology that would be used to implement the proposed activities of the project, ➢ Examination of the existing environment to identify significant environmental components that are likely to be affected, ➢ Consultation with major stakeholders to exchange information on the project and to follow the EIA procedures required for the report, and ➢ Evaluation of available and relevant literature on environmental impacts associated with similar projects.

Information on existing environment was collected during the field visit to the project site in November 2017. General information on the existing environment was based on available secondary data, such as climatic data from the meteorological centre at Hulhule. Oceanographic data and information used to determine the current patterns around the island were also based on monsoonal wind patterns, wind generated waves, tidal flushing and geographic setting.

Literature review

The TOR specifies that the EIA report has to include a Literature review of similar EIAs, EMPs, or other environmental or related studies carried out for M. Veyvah. The TOR also species that the Consultant shall summarise the mitigation measures proposed for any potential impacts from proposed project related to the vulnerability identified in the literature.

Since EIA reports are no longer available on the EPA website, an email was sent to acquire all relevant EIAs for Veyvah, so as to undertake the literature review. However, EPA informed us that they do not have any EIA reports for work done at M. Veyvah, in their email to us on 15th October 2017.

Marine survey

An underwater camera with housing was used to take a series of photographs for assessing reef benthic community at 2 sites (R1 and Q1) and 1 control site (R2). Photo quadrats were taken along a 20 meter transect line. Randomly selected 20 quadrats were sampled within a 5 meter belt along the 20 meter transect line. Qualitative assessment was carried out at 1 site (Q1), near to proposed harbor extension area (see Figure 2 for location and GPS coordinates of survey sites). 20 photo quadrats from each site were sampled using Coral Point Count with Excel Extensions software

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(CPCe) to assess the benthic cover. For each site, the photo quadrats were divided into 4 sub transects for statistical analysis.

R1: 2°57'32.42"N, 73°35'49.70"E R2: 2°57'48.12"N,73°35'53.85"E Q1: 2°57'33.77"N,73°35'56.18"E

Figure 2. Reef survey sites at Veyvah reef

Bathymetric survey

Two benchmarks were casted near the harbor (north and southern side), horizontal coordinates assigned by GNSS survey method (static survey) using Topcon HiperII GNSS receivers. MSL of benchmarks were assigned by transferring water level and reducing level using predicted tide table for Hulhule tide station. This benchmark was used as basepoint for bathymetric survey.

Bathymetric survey of proposed harbour extension area and entrance channel was carried out using Ohmex Sonarmite Echo sounder integrated with Topcon HiperII GNSS receiver. Bathymetric survey data was processed using Surfer 14 software and output exported as ‘dxf’.

Water quality analysis

In order to assess sea water quality, seawater was tested in-situ using Hanna HI 9828 multiprobe meter and Hanna Turbidity meter (HI93703) at locations shown in Figure 2 (R1 and R2).

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Shoreline survey and beach profiles

Shoreline survey was carried out using Topcon HiperII DGPS system with fixed error margin of ±15 mm for horizontal coordinates. Benchmark established near harbor was used as base control point for the survey. The shoreline survey is done in Real Time Kinematic (RTK) mode using one DGPS as base and the other as a rover. Data was processed using Topcon Tools software.

Beach profiles were taken at 4 locations, 2 at the southern side of the harbor and 2 at the northern side of the harbor, using a Leica Sprinter 200 m auto level. Refer to Figure 3 for beach profile locations and GPS coordinates. Beach profiles taken will used as baseline data for monitoring work.

P1: 73°35'53.54"E, 2°57'16.60"N P2: 73°35'56.11"E, 2°57'23.49"N P3: 73°36'01.82"E, 2°57'38.17"N P4: 73°36'04.22"E, 2°57'41.82"N P4

P3

P2

P1

Figure 3. Beach profile locations with GPS coordinates at Veyvah

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7 Existing environment

Geographic location and general setting of Veyvah, Meemu Atoll

The island of Veyvah is located on the eastern peripheral reef of Meemu Atoll at coordinates of 02°57'26.46"N and 73°36'0.69"E. The Island is almost rectangular in shape (with North to south orientation) lying on the southern end of a reef system and has a total area of about 45 ha.

Figure 4. Location of Veyvah in Meemu atoll (A), Aerial image of Veyvah (B)

Climatology and oceanography Wind climate

Wind climate in the Maldives is dominated by the Indian monsoon climate South West (SW) monsoon and North East (NE) monsoon. The Indian monsoon system is one of the major climate systems of the world, impacting large portions of both Africa and Asia (Overpeck et, al., 1996). The monsoon climate is driven by the atmospheric pressure differences that arise as a result of rapid warming or cooling of the Tibetan Plateau relative to the Indian Ocean (Hastenrath 1991; Fein and Stephens 1987). During the summer of northern hemisphere the Tibetan Plateau warms rapidly relative to the Indian Ocean which results in an atmospheric pressure gradient (Low pressure over Asia and high pressure over the Indian Ocean) between the Asian landmass and the Indian ocean, which drives the prevailing wind from south to westerly directions. The period 7-13

during which prevailing winds are from south to westerly direction is known as the SW monsoon. In the winter of northern hemisphere the continent cools relative to the ocean. This reverses the pressure gradient (low pressure over the Indian Ocean high pressure over the Asian landmass) and the prevailing winds become northeasterly. The period during which prevailing winds are from northeasterly directions is known as NE monsoon. The transitions from NE to SW monsoon and vice versa are distinctly different from SW or NE monsoon. During these transition periods the wind becomes more variable.

The SW monsoon lasts between May and September while the NE monsoon lasts between December and February. The period between March and April is the transition period from the NE monsoon to SW monsoon known locally as the Hulhangu Halha, while the transition period from SW monsoon to NE monsoon is known as Iruvai Halha. Iruvai halha lasts from October to November (Table 3). The SW monsoon is generally rough and wetter than the NE monsoon. Storms and gales are infrequent in this part of the world and cyclones do not reach as far south as the Maldivian archipelago (Ministry of Construction and Public Works, 1999).

Table 3. The months characterizing the two monsoon periods and the transition periods

Season Month NE-Monsoon December (Iruvai) January February Transition Period 1 March (Hulhangu Halha) April SW-Monsoon May (Hulhangu) June July August September Transition Period 2 October (Iruvai Halha) November

Since no site specific data is available to do a wind analysis for the Atoll, a detailed analysis of the wind climate was carried out using daily averaged wind data from Kahdhoo Airport in Laamu Atoll (closest meteorological centre to Veyvah) for the period of January 1991 to December 2008 (Figure 5). In this analysis wind directions and speed were plotted as wind rose diagrams and the frequency distributions of the wind speeds from different directions were obtained.

Wind rose plot (Figure 5) and the frequency distribution of the wind speed (Table 4) shows that the prevailing directions are from the west and the north. Prevailing directions of the westerly winds are between WSW and NW. Wind from these directions sums up to 50.33% of the year.

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The prevailing directions of northern winds are from the N and NE which sums up to is 18.27% of the year. Winds from all other directions sums up to about 30% of the year. The prevailing westerly directions are also the directions from which the strongest winds blow. Wind speed distribution (Table 4) shows that for winds stronger than 24 knots, the westerly prevailing wind directions contribute up to 33.11%. The strongest wind of upto 36 knots was observed from the west, but only 0.02% of the year. Based on these results it is evident that the winds at Laamu Atoll are almost confined to 6 directions, WSW, W, WNW, NW and N and NE.

Figure 5. Wind rose graph for the daily averaged wind data from Kadhdhoo Airport, Laamu Atoll (years 1991- 2008)

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Table 4. Frequency distribution of wind speed

Frequency of Occurrence Sum Wind (%) Wind speed (Knots) Direction >10 - >12 - >14 - >16 - >18 - >20 - >22 - >24 - >26 - >28 - >30 - >32 - >34 - <=2 >2 - 4 >4 - 6 >6 - 8 >8 - 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 N 7.03% 0.36% 0.92% 0.90% 0.36% 0.17% 0.08% 9.82% NNE 0.46% 1.53% 1.62% 0.84% 0.15% 0.02% 0.02% 4.64% NE 0.44% 1.91% 2.90% 2.01% 0.94% 0.23% 0.02% 8.44% ENE 0.34% 0.75% 0.82% 0.48% 0.15% 0.21% 0.04% 2.79% E 0.38% 0.65% 0.44% 0.31% 0.10% 0.02% 0.02% 1.91% ESE 0.19% 0.36% 0.23% 0.06% 0.02% 0.86% SE 0.34% 0.65% 0.36% 0.32% 0.17% 0.02% 1.87% SSE 0.65% 1.15% 0.44% 0.10% 0.04% 0.02% 2.39% S 0.59% 1.39% 1.20% 0.65% 0.17% 0.04% 4.05% SSW 0.42% 1.34% 1.26% 0.84% 0.27% 0.06% 0.06% 4.24% SW 0.25% 1.43% 1.57% 1.11% 0.63% 0.17% 0.15% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 5.39% WSW 0.34% 1.26% 2.03% 1.97% 1.38% 1.09% 0.48% 0.23% 0.11% 0.04% 8.92% W 0.99% 2.98% 3.46% 4.15% 3.11% 2.73% 1.91% 0.99% 0.42% 0.15% 0.17% 0.02% 0.08% 0.06% 0.02% 21.25% WNW 0.61% 1.60% 2.31% 2.37% 2.12% 1.39% 0.84% 0.21% 0.19% 0.15% 0.02% 0.04% 11.86% NW 0.42% 1.39% 2.03% 2.03% 1.53% 0.44% 0.23% 0.10% 0.08% 0.04% 0.02% 8.29% NNW 0.40% 1.22% 0.78% 0.46% 0.27% 0.06% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 3.27% Sum (%) 7.03% 7.20% 20.54% 22.35% 18.04% 11.22% 6.57% 3.80% 1.59% 0.82% 0.40% 0.23% 0.06% 0.08% 0.06% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02%

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Rainfall

The rainfall pattern at Central region and for the rest of the Maldives is driven by the monsoonal cycles. Rainfall data for the period between January 2006 and December 2016 from the meteorological station in Hulhule’ were used to study the rainfall patterns at Veyvah (Figure 6). The average annual rainfall for Hulhule station was found to be 6.83 mm and the heaviest rainfall recorded over the 10-year period was 142.3 mm. Monthly mean rainfall shows that the driest months are January to April and the wettest months are May, August and September.

