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'CAROLINE PURITANISII AS EXEMPLIFIED III the LIFE and WORK of Willial

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'CAROLINE PURITANISII AS EXEMPLIFIED III the LIFE and WORK of Willial 'CAROLINE PURITANISII AS EXEMPLIFIED III THE LIFE AND WORK OF WIlLIAL BY THOMAS FITCH, LI. A. , B.D. Thesis submitted to the * UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (FACULTY OF DIVINITY) in -partial fulfilment of . the requirements for the DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY T 0 MY WIPE. CONTENTS. Chap. Page Preface. I. Some Aspects of 17th Century England in which William Prynne Lived and Worked. 1 II. A General Outline of the Life of William Prynne. '26 III. Prynne and Laud. 51. IV. The Constitutional Question. 74 V. Prynne as a Churchman. 98 VI. The Church and its Government. 116 VII. Prynne's Theological Outlook. 137 VIII. Personal Religion. 159 IX. An Estimate of the Man. 174 Appendix A. 188 Appendix B. 190 Appendix C. 191 Bibliography. 193 P-R- E F A OS . [ The aim of this thesis is to present William Prynne, in , ' * his -life and work, as- an example of Caroline Puritanism. It was originally intended to write a well dpcumented record of Prynne 1 s life, but when it was discovered that E. W. i Kirby had published such a work as recently as 1931, the direction of this research turned towards a study of Prynne 1 s \ religious outlook. Since, however, Puritan religious and political ideas are closely connected, it was essential to make also a close study of Prynne 1 s political views, particularly with regard to the constitutional struggle in which he took an honourable and powerful part. * A word of explanation is required regarding the substance of chapter one. Therein an effort is made to gauge the political and religious atmosphere of the period during which Prynne lived and worked. In my opinion, Basil Willey depicts % a seventeenth century background of which Prynne was unaware. Prynne did not move in the rarefied atmosphere of philosophical speculation. Real religion and practical politics were his main concerns. Accordingly, the aspects of seventeenth century- England summarised are those which bore an influence on Prynne 1 s life. To portray a background other than this would be not only superfluous but irrelevant. Although. Prynne claimed to "be "no ill proficient" in his profession as a lawyer it should be noted that by far the -,i *.. largest part of his literary output dealt with subjects related to other spheres of thought and activity. As a result, Prynne has been and is known chiefly as a writer of books and pamphlets rather than as a practising lawyer. ' Consequently, in the following pages, an effort has been made to state liis religious and political convictions, and at the same time to recapture something of his spirit, thus seeking a true estimate of the man. I have pleasure in gratefully acknowledging my indebtedness to my two supervisors, Principal Watt of New College, and Prin­ cipal Duthie of the Scottish Congregational College, for guid- -anee received during the preparation of this thesis. My thanks for services rendered are also due to the offic­ ials of the libraries which I have visited, and not least, to the librarian and assistant librarian in New College, Edinburgh. It is a pleasure to record with gratitude the able assist- -ance of Mr A. J. Roberts and his family in the preparation of -the typescript. CHAPTER I. SOME ASPECTS OF 17th. CENTURY ENGLAND IN WHICH * WILLIAM PRYNNE LIVED AND WORKED. -1- SOME ASPECTS OF SEVENTEENTH CENTO&Y ENGLAND. One outstanding feature of that part of seventeenth century England with which this study is concerned, was a constant sense of tension, conflict and insecurity. The climax was reached in civil war, but not even with the cess- -ation of hostilities nor, later, with the Restoration, was this bewildering situation altered. It was only towards the close of the century that men began to feel sufficiently secure to live their lives in a normal way. The outstanding example of this conflict," and one which dominated- the whole scene, was the struggle between King and Parliament. This controversy over "sovereignty" not only disturbed the relations between the King and his Parliament but divided the country into two camps. In the end "the transference of sovereignty from Crown to Parliament was effected", * but only after a long, hard and bitter struggle. Although the previous century had witnessed the success- -ful reign of a Protestant Queen, and the established religion of the Church of England was Protestant, the adherents of Rome had not given up the struggle, and they constantly made both *' subtle and strenuous attempts during the seventeenth century to overthrow the Protestant supremacy. Occasions such as Charles I f s marriage and James II 1 s accession must have made ,., 'j. 1. Trevelyan. England under the Stuarts - Introduction. -2- the Romanists hopeful of success, but the