Figure 6. Mean monthly temperatures for Hulhule station (Data recorded for period between January 2006 and December 2015)

Tide

Tides experienced in the Maldives are mixed semi-diurnal and diurnal with a strong diurnal inequality. A tide station at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport has continuous records of tide for over the past 30 years. The maximum tidal range recorded at this tide station is 1.20m. The highest astronomical tide level is +0.64m (MSL) and the lowest astronomical tide level is -0.56m (MSL) (Table 5).

Table 5. Summary of tide level at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport, Male Atoll

Water Level referred to Tide Level Mean Sea Level (MSL) (m) Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MHHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0.0 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) -0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56 7-17

Wave

Information on the deep water waves for Maldives is limited (Kench and Brander, 2006), but wave climate data for the Indian Ocean region surrounding the Maldives reported by Young (1999) indicate that the dominant swell approaches the Maldives from southerly quarters. Young (1999) reported that on a seasonal basis, swell reaching Maldives is from the south-southwest from April to November with a peak significant wave height (Hs) of 1.8 m in July, and from the southeast from December to March with a minimum mean Hs of 0.75 m in March (Figure 7).

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Height

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0.0 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

Month Figure 7. Ten year mean monthly ocean swell height (solid line) and swell direction (dotted line) for the central Maldives (Data from Young (1999))

The wave climate at the Veyvah reef system is subject to three main oceanic climatic factors: refracted swell waves received from northern side channel, southwest monsoonal wind waves and northeast monsoonal wind waves. Figure 8 shows assumed wave climate of the reef system.

The dominant wave received is refracted swell waves received from the outer atoll side from northern side channel and SW monsoonal wind waves. The harbor front side is generally sheltered from NE monsoonal wind waves and wind wave generated currents.

The dominant surface current at the reef system (localized area) is oceanic swell induced currents via northern side channel and SW monsoonal wind wave generated currents. Tidal currents are also experienced on this side flowing north and southwards depending on tidal flux.

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NE monsoonal wind driven waves

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Figure 8. Assumed wave climate of the localized reef system of Veyvah

Reef survey

The following section describes the condition of the reef. Quantitative reef surveys were conducted at two sites (R1-R2) which will act as baselines in future reef monitoring. Refer to Figure 2 for aerial map of surveyed locations and their GPS Coordinates.

Assessments of the fish community were also carried out at the quantitative sites, which shall also be considered as the baseline for future monitoring of the impact of this project. Fish abundance and density surveys were based on visual fish census techniques described in English, Wilkinson and Baker (1997).

Figure 9 shows the percent composition of substrate forms at the two quantitative survey sites (R1 and R2). The most dominant substrate form at both surveyed locations was coral rock, with a percentage cover of 40.70% and 41.74%. A significant occurrence of dead coral covered in

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coralline algae were also noted, with a cover of 24.64% and 35.64% in locations R1 and R2, respectively. Live coral cover at R1 was moderate (18.62%) and very low at R2 (5.5%).

60 R1 R2 50

40

30

20 Percent Composition Percent 10

0 Algae Coral Macroalgae Dead coral Coralline Soft Coral Rock, covered Algae rubble, sand with Algae

Figure 9. Percent composition of major categories of substrate at survey sites R1 and R2

Live coral cover recorded consists of coral forms in the families Porites, Platygyra, Favia, Millepora, Lobophyllia, Leptoseris, Leptoria, Leptastrea and Goniastrea, with a significance dominance of Porites spp. massive coral forms. Other live substrate forms included forms of Tydemania and other turf and macroalgae (Figure 10).

Table 6. Substrate composition at sites R1 and R2, as observed in November 2017

Major Category Survey site R1 Survey site R2 Mean ± Std.Err Mean ± Std.Err Algae 1.01 ± 1.01 3.02 ± 1.02 Goniastrea 0.00 0.51 ± 0.51 Leptastrea 2.02 ± 1.02 0.50 ± 0.50 Leptoria 0.50 ± 0.50 0.00 Leptoseris 2.53 ± 2.53 1.50 ± 1.50 Lobophyllia 0.50 ± 0.50 0.00 Millepora 0.50 ± 0.50 0.00 Favia 1.00 ± 1.00 0.00 Platygyra 0.50 ± 0.50 0.00 Other coral encrusting 1.01 ± 1.01 1.51 ± 0.51 Other coral massive 1.01 ± 0.01 0.51 ± 0.51 Poritres 9.07 ± 4.07 1.01 ± 1.01 Tydemania 0.00 0.50 ± 0.50 Other live 0.51 ± 0.51 0.00 Dead coral covered with algae 2.51 ± 0.49 7.04 ± 0.04 Coralline algae 24.64 ± 2.64 35.64 ± 8.36 Soft coral 0.50 ± 0.50 0.00 Coral rock (RK) 40.70 ± 1.50 41.74 ± 6.74 Rubble (RL) 8.52 ± 5.50 4.02 ± 0.98 Sand (SA) 3.01 ± 2.00 2.02 ± 1.02 7-20

100% Sand Rubble 90% Coral rock Soft coral 80% Coralline algae Dead coral covered in algae 70% Other live Tydemania 60% Poritres Other coral massive 50% Other coral encrusting 40% Platygyra Favia 30% Millepora Lobophyllia 20% Leptoseris Leptoria 10% Leptastrea Goniastrea 0% Algal Assemblage R1 R2 Algal Turf

Figure 10. Percentage composition of substrates at sites R1 and R2, as surveyed in November 2017

Location R1 was dominated rock (40.70%), coral rock covered in coralline algae (24.64%) and massive forms of Porites spp. colonies (9.07%). Several families of live corals were recorded at this site which comprised of Leptastrea (2.02%), Leptoseris (2.53%), Lobophyllia (0.50%), Favia (1.00%), Millepora (0.50%) in addition to other encrusting and massive coral forms. Additionally. Coral fragments and rubble forms (8.52%), sand (3.01%) and dead coral covered in algae (2.51%) were also recorded (See Figure 11 for representative photos of the site).

Figure 11. Representative photographs of site R1, as surveyed in November 2017

Location R2 had a similar dominance as the previous site with 41.74% comprising of coral rock and 35.64% of coralline algal cover. Live coral cover at this site comprised of low occurrences of Goniastrea (0.51%), Leptastrea (0.50%), Leptoseris (1.50%), Porites (0.50%) and other massive and encrusting coral forms. Additionally, algae (1.01%), coral fragments and rubble forms (4.02%) and sand (2.02%) were also recorded. (See Figure 12 for representative photos of the site). 7-21

Figure 12. Representative photographs of site R2, as surveyed in November 2017

Qualitative reef survey was carried out at the harbour extension area to assess substrate cover at the area. The area was covered with thick seagrass beds, mainly of the species Thalassia hemprichii. Fish species observed were mainly Labrids, Scarids and Acanthurids. Only Juveniles were observed.

Figure 13. Sea grass bed at the basin extension area

Seawater quality

The condition or quality of coastal water is important for ecological functioning of the organisms living in the habitat, for health and safety reasons and also for visual and aesthetic impacts. The water quality is generally determined by the level of nutrients. There are several sources that can lead to increased nutrients in coastal waters, e.g. sewage effluents and terrestrial storm water runoff. Sediment stir-up can also lead to release of nutrients within the sediments especially when there is excavation and dredging involved.

Seawater sampling was done in-situ using Hanna HI 9828 mulitprobe meter while Turbidity measurements were made using Hanna portable turbidity meter HI93703. Results of these tests 7-22

will also be used as a baseline for future monitoring of seawater quality. List of parameters tested and their values are given in Tables 7 and 8.

Table 7. Results of the parameters tested in-situ at site R1

Electrical Total Temperature Dissolved Salinity Turbidity Reading pH conductivity Dissolved (°C) Oxygen (mg/l) (PPT) (FTU) (µS/cm) Solids (g/l) 1 28.25 8.01 5.03 52890 34.80 26.80 2 28.27 8.01 5.12 52870 34.79 26.80 3 28.29 8.00 5.12 52860 34.78 26.70 4 28.31 8.00 5.13 52860 34.78 26.80 5 28.32 8.00 5.12 52870 34.79 26.80 6 28.33 8.00 5.13 52880 34.80 27.50 1.2 7 28.34 8.00 5.13 52890 34.81 26.80 8 28.35 8.00 5.13 52900 34.82 26.80 9 28.36 7.99 5.14 52920 34.83 26.80 10 28.37 7.99 5.14 52920 34.83 26.80 Average 28.31 8.00 5.12 52886 34.8 26.8

Table 8. Results of the parameters tested in-situ at site R2

Electrical Total Temperature Dissolved Salinity Turbidity Reading pH conductivity Dissolved (°C) Oxygen (mg/l) (PPT) (FTU) (µS/cm) Solids (g/l) 1 28.61 8.31 5.68 50500 33.03 25 2 28.61 8.33 5.61 50720 33.2 25 3 28.61 8.33 5.61 50740 33.21 25 4 28.61 8.34 5.61 50760 33.22 25 5 28.61 8.34 5.61 50780 33.24 25 6 28.61 8.34 5.61 50800 33.25 25 1 7 28.61 8.34 5.61 50830 33.27 25 8 28.61 8.33 5.61 50840 33.29 25 9 28.61 8.33 5.61 50870 33.3 25 10 28.61 8.33 5.61 50880 33.31 25 Average 28.61 8.33 5.62 50772 33.23 25

Bathymetry

Bathymetric survey done at the proposed harbor extension area shows that average depth of lagoon area is -0.5m MSL, the existing harbor depth is -3m MSL at the central areas while -2.4m MSL. This is due type of qauywall structure at existing harbor. The entrance channel depths are within design depth -3m MSL. The topography northern side of existing harbor (existing reclaimed

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land segment included in the harbor extension area) has an average elevation of +1.1m MSL. Bathymetric and shoreline survey map is provided in Appendix 6.

Shoreline and beach environment

Elevation of the island was below 1m MSL at all locations, P2 which is located close to the harbor had the highest elevation (0.973m MSL). Generally the western side beach was observed to be narrow with high tide line very close to vegetation edge. The beach profile data shows that beach is gradual with less prominent beach toe feature. Erosion scarp was observed at the north western side, according to the Island Council this area has experienced significant erosion since 2004 tsunami event.

Figure 14. Beach profile at P1

Figure 15. Beach profile at P2

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Figure 16. Beach profile at P3

Figure 17. Beach profile at P4

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Erosion scarp High tide line Low tide line Vegetation line

Figure 18. Schematic drawing showing areas where erosion is observed

Figure 19. Proposed harbor extension area (existing reclaimed land during initial harbor development works) 7-26

Figure 20. Shoreline north of the harbor

Figure 21. Shoreline at the southern side of the harbor (beach is observed to be very narrow)

Socioeconomic Environment

Statistics reported by the Island Council were sourced for the report.

Demography

The registered population of Veyvah as at June 2017 was 326 (184 Males and 142 Females), as reported by the Island Council (Secretariat of Veyvah Council, 2017), while the resident population of the islands as reported in the Census of 2014, was 263, with 223 of these being Maldivians and 40 being foreigners (National Bureau of Statistics, 2015). The Census information reports a total of 122 Males and 101 Females, living on the islands at the time of Census survey in 2014. Breakdown of population by age groups is given in Figure 22 (as given by Island Council).

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250 Male Female

200

150

Population (Nos.) Population 100

50

0 <18 18 to 65 >65 Age group (years)

Figure 22. Population of M. Veyvah as reported by the Island Council in June 2017

Land use planning, natural resource use and zoning of activities at sea

A land use plan for the island has been developed and submitted to MHI, although as per information provided from the Island Council, the plan has not been approved to date. As per the current setting of the island, 15 plots of land (each of area 2000 sqft) has been allocated for fish processing, which is the key area of income for the island community. An additional 47 plots of land of varying sizes has been allocated for agriculture and farming (Secretariat of the Veyvah Council, 2017).

Accessibility and public transport to other islands

Transport within the Atoll is mainly by a ferry (dhoni) which travels to all inhabited islands of the Atoll. Travel between Male’ and the island is via 3 speed launch ferries operated by private parties. These speed launches can also be used to travel within the atoll, following its route. A number of dinghy’s are also available and are used to travel between Muli and Veyvah, given the close proximity. In addition to these vessels, the island has 3 fishing vessels which carry out tuna fishing (lengths of 7.08m, 23.98m and 25.08m) and 24 vessels which carry out reef fishing of varying types (Secretariet of Veyvah Council, 2017).

Hazard Vulnerability, Area vulnerable to flooding and storm surge

Hazard vulnerability of Veyvah is assessed based on the literature available and field data collection. The report prepared by UNDP on disaster risk assessment of Maldives states that the 7-28

region which hosts Veyvah falls in to the highest risk category (category 5) in terms of tsunami risk (Figure 23).

Figure 23. Tsunami hazard zones; category 5 is the highest risk zone while 1 is the lowest (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006)

Hazardous weather systems, other than general monsoons (heavy rain and strong winds) that affect Maldives are tropical storms (tropical cyclone) and severe local storms (thunder storms/thunder squalls). Tropical cyclones are extreme weather events with positive and negative consequences. At times, these are very destructive due to associated strong winds (often exceeding 150 kmph), heavy rainfall (often exceeding 30 to 40 cm in 24 hours) and storm tides (often exceeding 4 to 5 meters). Strong winds can damage structures, houses, communication systems, roads, bridges and vegetation. Heavy rainfall can cause serious flooding. Storm surge is a sudden rise of sea level elevation along the coast caused by cyclonic winds. Sea level also rises twice daily due to astronomical reasons. The combined effect of surge and tide is knows as storm tide. Storm tides can cause catastrophic results in low lying areas, flat coast and island territories such as Maldives.

Islands of Maldives are also affected by severe local storms (thunder storms/thunder squalls). Hazards associated with thunderstorms are strong winds (often exceeding 100kmph), heavy rainfall, lightning and hail. They give birth to tornadoes in some regions (other than equatorial regions). In general thunderstorms are more frequent in equatorial regions compared to other areas. Land areas get more thunder storms compared to open ocean areas. However, thunderstorms close to the equator are less violent compared to those of other parts of tropics and extra-tropics. Maldives being close to the equator, thunderstorms are quite frequent here but are less violent. Strong winds generated by severe local storms consequently generate larger wind driven waves, which are hazardous to the islands of the Maldives.

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Figure 24. Track of severe storms affecting the Maldives during 1877-2004

Major zones affected by cyclones and storms are the mid and northern atolls of Maldives. Although Veyvah is located in the central area of Maldives, as per the risk assessment of cyclones and storms given in UNDP (2006), Veyvah falls on the border of low to medium impact risk for these events (see Figure 25).

Bathymetry around Maldives shows that the ocean slope close to east coast is steep compared to the same on the west coast. This led us to conclude that eastern islands of Maldives are vulnerable to higher surge hazard compared to western islands. Veyvah region falls in to zone 3 (medium risk zone) of the surge hazard zoning categories (Figure 26).

Figure 25. Cyclone Hazard Zoning (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006) 7-30

Figure 26. Surge Hazard Zones (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006)

Based on these findings, Veyvah has very high probability of impact due to tsunami, and medium probability of impact due to cyclones, storms and storm surge. Hence it is crucial that the island is mitigated from potential impacts due to such events, through various means of protection.

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8 Stakeholder consultation Meeting with Veyvah Council and community

Consultation meeting with Island Council and community was held on 10th November 2017, 20:45 at Veyvah Island Council Office. List of participants and minutes of the meeting are given in Appendix 7. Below are major discussion points of the meeting;

As an introduction to the meeting, the EIA consultant briefed the participants about the need for the EIA report, which is to assess the impacts to the environment due to the proposed harbour extension work at Veyvah. Participants were then asked to voice out their questions/ objections or issues, which are highlighted below:

1. Island council and community informed that discussion with MHI teams that visited the island as part of information session are not reflected on the final site plan that was provided. Initial concept included widening of the harbor basin, constructing breakwaters and quay walls at new and extension area. The participants of the meeting and council members were not in favor of and did not give their consent to the new design since none of the concerns of the community are reflected in the design. 2. The council members and community raised their concern regarding possible damages to the existing quay wall during maintenance dredging and construction of new quay wall. According to the council, the existing quay wall was built by the community through their own expense, and if it is not replaced, MHI should guarantee the structure is not compromised during construction stage or operational stage of harbor. 3. During meetings with Senior Staff and political appointees of MHI, discussions were made regarding harbor usage during construction stage. Since the harbor facility is narrow it will not be possible to use harbor during construction stage therefore community request to deepen the existing entrance to the deep lagoon north of the island under the project. This entrance was cleared long time back by means of blasting. At present the entrance channel is shallow due to sand filling over time. 4. The council and community raised concerns regarding the dredged material disposal location. The community wants dredged material to be disposed at the erosion prone areas near the northern end of football pitch and that on the southern side of the island. 5. All participants of the meeting strongly expressed the need for widening the harbor basin, since mooring of larger vessels near southern side will block access to north side of the basin (entrance located at the southern side). Current width of the basin is only 48m. The council members stated that basin should be at least 72m wide, otherwise it is not possible to use the harbor (average width of a harbour is approximately 76m). The council members informed that almost all fish (from the atoll) that are not sold to carrier vessels are bought by Veyvah fish processers. Hence the harbor experiences heavy traffic during fishing 8-32 season. If current width is not changed these vessels cannot enter the basin. During peak fishing season many vessels visit the island, these vessels normally wait in que outside the reef due to harbor congestion. 6. The council members and community informed that existing boat beaching area is also shallow and requires maintenance dredging. 7. The members of the meeting also highlighted the issue of missing side quay wall and protection at the northern side of the basin. Current design does not include protection at this area. The meeting participants raised their concern regarding possible sand spill in to the basin if protection is not provided.

The EIA Consultant stated that these concerns/issues would be passed to the proponent for their comment in addition to being included in the EIA report. Since no further issues were raised, the meeting was then concluded.

Outcome of consultation meeting

The issue/concerns raised during the meeting were passed onto MHI for their consideration and response, are given in Table 9 below (number on left hand column reflects the numbering in Section above (8.1):

Table 9. Response from MHI to various concerns raised during the Consultation meeting

# Community concerns MHI responses 1 Discussion with MHI teams that The overall scope of the harbor works required has visited the island as part of been phased out according to the budget allocations information session not reflected on and the proposed project is the 1st phase. In this phase the final site plan only quay wall shall be constructed 2 Possible damages to the existing Due precaution shall be taken to avoid any form of quay wall during maintenance damage to the existing quay wall and the contractor dredging of new quay wall. (MTCC) of the project is experienced with such works. 3 Request to deepen the existing The feasibility of undertaking maintenance dredging entrance to deep lagoon of the island for the referred channel shall be explored under the project 4 Concerns regarding the dredged Option suggested by community (disposal at the material disposal location. erosion prone area near the northern end of football pitch and on the southern side of the island) shall be considered and a decision shall be taken based on the recommendations of the EIA. 5 Request for widening the harbour Not possible to be addressed within this project. basin, for easier usage of harbor However, shall be considered for the future phases facility

8-33 6 Request for maintenance dredging The feasibility of undertaking maintenance of existing boat beaching area dredging for the beaching area shall be explored 8 Lack of side quay wall and Not possible to be included in the proposed project. protection at the northern side of the However, shall be addressed in the future phases of basin the harbor works

8-34 9 Environmental Impacts Impact Identification

Various methods are available to categorize impacts and identify the magnitude and significance of the impact, such as checklists, matrices, expert opinion, modelling etc. Impacts on the environment from various activities of the project construction work (constructional impacts) and post construction (operational impacts) have been identified through interviews with the project management team, field data collection surveys and based on past experience in similar development projects. Data collected during field surveys can be used to predict outcomes of various operational and construction activities on the various related environmental components. This data can also be used as a baseline for future monitoring of the environment.