end of the century saw the Protestant cause firmly established and it had come to stay. The'Protestants-, however-, were divided among themselves, * and this condition was a further source of friction and dissension. Apart from the question of toleration to Roman Catholics, the problem which caused many emlittered arguments and much unchristian conduct, was the measure of toleration - if any - -to be practised by one section of the Protestant community towards another. Toleration might well have been the means by which to end the fratricidal strife, but only a few rare spirits, who saw a glimmer of this light, were prepared to follow it. Intolerance was a feature of the century, and it was not effaced with the passage of time. While a political revolution,was taking place, another was in progress in the general outlook of the educated classes. Theologians, philosophers and scientists combined to inaugurate a new era of thought. Scholasticism was left behind, the authority of tradition was undermined, and an effort to distinguish truth from error was made. According to the seventeenth century thinkers, to establish truth a philosophical test was required. IA was only possible in this way to decide whether traditional material was fictit­ ious or true. There were those indeed who claimed that "truth11 was the exclusive possession of the real philoso­ pher. 1. Willey. The Seventeenth Century Background, p. 213. -3- Where formerly there had been a picture in theological thought there was now required an "idea" or "abstraction", for "only what could be conceptually stated, could claim to be real. " While this revolution was taking place the desire to restate Christian doctrine in terms which would be reason- -a"ble, naturally arose, and this task the Cambridge Platon- -ists set out to accomplish. Amid all the upheaval of civil strife, intellectual revolution, and religious contention, there was one authority to which all men were prepared to submit, namely, the Scriptures. ' The Bible was recognised by all to have a special authority. The King on the throne, the Bishop in his cathedral, the member in the House of Commons, the scholar in his study, the pamphleteer at his desk and the soldier in his tent, all looked upon the Bible with reverence, and as the repository of truth in a unique sense. Yet, despite this common ground, divergence v of view continued, and paradox­ ically the Bible was at the very centre of all the contention. It should be noted that the philosophers of the time had little influence upon any who did not move in the same mental strata. They lived, as it werei in a thought world of their own, which scarcely affected the tensions which were shaping 1. Willey. The Seventeenth Century Background, p.133. -4- the course of the country's history. Prynne, on the other hand, was right at the centre of affairs and moving in the circle of political activity. So v;e nov; turn,, for the back- -ground* of our present study, to a consideration of some of those aspects of seventeenth century England which directly influenced Prynne. THE RULERS. Prom 1603 to 1685, with the exception of the years of the Commonwealth 1649-1660, the throne was occupied "by three Stuart Kings. James I (1603-1625) was followed immediately by his son Charles I (1625-1649), and he in turn, at the Restoration, was succeeded by his son Charles II (1660-1685). The Stuarts were unlike in character and ability, but alike in belief in the dogma of the divine right of Kings. , Con­ sequently a similarity in the general trend of the policies they pursued can be observed, Y/hich may be .stated under the following four points. (l). They championed the cause of Episcopacy. .This was natural enough since the ^Anglican Church fully recognised the ruling monarch as supreme in ecclesiastical affairs. The close relationship between absolute monarchy and the Episcopal tradition represented in the phrase "No bishop, no King", was fully recognised. In the long constitutional struggle which ensued Anglicanism and the monarchy were closely allied, and -5- it was generally recognised that they would rise or fall together. Hence the lead which James had thus given was closely followed by his decendants.' Charles I f s early i training, his own piety, and his desire for uniformity, made him seek the ascendancy of the Anglican Church in all his dominions, while his son continued the same policy, if not from the same motive nor with the same enthusiasm, at least with a greater measure of success. * (2). They were opposed to Pres"byterianism and Puritanism. James had experienced many difficulties in association with the Presbyterians of his Northern Kingdom, and he was deter- -mined that this form of Church government should not take root in England. The belief in two Kingdoms, in one of which the earthly King was only a member, struck at the very heart of the theory of divine right, and such views were not to be propagated.
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