Possible impacts arising from the construction and operation works are described according to their location, extent (magnitude) and characteristics. They are also further categorized by intensity of impacts (negligible, minor, moderate and major) for identifying best possible remedial (mitigation measures) action to be taken. Below are the impact categories.

Table 10. Impact prediction categorized

Impact Reversible/ Cumulative Description category irreversible impacts The impact has no significant risk to Negligible environment either short term or long Reversible No term The impact is short term and cause very Minor Reversible No limited risk to the environment Impacts give rise to some concern, may cause long term environmental Moderate Reversible May or may not problems but are likely short term and acceptable Reversible Yes, mitigation Impact is long term, large scale Major and measures has to environmental risk Irreversible be addressed

The concept of the Leopold Matrix (Leopold et. al., 1971) has been used to classify the magnitude and importance of possible impacts which may arise during the constructional and post constructional stage of the proposed project. This is one of the best known matrix methodology used for identifying the impact of a project on the environment. It is a two dimensional matrix which cross references between the activities which are foreseen to have potential impacts on the environment and the existing conditions (environmental and social) which could be affected.

The matrix has the actions which may cause an impact on the horizontal axis and the environmental conditions which may be impacted on the vertical axis. While the original Leopold 9-35 matrix lists 100 such actions and 88 environmental conditions, not all are applicable to all projects. Hence the matrix used in the current assessment is a modified matrix customized to this project.

Each action which is evaluated is done so in terms of magnitude of impact on the environmental condition and significance of this impact. In addition to this probability of impact as well as duration of impact is also assessed and shown separately. All probable and significant actions, their magnitude of impact and duration of impact are further described in the text.

This version of the Leopold Matrix has been adopted from Josimovic et. al (2014) and the EIA adopts the grading scales used in the paper referred. Listing of these grading scales are shown in Table 11 below.

Table 11. Grading scales for the four impact evaluation criteria

Evaluation Designation Scale criteria M Impact is possible (probability <50%) Impact Probability V Impact is probably (probability >50%) I Impact is certain (probability = 100%) 0 no observable effect 1 low effect 2 tolerable effect Impact Magnitude 3 medium high effect 4 high effect 5 very high effect P limited impact on project site (immediate site) I Impact of importance at Island level Impact significance A Impact of importance at Atoll level N Impact of national character M Impact of cross-border character P Occasional/temporary Impact duration D Long term/permanent

The proposed project involves harbour expansion work at M. Veyvah. Impact analysis showed that the main impact due to the project was during the construction phase, due to dredging activity. Impact due to dredging on habitat was anticipated to be of low effect (due to absence of live coral cover at direct impact area), while that due to sedimentation was anticipated to be of medium effect due to spread of sediment plume.

The severity of impacts is predicted by reviewing the design plans and construction methodologies. Mitigation measures are formulated in light of the information revealed by the project engineers.

9-36 Limitation or uncertainty of impact prediction

Uncertainty of impact prediction are mainly due to the lack of long term data, inherent complexity of ecosystem and lack of coordinated monitoring programs with consistent methodologies which can be used to predict outcomes or reliability of predictions of previous projects.

The impacts are predicted by reviewing the survey data collected during the field visits and information revealed by the designers and engineers. The data collected during the field visit is limited in terms of number of days to a week or few more, which limits the overall understanding of even the short term environmental conditions.

The time limitation of EIA field data collection and report preparation is also a hindrance to properly understanding the environmental factors dictating the conditions of the habitat.

Constructional Impacts

In any development project major direct impacts to the environment (either short term or long term) occur mainly during the construction phase. Potential direct or indirect impacts on the environment from the proposed works include:

➢ Changes in current flow and impact on shoreline ➢ Loss of marine habitat ➢ Sedimentation related impacts due to dredging works ➢ Impacts due to noise and vibration ➢ Impacts on existing structure

Changes in current flow and impact on shoreline

The proposed work involved reconstruction of an existing facility and expansion in the length by 58m, which is relatively small. Thus the work is not anticipated to have an impact on the current flow and shoreline.

Loss of marine habitat

The extension of the length of the harbour means that additional areas will have to be dredged during the course of construction. This would therefore have a direct impact on the marine habitat at the site, although major part to be excavated is currently land area, while the area which falls within marine habitat was covered with thick seagrass beds. Live coral cover at the survey site R1 (reef flat opposite harbour area) was moderate, while that about 300m north was quite low

9-37 (approximately 5%). Given these conditions, direct impact on marine habitat due to harbour dredging works is envisaged to be negligible.

Sedimentation related impacts due to dredging work

High levels of sedimentation and silt from re-suspension is a major source of reef degradation. It is often the smaller corals and corals that exhibit laminar growth forms (acropora table corals) that are more vulnerable to extended sedimentation. Fine sediments with rapid rate of deposition are detrimental to certain corals especially the tabulate forms of corals. Such sediments blocks the coral polyps from feeding and the lack of nutrition and other physiological stress such as restricted respiration eventually starves and suffocate the corals leading to death. Finely deposited sediments are often difficult to remove even with strong currents. The consequences of excessive sedimentation on corals are well known and include:

➢ direct physical impacts like smothering of corals and other benthic reef organisms, ➢ reduced light penetration, which has a direct effect on zooxanthellae photosynthesis and thus the net productivity of corals. It also reduces coral growth, calcification rates and reproduction. ➢ dredged silt may form false bottoms, characterized by shifting unstable sediments ➢ silt suspension may increase nutrient release, leading to eutrophic blooms ➢ silt may act as sink or trap for many pollutants, which are absorbed into the sediments

As discussed above, live coral cover in the vicinity of the harbour area is moderate and is dominated by Porites. Although coral cover is moderate, dominance of the benthic cover by a type which is less susceptible to impacts due to sedimentation, means that the impact on marine habitat within project vicinity due to sedimentation will be low to moderate with a temporary effect. The envisaged extent of sediment plume is shown in Figure 27. The sediment plume is envisaged to spread south and northwards depending on tide phase.

9-38 Direct Impact area Extent of sediment plume

Figure 27. Extent of sediment plume due to dredging works

Impact on existing structure

Extension of harbour length through dredging and excavation work at the existing structure and has the potential to have an impact on the existing quaywall of the harbour. Dredging close to the structure has the potential to destabilise the existing structure and in such an instance impact due to this damage would be moderate to major.

Pollution of the natural environment

Such development projects have the potential to pollute the environment during the construction phase, through improper disposal of waste and accidental spills. All organic waste generated during the project will be collected and disposed off at the island waste disposal area. Construction waste will be collected and transported to Thilafushi for proper disposal. The 9-39 operation of heavy machinery and all work will be carried out by an assigned contractor who is experienced in the work. Hence the impact potential for accidental spills is very minor, though in the instance it happens, the impact would be moderate with a long term effect on the environment.

Impacts of noise and other disturbances

The harbour front area mainly features the government offices and other industrial/business ventures, while residential areas as little bit further in. Noise during the work is anticipated to be a source of disturbance to those inhabiting the facilities within harbour proximity. However, this is an unavoidable impact, which will be mitigated through use of mitigation measures discussed further in the report. The total average value of expected impact magnitude is within low effects (0.6) and mainly of significance to immediate project site and nearby facilities and will be felt for the project duration (temporary impact).

Socioeconomic impacts Impact on employment and income (during construction)

The proposed project will be undertaken by an assigned contractor for the project. Hence no impact is envisaged on employment and income opportunities for the community during the project work.

Impact on marine and other economic activities

The harbour facility at Veyvah is small in size, in comparison to other islands. The use of the facility during the construction phase will be with difficulty, due to the small size of the facility. This impact will be especially significant if construction work is carried out during good fishing periods, as the harbour is used by a large number of vessels during these seasons.

The reconstruction of the harbour and increase in length and therefore availability of more space would allow more vessels to dock at the same time. However, the narrow width of the facility would make movements within the harbour difficult, especially during peak fishing season when a large number of large sized fishing vessels visit the island to sell their catch. Furthermore, if vessels are moored at the southern half of the facility, usage of harbour to moor on the northern end would be difficult with the current width of the harbour.

Risk of accidents and pollution on workers and community

As mentioned earlier, the probability of accidents is low with work being carried out by experienced people. However, in the event of an accidental spill or any other source of

9-40 environmental pollution, impact on the workers and community is envisaged to be of medium effect, with the potential to have a long term impact.

Impact on social values, norms and beliefs

The proposed work is not anticipated to have any impact on the social stability, values, norms of beliefs of the island and its community and this point is not seen to be relevant to the project work and impacts due to the project.

However, as evident from the consultation meeting with the council and community, they were not in favour of the current design of the harbour facility, as it does not address any of the issues which were raised during their meetings with the proponent. While the proponent has stated that they will explore the feasibility of carrying out some of their requests, through this project (Section 8.2), continuation of the project as it is, is envisaged to have a negative impact on the community and their viewpoint on the project.

Impact Analysis

An analysis of the impacts due to the project was done using the Leopold matrix. Impacts are assessed according to probability of impact, significance of impact, magnitude of impact and duration of impact. Tables 12 to 15 gives the assessment for the impacts, and these are further discussed above with their scoring.

As evident from Tables below, the project has few activities which has the potential to cause an impact on the environment. While most impacts are envisaged to be limited to the project site, impact due to noise is anticipated to be felt on the island level, especially by those living in the vicinity of harbour area.

Operation of heavy machinery and dredging are seen to have most impact, though still with a low to moderate effect due to the existing environmental conditions and project site. Although low in effect, impacts on ecosystem such as loss of habitat are permanent impacts.

Table 12. Assessment of Probability of impact from project activities

Construction phase Operational phase

factors

heavy heavy

spillage

Dredging

quay wall quay

machinery

Operation of Operation

Envisaged Impact Impact Envisaged

Accidental fuel fuel Accidental Use of harbour of Use of Construction Physical Sea Water I I M I I

component Land M M 9-41

Coastal zone

Air I

Noise I

Ecosystems quality I I I Biological

component Diversity of flora

Diversity of fauna

Landscape

Socio-cultural Social perspective M I

components Economy

Accidents M M

Table 13. Assessment of significance of impact from project activities

Construction phase Operational phase

factors

heavy heavy

spillage

Dredging

quay wall quay

machinery

Operation of Operation

Envisaged Impact Impact Envisaged

Accidental fuel fuel Accidental Use of harbour of Use of Construction Sea Water P P P P P

Land P P Physical component Coastal zone

Air I

Noise I

Ecosystems quality P P P Biological

component Diversity of flora

Diversity of fauna

Landscape

Socio-cultural Social perspective I I

components Economy

Accidents P P

Table 14. Assessment of magnitude of impact due to project activities

Construction phase Operational phase

Sum

Average

factors

heavy heavy

Use of of Use

harbour

Dredging

machinery

Accidental Accidental

fuel spillage fuel

of quay wall quay of

Operation of Operation Construction Construction Impact Envisaged Sea Water 2 3 2 4 1 13 2.6 Land 1 0 2 0 0 3 0.6 Physical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 component Coastal zone Air 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.4 Noise 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.4 Biological Ecosystems quality 1 3 0 3 0 7 1.4 component Diversity of flora 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.6 9-42

Diversity of fauna 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.6 Landscape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Socio-cultural Social Perspective 0 0 0 5 3 8 1.6 components Economy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Accidents 5 5 0 0 0 10 2.0 Cumulative values of IF according to 13 11 4 12 4 environmental factors Average 1.1 0.9 0.33 1.0 0.33

Table 15. Assessment of duration of impact due to project activities

Construction phase Operational phase

lage

factors

heavy heavy

spil

Dredging

quay wall quay

machinery

Operation of Operation

Envisaged Impact Impact Envisaged

Accidental fuel fuel Accidental Use of harbour of Use of Construction Sea Water P P P P D Land P P Physical Coastal zone component Air P Noise P Ecosystems quality P P D Biological Diversity of flora component Diversity of fauna Landscape

Socio-cultural Social perspective D D components Economy Accidents D D

9-43

10 Alternatives

The proposed project involves extension of an existing harbour, hence an alternative for the location of project is not considered. Given the scope and methodology, alternatives have been considered for few aspects of the project, discussed below.

Considered alternatives Design of harbour

➢ Proposed: extension of harbour by 54m with main quaywall ➢ Alternative: as proposed and with additional side quaywall on the northern side of the facility

Location of disposal of dredge material

➢ Proposed: stockpiled at the empty land area on the southern side of the harbour ➢ Alternative: disposal at the erosion prone area near the northern end of football pitch and on the southern side of the island

The no-project scenario

The “do-nothing” option or no project scenario is also considered which would mean that the harbour facility would remain as it is currently, and thus with the issues faced due to the existing design (discussed in Section 5.3 of the report). However, if this option is selected, environmental impacts which are minor in most instances will be avoided. On the other hand, continuation of the project, based on the current design is envisaged to have significant negative social impacts as the council and community feel that their issues and concerns have not been addressed with the current design. Hence, given that while environmental impacts are mostly short term, though social impacts are negative/significant and for the long term, continuation of the project is environmentally feasible, although consultant feels that in the context of social environment, continuation of the project is not feasible.

Selected alternatives Selected design of harbour

The proposed design is to extend the harbour in length by 54m, with main quaywall for extension. The alternative is to carryout the project as proposed, with an additional side quaywall on the northern side of the facility. The northern side has reclaimed land, which is not protected 10-44

by any structure. The marine habitat at the area is also dominated by thick seagrass beds. In the absence of a side quaywall the harbour basin will be affected by movement of sand as well as flow of loose seagrass pieces into the basin. This will thus increase the need for maintenance dredging of the harbour basin. In terms of environmental impact, construction of a side quaywall is not envisaged to have additional impacts, hence the alternative is considered feasible and recommended by the Consultant

Selected location of dredge material disposal

Proposed location for dredge material is disposal is by stockpiling at the empty land area on the southern side of the harbour. Alternative is to dispose the material at erosion prone area near the northern end of football pitch and on the southern side of the island. Negative environmental impacts due to disposal at these locations are negligible, while beneficial impacts due to this activity will be moderate in terms of decreasing the net loss of beach area due to erosion at these areas. Hence proponent feels that the alternative method is feasible and thus selects this option.

10-45

11 Mitigation Plan

There are a number of actions that can be taken to minimize or avoid impacts altogether. Those that are explored below emerged out of the discussions and consultations during this EIA and from the past experience of the consultant. Mitigation measures are selected to reduce or eliminate the severity of any predicted adverse environmental effects and improve the overall environmental performance and acceptability of the project.

Mitigation measures are discussed for the construction phase of the project. Mitigation measures have been discussed for all potential impacts which may arise (Table 16).

11-46

Table 16. Possible environmental impacts and mitigation measures for harbor reconstruction work at M. Veyvah

Impact Institutional Estimated Phase Possible Impacts Mitigation measures Location Time frame intensity responsibility cost (USD) Littering, accidental disposal and spillage of any construction wastes Contractor, Littering on terrestrial should be avoided by pre-planning N/A (no Construction Minor / short Project and marine ways of their transportation and Lagoon additional phase term impact Manager environment unloading. Careful planning of the cost) (MHI) work activities can also reduce the amount of waste generated. Contractor, Physical damage to live Avoid operation of heavy machinery Construction Significant to Project Lagoon / reef N/A coral out of construction area or boundary phase major Manager (MHI) Sea water Oil /chemical handling and Contractor, N/A should be contamination, fuel management procedures will be made Reef flat and Construction Insignificant Project included in handling, accidental oil known to all relevant staff, lagoon phase to minor manager the initial cost SE (Temporary impacts) or chemical spillage mismanagement will be fined. (MHI) Heavy machinery used for various works only operated during mid to low Contractor, Moderate / N/A should be Sedimentation impacts/ tide Construction Project Lagoon short term included in sediment transport phase manager impact the initial cost Prior to dredging works, reclamation (MHI) of sand bund around the dredging area Work carried out by experienced Contractor, CONSTRUCTIONPHA contractor. Measures should be in Moderate / N/A should be Impact on existing Construction Project place to stabilize existing structure so Land long term included in quaywall phase manager as to decrease impact on the structure impact the initial cost (MHI) during dredging at new quaywall area Heavy machinery used for various N/A (may Construction Minor / short Contractor, Air pollution works only operated during mid to low Air increase phase term impact Project tide labour cost)

11-47

manager (MHI)

Avoid use of heavy machinery during Construction Minor / short Noise pollution Land Contractor N/A night hours phase term impact If project is stopped due to lack of Impact on environment Contractor/ materials or any other issue, means of Should be due to work delays or Construction Minor / to Project easy access to the island, should be Social included in cessation of project phase moderate manager implemented, prior to departure of the initial cost activities for any reason (MHI) project team

11-48

12 Monitoring Program

Monitoring is the systematic collection of information over a long period of time. It involves the measuring and recording of environmental variables associated with the development impacts. Monitoring is needed to;

➢ Compare predicted and actual impacts ➢ Test the efficiency of mitigation measures ➢ Obtain information about responses of receptors to impacts ➢ Enforce conditions and standards associated with approvals ➢ Prevent environmental problems resulting from inaccurate predictions ➢ Minimize errors in future assessments and impact predictions ➢ Make future assessments more efficient ➢ Provide ongoing management information ➢ Improve EIA and monitoring process

Impact and mitigation monitoring is carried out to compare predicted and actual impacts occurring from project activities to determine the efficiency of the mitigation measures. This type of monitoring is targeted at assessing human impacts on the natural environment. Impact monitoring is supported by an expectation that at some level anthropogenic impacts become unacceptable and action will be taken to either prevent further impacts or re-mediate affected systems. Mitigation monitoring aims to compare predicted and actual (residual) impacts so that effectiveness of mitigation measures can be determined.

Monitoring is proposed for construction stage and operation stage (Table 17 and 18). Cost for the monitoring (data collection) activities will be covered by the proponent (commitment to carrying out and financing the mitigation and monitoring work is given in the Proponents Declaration on Page viii).

Table 17. Monitoring programme for construction phase of the project

Reef Methodology Sampling frequency Estimated cost community for monitoring Beach Shoreline survey (high tide, low Immediately after MVR 10,000 tide and vegetation line) and beach completion of project profiles at the base line survey location Reef survey Reef health and fish census surveys Immediately after MVR 2,000 completion of project Seawater Seawater sampling at baseline Once every 2 months MVR 1,500 per quality locations, to monitor for: trip

12-49

• Temperature • pH • Conductivity • Total Dissolved Solids • Salinity • Dissolved Oxygen • Turbidity

Table 18 Monitoring programme for operational phase of the project

Reef Methodology Sampling frequency Estimated cost community for monitoring Beach Shoreline survey (high tide, low tide Once after one year MVR 10,000 and vegetation line) and beach profiles at the base line survey location Reef survey Reef health and fish census surveys Once after one year MVR 2,000 Seawater Seawater sampling at baseline Once after one year MVR 1,500 per quality locations, to monitor for: trip

• Temperature • pH • Conductivity • Total Dissolved Solids • Salinity • Dissolved Oxygen • Turbidity

The EIA monitoring report structure provided in the EIA report bylaw 2012 (2012/R-27) shall be used for the monitoring report preparation. Monitoring reports will be submitted at the intervals as specified in Tables 17 and 18 for monitoring work during construction and operational phase of the project.

12-50

13 Conclusion

Analysis of the environment at the project site, and based on designs and project methodologies, the project is seen to have very few activities which have the potential to cause an impact on the environment. The main impacts are foreseen due to dredging which would have both direct and indirect impacts on the marine environment. While most impacts are envisaged to be limited to the project site, impact due to noise is anticipated to be felt on the island level, especially by those living in the vicinity of harbor area.

Main impact due to the project was during the construction phase, due to dredging activity. Impact due to dredging on habitat was anticipated to be of low effect (due to absence of live coral cover at direct impact area), while that due to sedimentation was anticipated to be of medium effect due to spread of sediment plume. Loss of habitat is also a permanent impact, while sedimentation impacts are temporary impact. Overall, impacts identified were found to be of low effect and restricted to the project site, with temporary effects. However, in a social context continuation with the current scope was envisaged to have significant negative social impacts, as the council and community were not in agreement with the current project scope, as discussed in the report.

With due consideration to the environmental components identified above and the extent of the project activities and their likely and predicted impacts identified, the consultant concludes that the project components and designs are feasible in an environmental context and appropriate mitigation measures have been considered to correct and minimize unfavorable environmental changes.

However, due to the many reservations towards the current design and scope, by the Island Council and community, the Consultant feels that the project is not feasible in a social context and recommends the following:

• The current design does not meet the need for the project, which is to enable easy use and maneuverability within the harbour facility, especially during peak fishing season when a high number of vessels visit the island. The Consultant hence recommends to increase the width of the facility as in the earlier design. • Although impacts on the environment due to the project are envisaged to be minor overall, this is still a negative impact on the environment, which is unjustified as the scope of the project does not meet the requirement for the project. Furthermore, the project design as it is currently, is not accepted by the Council and community and hence Consultant feels that it is not advisable to continue with the current scope. Consultant thus recommends reconsideration of the design so as to make the project more

13-51

favourable and feasible both in the context of environmental and social aspects, as well as fulfilling the need for the project.

13-52

Acknowledgements

The consultant acknowledges the contribution provided by the team members in this report for the valuable contribution to the report and at the field. The consultant also acknowledges the assistance provided by Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure and Island Council of M. Veyvah.

CVs of team members are given below.

13-53

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Marine Biology B.Sc. (Hon) 8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZFDVWOH8SRQ7\QH 1HZFDVWOH8SRQ7\QH 8QLWHG.LQJGRP 

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 27+(575$,1,1* 1988. Marine Science Institute, University of Philippines Certificate of completion of training course on Scleractinian Coral Taxonomy

1989. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok. Thailand Certificate of Completion of training Course on Coral Taxonomy, Ecology and Management

1998 Okinawa International Centre, Okinawa, Japan Certificate of participation on training course on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs

1999 Korean Research and Development Institute, Seoul, South Korea Certificate of Completion of the Training Course on marine coastal zone conservation and management

1990. Department of Marine Sciences. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok. Thailand Workshop on Taxonomy of Soft Bottom Invertebrates (ASEAN- Australian Coastal Living Resources Project)

1991. Mc Master University, Hamilton, Ontario. Canada. Training on Boring Sponges of Coral reefs in Maldives

1996 Turtle Specialist Group, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animal (CMS) and government of India. Bhubaneshwar, India Workshop and Strategic Planning Session for the Conservation of Sea Turtles of the Northern Indian Ocean

1999. United Nations Environment Program. Environment for South Asia and Pacific, organized by SACEP and Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment. National Training for State of the Environment and Data Collection and Reporting

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‡”–‹ˆ‹‡† ‘’‡™ƒ–‡” †‹˜‡”     ͜Ǥ  ǣ    ͝Ǥ       ǣ  ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ › Š‹˜‡Š‹ ‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡ ‰Ž‹•Š Ž—‡–     ͕͔Ǥ       ǣ

Š‡ƒŽ†‹˜‹ƒ‡†”‡• ‡–Ȃ‹ŽŽ‹ƒŽ‡ǯ‹–   ͕͕Ǥ    ǣ   ƒŽ†‹˜‡•

͕͖Ǥ ǣ

͗”†‡ ‡„‡”͖͔͕͚Ǧ’”‡•‡–˜‹”‘‡–ˆˆ‹ ‡”

ƒ˜–Ǥ–†ǡƒŽ‡ǯǡƒŽ†‹˜‡•

  ͖͛–Š —‡͖͔͕͚Ǧ’”‡•‡– ”‘Œ‡ –••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡–‡” ƒŽ‡ǯǡƒŽ†‹˜‡•  ͜–Š ‡„”—ƒ”›͖͔͕͚Ǧ’”‡•‡– ƒ”––‹‡Ž‡ –—”‡” ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ†‹˜‡• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒŽ‡ǯǡƒŽ†‹˜‡•  ͖͙–Š’”‹Ž͖͔͕͙Ǧ͔͗–Š’”‹Ž ”‘‰”ƒ‡••‹•–ƒ– ͖͔͕͚ ˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡”‰›ƒ–‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‘‰”ƒȋȌ ƒŽ‡ǯǡƒŽ†‹˜‡•  —‰—•–͖͔͕͘Ǧ‡’–‡„‡” –‡” ͖͔͕͘ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘—”‹•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘—”‹•†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘”‘‰”ƒ‡ȋȌ ƒŽ‡ǯǡƒŽ†‹˜‡•  —‡͖͔͕͗Ǧ ‡„”—ƒ”›͖͔͕͙ ‹‡Ž†••‹•–ƒ– ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ǡƒŽ†‹˜‡•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒŽ‡ǯǡƒŽ†‹˜‡•   –‘„‡”͖͔͕͔Ǧ ‡„”—ƒ”›͖͔͕͖ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆˆ‹ ‡” ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–‡”ǣ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘ˆ‘—”‹•ǡ”–•ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ ƒŽ‡ǯǡƒŽ†‹˜‡•

14. Certification:

I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications, and my experience I understand that any wilful misstatement described herein may lead to my disqualification or dismissal, if engaged

Date: [Signature of staff member or authorized representative of the staff]

Full name of staff member: Ahmed Fizal

Full name of authorized representative

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Fathimath Farah Amjad (Ms) Address: G. Male’ Hiya 2 (11-04), Ameenee Magu, Male' 20082, Rep. of Maldives Telephone: + (960) 768-8861 E-mail: [email protected] Nationality: Maldivian Date of Birth: April 30th, 1990

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION Maldives National University, Bachelor of Environmental Management (June, 2015 - Present) Male’, Maldives

Maps College, Male’, Maldives The Association of Business Executives, UK- Diploma in Marketing Management Level 4 (January 2013 – June 2013)

UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Foundation in Built Environment (January 2010 – April 2011) Malaysia

Male’ Centre of Technology, Advanced Certificate in Residential Drafting (January 2007 – August Male’, Maldives 2007) Certificate in Autocad 3D (July 2007 – August 2007)

Aminiya School, Male; Maldives Cambridge GCE & GCSE O’ Levels (2003 – 2005)

EMPLOYMENT Maldives Energy and Research Assistant (October, 2015 – Present) Environmental Company, Duties: Malé, Maldives Conducting marine, terrestrial and socio-economic surveys for EIA reports, with the assistance of the EIA consultant. Design of layouts, maps and other data for reports. Input and sectional writings for EIA reports. Communication with government authorities, island and atoll councils and other relevant parties regarding ongoing projects at the company.

Renewable Energy Maldives, Project/Monitoring Assistant, Draftsperson (March, 2014 – September, Male’, Maldives 2015) Duties: Regular monitoring and data management of all installed PV solar systems. Designing and drafting of technical and electrical layouts. I. e. Roof layouts, Waste-to-energy incinerator design, etc. Regular communication with suppliers regarding equipment for PV installations and various DC products. Communication with customers, government authorities and other relevant establishments on various matters regarding PV systems, equipment clearance and site installations. Drafting proposals and bid documents. Designing promotional materials such as brochures and banners. Assisting the engineer in the preparation of energy audit reports, data collection, analysis and site surveying.

[Independent Projects] Freelancing (2012 – 2012) Designing and digital drafting of residential and small scale commercial structures.

Arcade Pvt Ltd, Draftsperson (January, 2009 – May, 2009) Male’, Maldives Duties: Designing exterior and interior layouts of buildings. Drafting of architectural, structural, plumbing and electrical drawing sets for a number of residential and commercial buildings under guidelines from the civil engineer. Preparation of digital 3d models on request.

Hulhumale’ Development Customer Services and Data Collection (3 month contract; August, Corperation, 2008 – November 2008) Malé, Maldives Duties: Collecting and processing data. Communication with customers.

Gedor Consultancy, Draftsperson (January, 2008 – July, 2008) Malé, Maldives Duties: Drafting architectural and structural drawings with the guidance of the head architect and engineer. Worked in the designing and drafting phase of a number of resort projects, residential, commercial and government buildings.

Design House Pvt Ltd, Draftsperson Trainee (June, 2007 – September, 2007) Malé, Maldives Duties: Draftsperson training while undergoing the residential drafting course at Male’ Centre of Technology.

COMMUNICATION

Languages: English, Good oral and written communication skills. Dhivehi. Good in scientific and formal report writing.

OTHER QUALIFICATIONS AND SKILLS

Scuba Diving Emergency First-Aid Responder (Pending) PADI Advanced Open Water Diver, 2014 PADI Open Water Diver, 2014 (80+ logged dives)

AFFILIATIONS AND TRAININGS

Memberships Assessor at Green Fins, an initiative by UNEP, internationally coordinated by Reef-World Foundation, UK which aims to protect and conserve coral reefs by establishing and implementing a comprehensive management approach to promote a sustainable diving and snorkelling tourism industry. Certified Eco-Diver at Reef Check Foundation, an international non- governmental organization dedicated to the conservation of reefs by collecting data from volunteer/citizen scuba diver teams in over 90 countries.

Voluntary work Citizen-Scientist at IUCN Maldives - Project Regenerate, aimed at regenerating and sustainably managing the coral reef eco systems of Maldives. Marine cleaner at NGO Save the Beach and ‘Project Damage Control’, working at coastal and marine clean up events at Villimale’ and Male’ area, conducting community awareness programs, litter audits and reef monitoring programs.

Workshops & Trainings ‘Turtle Watch Maldives’ protocol trainings conducted by Marine Research Centre Maldives; for survey conduction and data submission guidelines. Maldives Coral Bleaching Protocol trainings conducted by Marine Research Centre Maldives and IUCN-Maldives, recording base line data and the extent of bleaching damage.

Participations & Events ‘Kill the COTS’; an event organised by Divers Association of the Maldives and several dive schools in the central region to tackle the nation-wide outbreak of Crown of Thorns starfishes.

REPORTS

Saleem, A., Amjad, F., Hammadh, A. and Naeem, S. (2015). Environmental Monitoring Report: L. Mahakanfushi & Baresdhoo Integrated Resort Project Phase: Mahakanfushi Harbour, Entrance Channel and Causeway Works. Monitoring Report No.1.

REFEREES Ms. Aishath Hudha Ahmed Mr. Ahmed Saleem Director Managing Director Renewable Energy Maldives Maldives Energy and Environmental G. Fus, Company Malé, Maldives 2nd Floor, G. Aakakaage Tel: +960 332 2242 Malé, Maldives Mob: +960 779 2687 Tel: +960 301 0855 Email: Mob: +960 790 6107 [email protected] Email: [email protected]

References

Allison, W.R., 1996. Methods for surveying coral reef benthos. Prepared for IMS, Zanzibar, 18 pp. Coleman, N., 2000. Marine Life of Maldives. Apollo Bay, Victoria: Atoll Editions English, S., Wilkinson, C. and Baker, V., 1997 (ed). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 390pp. Fein, J. S. and P. Stephens, (Eds) 1987: Monsoons, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 632ppp, John Wiley and Sons, New York Hartmen, D. L. and Michelsen, M. L., 1989. Intraseasonal periodicities in Indian Rainfall. Journal of the Atmospheric Science, 48, No 18. Hastenrath, S., 1991.Tropics. Springer, pp 244.ISBN 978-0-7923-1346-5. Retrieved on 2009-02- 29 Josimovic, B., Petric, J. and Milijic, S., 2014. The use of the Leopold Matrix in carrying out the EIA for windfarms in Serbia, Energy and Environment Research, 4(1), pp 43 - 54 Kuiter R. H., 1998. Photo guide to Fishes of the Maldives. Atoll Editions LaMer Group Pvt Ltd, 2008. Leopold, L. B., Clarke, F. E., Hanshaw, B. B. and Balsley, J. R. (1971) A procedure for evaluating Environmental Impact. Geological Survey Circular 645.U.S. Geological Survey, Washington. 30 pp MHAHE, 2002.National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of the Maldives. pp 110 MHTE, 2009. Third National Environment Action Plan. pp. 25 National Bureau of Statistics, 2015 Table PP 5: Resident Population By Sex, Nationality And Locality (Administrative Islands), 2014 [online] Available at: http://statisticsmaldives.gov.mv/population-and-households/ (accessed on 1st March 2016) Overpeck, J., Anderson, D., Trumbore, S., and Prell, W., 1996. The southwest Indian Monsoon over the last 18000 years; Climate Dynamics 12, pp 213-225 Secretariat of Veyvah Council, 2017, ‘Operation of Veyvah Council during the first 6 months of 2017”, Prepared for Atoll Council UNDP, 2006.Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives. Volume 1: Main Report

13-54

Appendices

13-55

Appendix 1 List of abbreviations

CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EPA – Environmental Protection Agency EPZ – Environmental Protection Zone MHAHE – Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment MEE – Ministry of Environment and Energy MSL – Mean Sea Level NBSAP - National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NEAP III – Third National Environment Action Plan ToR – Terms of Reference UNDP – United Nations Development Programme

13-56

Appendix 2 ToR

13-57

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L' --24 -*Pe't Environmental Protection AgencY PA

\() 203-EtARES/1 38/2017lT 74 Terms of Reference for Environmental lmpact Assessment for Harbour Development at Veyvah' Meemu atoll

The fbltowrng is the Terms ol Reference (ToR) fbllowing th€ scoping meeting held on ollql2for underaking rhe EIA of the propos€d harbour developmenr wo.}.s ar l/a\uh. Meenu Atoll. The prcponeit otthe Drciect is lttinist^ ol Housins anl lntrastructwe-

While every attemF has been made to ensure rhat rhis ToR addresses all of the major issues assocraled wrth developmenr proposal, they ar€ not necessarily exhaustive They should not be interpr€ted as excluding ftom consid€rarion matters deemed ro be significanr bul nol incorporaled rn them, or matters currenlly unforeseen, that emerge as imponanr or significant from cnlironmenlal studres. or otherwise. during lhe course of preparation ofthe EIA repon

l. ln(roduction rtrd rrlionel€: Des€ribe rhe purpose ofthe projecr and, ifapplicable, the background information of project/aclivity and rh€ tasks already completed. Objecriv€s of rhe dev€lopment acnvrtres should te 'he speciUc and ifpossrble quanlrfied. Defin€ th€ arrangements requrred for the environmental assessnenl including how work canred out under this connacr is link other activilies lhat are carried out or that is bein8 caried our wrrhrn fte pro.iecr boundar) ldenril rhe projecr financing and rnsriturional anangemenrs relevanl lo execurion

2 S!U!t_gEA: Submit a minimumA3 size scal€d plan wirh indications ofall the proposed in{iasrrucrures. Specit the agr€ed boundaries ofihe study area for the environmenral rmpact assessment highl;ghting rhe proposed d€velopmenr localion and size The $udy area should include adjacent or remote areas. such as relevanr developmenrs and nearby environm€ntall] s€nsitrve sit€s (e.g coral reef. sea grass. mangroves. marine protecred areas. sp€cial birds nesling or roosring sites. ecologicall) and economically sensitrve species (nursery and feeding grounds). Relevanl developm€nts in rhe areas must also b€ ad&ess€d including residenrial ar€as. all economic venrures and culural sites.

3. SS9ES__9I_.!9IB: Identity and number rasks of the proj€cr including prepamtion. construction and decommissioning phares

Trsk l. Litcrrture revicw: . R€v'ew similar ElAs. l.MPs, and other environmental or r€laled srudres canied oLll for Veyvah. . Ihe consultanl shall also summarise the mitigation measur€s propos€d for any potential impacrs from proposed proj€ related to the vulnerability identified in the liierature

Task 2. D€scription of the proposed proj€ct: Provide a detailed d€scription and jusrification of th€ relevanr pans of the drcdging works. using maps al appropriate scales \rhere n€ces$r, lnformarion on the follo\ring aclivities sho'rld be provided where appropriare: . Location ofthe harbour basrn and related structures on an A3 scaled map. . Design parameters of the harbour components suqiect to construction (size. d€pth of the basin. quay wal1s. revelments, breakwaters and harbour entrance or access channel€rc.). . Juslificarion lbr the harbour works. . Localions and desiSns ofany additional coasral prorection measures r€lal€d lo the harbour works. . M€thod and equrpment used for consruclion ofstructures asso.i ed wirh projecl. . Measures ro prorecr environmental vat'res during construction. 4__-14 -4. EnormgnblPbi.dionAe.n.y

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Environmenrat prorecrion eg.n.y fpfl . n ofth wis€ scheduting) and deEils 5. labour requircment. r, cons sure of labour camps. access)lo site safety equipmenl and malerial srorage, fuer management-a e,nergen"y ptan in cS) . Labour requiremenrs and (local) laboul availabitity, . Infonnation related to construclion camp setup such as tocation of material and equipment stomge arers, temporary accommodation and waste management options,

Dredsinc/Excavation if anv: . Location and size ofbunow areas (s) on a scaled map. . Justificadon for fie selecrion oflhe location, depth and size ofburrow are4s), . Equipment and methodolog/ used for dredginS/reclamation andjustiflcation, . Locarion ofdist'osal ofexcavated materiah and itsjustificarion. . Time and duration ofdredgin8 acrivity.

Tasl 3, Description of lhe environmenl Assembl€. evaluate and present rh€ envrronmental baseline study/data regarding the study area and riming of th€ study (e g monsoon s€ason) Idenlily bas€lin€ dala gaps and identiry studi€s and lhe level ofdelarl to be camed oul by consullant Considennon of likely monitoring requrrements should be bome in mind dulng survcy planning. so that data collected,s suitabl€ for us€ as a bas€linc As such all baselin€ data musl be presented in such a way rhar rhey will be usefull)" applied to lulure moniroring The repod should outline detailed methodolog) ofdara colleclion utiliz€d

All pnmary or site specific baseline dala must be collected as requir€d EPA Data Collecrion Guidelrnes (pubiished on weq.epa.qov.mv) The repod should outline deoiled methodology ofthe data collectron ulrlize4

The bas€line data \rill be collected before construction and iiom at leasl lwo benchma*s All samplindsurve) localions shall be geo referenced including but nol limt€d to wat€r sampling poinis. reef transects/pholo quadrals, veg€htion lransecB, soil profiles, and manh tows sites for monitoring dala comparison lnformation may be divided into the calegories shosn b€lou:

Climal€ Gen€ral climalology relevant to lhe site including rain, wind and waves. RisI offlooding ftom rBin storm surges (inundalion)-

Geoloev and eeomorpholoqv . Island geomorphology (shoreline and vegetation line) including presence of tJ€ach rocls and any sp€.ial characterisrics (use maps), . BathymeEy of lhe required sites including area proposed for dredging harbour basin and other relevanl ar€as wher€ appropriate (use naps), . Identification ofcoastal erosion and accretion around the shoreline, . Characrerislics ofseabed and sedim€nts at th€ project site

Hvdmqraphv/hvdmdvnamics (us€ maps) . Gen€lal description oftides and currents and such sile specific dala were available, . Seawater quality at the project site specific to physical parametersi t€mperature. pH. salinity. turbidity. Total Dissolv€d Solids and Dissolved Oxygen Ecoloqv . Description of the marioe environment to include characteristics of the seabed including benlhic and fish community at the projecl rmpacl area and vrcrnry. a41-+. EnviEnm.nl.lPrcEdio.^..n.y ,j-1 aiil irrij ,iJ.i-r:ia .r-: )I)JD itt-t ,)t rer l.e6olBr 5qel1e5olr13 sen !.q.i.n:to.pa sw.mv i:i: rar, ke6ot3n 5e5l 2,-' tc?

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F.nvironmental P ecrion Arencv EPA

Idenrily rnarine protected ar€as (lt-'lPAs) and sensitive sites such as breeding or nursery grounds lor protected or endangercd species (€-g coral re€fs. spawning frsh sites. nurseries fbr cruslaceans or specific sites for marine marnmals, sharks and tunles). lnclude descnptron ol commercial species, species with potentialto becorne nuisanc€s or vector. t-andscape integrity

Socio-€conomic environmenl . Democraphy: total populalion. sex ralio. population growlh and density relevant 10 the Projecl site, . Pressure on land and . Land us€ plannin& natural resource use and zoning ofaclivities relevant to the projecl sirci . Accessibiliry to and (public) transport to other island. . Types and numbe6 vessels registered ar lhe rsland

T&sk 4. Legillstive ard rrgulrtory considcrelions: ldentiry peninent legislanon, regulations and standards, and €nvironmental policies that are relevanl and applicable to tle proposed project. and identify the appropriale a'rthority jurisdiclions thal will specifically apply to the project. Project approval liom the [ollo*ing instilulions shall be includedl . Approval liom rhe Housing and Inliastruclure

Task 5. Polential impacls (environmentrl and socio-cultursl) of proposed projecr: l he UIA repon should rdenrii aU the impacrs, direcr and indi.ecr. during and affcr construclion. and evaluate rhe magnitudc and significancc ofcach Panrcular atlention shall be gilen ro impacts associated \r irh the tbllo$ ing:

Inlpacls on thc narural environmenl . Potential changes in neaFshore hydrodynamics fiat may resuh in changes in erosion/sedimentation panems. which may impact shore coasr lin€ morpholos/ due ro construction ofthe harbor, . Loss ofmarine habitar. and relat€d €cosysl€m rmpacts. . Sedimentrtron rmpach to direcl impact area and nearby marine habitats. . lmpacts ofnoise. vibralion and disturbance during the construction: . lmpacts on locali) protecled habrtals or species. . lmpacts on landscap€ integriry/scener)

lmDacts on rhc socio-economic environ4enl Benellts and impacts ofthe projed on marine based and other relevant economic activities, lmpacts on employment and income. porential for local peopl€ to have (t€mporary) job opportuniti€s (and what kind) in the ex€culion ofthe proposed prot€cl \rork. l.evel of coastal proGcnon from the proj€ct design and implemenhtion aSain$ hazards such as sea level rise. slorm surges, €rc

Constructron related hazards and nsk . Pollution of lhe naturdl environmenr Fom constmction related activrlies and waste (e.g oil. fu€l

. Risk ofaccidents and other potenrial health nsks on workers and lo€al communny. and . Impacts on social and economrc values, norms and beliefdue project ouiputs.

The methods us€d to identiry the significance o[lhe impacls shall be oullin€d One o. more oflhe following rnethods musr be urilized in dctermining impactsi checklists. matrices. overlays. networks, expert sysl€ms and prof€ssional judgment. Justification must be provided to the select€d methodolo8res The repon should outline the uncenainties in impacr prediction and also oulline all posrlive and negaliv€/shot and long-rcrm impacls tdentify impacls rhat are cumutative and unavoidabt, 1-.1, _-1.1 . EDiwru.t kordDn &hq i;-- -t)-, jr,.Lj 7tt.t2,.i- i-i

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Task 6. Alternatiles to proposed proiect: D€sc be ahematives inclnding the "no oction optio, ' should be presented Determine the best practical environmental oprions Ah€marives examined for fte proposed project rhat would achieve the same objective including the "no adron altemariv€" 'Ihis should include altematrv€ location, technologies. malerials. designs, timing, elc envrronm€ntal. social and economic factors should be taken inro considemrion. The repon should highlighr how the loc ion was der€rmined All altematives mu$ be compared wilh locally accef,red standards of similar naiur€ The comparison should yield the preterred all€manve for implementation Mitigalron opiions should be specifred tbr each corhponent of rh€ proposed project

Task 7. Miligltion rnd ms gem€nt of n€grtive impacG: ldentiry porsible measures to prevenr or r€duce signrficant negarive impacts to acceprable levels Th€se will include borh environmental and socro- economic mligalion measues Mitigation measurcs 10 avoid or compensat€ habirat desrrudion. eg sediment control structures. coaslal protection structur€s ro r€duc€ €rosion. coml reconsrruclion. and temporary jetr) and replacement of narine protecred or environmentally sensilive areas Measures for both construction and opemtion phase shall be rd€nlified ncluding cost the rnitigation m€asures. equipment and resources requrred to implement those measures The confirmation of commitm€nt of th€ Develop€r lo rmplement lhe proposed mitigation measures shall also be included

Task E. Development of monitoring plen: ldentiry issues requirrng monrtonng to ensre compliance to mitigarion measures and pr€senl rmpact managemenr and moniloring plan for all relevani componcnts of rhe projecr. Delarl of the moniioring proBam includrng the physical and brological paramerers for monrtoring, cosl comm m€nt ftom th€ developer ro carryour monitoring in the form of a commirment letter, dehiled reponing scheduhng. costs and methods of undertaking the monrlonng progmm musl be provided

Trsk 9. Strleholder consuh.rion, lntcr-Agency coordinrtion ,nd public/Nco prniciprtion): ldenrrry appropriate mechanisms for providing rnformalion on lh€ development proposal and its pro$ess to all stakeholders. govemmenl authoflties such as Ministry of Housing and InFastructure (MHI). lsland Council. Engrneerydesign€rs. and oft€r relevant stakeholders The EIA repon should include a lisl of people/groups consulled iheir contact delails and summary of the major outcomes Major srakeholder consuharion shall include: . Veyvah lsland Council . Ceneralpublic otM Veyvah island (harbour useB)

Pr6€ntllion: Th€ envrronm€ntal rmpact assessmenr repon. ro tr€ presenred in digital format. will be conc'se and focus on significant environmental issues lr shall contarn rhe findings. conclusions and recommended actions supponed by summaries oflhe dara coll€cted and citaiions for any references used in inrerpreting those data lhe environmenhl assessment repon will be organiz€d according ro. but not necessarily limired by. rhe

ouiline given in the Environmental lmpaci Assessmenl Regulations. 20 1 2 and relared amendmenis

Timeframc for submittins the EIA reoort- The delcbpcr must submir thc conrplered LIA report wirhin 6 monrhs tiom Ihe dare ol-this Term ofReference q.--+-4*2

05 October 2017

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rd: l+e6ot 33r ss.e lrs6otr3rses1 f (+e6ot 3t] ses! Appendix 3 Site plan

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Appendix 4 Initial harbour design

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Appendix 5 Work schedule

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ID Task Task Name Duration Start Finish Mode August September October November December January February March April May June July August 1 Re Construction of M.Veyvah Harbor 224 days Sep 20 '17 Jul 27 '18 2 1.0 PRELIMINARIES 95 days Sep 20 '17 Jan 31 '18 3 1.1 Contract Sign 0 days Sep 20 '17 Sep 20 '17 9/20 4 1.2 EIA 0 days Jan 31 '18 Jan 31 '18 1/31 5 2.0 CONSTRUCTION 123 days Jan 31 '18 Jul 19 '18 6 2.1 Declare Commencement Date 14 days Jan 31 '18 Feb 16 '18 7 2.2 Mobilization of Resources 14 days Feb 19 '18 Mar 8 '18 8 2.2 Dredging 88 days Mar 20 '18 Jul 19 '18 9 2.2.1 Maint. Dredging of Existing Basin 25 days Mar 20 '18 Apr 23 '18 10 2.2.2 Maint. Dredging of Existing Channel 20 days Jun 22 '18 Jul 19 '18 11 2.3 Quay wall structure 38 days Apr 27 '18 Jun 19 '18 12 2.3.1 Delivery of quaywall material 6 days Apr 27 '18 May 4 '18 13 2.3.2 Installation of L‐Blocks 12 days May 14 '18 May 29 '18 14 2.3.3 Casting of RC In‐situ wall 20 days May 21 '18 Jun 15 '18 15 2.3.4 Casting of RC In‐situ slab 15 days May 30 '18 Jun 19 '18 16 2.4 Harbor Pavement and Light 16 days Jun 22 '18 Jul 13 '18 17 2.4.1Delivery of Material 1 day Jun 22 '18 Jun 22 '18 18 2.4.2 Installation of Paving blocks 15 days Jun 25 '18 Jul 13 '18 19 3.0 HANDOVER 8 days Jul 18 '18 Jul 27 '18 20 3.1 Declare Substantial Completion of Works 2 days Jul 18 '18 Jul 19 '18 21 3.2 Outsurvey & As‐Built Drawing 2 days Jul 18 '18 Jul 19 '18 22 3.3 Inspection Trip 1 day Jul 27 '18 Jul 27 '18 23 3.4 Official Handover 1 day Jul 27 '18 Jul 27 '18

Task Project Summary Manual Task Start-only Deadline Project: Work Schedule M.Veva Split Inactive Task Duration-only Finish-only Progress Date: Jan 14 '18 Milestone Inactive Milestone Manual Summary Rollup External Tasks Manual Progress

Summary Inactive Summary Manual Summary External Milestone

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Appendix 6 Shoreline and bathymetric survey map

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Appendix 7 Meeting minutes and list of stakeholders consulted

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